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==History== | ==History== | ||
{{main | Music in ancient India }} | {{main | Music in ancient India }} | ||
[[File:Dancing_girl.jpg|thumb|''[[Dancing Girl (sculpture)|Dancing Girl]]'' sculpture from the [[Indus Valley | [[File:Dancing_girl.jpg|thumb|''[[Dancing Girl (sculpture)|Dancing Girl]]'' sculpture from the [[Indus Valley civilization]] (c. 4,500 years ago)]] | ||
=== Pre-history === | === Pre-history === | ||
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==== Indus River valley Civilization ==== | ==== Indus River valley Civilization ==== | ||
[[Dancing Girl (sculpture)|Dancing Girl sculpture]] (2500 BCE) was found from the [[Indus Valley | [[Dancing Girl (sculpture)|Dancing Girl sculpture]] (2500 BCE) was found from the [[Indus Valley civilization]] (IVC) site.<ref name="national">{{cite web|title=Collections:Pre-History & Archaeology|publisher= National Museum, New Delhi|url=http://nationalmuseumindia.gov.in/prodCollections.asp?pid=44&id=1&lk=dp1|access-date=3 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e--vDQAAQBAJ&q=aesthetics+of+the+dancing+girl+mohenjodaro&pg=PA34|title=Origin of Indians and their Spacetime|last=Nalapat|first=Dr Suvarna|date=2013|publisher=D C Books|isbn=978-9381699188|language=en}}</ref><ref name="singh">{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Upinder|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India : from the Stone Age to the 12th century|date=2008|publisher=Pearson Education|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-8131711200|page=162|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&q=dancing+girl+harappa&pg=PA162|access-date=15 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="jane">{{cite book|last1=McIntosh|first1=Jane R.|title=The Ancient Indus Valley : New Perspectives|date=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, CA|isbn=978-1576079072|pages=281, 407|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1AJO2A-CbccC&q=dancing+girl|access-date=15 November 2014}}</ref> There are IVC-era paintings on pottery of a man with a [[dhol]] hanging from his neck and a woman holding a drum under her left arm.<ref name="shodh1">[http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/13634/8/08_chapter%202.pdf origin of Indian music and arts]. Shodhganga.</ref> | ||
===Vedic and ancient era=== | ===Vedic and ancient era=== | ||
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In the early 1960s [[Jazz]] pioneers such as [[John Coltrane]] and [[George Harrison]] collaborated with Indian instrumentalists and started to use Indian instruments such as [[sitar]] in their songs. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, [[rock and roll]] fusions with Indian music were well known throughout [[Europe]] and [[North America]]. In the late 1980s, Indian-British artists fused Indian and Western traditions to make the [[Asian Underground]]. In the [[new millennium]], American [[hip hop music|hip-hop]] has featured Indian filmi and bhangra. [[Mainstream]] [[hip-hop]] artists have sampled songs from [[Bollywood movies]] and have collaborated with [[List of Indian artists|Indian artists]], such as [[Timbaland]]'s "Indian Flute" | In the early 1960s [[Jazz]] pioneers such as [[John Coltrane]] and [[George Harrison]] collaborated with Indian instrumentalists and started to use Indian instruments such as [[sitar]] in their songs. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, [[rock and roll]] fusions with Indian music were well known throughout [[Europe]] and [[North America]]. In the late 1980s, Indian-British artists fused Indian and Western traditions to make the [[Asian Underground]]. In the [[new millennium]], American [[hip hop music|hip-hop]] has featured Indian filmi and bhangra. [[Mainstream]] [[hip-hop]] artists have sampled songs from [[Bollywood movies]] and have collaborated with [[List of Indian artists|Indian artists]], such as [[Timbaland]]'s "Indian Flute" | ||
In 2010, [[Laura Marling]] and [[Mumford and Sons]] collaborated with the | In 2010, [[Laura Marling]] and [[Mumford and Sons]] collaborated with the Dharohar Project.<ref name=dharo1/> | ||
== Classical music == | == Classical music == | ||
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'''Ma - {{lang|hi-Latn|Tivra}} Svaras''' | '''Ma - {{lang|hi-Latn|Tivra}} Svaras''' | ||
