Tulu Nadu: Difference between revisions

 

 

{{Short description|Proposed State in southern India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}  

| name                            = Tulunadu

| native_name                    =  

| type                            = [[Proposed States and union territories of India|Proposed State]]

| area_footnotes                  =<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kar.nic.in/zpdk/tourism.htm |title=Tourism in DK District |publisher=National Informatics Centre, Karnataka State Unit |access-date=26 March 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tourism-of-india.com/karnataka-tour/udupi-tour.html |title=Tour to Udupi |publisher=Tourism of India |access-date=26 March 2008}}</ref>

| population_footnotes            =<ref name="poptn">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/India_WhizMap/IndiaMap.htm |title=Census GIS India |publisher=Census of India |access-date=26 March 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111052456/http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/India_WhizMap/IndiaMap.htm |archive-date=11 January 2010 }}</ref>

| demographics1_info2            = [[Tulu language|Tulu]], [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[Kannada language|Kannada(Kundagannada, Arebhashe)]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Beary language|Beary]]

'''Tulunadu''', also called "Parashurama Srishti", is a region on the southwestern coast of India.<ref>

</ref> The [[Tulu people]], known as 'Tuluva' (plural 'Tuluver'), speakers of [[Tulu language|Tulu]], a [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian language]], are the preponderant ethnic group of this region.<ref>

  | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fOQkpcVcd9AC&q=Tulu+Nadu+Tuluva&pg=PT429  

</ref> [[South Canara]], an erstwhile district and a historical area, encompassing the undivided territory of the contemporary [[Dakshina Kannada]] , southern part of [[Udupi district]] and northern part of  [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]] districts, forms the [[cultural area]] of the Tuluver.<ref>

Historically, Tulu Nadu lay between the [[Gangavali River]] ([[Uttara Kannada]] district) in the north and the [[Payaswini|Chandragiri River]] ([[Kasaragod]] district) in the south.<ref>

</ref> Currently, Tulu Nadu consists of the  Dakshina Kannada district and Southern part of [[Karnataka]] and the northern parts of the Kasaragod district of [[Kerala]] up to the Chandragiri River.<ref name="kertour">

{{cite web

| url = https://www.keralatourism.org/bekal/tulu-nadu.php

| title = Tulu Nadu Region

| website = keralatourism.org

|publisher= [[Government of Kerala]]

| access-date = 15 September 2018

}}

</ref>

 

This region is not an official administrative entity.<ref>

</ref> However, the [[Tulu Nadu state movement]] has been gaining momentum since the Indian [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]].<ref>

[[Mangalore]], the fourth largest(In terms of area&population)<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 January 2021|title=Largest cities of karnataka|url=https://www.worldlistmania.com/list-largest-cities-karnataka/|access-date=|website=worldlistmania}}</ref> and a major city of [[Karnataka]], and largest city of Tulu Nadu.<ref>

  | last = Malli  

According to mythology, the district was reclaimed by [[Parashurama]] from the sea.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icicihfc.com/property_pdfs/manglore-report.pdf|title=History of Mangalore|access-date=6 October 2017|publisher=ICICI}}</ref> According to the 17th-century [[Malayalam]] work ''[[Keralolpathi]]'', the lands of [[Kerala]] and Tulu Nadu were recovered from the [[Arabian Sea]] by the axe-wielding warrior sage [[Parasurama]], the sixth [[Daśāvatāra|avatar]] of [[Vishnu]] (hence, Kerala is also called ''Parasurama Kshetram'' 'The Land of Parasurama'<ref>S.C. Bhatt, Gopal K. Bhargava (2006) "Land and People of Indian States and Union Territories: Volume 14.", p. 18</ref>). Parasurama threw his axe across the sea, and the water receded as far as it reached. According to legend, this new area of land extended from [[Gokarna, India|Gokarna]] to [[Kanyakumari]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Aiya VN |title=The Travancore State Manual |publisher=Travancore Government Press |pages=210–12 |year=1906 |access-date=12 November 2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RdzaPW-kEvQC}}</ref> The land which rose from sea was filled with salt and unsuitable for habitation; so Parasurama invoked the Snake King [[Vasuki (snake)|Vasuki]], who spat holy poison and converted the soil into fertile lush green land. Out of respect, Vasuki and all snakes were appointed as protectors and guardians of the land. [[P. T. Srinivasa Iyengar]] theorised, that [[Senguttuvan]] may have been inspired by the [[Parasurama]] legend, which was brought by early Aryan settlers.<ref>{{Cite book |title=History of the Tamils: From the Earliest Times to 600 A.D. |last=Srinivisa Iyengar |first=P. T. |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=1929 |isbn=978-8120601451 |location=Madras |page=515}}</ref>

