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| blank1_info = [[Oceanic climate#Subtropical highland variety (Cwb)|Cwb]]
| blank1_info = [[Oceanic climate#Subtropical highland variety (Cwb)|Cwb]]
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'''Cherrapunji''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=Cherrapunji.ogg|ˌ|tʃ|ɛ|r|ə|ˈ|p|ʌ|n|dʒ|i|,_|-|ˈ|p|ʊ|n|-}}) or '''Sohra''' is a subdivisional town in the [[East Khasi Hills district]] in the Indian state of [[Meghalaya]]. It is the traditional capital of ka ''hima'' Sohra (Khasi tribal kingdom).
'''Cherrapunji''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=Cherrapunji.ogg|ˌ|tʃ|ɛ|r|ə|ˈ|p|ʌ|n|dʒ|i|,_|-|ˈ|p|ʊ|n|-}}) or '''Sohra''' is a subdivisional town (Proposed District) [[East Khasi Hills district]] in the Indian state of [[Meghalaya]]. It is the traditional capital of ka ''hima'' Sohra (Khasi tribal kingdom).


Sohra has often been credited as being the wettest place on Earth, but for now nearby [[Mawsynram]] currently holds that distinction. It still holds the all-time record for the most rainfall in a calendar month and in a year, however: it received {{convert|9300|mm|in ft}} in July 1861 and {{convert|26461|mm|in ft}} between 1 August 1860 and 31 July 1861.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/10000/greatest-monthly-rainfall- |title=Most annual rainfall |access-date=2012-05-07 |work=Guinness World Records}}</ref>
Sohra has often been credited as being the wettest place on Earth, but for now nearby [[Mawsynram]] currently holds that distinction. It still holds the all-time record for the most rainfall in a calendar month and in a year, however: it received {{convert|9300|mm|in ft}} in July 1861 and {{convert|26461|mm|in ft}} between 1 August 1860 and 31 July 1861.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/10000/greatest-monthly-rainfall- |title=Most annual rainfall |access-date=2012-05-07 |work=Guinness World Records}}</ref>
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[[File:Bengladesh Plains, View FromThangkharang Cherrapunjee 105.JPG|right|thumb|View of Bangladesh plains from Cherrapunji]]
[[File:Bengladesh Plains, View FromThangkharang Cherrapunjee 105.JPG|right|thumb|View of Bangladesh plains from Cherrapunji]]


Sohra has a mild [[subtropical highland climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Cwb''), with [[monsoon]]al influences typical of India. Although Cherrapunji has very wet, warm summers, it has dry, mild winters. The city's annual rainfall average stands at {{convert|11777|mm|in}}.<ref name="weather1">{{cite web |url=https://www.climate-charts.com/Locations/i/IN42515.html |title=Cherrapunji, India: Climate, Global Warming, and Daylight Charts and Data |website=climate-charts.com |access-date= 11 January 2021}}</ref> This figure places it behind only nearby [[Mawsynram]], Meghalaya, whose average is {{convert|11873|mm|in}}. Sohra receives both the southwest and northeast [[monsoon]]al winds, giving it a single monsoon season. It lies on the [[windward]] side of the [[Khasi Hills]], so the resulting [[orographic lift]] enhances precipitation. In the winter months it receives the northeast monsoon showers that travel down the [[Brahmaputra]] valley. The driest months are November, December, January and February.
Sohra has a mild [[subtropical highland climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Cwb''), with [[monsoon]]al influences typical of India. Although Sohra has very wet, warm summers, it has dry, mild winters. The city's annual rainfall average stands at {{convert|11777|mm|in}}.<ref name="weather1">{{cite web |url=https://www.climate-charts.com/Locations/i/IN42515.html |title=Cherrapunji, India: Climate, Global Warming, and Daylight Charts and Data |website=climate-charts.com |access-date= 11 January 2021}}</ref> This figure places it behind only nearby [[Mawsynram]], Meghalaya, whose average is {{convert|11873|mm|in}}. Sohra receives both the southwest and northeast [[monsoon]]al winds, giving it a single monsoon season. It lies on the [[windward]] side of the [[Khasi Hills]], so the resulting [[orographic lift]] enhances precipitation. In the winter months it receives the northeast monsoon showers that travel down the [[Brahmaputra]] valley. The driest months are November, December, January and February.