[[Sangeet Natak Academy]] recognizes eight classical dance and music forms, namely [[Bharatanatyam]], [[Kathak]], [[Kuchipudi]], [[Odissi]], [[Kathakali]], [[Sattriya]], [[Manipuri dance|Manipuri]] and [[Mohiniyattam]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Bishnupriya Dutt |author2=Urmimala Sarkar Munsi |title=Engendering Performance: Indian Women Performers in Search of an Identity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uNaGAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA216 |year=2010 |publisher=Sage Publications |isbn=978-81-321-0612-8 |page=216}}</ref> Additionally, India's | [[Sangeet Natak Academy]] recognizes eight classical dance and music forms, namely [[Bharatanatyam]], [[Kathak]], [[Kuchipudi]], [[Odissi]], [[Kathakali]], [[Sattriya]], [[Manipuri dance|Manipuri]] and [[Mohiniyattam]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Bishnupriya Dutt |author2=Urmimala Sarkar Munsi |title=Engendering Performance: Indian Women Performers in Search of an Identity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uNaGAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA216 |year=2010 |publisher=Sage Publications |isbn=978-81-321-0612-8 |page=216}}</ref> Additionally, India's Ministry of culture also includes [[Chhau dance|Chhau]] in its classical list. | ||
===Carnatic music=== | ===Carnatic music=== | ||
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[[Odissi music|Odissi Sangita]] comprises four classes of music namely '''Dhruvapada''', '''Chitrapada''', '''Chitrakala''' and '''[[Panchal]]''', described in the ancient oriya music texts. The chief Odissi '' and '''Shokabaradi'''. Odissi '''Sangita''' (music) is a synthesis of four classes of music, i.e. '''Dhruvapada''', '''Chitrapada''', '''Chitrakala''' and [[Panchal]], described in the above-mentioned texts. | [[Odissi music|Odissi Sangita]] comprises four classes of music namely '''Dhruvapada''', '''Chitrapada''', '''Chitrakala''' and '''[[Panchal]]''', described in the ancient oriya music texts. The chief Odissi '' and '''Shokabaradi'''. Odissi '''Sangita''' (music) is a synthesis of four classes of music, i.e. '''Dhruvapada''', '''Chitrapada''', '''Chitrakala''' and [[Panchal]], described in the above-mentioned texts. | ||
The great exponents<ref name="bare_url_a" /><ref name="orissatourism" /> of Odissi music in modern times are the Late | The great exponents<ref name="bare_url_a" /><ref name="orissatourism" /> of Odissi music in modern times are the Late Singhari Shyamasundara Kar, Markandeya Mahapatra, Kashinath Pujapanda, [[Balakrushna Das]], [[Gopal Chandra Panda]], [[Ramhari Das]], Bhubaneswari Misra, Shymamani Devi and [[Sunanda Patnaik]], who have achieved eminence in classical music. | ||
===Rabindra Sangeet (music of Bengal)=== | ===Rabindra Sangeet (music of Bengal)=== | ||
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[[File:T S Nandakumar,N Rajam And N Ramani.jpg|[[N. Ramani]] and [[N Rajam]] accompanied by [[T S Nandakumar]]|thumb]] | [[File:T S Nandakumar,N Rajam And N Ramani.jpg|[[N. Ramani]] and [[N Rajam]] accompanied by [[T S Nandakumar]]|thumb]] | ||
Tagore wrote some 2,230 songs in [[Bengali language|Bengali]], now known as ''Rabindra Sangeet'', using [[Indian classical music|classical music]] and traditional [[Indian folk music|folk music]] as sources.<ref name=Britannica-wb>{{cite encyclopedia |last= Huke |first= Robert E. |encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica |title= West Bengal |year= 2009 |url= | Tagore wrote some 2,230 songs in [[Bengali language|Bengali]], now known as ''Rabindra Sangeet'', using [[Indian classical music|classical music]] and traditional [[Indian folk music|folk music]] as sources.<ref name=Britannica-wb>{{cite encyclopedia |last= Huke |first= Robert E. |encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica |title= West Bengal |year= 2009 |url= https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/640088/West-Bengal |access-date = 2009-10-06}}</ref><ref>''Tagore: At Home in the World'' {{ISBN|978-8-132-11084-2}} pp. 253–254</ref> | ||
Tagore wrote national anthems of [[India]] and [[Bangladesh]], and influenced the national anthem of [[Sri Lanka]]. | Tagore wrote national anthems of [[India]] and [[Bangladesh]], and influenced the national anthem of [[Sri Lanka]]. | ||
