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{{ | {{Short description|Species of bird}} | ||
| | {{Speciesbox | ||
| status = LC | | image = Rufous treepie (Dendrocitta vagabunda vagabunda) Jahalana pair.jpg | ||
| image_caption = Pair in [[Udaipur]] | |||
<br />[[File:Indian tree pie 123-Three type calls.ogg|thumb|Rufuous treepie calling]] | |||
| status = LC | |||
| status_system = IUCN3.1 | | status_system = IUCN3.1 | ||
| status_ref = <ref>{{ | | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2018 |title=''Dendrocitta vagabunda'' |volume=2018 |page=e.T22705836A130381668 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22705836A130381668.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> | ||
| | | genus = Dendrocitta | ||
| | | species = vagabunda | ||
| | | authority = ([[John Latham (ornithologist)|Latham]], 1790) | ||
| | | synonyms = ''Dendrocitta rufa'' | ||
}} | |||
The '''rufous treepie''' (''Dendrocitta vagabunda'') is a [[ | The '''rufous treepie''' (''Dendrocitta vagabunda'') is a [[treepie]], native to the [[Indian Subcontinent]] and adjoining parts of [[Southeast Asia]]. It is a member of the [[crow]] [[family (biology)|family]], [[Corvidae]]. It is long tailed and has loud musical calls making it very conspicuous. It is found commonly in open scrub, agricultural areas, forests as well as urban gardens. Like other corvids it is very adaptable, omnivorous and opportunistic in feeding. | ||
== | ==Description== | ||
[[ | The sexes are alike and the main colour of the body is cinnamon with a black head and the long graduated tail is bluish grey and is tipped in black. The wing has a white patch. The only confusable species is the [[grey treepie]] which however lacks the bright rufous mantle. The bill is stout with a hooked tip. The underparts and lower back are a warm tawny-brown to orange-brown in colour with white wing coverts and black primaries. The bill, legs and feet are black.<ref name=pcr>{{cite book|author1=Rasmussen, P.C. |author2=Anderton, J.C. |name-list-style=amp |year=2005 |title= Birds of South Asia: The Ripley guide |volume=2 |page=595 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions}}</ref> | ||
The | The widespread populations show variations and several subspecies are recognized. The nominate subspecies is found in the northeastern part of peninsular India south to Hyderabad. The desert form is paler and called ''pallida'', ''vernayi'' of the Eastern Ghats is brighter while ''parvula'' of the Western Ghats is smaller in size.<ref name=pcr/> The form in Afghanistan and Pakistan is ''bristoli'' while the form in southern Thailand is ''saturatior''. [[E. C. Stuart Baker]] describes ''sclateri'' from the upper Chindwin to the Chin Hills and ''kinneari'' from southern Myanmar and northwest Thailand.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Birds. Volume 1 |author=Baker, EC Stuart |year=1922 |publisher=Taylor and Francis |location=London |pages=48–52 |chapter=''Dendrocitta rufa'' |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/birds___01bake#page/48/mode/2up/}}</ref> The population in eastern Thailand an Indochina is ''sakeratensis''.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Dickinson, E.C. |author2=Dekker, R.W.R.J. |author3=Eck,S. |author4=Somadikarta, S. |name-list-style=amp |title=Systematic notes on Asian birds. 45. Types of the Corvidae |journal=Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden |volume=350| year=2004 |pages=111–148 |url=http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/43939}}</ref> | ||
The | ==Distribution and habitat== | ||
The range of the rufous treepie is quite large, covering [[Pakistan]], [[India]] and into [[Bangladesh]], [[Myanmar]], [[Laos]], and [[Thailand]]. It inhabits open forest consisting of scrub, plantations and gardens.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /> In the Garhwal [[Himalayas]], it migrates seasonally between different elevations.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Naithani|first1=A. |last2=Bhatt|first2=D. |name-list-style=amp |date=2012 |title=Bird community structure in natural and urbanized habitats along an altitudinal gradient in Pauri district (Garhwal Himalaya) of Uttarakhand state, India |journal=Biologia |volume=67 |issue=4 |pages=800–808 |doi=10.2478/s11756-012-0068-z |doi-access=free}}</ref> | |||
