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History of Dehradun: Difference between revisions
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Dehradun had been a part of the [[Garhwal Kingdom]] except for the brief interlude of the Rohillas. The city is believed to have been named after the camp, or ''dera'', established by [[Baba Ram Rai]], elder son of the seventh [[Sikh]] Guru, [[Guru Har Rai]], who came here in 1675. He settled in the village Dhamawala, which even today hosts the annual [[Jhanda Mela]] on the fifth day after [[Holi]] in his memory.<ref>[http://210.212.78.56/dehradun/English/form_ram_rai.html Guru Ram Rai Darbar] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604021608/http://210.212.78.56/dehradun/English/form_ram_rai.html |date=4 June 2008 }} Official website of Dehradun.</ref> Thus the name refers to his 'dera' or camp in the 'Doon' valley, around which the present town gradually developed,<ref>Other cities with similar names are [[Dera Ismail Khan]], [[Dera Bugti]] and [[Dera Ghazi Khan]] in Pakistan.</ref> and marking this settlement is a gurudwara called [[Guru Ram Rai Darbar Sahib]], built between 1699 and 1707 with the help of Raja of Garhwal, [[Fateh Shah]], who was succeeded by his grandson in the same year, Pratap Shah,<ref name="Dehrad">Mausoleum of Ram Rai Darbar, 7 June 2005, india9.com https://www.india9.com/i9show/-Uttaranchal/Mausoleum-of-Ram-Rai-Darbar-41691.htm</ref> and modelled on the tomb of [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Jehangir]].<ref name="imp">[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V11_227.gif Dehra Town] ''The Imperial Gazetteer of India'', 1909, v. 11, p. 221-223.</ref> | Dehradun had been a part of the [[Garhwal Kingdom]] except for the brief interlude of the Rohillas. The city is believed to have been named after the camp, or ''dera'', established by [[Baba Ram Rai]], elder son of the seventh [[Sikh]] Guru, [[Guru Har Rai]], who came here in 1675. He settled in the village Dhamawala, which even today hosts the annual [[Jhanda Mela]] on the fifth day after [[Holi]] in his memory.<ref>[http://210.212.78.56/dehradun/English/form_ram_rai.html Guru Ram Rai Darbar] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604021608/http://210.212.78.56/dehradun/English/form_ram_rai.html |date=4 June 2008 }} Official website of Dehradun.</ref> Thus the name refers to his 'dera' or camp in the 'Doon' valley, around which the present town gradually developed,<ref>Other cities with similar names are [[Dera Ismail Khan]], [[Dera Bugti]] and [[Dera Ghazi Khan]] in Pakistan.</ref> and marking this settlement is a gurudwara called [[Guru Ram Rai Darbar Sahib]], built between 1699 and 1707 with the help of Raja of Garhwal, [[Fateh Shah]], who was succeeded by his grandson in the same year, Pratap Shah,<ref name="Dehrad">Mausoleum of Ram Rai Darbar, 7 June 2005, india9.com https://www.india9.com/i9show/-Uttaranchal/Mausoleum-of-Ram-Rai-Darbar-41691.htm</ref> and modelled on the tomb of [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Jehangir]].<ref name="imp">[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V11_227.gif Dehra Town] ''The Imperial Gazetteer of India'', 1909, v. 11, p. 221-223.</ref> | ||
Historically, Dehradun was a part of the [[Garhwal Kingdom]] also known as 'Kedarkhand', which was founded by Ajai Pal, around 1400, by capturing all the minor principalities of the Garhwal region, under his own sway, and thereafter, he and his descendants ruled over Garhwal and the adjacent state of [[Tehri-Garhwal]], in an uninterrupted line till 1803, when the Gurkhas invaded Kumaon and Garhwal.<ref>{{EB1911|wstitle=Garhwal|volume=11|page=466}}</ref> In 1757, [[Najib-ul-Daula]], the governor of [[Saharanpur]], who later founded city of [[Najibabad]], invaded the city with his army of [[Rohillas]] and ruled here, leading to its widespread development. He provided them with land, fostered trade, dug canals, sank wells and raised the revenue to a lakh and a quarter of rupees<ref>{{Cite book|title=Art and Architecture of Uttarakhand| | Historically, Dehradun was a part of the [[Garhwal Kingdom]] also known as 'Kedarkhand', which was founded by Ajai Pal, around 1400, by capturing all the minor principalities of the Garhwal region, under his own sway, and thereafter, he and his descendants ruled over Garhwal and the adjacent state of [[Tehri-Garhwal]], in an uninterrupted line till 1803, when the Gurkhas invaded Kumaon and Garhwal.