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After that, much of Indian Pop music comes from the [[Indian Film Industry]], and until the 1990s, few singers like [[Usha Uthup]], [[Sharon Prabhakar]], and [[Penaz Masani|Peenaz Masani]] outside it were popular. Since then, pop singers in the latter group have included [[Daler Mehndi]], [[Baba Sehgal]], [[Alisha Chinai]], [[KK (singer)|KK]], [[Shantanu Mukherjee]] a.k.a. Shaan, [[Sagarika Mukherjee|Sagarika]], [[Colonial Cousins]] ([[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Lesle Lewis (composer)|Lesle Lewis]]), [[Lucky Ali]], and [[Sonu Nigam]], and music composers like [[Zila Khan]] or [[Jawahar Wattal]], who made top selling albums with, [[Daler Mehndi]], [[Shubha Mudgal]], [[Baba Sehgal]], [[Shweta Shetty]] and [[Hans Raj Hans]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/12/09/stories/2002120900620200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030704210135/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/12/09/stories/2002120900620200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 July 2003 |title=Music man with a golden touch |newspaper= [[The Hindu]] |date=9 December 2002 }}</ref> | After that, much of Indian Pop music comes from the [[Indian Film Industry]], and until the 1990s, few singers like [[Usha Uthup]], [[Sharon Prabhakar]], and [[Penaz Masani|Peenaz Masani]] outside it were popular. Since then, pop singers in the latter group have included [[Daler Mehndi]], [[Baba Sehgal]], [[Alisha Chinai]], [[KK (singer)|KK]], [[Shantanu Mukherjee]] a.k.a. Shaan, [[Sagarika Mukherjee|Sagarika]], [[Colonial Cousins]] ([[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Lesle Lewis (composer)|Lesle Lewis]]), [[Lucky Ali]], and [[Sonu Nigam]], and music composers like [[Zila Khan]] or [[Jawahar Wattal]], who made top selling albums with, [[Daler Mehndi]], [[Shubha Mudgal]], [[Baba Sehgal]], [[Shweta Shetty]] and [[Hans Raj Hans]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/12/09/stories/2002120900620200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030704210135/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/12/09/stories/2002120900620200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 July 2003 |title=Music man with a golden touch |newspaper= [[The Hindu]] |date=9 December 2002 }}</ref> | ||
Besides those listed above, popular Indi-pop singers include [[Sanam (band)|Sanam]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Creating New Memories With Old Songs: Sanam, The Band That Redefined The Meaning of Renditions |url=https://www.news18.com/news/ivideos/creating-new-memories-with-old-songs-sanam-the-band-that-redefined-the-meaning-of-renditions-1801793.html |access-date=22 October 2018 |agency=News 18}}</ref> (Band), [[Gurdas Maan]], [[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Papon (Assamese singer)|Papon]], [[Zubeen Garg]], [[Raghav Sachar]] [[Rageshwari]], [[Vandana Vishwas]], [[Devika Chawla]], [[Bombay Vikings]], [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Anushka Manchanda]], [[Bombay Rockers]], [[Anu Malik]], [[Jazzy B]], [[Malkit Singh]], [[Raghav]], [[Jay Sean]], [[Juggy D]], [[Rishi Rich]], | Besides those listed above, popular Indi-pop singers include [[Sanam (band)|Sanam]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Creating New Memories With Old Songs: Sanam, The Band That Redefined The Meaning of Renditions |url=https://www.news18.com/news/ivideos/creating-new-memories-with-old-songs-sanam-the-band-that-redefined-the-meaning-of-renditions-1801793.html |access-date=22 October 2018 |agency=News 18}}</ref> (Band), [[Gurdas Maan]], [[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Papon (Assamese singer)|Papon]], [[Zubeen Garg]], [[Raghav Sachar]] [[Rageshwari]], [[Vandana Vishwas]], [[Devika Chawla]], [[Bombay Vikings]], [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Anushka Manchanda]], [[Bombay Rockers]], [[Anu Malik]], [[Jazzy B]], [[Malkit Singh]], [[Raghav]], [[Jay Sean]], [[Juggy D]], [[Rishi Rich]], Udit Swaraj, [[Sheila Chandra]], [[Bally Sagoo]], [[Punjabi MC]], [[Beno]], [[Bhangra Knights]], [[Mehnaz]], [[Sanober]] and [[Vaishali Samant]].{{citation needed|date=November 2014}} | ||