== | ==Behaviour and ecology== | ||
The | The rufous treepie is primarily an arboreal omnivore feeding on fruits, nectar (of ''[[Bombax ceiba]]''<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Raju, A. J. S.|author2=Rao, S. P.|author3=Rangaiah, K. |year=2005 |title=Pollination by bats and birds in the obligate outcrosser ''Bombax ceiba'' L. (Bombacaceae), a tropical dry season flowering tree species in the Eastern Ghats forests of India |journal=Ornithological Science|volume=4 |pages=81–87|doi=10.2326/osj.4.81 |s2cid=86586782|url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/osj/4/1/4_1_81/_pdf}}</ref>) seeds,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sharma, S. K. |year=1992 |title=Tree Pie ''Dendrocitta vagabunda'' (Latham) feeding on aril of seeds of ''Pithecellobium dulce'' |url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48732854|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=89 |issue=3 |page=374}}</ref> invertebrates, small reptiles and the eggs and young of [[bird]]s;<ref>{{cite journal|author=Begbie, A|year=1905|title=Curious ferocity of the Indian Tree-pie ''Dendrocitta rufa'' |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|volume=16|issue=3|pages=502–503 |url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/5725898}}</ref> it has also been known to take flesh from recently killed carcasses. It is an agile forager, clinging and clambering through the branches and sometimes joining [[mixed-species feeding flock|mixed hunting parties]] along with species such as [[drongo]]s and [[Old World babbler|babblers]]. They are known to be a cleaning symbiont of deer, feeding on ectoparasites of [[Sambar deer|sambar]] which permit them to perch and position themselves to invite the birds to examine specific parts.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Bharucha, E.K. |year=1987 |title=An observation on the relationship between a Sambar and a Tree-Pie |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=84 |issue=3 |page=675 |url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/49081782}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Sazima, I. |year=2011 |title=Cleaner birds: a worldwide overview|journal=Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=32–47 |url=http://repositorio.unicamp.br/bitstream/REPOSIP/55989/1/WOS000305115000004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018122501/http://repositorio.unicamp.br/bitstream/REPOSIP/55989/1/WOS000305115000004.pdf |archive-date=2018-10-18 }}</ref> Like many other corvids, it [[Cache (biology)|cache]]s food.<ref>{{cite journal|title= An evolutionary perspective on caching by corvids |author1=de Kort, S. R. |author2=Clayton, N. S. |name-list-style=amp |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B |year=2006 |volume= 273 |issue=1585 |pmid= 16615207 |pages=417–423 |pmc=1560201 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2005.3350}}</ref> It is considered to be beneficial to palm cultivation in southern India due to its foraging on the grubs of the destructive weevil ''[[Rhynchophorus ferrugineus]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Krishnakumar, R. |author2=Sudha, G. |year=2002 |title=Indian tree pie ''Dendrocitta vagabunda parvula'' (Whistler and Kinnear) (Corvidae). A predatory bird of red palm weevil ''Rhynchophorus ferrugineus'' (Oliv.) |journal= Insect Environment |volume=8 |page=133}}</ref> Its feeds on the fruits of ''[[Trichosanthes tricuspidata]]'' which are toxic to mammals.<ref name=hbk>{{cite book|pages=216–221 |title=Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan. Volume 5 |edition=Second |publisher= Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |author1=Ali, S. |author2=Ripley, S.D. |name-list-style=amp |year=1986}}</ref> | ||