<ref>{{EB1911|wstitle=Garhwal|volume=11|page=466}}</ref> In 1757, [[Najib-ul-Daula]], the governor of [[Saharanpur]], who later founded city of [[Najibabad]], invaded the city with his army of [[Rohillas]] and ruled here, leading to its widespread development. He provided them with land, fostered trade, dug canals, sank wells and raised the revenue to a lakh and a quarter of rupees<ref>{{Cite book|title=Art and Architecture of Uttarakhand|last1=Handa|first1=O.C.|last2=Jain|first2=Madhu|publisher=Pentagon Press|year=2009|isbn=978-8182744172|location=New Delhi|pages=120}}</ref> though after his death in 1770, it was successively annexed by surrounding tribes of Rajputs, Gujjars, Sikhs and Gurkhas who ruled the region in quick succession, and lead to its steady downfall. | ||
===The Gurkha Rule and the Arrival of the British - 19th century=== | ===The Gurkha Rule and the Arrival of the British - 19th century=== | ||
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The British began establishing institutions 1816 onwards. The 'Dehra Dun' municipality was established in 1867, and in 1900 railways made its way to Dehradun via [[Haridwar]], which was earlier connected in 1886.<ref>{{EB1911|wstitle=Mussoorie|volume=19|page=97}}</ref> | The British began establishing institutions 1816 onwards. The 'Dehra Dun' municipality was established in 1867, and in 1900 railways made its way to Dehradun via [[Haridwar]], which was earlier connected in 1886.<ref>{{EB1911|wstitle=Mussoorie|volume=19|page=97}}</ref> | ||
In 1901, Dehradun had a population of 24,039,<ref name=imp/> and was a district of British India, in the [[Meerut division]] of the [[United Provinces (India)|United Provinces]],<ref name=Dehra/> while the neighbouring town of Rajpur, which lay en route to the hill-station of [[Mussourie]], and from where pure-drinking water was supplied to the city through pipes, had a population of 2,900.<ref>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V21_088.gif Rajpur Town (2)] ''The Imperial Gazetteer of India'', 1909, v. 21, p. 82.</ref> Dehra Dun also emerged as the centre of tea cultivation experiments by the British who thought of developing tea here even before Assam. Dehra Dun tea was once famous worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/Locals-history-buffs-resent-tea-garden-land-for-Smart-City/articleshow/50002039.cms|title=Locals, history buffs resent tea garden land for Smart City | In 1901, Dehradun had a population of 24,039,<ref name=imp/> and was a district of British India, in the [[Meerut division]] of the [[United Provinces (India)|United Provinces]],<ref name=Dehra/> while the neighbouring town of Rajpur, which lay en route to the hill-station of [[Mussourie]], and from where pure-drinking water was supplied to the city through pipes, had a population of 2,900.<ref>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V21_088.gif Rajpur Town (2)] ''The Imperial Gazetteer of India'', 1909, v. 21, p. 82.</ref> Dehra Dun also emerged as the centre of tea cultivation experiments by the British who thought of developing tea here even before Assam. Dehra Dun tea was once famous worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/Locals-history-buffs-resent-tea-garden-land-for-Smart-City/articleshow/50002039.cms|title=Locals, history buffs resent tea garden land for Smart City |date=December 1, 2015|first=Yogesh|last=Kumar |website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-01-29}}</ref> | ||
During the Second World War the Dehra Dun Central Internment Camp was a major prison camp for detained German, Austrian and Italians who were living in or visiting British colonies in Asia at the start of the war.<ref>[http://gaebler.info/india/escape.htm Escape from Internment] – collection of articles by and about former prisoners of Dehra Dun. Bhikkhu Nyanatusita and Hellmuth Hecker, ''The Life of Nyanatiloka: The Biography of a Western Buddhist Pioneer'' Kandy, 2009.</ref> Its most famous inmate was perhaps [[Heinrich Harrer]], who after several attempts finally escaped in 1944 with [[Peter Aufschnaiter]] and slipped over the mountains into neutral [[Tibet]]. He recounted his time at the camp in ''[[Seven years in Tibet]]'' (Rupert Hart-Davis, 1953) and ''Beyond seven years in Tibet: my life before, during and after''. (Labyrinth Press, 2007). Several German Buddhist monks, including [[Nyanatiloka]], also stayed here. The camp was divided into different sections, one for Germans loyal to the Nazi government, one for German communists and others who rejected the Nazi government, one for Italians, and one section for Italian Catholic clergy.