Recently, Indian pop has taken an interesting turn with the "[[remix]]ing" of songs from past Indian movie songs, new beats being added to them. | Recently, Indian pop has taken an interesting turn with the "[[remix]]ing" of songs from past Indian movie songs, new beats being added to them. | ||
===Patriotic music=== | ===Patriotic music=== | ||
Patriotic feelings have been instigated within Indians through music since the era of the freedom struggle. [[Jana Gana Mana]], the [[national anthem]] of India by [[Rabindranath Tagore]], is largely credited<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/india-news/rabindranath-tagore-77-death-anniversary-rare-photos-gurudev-mahatma-gandhi-5295604/|title=Rabindranath Tagore's 77th death anniversary: Rare photos of 'Gurudev' with Mahatma Gandhi|date=2018-08-07|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-09-05|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/ivideos/independence-day-2018-the-unheard-full-version-of-jana-gana-mana-1845167.html|title=Independence Day 2018 : The Unheard Full Version Of Jana Gana Mana|work=News18|access-date=2018-09-05}}</ref> for uniting India through music and [[Vande Mataram]] by [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]] as the national song of India. Patriotic songs were also written in many regional languages such as ''Biswo Bizoyi No Zuwan '' in Assamese. Post-independence songs such as | Patriotic feelings have been instigated within Indians through music since the era of the freedom struggle. [[Jana Gana Mana]], the [[national anthem]] of India by [[Rabindranath Tagore]], is largely credited<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/india-news/rabindranath-tagore-77-death-anniversary-rare-photos-gurudev-mahatma-gandhi-5295604/|title=Rabindranath Tagore's 77th death anniversary: Rare photos of 'Gurudev' with Mahatma Gandhi|date=2018-08-07|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-09-05|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/ivideos/independence-day-2018-the-unheard-full-version-of-jana-gana-mana-1845167.html|title=Independence Day 2018 : The Unheard Full Version Of Jana Gana Mana|work=News18|access-date=2018-09-05}}</ref> for uniting India through music and [[Vande Mataram]] by [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]] as the national song of India. Patriotic songs were also written in many regional languages such as ''Biswo Bizoyi No Zuwan '' in Assamese. Post-independence songs such as Aye mere watan ke logo, [[Mile Sur Mera Tumhara]], [[Ab Tumhare Hawale Watan Saathiyo]], [[Maa Tujhe Salaam (song)|Maa Tujhe Salaam]] by [[A.R. Rahman]] have been responsible for consolidating feelings of national integration and [[unity in diversity]]. | ||
===Western music adoption in India=== | ===Western music adoption in India=== | ||
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==== Fusion with traditional music of other nations ==== | ==== Fusion with traditional music of other nations ==== | ||
Sometimes, the music of India is fused with the native traditional music of other countries. For example, [[Delhi 2 Dublin]], a band based in Canada, is known for fusing Indian and [[music of Ireland|Irish]] music, and | Sometimes, the music of India is fused with the native traditional music of other countries. For example, [[Delhi 2 Dublin]], a band based in Canada, is known for fusing Indian and [[music of Ireland|Irish]] music, and Bhangraton is a fusion of [[Bhangra (music)|Bhangra]] music with [[reggaeton]].<ref name=bang1>[http://www.reggaetonline.net/luny-tunes-04262006_inside-reggaeton reggaetonline.net]</ref> | ||
==== Western world music ==== | ==== Western world music ==== | ||
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In early 1960s [[Jazz]] pioneers such as [[John Coltrane]]—who recorded a composition entitled 'India' during the November 1961 sessions for his album [[Village Vanguard|''Live at the Village Vanguard'']] (the track was not released until 1963 on [[John Coltrane|Coltrane]]'s album ''[[Impressions (John Coltrane album)|Impressions]]'')—also embraced this fusion. [[George Harrison]] (of [[the Beatles]]) played the [[sitar]] on the song "[[Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown)]]" in 1965, which sparked interest from Shankar, who subsequently took Harrison as his apprentice. [[Jazz]] innovator [[Miles Davis]] recorded and performed with musicians like Khalil Balakrishna, Bihari Sharma, and Badal Roy in his post-1968 electric