== | The breeding season in India is April to June. In Bengal, the peak is in April and May with heightened levels of pineal gland activity and serotonin production.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chaudhuri|first1=S. |last2=Maiti|first2=B.R. |date=1989 |title=Pineal activity during the seasonal gonadal cycle in a wild avian species, the tree pie (''Dendrocitta vagabunda'') |journal=General and Comparative Endocrinology |volume=76 |issue=3 |pages=346–349 |doi=10.1016/0016-6480(89)90128-7|pmid=2583467}}</ref> It builds its shallow nest in trees and bushes and usually lays 3-5 eggs.<ref name=whistler>{{cite book |author=Whistler, H. |year=1949 |title=Popular Handbook of Indian Birds |edition=Fourth |publisher=Gurney and Jackson |pages=12–14 |chapter=The Indian Tree-pie |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/popularhandbooko033226mbp#page/n43/mode/2up/}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The nests and eggs of Indian birds. Volume 1| author=Hume, A. O. |year=1889 |publisher=R. H. Porter |location=London |pages=19–22 |chapter=''Dendrocitta rufa'' (Scop.) The Indian Tree-pie |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924000044978#page/n41/mode/2up/}}</ref> | ||
=== | |||
=== | The rufous treepie has a wide repertoire of calls, but a ''bob-o-link'' or ''ko-tree'' call is most common.<ref name=pcr/> A local name for this bird ''kotri'' is derived from the typical call while other names include ''Handi Chancha'' and ''taka chor'' (="coin thief").<ref name=hbk/><ref>{{cite book |author=Finn, F. |year=1904 |title=The Birds of Calcutta |publisher=Thacker, Spink & Co. |location=Calcutta |pages=10–13 |chapter=The Magpie |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/birdsofcalcutta00finnrich#page/10/mode/2up/}}</ref> | ||
A blood parasitic protozoan ''Trypanosoma corvi''<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Nandi, N. C. |author2=Bennett, G. F. |name-list-style=amp |year=1994 |title= Re-description of ''Trypanosoma corvi'' Stephens and Christophers, 1908 emend Baker, 1976 and remarks on the trypanosomes of the avian family Corvidae |journal= Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz |volume=89 |pages=145–151 |doi=10.1590/S0074-02761994000200005 |issue=2|doi-access=free}}</ref> and ''[[Babesia]]'' has been reported from this species.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Peirce, M.A. |title= A taxonomic review of avian piroplasms of the genus Babesia Starcovici, 1893 (Apicomplexa: Piroplasmorida: Babesiidae) |doi=10.1080/002229300299507 | journal= Journal of Natural History |year=2000 |volume=34 |pages=317–332 |issue=3|s2cid= 85053646 }}</ref> [[Trematode]] parasites, ''[[Haplorchis vagabundi]]'', have been found in their intestines.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Baugh|first1=S.C. |title=Contributions to our knowledge of digenetic trematodes VI |journal=Parasitology Research |volume=22 |issue=4 |year=1963 |doi=10.1007/BF00260191| pages=303–315 |pmid=13966962|s2cid=11066470 }}</ref> An [[acanthocephala]]n parasite ''Centrorhynchus lancea'' is also known.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Duggal, C. L.|author2=Solomon, S.|author3=Ambardar, S. |name-list-style=amp |year=1986|title=On some acanthocephalans parasitizing birds of Punjab |journal=Research Bulletin of the Panjab University (Science) |volume=37|issue=3–4|pages=25–31}}</ref> A species of quill mite ''Syringophiloidus dendrocittae'' is known to live in the feathers of rufous treepies.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Bulletin van Het Koninlijk Belgisch Instituut voor Natuurwetenschappen - Entomologie |volume=70|pages=33–70| title=New genera and species of quill mites of the family Syringophilidae (Acari, Prostigmata)|author1=Fain A |author2=Bochkov, A. |author3=Mironov, S. |name-list-style=amp |year=2000}}</ref> | |||
== References == | |||
{{Reflist|2}} | |||
==External links== | |||
{{Commons category|Dendrocitta vagabunda}} | |||
{{Wikispecies|Dendrocitta vagabunda}} | |||
*[http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/rufous-treepie-dendrocitta-vagabunda Photos and other media] | |||
*[http://www.nrm.se/forskningochsamlingar/djur/vertebratzoologi/faglar/fagelsamlingar/gyldenstolpestypsamling/tattingar/corvidae/nrm568407.3542.html Type specimen of ''sakeratensis''] | |||
{{Corvidae|1}} | |||
{{Taxonbar|from=Q282256}} | {{Taxonbar|from=Q282256}} | ||
[[Category:Dendrocitta|rufous treepie]] | |||
[[Category:Birds of South Asia]] | |||
[[Category:Birds of Bangladesh]] | |||
[[Category:Birds of Southeast Asia]] | |||
[[Category:Birds described in 1790|rufous treepie]] | |||
[[Category:Taxa named by John Latham (ornithologist)|rufous treepie]] | |||
[[Category:Birds of Myanmar]] | |||