Kurmali language: Difference between revisions

{{Distinguish|text=the [[Kumhali language]], a language of Kumal people (Nepal) and [[Karmali language]], a dialect of Santali language}}

{{pp|small=yes}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}

| name             = Kurmali

| nativename       = কুড়মালি, কুর্মালী<br/> कुड़मालि, कुरमालि<br/> କୁଡ଼ମାଲି<br/>पंचपरगनिया, পঞ্চপরগনিয়া

| altname         = Panchpargania

| states           = [[India]]

| region           = [[Assam]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Odisha]] and [[West Bengal]]<ref name="Ethnologue">{{cite web |title=Kudmali |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/kyw |website=[[Ethnologue]] |access-date=18 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

| speakers         = 555,465

| date             = 2011 census

| ref             = <ref name="CensusStatements">{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=7 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419131619/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf |archive-date=10 April 2022}}</ref>{{efn|The census results conflate as the language has no standardized form, So the different dialects are grouped with the regional dominant languages.<ref name="KurmaliThar">{{Cite web|url=http://lsi.gov.in/MTSI_app/DraftReport/Bihar/10.%2520KURMALI%2520THAR.pdf|title= Kurmali Thar|website=lsi.gov.in|access-date=18 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121225101/http://lsi.gov.in/MTSI_app/DraftReport/Bihar/10.%20KURMALI%20THAR.pdf |archive-date=21 Jan 2022}}</ref>}}

| map             = Kudmali language region.svg

| familycolor     = Indo-European

| fam2             = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]

| fam3             = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]

| fam4             = [[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern]]

| fam5             = [[Bihari languages|Bihari]]

| fam6            = [[Sadanic languages|Sadanic]]

| nation           = {{IND}}

| script           = [[Devanagari]], [[Bengali script|Bengali]], [[Odia script|Odia]], Chisoi<ref>{{cite web |title=Proposal to Encode Chisoi in the Universal Character Set |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2021/21183-chisoi.pdf |website=unicode.org |access-date=21 February 2022}}</ref>

| lc1             = kyw

| ld1             = Kurmali/Kudmali

| lc2             = tdb

| ld2             = Panchpargania

| glotto           = kudm1238

| glottoname       = Kudmali

| glotto2         = panc1246

| glottoname2     = Panchpargania

| mapcaption       = {{align|center|Distribution of Kurmali language in India}}

| speakers2        = 619,689 (2001 census)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues –2001 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415074130/https://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm|archive-date=26 May 2022 |access-date=20 March 2022 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>

Kurmali language mainly spoken three eastern states of India, that is in southeastern district [[Seraikela Kharsawan district|Seraikela Kharswan]], [[East Singhbhum district|East Singhbhum]], [[West Singhbhum district|West Singhbhum]], [[Bokaro District|Bokaro]] and [[Ranchi district|Ranchi]] districts of Jharkhand; in northern district [[Mayurbhanj district|Mayurbhanj]], [[Balasore district|Balasore]], [[Kendujhar district|Kendujhar]], [[Jajpur district|Jajpur]] and [[Sundergarh district|Sundargarh]] of Odisha; and in south western district [[Paschim Medinipur district|Paschim Medinipur]], [[Jhargram district|Jhargram]], [[Bankura district|Bankuar]], [[Purulia district|Purulia]] and northern districts [[Malda district|Maldah]], [[Uttar Dinajpur district|Uttar Dinajpur]], [[Dakshin Dinajpur district|Dakhin Dinajpur]], [[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]] of West Bengal. Apart from the core area of the language, the language is also spoken in [[Udalguri district|Udalguri]] and a few numbers of the speaker also found in [[Cachar district|Cachar]], [[Sonitpur district|Santipur]], [[Nagaon district|Nagaon]] of Assam; eastern district [[Chandrapur district|Chandrapur]] and [[Gadchiroli district|Gadchiroli]] of Maharashtra and some of speaker also found in [[Uttar Pradesh|Uttarpradesh]] and [[Bihar]] state.<ref name=":1" />

|caption=Distribution of Kurmali language in the state of India{{cn|date=June 2022}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=C-16 POPULATION BY MOTHER TONGUE |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10191/download/13303/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0000.XLSX |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604072054/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10191/download/13303/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0000.XLSX |archive-date=4 Jun 2022 |access-date=4 Jun 2022 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>

|label1 = Jharkhand

|value2 = 39.3

|label2 = West Bengal

|label3 = Odisha

}}

 

As per Census 2011, there are 3,11,175 Kurmali Thar speaker in India mostly from West Bengal, Odisha, Assam and Maharashtra and 2,44,290 Panch Pargania speaker mostly from Jharkhand making 555,465 total speaker in India.<ref name="CensusStatements"/> They are grouped under the umbrella of "Hindi languages".<ref name="KurmaliThar"/> Note that both, Kurmali Thar and Panch Pargania are dialects of the Kurmali language.<ref name="KurmaliThar"/>

== Language variation ==

The speaker of the Kurmali language spread over a vast region of East India, especially in fringe area of West Bengal, Jharkhand and Odisha. Which are dominated by Bengali language and Odia language. So dialectal change and [[language shift]] were also noticed. As the Kurmi of West Bengal identifies themselves as the speaker of Kurmali but due to age-long settlement in the Bengali region their language shifted towards [[Manbhumi dialect|Manbhum dialect]] of Bengali. As did in northern Odisha with [[Odia language|Odia]] admixture.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Ghosh|first=Tapati|title=KURMALI THAR|url=http://lsi.gov.in/MTSI_app/DraftReport/Bihar/10.%2520KURMALI%2520THAR.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=20 October 2020|website=lsi.gov.in}}</ref>