ensembles. Virtuoso jazz guitarist John McLaughlin spent several years in Madurai learning Carnatic music and incorporated it into many of his acts including Shakti which featured prominent Indian musicians. Other Western artists such as the [[Grateful Dead]], [[Incredible String Band]], [[the Rolling Stones]], [[the Move]] and [[Traffic (band)|Traffic]] soon incorporated Indian influences and instruments, and added Indian performers. | In early 1960s [[Jazz]] pioneers such as [[John Coltrane]]—who recorded a composition entitled 'India' during the November 1961 sessions for his album [[Village Vanguard|''Live at the Village Vanguard'']] (the track was not released until 1963 on [[John Coltrane|Coltrane]]'s album ''[[Impressions (John Coltrane album)|Impressions]]'')—also embraced this fusion. [[George Harrison]] (of [[the Beatles]]) played the [[sitar]] on the song "[[Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown)]]" in 1965, which sparked interest from Shankar, who subsequently took Harrison as his apprentice. [[Jazz]] innovator [[Miles Davis]] recorded and performed with musicians like Khalil Balakrishna, Bihari Sharma, and Badal Roy in his post-1968 electric ensembles. Virtuoso jazz guitarist John McLaughlin spent several years in Madurai learning Carnatic music and incorporated it into many of his acts including Shakti which featured prominent Indian musicians. Other Western artists such as the [[Grateful Dead]], [[Incredible String Band]], [[the Rolling Stones]], [[the Move]] and [[Traffic (band)|Traffic]] soon incorporated Indian influences and instruments, and added Indian performers. | ||
Legendary Grateful Dead frontman [[Jerry Garcia]] joined guitarist [[Sanjay Mishra (musician)|Sanjay Mishra]] on his classic CD "Blue Incantation" (1995). Mishra also wrote an original score for French Director | Legendary Grateful Dead frontman [[Jerry Garcia]] joined guitarist [[Sanjay Mishra (musician)|Sanjay Mishra]] on his classic CD "Blue Incantation" (1995). Mishra also wrote an original score for French Director Eric Heumann for his film ''Port Djema'' (1996) which won best score at Hamptons film festival and [[The Golden Bear]] at [[Berlin]]. in 2000 he recorded ''Rescue'' with drummer [[Dennis Chambers]] ([[Carlos Santana]], [[John McLaughlin (musician)|John McLaughlin]] et al.) and in 2006 [[Chateau Benares]] with guests [[DJ Logic]] and [[Keller Williams]] (guitar and bass). | ||
=====Musical film===== | =====Musical film===== | ||
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{{Main | Asian Underground |Bhangra (music) }} | {{Main | Asian Underground |Bhangra (music) }} | ||
In the late 1980s, Indian-British artists fused Indian and Western traditions to make the [[Asian Underground]]. Since the 1990s, Canadian born musician | In the late 1980s, Indian-British artists fused Indian and Western traditions to make the [[Asian Underground]]. Since the 1990s, Canadian born musician Nadaka who has spent most of his life in [[India]], has been creating music that is an acoustic fusion of [[Indian classical music]] with western styles. One such singer who has merged the Bhakti sangeet tradition of India with the western non-Indian music is [[Krishna Das (singer)|Krishna Das]] and sells music records of his musical [[sadhana]]. Another example is the [[Indo-Canadian]] musician [[Vandana Vishwas]] who has experimented with western music in her 2013 album ''Monologues''. | ||
In a more recent example of Indian-British fusion, [[Laura Marling]] along with [[Mumford and Sons]] collaborated in 2010 with the | In a more recent example of Indian-British fusion, [[Laura Marling]] along with [[Mumford and Sons]] collaborated in 2010 with the Dharohar Project on a four-song EP.<ref name=dharo1>{{cite news |publisher=BBC review |title=A triumphant experiment that feels surprisingly authentic |first= Colin |last=Irwin |date=2010-09-03 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/rqzb}}</ref> The British band [[Bombay Bicycle Club]] also sampled the song "[[Nagin (1954 film)#Soundtrack|Man Dole Mera Tan Dole]]" for their single "[[So Long, See You Tomorrow (album)|Feel]]".<ref>{{cite news | newspaper=The Indian Express|title= A Little This, A Little That |first= Pallavi |last= Pundir | date= 15 March 2013}}</ref> Laxmikant-Pyarelal | ||
==== Oceania ==== | ==== Oceania ==== | ||