Temperatures average {{convert|11.5|°C|1}} in January and {{convert|20.6|°C|1}} in August, and the annual mean is {{convert|17.3|°C|1}}
Temperatures average {{convert|11.5|°C|1}} in January and {{convert|20.6|°C|1}} in August, and the annual mean is {{convert|17.3|°C|1}}
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Sohra holds two [[Guinness Book of Records|Guinness]] world records for receiving the maximum amount of rainfall in a single year: {{convert|26471|mm|in}} of rainfall between August 1860 and July 1861 and for receiving the maximum amount of rainfall in a single month: {{convert|9300|mm|in}} in July 1861.<ref>Guinness World Records 2005; pg-51 {{ISBN|0-85112-192-6}}</ref>
Sohra holds two [[Guinness Book of Records|Guinness]] world records for receiving the maximum amount of rainfall in a single year: {{convert|26471|mm|in}} of rainfall between August 1860 and July 1861 and for receiving the maximum amount of rainfall in a single month: {{convert|9300|mm|in}} in July 1861.<ref>Guinness World Records 2005; pg-51 {{ISBN|0-85112-192-6}}</ref>


{{Cherrapunji weatherbox}}
{{Weather box
| width = auto
| location = Cherrapunji (1981–2010, extremes 1902–present)
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| Jan record high C = 26.7
| Feb record high C = 28.9
| Mar record high C = 30.6
| Apr record high C = 28.3
| May record high C = 30.2
| Jun record high C = 29.2
| Jul record high C = 28.6
| Aug record high C = 29.5
| Sep record high C = 31.1
| Oct record high C = 29.9
| Nov record high C = 27.2
| Dec record high C = 24.5
|year record high C = 31.1
| Jan high C = 16.3
| Feb high C = 17.8
| Mar high C = 20.7
| Apr high C = 22.2
| May high C = 22.8
| Jun high C = 22.8
| Jul high C = 22.4
| Aug high C = 23.2
| Sep high C = 23.3
| Oct high C = 23.3
| Nov high C = 21.0
| Dec high C = 17.8
|year high C = 21.1
| Jan mean C = 11.5
| Feb mean C = 13.3
| Mar mean C = 16.2
| Apr mean C = 18.3
| May mean C = 19.3
| Jun mean C = 20.3
| Jul mean C = 20.2
| Aug mean C = 20.8
| Sep mean C = 20.5
| Oct mean C = 19.7
| Nov mean C = 16.7
| Dec mean C = 13.2
|year mean C =
| Jan low C = 6.8
| Feb low C = 8.7
| Mar low C = 12.1
| Apr low C = 14.4
| May low C = 16.1
| Jun low C = 17.8
| Jul low C = 18.1
| Aug low C = 18.2
| Sep low C = 17.5
| Oct low C = 15.4
| Nov low C = 11.7
| Dec low C = 8.3
|year low C = 13.8
| Jan record low C = -1.0
| Feb record low C = 0.3
| Mar record low C = 0.6
| Apr record low C = 3.9
| May record low C = 3.3
| Jun record low C = 9.2
| Jul record low C = 10.0
| Aug record low C = 6.0
| Sep record low C = 12.4
| Oct record low C = 7.8
| Nov record low C = 3.7
| Dec record low C = 1.7
|year record low C = -1.0
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 17.8
| Feb rain mm = 59.8
| Mar rain mm = 341.4
| Apr rain mm = 846.7
| May rain mm = 1383.9
| Jun rain mm = 2589.6
| Jul rain mm = 3093.3
| Aug rain mm = 1818.6
| Sep rain mm = 1154.8
| Oct rain mm = 464.4
| Nov rain mm = 64.7
| Dec rain mm = 21.8
|year rain mm = 11856.8
| Jan rain days = 1.6
| Feb rain days = 2.9
| Mar rain days = 8.5
| Apr rain days = 16.7
| May rain days = 20.1
| Jun rain days = 25.3
| Jul rain days = 28.2
| Aug rain days = 24.5
| Sep rain days = 19.1
| Oct rain days = 7.9
| Nov rain days = 1.8
| Dec rain days = 0.9
|year rain days = 157.5
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 76
| Feb humidity = 73
| Mar humidity = 72
| Apr humidity = 82
| May humidity = 86
| Jun humidity = 91
| Jul humidity = 93
| Aug humidity = 90
| Sep humidity = 90
| Oct humidity = 85
| Nov humidity = 79
| Dec humidity = 79
|year humidity = 83
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Cherrapunji Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 187–188
| access-date = 5 February 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M157
| access-date = 5 February 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDcityweather>
{{cite web
| url = http://city.imd.gov.in/citywx/extreme/FEB/cherrapunji2.htm
| title = Cherrapunji Climatological Table 1971–2000
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| access-date = 5 February 2020}}</ref>
|source 2 = Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1981–2010)<ref name=TCC>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200229202627/https://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/tcc/tcc/products/climate/normal/parts/NrmMonth_e.php?stn=42515
| archive-date = 29 February 2020
| url = https://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/tcc/tcc/products/climate/normal/parts/NrmMonth_e.php?stn=42515
| title = Normals Data: Cherrapunji - India Latitude: 25.25°N Longitude: 91.73°E Height: 1313 (m)
| publisher = Japan Meteorological Agency
| access-date = 29 February 2020}}</ref>
 
