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{{more citations needed|date=July 2011}} | |||
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}} | ||
[[File:Krishnanattam (théâtre rituel du Kerala).jpg|thumb|Krishnanattam]] | [[File:Krishnanattam (théâtre rituel du Kerala).jpg|thumb|Krishnanattam]] | ||
'''Krishnaattam''' ([[Malayalam]]: കൃഷ്ണാട്ടം, [[IAST]]: Kṛṣṇanāṭṭaṃ) is a temple art in [[Kerala]], India. It is a dance drama and presents the story of [[Krishna]] in a series of eight plays and was created by [[Manaveda]] (1585–1658 AD), the then [[Zamorin]] Raja of [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] in northern [[Kerala]].<ref name="chintha.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.chintha.com/kerala/krishnanattam-history-origin.html|title=Krishnanattam - History and Origin - chintha|publisher=}}</ref> The eight plays are: Avataram, Kaliyamardanam, Rasakrida, Kamsavadham, Swayamvaram, Banayuddham, Vividavadham and Swargarohanam.<ref>Comprehensive Study of Indian Folk Music and Culture, Volume 11,page 228</ref> It survives in its glory at the [[Guruvayur temple|Guruvayur Sri Krishna temple]] ([[Thrissur]] district, Kerala, India). | '''Krishnaattam''' ([[Malayalam]]: കൃഷ്ണാട്ടം, [[IAST]]: Kṛṣṇanāṭṭaṃ) is a temple art in [[Kerala]], India. It is a dance drama and presents the story of [[Krishna]] in a series of eight plays and was created by [[Manaveda]] (1585–1658 AD), the then [[Zamorin]] Raja of [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] in northern [[Kerala]].<ref name="chintha.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.chintha.com/kerala/krishnanattam-history-origin.html|title=Krishnanattam - History and Origin - chintha|publisher=}}</ref> The eight plays are: Avataram, Kaliyamardanam, Rasakrida, Kamsavadham, Swayamvaram, Banayuddham, Vividavadham and Swargarohanam.<ref>Comprehensive Study of Indian Folk Music and Culture, Volume 11,page 228</ref> It survives in its glory at the [[Guruvayur temple|Guruvayur Sri Krishna temple]] ([[Thrissur]] district, Kerala, India). | ||
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[[File:Krishnanattam Mudra.jpg|thumb|Krishnanattam Mudra]] | [[File:Krishnanattam Mudra.jpg|thumb|Krishnanattam Mudra]] | ||
King [[Manaveda]] told Vilwamangalam about his ambition to view Krishna. The next day the Swamiyar told him that Guruvayurappan has given his consent and [[Manaveda]] can see [[Guruvayurappan]] playing in the early hours of the morning at the platform of the Elanji tree.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sangeethasabha.blogspot.in/2010/08/manavedans-krishnageethi-story.html|title=Manavedan's 'Krishnageethi'-the story|date=5 August 2010|publisher=}}</ref> He could only see and not touch Him. When as per this agreement, [[Manaveda]] saw [[Guruvayurappan]] in the form of little child Sri Krishna, he was so excited that he forgot himself and, rushed to embrace little Sree [[Krishna]]. Guruvayoorappan immediately disappeared saying, "Vilwamangalam did not tell me that this will happen". However, [[Manaveda]] got one [[peacock feather]] from the | King [[Manaveda]] told Vilwamangalam about his ambition to view Krishna. The next day the Swamiyar told him that Guruvayurappan has given his consent and [[Manaveda]] can see [[Guruvayurappan]] playing in the early hours of the morning at the platform of the Elanji tree.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sangeethasabha.blogspot.in/2010/08/manavedans-krishnageethi-story.html|title=Manavedan's 'Krishnageethi'-the story|date=5 August 2010|publisher=}}</ref> He could only see and not touch Him. When as per this agreement, [[Manaveda]] saw [[Guruvayurappan]] in the form of little child Sri Krishna, he was so excited that he forgot himself and, rushed to embrace little Sree [[Krishna]]. Guruvayoorappan immediately disappeared saying, "Vilwamangalam did not tell me that this will happen". However, [[Manaveda]] got one [[peacock feather]] from the headgear of Bhagavan [[Krishna]].<ref name="chintha.com"/> | ||