<blockquote>In Manbhum this [Kurmali] language (a kind of mixed dialect essentially Bihari in its nature, but with a curious Bengali colouring) is principally spoken by people of the KuRmi caste, who are numerous in the district of chotanagpur, and in the Orissa Tributary state of Mayurbhanja.<ref>{{Cite book |last=India |first=Linguistic Survey of |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y29OAAAAYAAJ |title=Indo-Aryan family (Eastern group). pt. 1. Specimens of the Bengali and Assamese languages. pt. 2. Specimens of the Bihārī and Oriyā languages |date=1994 |publisher=Low Price Publications |isbn=978-81-85395-27-2 |pages=145 |language=en}}</ref></blockquote>

It is believed that the early form of the Kurmali language was spoken in Jharkhand, the original homeland of the Kurmi Mahato.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Bhattacharya |first=Snigdhendu |date=9 May 2022 |title=How Grouping Of Languages Inflated Number Of Hindi Speakers |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/how-grouping-of-languages-inflated-number-of-hindi-speakers-news-195648 |access-date=16 May 2022 |magazine=Outlook |language=en}}</ref> But now it is also influenced by Nagpuri language in Jharkhand.<ref name=":2" /> Although the language is now Indo-Aryan in nature, it has some distinctive feature that are neither available in [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] nor in [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] or even in the [[Munda languages|Munda language]] family. Thus it is believed that the language was at once a separate language. But because of its long settlement in the Aryan belt, the native speaker gradually abandoned the original structure and switched to the Aryan form of the language, bearing substrate of old.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Paudyal|first1=Netra P.|last2=Peterson|first2=John|date=1 September 2020|title=How one language became four: the impact of different contact-scenarios between "Sadani" and the tribal languages of Jharkhand|url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jsall-2021-2028/html|journal=Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics|language=en|volume=7|issue=2|pages=275–306|doi=10.1515/jsall-2021-2028|s2cid=233732014|issn=2196-078X}}</ref> The language currently falls in between 6b (threatened) and 7 ([[Language shift|shifting]]) level in [[Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale|EGIDS]], which are corresponding to the [[UNESCO]] language endangerment category level "[[Vulnerable language|Vulnerable]]" and "[[Endangered language|Definitely Endangered]]".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kudmali and its Impending Challenges |url=https://www.soas.ac.uk/linguistics/events/language-documentation-and-linguistic-theory-6/file156440.pdf |url-status=live |website=soas.ac.uk |publisher= [[SOAS University of London]] |access-date= 1 Jul 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629110012/https://www.soas.ac.uk/linguistics/events/language-documentation-and-linguistic-theory-6/file156440.pdf |archive-date= 29 Jun 2022}}</ref>

 

::Cows are grazing in the field. – gOru gila bai dẽ cOrOhOt.

![[English numerals|English]]

 

The language Kurmali (Kudmali) is spoken by 555,465 people as a native language in India.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=ABSTRACT OF SPEAKERS' STRENGTH OF LANGUAGES AND MOTHER TONGUES - 2011|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=20 November 2021|website=[[Census of India]]}}</ref> Mainly by the Kurmi (Kudmi Mahato), the native user of the language. Apart from Kudumi Mahato, the language also spoken by [[Bagal (caste)|Bagal]], [[Duruwa|Dharua]], [[Chik Baraik]], [[Tanti]], Ghasi, Karga and [[Rautia]] community as their [[First language|Mother tounge]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Saha|first=Atanu|date=28 July 2018|title=Census and the Aspects of Growth and Development of Bangla vs. Bangla-Hindi Bilingualism-With Special Focus on West Bengal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326673438}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=OLAC resources in and about the Kudmali language|url=http://www.language-archives.org/language/kyw|access-date=24 October 2021|website=www.language-archives.org}}</ref> And bilingually spoken by  [[Bhumij people|Bhumij]], [[Ho people|Ho]], [[Kharia people|Kharia]], Lohara/Lohar, [[Mahli tribe|Mahli]], [[Munda people|Munda]], [[Kurukh people|Oraon]], [[Santal people|Santal]], [[Sabar people|Savar]] and [[Bathudi Tribe|Bathudi]] communities.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Minz |first1=Diwakar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W5dVaq4_cLoC&pg=PA37 |title=Encyclopaedia of Scheduled Tribes in Jharkhand |last2=Hansda |first2=Delo Mai |date=2010 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7835-121-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="KurmaliThar" />

 

The language created an identity in festival like [[Bandna]], [[Tusu Festival|Tusu]], [[Karam (festival)|Karam]] and [[Jhumair]] with the [[Jhumar song]]. In which the songs are formatted in Kurmali.

===Education===

There a some institution, whare Kurmali language as Higher education core subject.

* Kolhan University, Chaibasa<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=PG TRL, KURMALI, SEM-II, CC-2, कुड़माली डमकच गीत - Kolhan University |url=https://www.kolhanuniversity.ac.in/index.php/academic/online-classes/miscellaneous/item/2204-pg-trl,-kurmali,-sem-ii,-cc-2,-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9A-%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4.html |access-date=18 April 2022 |website=www.kolhanuniversity.ac.in |language=en-gb}}</ref>

* Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee University, Ranchi

* Chitta Mahato Memorial College, Purulia<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chitta Mahato Memorial CollegeHome |url=https://chittamahatomemorialcollege.ac.in/ |access-date=18 April 2022 |website=chittamahatomemorialcollege.ac.in}}</ref>

== Notes ==