}}


===Causes of high rainfall===
===Causes of high rainfall===
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[[File:Nohkalikai falls.jpg|thumb|Seven Sisters' falls]]
[[File:Nohkalikai falls.jpg|thumb|Seven Sisters' falls]]
[[File:NohKaLikai Falls V2 Wiki.jpg|thumb|NohKaLikai Falls Areal View]]
[[File:NohKaLikai Falls V2 Wiki.jpg|thumb|NohKaLikai Falls Areal View]]
Sohra receives rains from the [[Bay of Bengal]] arm of the [[Monsoon#Southwest monsoon|Indian summer monsoon]]. The monsoon clouds fly unhindered over the plains of [[Bangladesh]] for about 400&nbsp;km. Thereafter, they hit the [[Khasi Hills]] which rise abruptly from the plains to a height of about 1,370&nbsp;m above [[mean sea level]] within 2 to 5&nbsp;km. The geography of the hills with many deep valley channels encompassing the low-flying (150–300&nbsp;m) moisture-laden clouds from a wide area converges over Sohra. The winds push the rain clouds through these gorges and up the steep slopes. The rapid ascent of the clouds into the upper atmosphere hastens the cooling and helps vapours to condense. Most of the rain is the result of air being lifted as a large body of water vapour. The extreme amount of rainfall is perhaps the best-known feature of [[Orographic precipitation#Orographic|orographic rain]] in northeastern India.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kuttippurath|first1=J|last2=Murasingh|first2=S|last3=Stott|first3=P A|last4=Sarojini|first4=B Balan|last5=Jha|first5=Madan K|last6=Kumar|first6=P|last7=Nair|first7=P J|last8=Varikoden|first8=H|last9=Raj|first9=S|last10=Francis|first10=P A|last11=Pandey|first11=P C|date=2021-01-22|title=Observed rainfall changes in the past century (1901–2019) over the wettest place on Earth|url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/abcf78|journal=Environmental Research Letters|volume=16|issue=2|pages=024018|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/abcf78|bibcode=2021ERL....16b4018K|issn=1748-9326|doi-access=free}}</ref>
Sohra receives rains from the [[Bay of Bengal]] arm of the [[Monsoon#Southwest monsoon|Indian summer monsoon]]. The monsoon clouds fly unhindered over the plains of [[Bangladesh]] for about 400&nbsp;km. Thereafter, they hit the [[Khasi Hills]] which rise abruptly from the plains to a height of about 1,370&nbsp;m above [[mean sea level]] within 2 to 5&nbsp;km. The geography of the hills with many deep valley channels encompassing the low-flying (150–300&nbsp;m) moisture-laden clouds from a wide area converges over Sohra. The winds push the rain clouds through these gorges and up the steep slopes. The rapid ascent of the clouds into the upper atmosphere hastens the cooling and helps vapours to condense. Most of the rain is the result of air being lifted as a large body of water vapour. The extreme amount of rainfall is perhaps the best-known feature of [[Orographic precipitation#Orographic|orographic rain]] in northeastern India.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kuttippurath|first1=J|last2=Murasingh|first2=S|last3=Stott|first3=P A|last4=Sarojini|first4=B Balan|last5=Jha|first5=Madan K|last6=Kumar|first6=P|last7=Nair|first7=P J|last8=Varikoden|first8=H|last9=Raj|first9=S|last10=Francis|first10=P A|last11=Pandey|first11=P C|date=2021-01-22|title=Observed rainfall changes in the past century (1901–2019) over the wettest place on Earth|journal=Environmental Research Letters|volume=16|issue=2|pages=024018|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/abcf78|bibcode=2021ERL....16b4018K|issn=1748-9326|doi-access=free}}</ref>