The peacock feather was incorporated in the headgear for the character of Sri Krishna in the dance drama Krishnanattam based on his own text krishnageeti which is composed of 8 chapters . It was performed near the sanctum sanctorum of the [[Guruvayur]] Temple. On the ninth day, Avatharam was repeated as the [[Zamorin]] felt that it was not auspicious to end the series with the demise of Lord Krishna.<ref>Bhavan's journal ,vol 33,page 97</ref> The blessed art form is still maintained by [[Guruvayur devaswom]] and staged as an offering by [[Devotional cults in India|devotees]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&q=Krishnanattam&pg=PA317|title=Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections|last=Ayyappappanikkar|date=1 January 1997|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=9788126003655|via=Google Books}}</ref> | The peacock feather was incorporated in the headgear for the character of Sri Krishna in the dance drama Krishnanattam based on his own text krishnageeti which is composed of 8 chapters . It was performed near the sanctum sanctorum of the [[Guruvayur]] Temple. On the ninth day, Avatharam was repeated as the [[Zamorin]] felt that it was not auspicious to end the series with the demise of Lord Krishna.<ref>Bhavan's journal ,vol 33,page 97</ref> The blessed art form is still maintained by [[Guruvayur devaswom]] and staged as an offering by [[Devotional cults in India|devotees]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&q=Krishnanattam&pg=PA317|title=Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections|last=Ayyappappanikkar|date=1 January 1997|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=9788126003655|via=Google Books}}</ref> | ||
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Samoothiri Manavedan Raja (1585–1658 AD) had education from Anayath Krishna pisharody and Desamangalath varrier. | Samoothiri Manavedan Raja (1585–1658 AD) had education from Anayath Krishna pisharody and Desamangalath varrier. | ||
He wrote Poorva bharatha champu (Sanskrit) in 1643.<ref>Krsngitih of Manaveda, Indira Gandhi National Center for Arts, page 56</ref> He completed Krishnanattam on 16 November 1653.<ref name="malayalamresourcecentre1">{{cite web |url=http://www.malayalamresourcecentre.org/Mrc/culture/artforms/krishnanaattam/krishnanaattam.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-02-22 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive. | He wrote Poorva bharatha champu (Sanskrit) in 1643.<ref>Krsngitih of Manaveda, Indira Gandhi National Center for Arts, page 56</ref> He completed Krishnanattam on 16 November 1653.<ref name="malayalamresourcecentre1">{{cite web |url=http://www.malayalamresourcecentre.org/Mrc/culture/artforms/krishnanaattam/krishnanaattam.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-02-22 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130704045348/http://www.malayalamresourcecentre.org/Mrc/culture/artforms/krishnanaattam/krishnanaattam.html |archivedate=4 July 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> His statue was installed near 'Panjajanyam' guest house in [[Guruvayur]]. | ||
==Krishnageethi== | ==Krishnageethi== | ||
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Opening [[sloka meter|sloka]] of Krishnanattam is | Opening [[sloka meter|sloka]] of Krishnanattam is | ||
*{{ | *{{transliteration|sa|Jagathi sukritilokai: nandithaananthidaasa}} | ||
*{{ | *{{transliteration|sa|Kalaviranithavamsiibhasamanaasamana}}| | ||
*{{ | *{{transliteration|sa|Pashupayuvathibhogya devathaadevathaa saa}} | ||
*{{ | *{{transliteration|sa|Sajalajaladhapaliimechaka me chakaasthu}}<ref name="malayalamresourcecentre1"/> | ||
Apart from such slokas it is also adorned by many padyageethams like that of [[Gita Govinda]] of [[Jayadeva]].Krishnagiti is a masterpiece work in [[sanskrit]] by a [[keralite]]. | Apart from such slokas it is also adorned by many padyageethams like that of [[Gita Govinda]] of [[Jayadeva]].Krishnagiti is a masterpiece work in [[sanskrit]] by a [[keralite]]. | ||