<ref>Bhikkhu Nyanatusita and Hellmuth Hecker, ''The Life of Nyanatiloka: The Biography of a Western Buddhist Pioneer'' Kandy, 2009.</ref> | During the Second World War the Dehra Dun Central Internment Camp was a major prison camp for detained German, Austrian and Italians who were living in or visiting British colonies in Asia at the start of the war.<ref>[http://gaebler.info/india/escape.htm Escape from Internment] – collection of articles by and about former prisoners of Dehra Dun. Bhikkhu Nyanatusita and Hellmuth Hecker, ''The Life of Nyanatiloka: The Biography of a Western Buddhist Pioneer'' Kandy, 2009.</ref> Its most famous inmate was perhaps [[Heinrich Harrer]], who after several attempts finally escaped in 1944 with [[Peter Aufschnaiter]] and slipped over the mountains into neutral [[Tibet]]. He recounted his time at the camp in ''[[Seven years in Tibet]]'' (Rupert Hart-Davis, 1953) and ''Beyond seven years in Tibet: my life before, during and after''. (Labyrinth Press, 2007). Several German Buddhist monks, including [[Nyanatiloka]], also stayed here. The camp was divided into different sections, one for Germans loyal to the Nazi government, one for German communists and others who rejected the Nazi government, one for Italians, and one section for Italian Catholic clergy.<ref>Bhikkhu Nyanatusita and Hellmuth Hecker, ''The Life of Nyanatiloka: The Biography of a Western Buddhist Pioneer'' Kandy, 2009.</ref> | ||
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===Dehradun Post-Independence=== | ===Dehradun Post-Independence=== | ||
Dehradun has expanded as a city post-1947 and got its most iconic and central monument, the Clock Tower, soon after. The construction work of the six-faced Clock Tower, also called Ghanta Ghar, began in the year 1948 and its foundation stone was laid by Sarojini Naidu. It was built in the memory of local resident Lala Balbir Singh and is hence also named the Balbir Clock Tower. Its construction was completed in the year 1953 and it was inaugurated by the then Railways Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri. A commemorative plaque inside the premises of the tower details this history.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/dmc-to-hand-over-clock-tower-work-to-state-infrastructure-body/story-zrBM500hNpT9skZ8sTsxhO.html|title=DMC to hand over Clock Tower work to state infrastructure body|date=2017-02-22|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2020-01-29}}</ref> The city became the hub of education and was made the capital of Uttarakhand state in the year 2000. It became a part of the Smart Cities Mission with nine smart city projects as a part of its development.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/doon-to-have-9-smart-city-projects-worth-over-rs-575-crore/articleshow/72098748.cms|title=Dehradun to have nine 'smart city' projects worth over Rs 575 crore | Dehradun has expanded as a city post-1947 and got its most iconic and central monument, the Clock Tower, soon after. The construction work of the six-faced Clock Tower, also called Ghanta Ghar, began in the year 1948 and its foundation stone was laid by Sarojini Naidu. It was built in the memory of local resident Lala Balbir Singh and is hence also named the Balbir Clock Tower. Its construction was completed in the year 1953 and it was inaugurated by the then Railways Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri. A commemorative plaque inside the premises of the tower details this history.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/dmc-to-hand-over-clock-tower-work-to-state-infrastructure-body/story-zrBM500hNpT9skZ8sTsxhO.html|title=DMC to hand over Clock Tower work to state infrastructure body|date=2017-02-22|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2020-01-29}}</ref> The city became the hub of education and was made the capital of Uttarakhand state in the year 2000. It became a part of the Smart Cities Mission with nine smart city projects as a part of its development.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/doon-to-have-9-smart-city-projects-worth-over-rs-575-crore/articleshow/72098748.cms|title=Dehradun to have nine 'smart city' projects worth over Rs 575 crore |date=18 November 2019|first=Mohammad |last=Anab |website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-01-29}}</ref> | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||