Occasionally, cloudbursts can occur in one part of Sohra while other areas may be totally or relatively dry, reflecting the high spatial variability of the rainfall. Atmospheric humidity is extremely high during the peak monsoon period.
Occasionally, cloudbursts can occur in one part of Sohra while other areas may be totally or relatively dry, reflecting the high spatial variability of the rainfall. Atmospheric humidity is extremely high during the peak monsoon period.
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|caption = Religion in Cherrapunji (2011)<ref name="religion">{{cite web |title=C-1 Population By Religious Community |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW17C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=census.gov.in |accessdate=14 November 2020}}</ref>
|caption = Religion in Cherrapunji (2011)<ref name="religion">{{cite web |title=C-1 Population By Religious Community |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW17C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=census.gov.in |accessdate=14 November 2020}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Christianity]]
|label1 = [[Christianity]]
|value1 = 95.76
|value1 = 71.36
|color1 = Blue
|color1 = Blue
|label2 = [[Hinduism]]
|label2 = Niam Khasi
|value2 = 3.97
|value2 = 24.40
|color2 = Orange
|color2 = Yellow
|label3 = [[Islam]]
|label3 = [[Hinduism]]
|value3 = 0.08
|value3 = 3.97
|color3 = Green
|color3 = Orange
|label4 = Others
|label4 = [[Islam]]
|value4 = 0.19
|value4 = 0.08
|color4 = yellow}}
|color4 = Green
|label5 = Others
|value5 = 0.19
|color5 = Gray}}


Most of the people in the town overwhelmingly follow [[Christianity]], with significant followers of [[Hinduism]] and a very small [[Muslim]] population.<ref name="religion"/>
Most of the people in the town overwhelmingly follow [[Christianity]], with significant followers of indigenous Niam Khasi, [[Hinduism]] and a very small [[Muslim]] population.<ref name="religion"/>


==Culture==
==Culture==
[[File:Khasi tribe para dance.jpg|right|thumb|Khasi children (1944)]]The locals living in and around Sohra are known as [[Khasi people|Khasis]]. It is a [[matrilineality|matrilineal]] culture. After the wedding, the husband of the youngest daughter goes to live with his wife's family, who own the property of the family, while others live on their own getting a bit of the share. The children take on the surname of the mother.<ref>[http://www.cherrapunjee.com/index.php?mid=35&pid=7 Cherrapunjee Vacation Resort website]</ref>
[[File:Khasi tribe para dance.jpg|right|thumb|Khasi children (1944)]]The locals living in and around Sohra are known as [[Khasi people|Khasis]]. It is a [[matrilineality|matrilineal]] culture. After the wedding,the youngest girl husband should be stay with her family who own the property of the family, while others live on their own getting a bit of the share. The children take on the surname of the mother.<ref>[http://www.cherrapunjee.com/index.php?mid=35&pid=7 Cherrapunjee Vacation Resort website]</ref>


Sohra is also famous for its [[living root bridges|living bridges]]. Over hundreds of years the people have developed techniques for growing roots of trees into large bridges. The process takes 10 to 15 years and the bridges typically last hundreds of years, the oldest ones in use being over 500 years old.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://webecoist.com/2009/10/21/bridge-to-nature-amazing-indian-living-root-bridges/ |title=Bridge to Nature: Amazing Indian Living Root Bridges |access-date=23 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129174355/http://webecoist.com/2009/10/21/bridge-to-nature-amazing-indian-living-root-bridges/ |archive-date=29 November 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Sohra is also famous for its [[living root bridges|living bridges]]. Over hundreds of years the people have developed techniques for growing roots of trees into large bridges. The process takes 10 to 15 years and the bridges typically last hundreds of years, the oldest ones in use being over 500 years old.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://webecoist.com/2009/10/21/bridge-to-nature-amazing-indian-living-root-bridges/ |title=Bridge to Nature: Amazing Indian Living Root Bridges |access-date=23 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129174355/http://webecoist.com/2009/10/21/bridge-to-nature-amazing-indian-living-root-bridges/ |archive-date=29 November 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
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== See also ==
== See also ==
* [[Rainfall#Wettest known locations|Wettest places on Earth]]
* [[Rainfall#Wettest known locations|Wettest places on Earth]]
* [[Lloró]]
* [[Lloró]]
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* [[Quibdó]]
* [[Quibdó]]
* [[Villa Puerto Edén]]
* [[Villa Puerto Edén]]
* [[Tourism in Northeast India]]


== References ==
== References ==
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{{Meghalaya}}
{{Meghalaya}}
{{Tourism in India}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


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