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#a wooden breast plate with the breasts covered in red cloth and with ornamentation above and below the breasts. | #a wooden breast plate with the breasts covered in red cloth and with ornamentation above and below the breasts. | ||
Female characters tie strings of [[bell (instrument)|bell]]s around their ankles. These are called chilanka.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.planetsinfolab.com/horizonguruvayur.com/krishnanattam.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-02-22 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive. | Female characters tie strings of [[bell (instrument)|bell]]s around their ankles. These are called chilanka.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.planetsinfolab.com/horizonguruvayur.com/krishnanattam.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-02-22 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130411160507/http://www.planetsinfolab.com/horizonguruvayur.com/krishnanattam.html |archivedate=11 April 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> | ||
The actors used any or three colours for their basic make-up. | The actors used any or three colours for their basic make-up. | ||
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The green for [[Krishna]] as a young child has more yellow than blue. Before applying make-up the actor prostrated himself before the oil lamp and thought of the God [[Guruvayoorappan]].<ref name="books.google.co.in">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KRz5ykKRVAEC&q=Krishnanattam&pg=PA109|title=Dance Dialects of India|first=Ragini|last=Devi|date=1 January 1990|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=9788120806740|via=Google Books}}</ref> | The green for [[Krishna]] as a young child has more yellow than blue. Before applying make-up the actor prostrated himself before the oil lamp and thought of the God [[Guruvayoorappan]].<ref name="books.google.co.in">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KRz5ykKRVAEC&q=Krishnanattam&pg=PA109|title=Dance Dialects of India|first=Ragini|last=Devi|date=1 January 1990|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=9788120806740|via=Google Books}}</ref> | ||
The most sacred part of the Krishnanattam costume is the | The most sacred part of the Krishnanattam costume is the headgear.<ref>A panorama of Indian dances,Yu. Es Kr̥ṣṇarāv, Yu. Ke Candrabhāgādēvi,1983,page 43</ref> There are two basic kinds of head dress; a mudi, 'hair that has been wound into a bun and a kiriitam 'a [[Coronet|crown]]'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.harekrsna.com/sun/features/12-09/features1569.htm|title=The Sampradaya Sun - Independent Vaisnava News - Feature Stories - December 2009|publisher=}}</ref> | ||
==Training== | ==Training== | ||
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==External links== | ==External links== | ||
{{ | {{Commons category-inline}} | ||
*[http://guruvayurdevaswom.nic.in/krattam.html guruvayurdevaswom.nic.in] | *[http://guruvayurdevaswom.nic.in/krattam.html guruvayurdevaswom.nic.in] | ||
*[http://www.dvaipayana.net/krishnanattam Krishnattam] | *[http://www.dvaipayana.net/krishnanattam Krishnattam] | ||
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*[http://indianastro.indianclassicals.com/krishnanattam.htm indianastro.indianclassicals.com] | *[http://indianastro.indianclassicals.com/krishnanattam.htm indianastro.indianclassicals.com] | ||
*[http://www.guruvayur.com/Krishnanattam.htm guruvayur.com] | *[http://www.guruvayur.com/Krishnanattam.htm guruvayur.com] | ||
*[https://archive. | *[https://archive.today/20130411160507/http://www.planetsinfolab.com/horizonguruvayur.com/krishnanattam.html planetsinfolab.com] | ||
*[http://www.korzo.nl/en/productions/film-krishnanattam korzo.nl] | *[http://www.korzo.nl/en/productions/film-krishnanattam korzo.nl] | ||
*[http://krishnattam.tripod.com/picture_book/ krishnattam.tripod.com] | *[http://krishnattam.tripod.com/picture_book/ krishnattam.tripod.com] | ||