[[File:Royal emblem of the Alupa.png|thumb|Royal emblem of the [[Alupa dynasty|Alupas]], the ruling dynasty of the region from the 2nd century to the 15th century C.E. |left|218x218px]]

[[Ptolemy]], the 2nd-century geographer identifies the Tulu Nadu region as ''Olokhoira'' which is widely believed to be a corruption of the term '''Alva Kheda''', 'the land of the Alvas'.^{[[Alupa dynasty#cite note-ghosh-2|[2]]]} Historically, Tulu Nadu included the two separate lands of Haiva and Tuluva.<ref name="kertour"/> The longest-ruling and oldest known native dynasty of Tulu Nadu was that of the [[Alupas]] (c. 5th - 14th century C. E.).<ref name=bhat /> Their kingdom was also known as ''Alvakheda''. They initially ruled independently and later were the feudatories of the prominent dynasties. The [[Kadamba dynasty|Kadamba dynasty of Banavasi]] was the earliest, under which the [[Alupa dynasty|Alupas]] flourished. Later the Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta, [[Chalukyas]] of Badami, Chalukyas of Kalyani, [[Hoysalas]] of Dwarasamudra ([[Halebidu]]) and [[Raja#Compound and derived titles|Rayas]] of Vijayanagara were the overlords. The Alupas, however, were independent and their subordination was nominal at best. They ruled until the Vijayanagara Empire took control of Tulu Nadu from 14th to the 17th centuries<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alupa dynasty|url=https://shastriyakannada.org/DataBase/KannwordHTMLS/CLASSICAL%20KANNADA%20LAND%20HISTORY%20AND%20PEOPLE%20HTML/ALUPA%20DYNASTY%20HTML.htm|access-date=|website=Shastriya kannada}}</ref>

During the rule of [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]], Tulu Nadu was administered in two parts&nbsp;– ''Mangaluru Rajya'' and ''Barkuru Rajya''. Tulu Nadu was the original homeland of the dynasty that founded the [[Vijayanagar Empire]] based in eastern Karnataka. Tulu Nadu was governed by the native feudatories of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] until the 18th century. These feudatories gained power towards the end of the Alupa period. An [[Old Malayalam]] inscription ([[Ramanthali inscriptions]]), dated to 1075 CE, mentioning king Kunda Alupa, the ruler of [[Alupa dynasty]] of [[Mangalore]], can be found at [[Ezhimala]] (the former headquarters of [[Mushika dynasty]]) near [[Kannur|Cannanore]], in the [[North Malabar]] region of [[Kerala]].<ref>Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 483.</ref>

Notable among them were<ref name=bhat>{{cite book|last1=Bhat|first1=N. Shyam|title=South Kanara, 1799-1860: A Study in Colonial Administration and Regional Response|date=1998|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9788170995869|pages=17–45|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0nZzbFDSAoC|access-date=18 April 2015}}</ref> the [[Chowta]]s of [[Ullal]] and [[Moodabidri]] (c. 1160-1801 C.E), [[Ajila]]s of [[Venur]] (c. 1418-1800 C.E), the Savanta or Samantha Rajas of [[Mulki, India|Mulki]] (c. 1411- 1700), the Bhairarasa Odeyas of [[Karkala]] (c. 1240-1650 C.E), the Tolaharas of Suralu (c.1139-1800 C.E), the Bangas of Bangadi (c. 1410-1800 C.E.), the Rajas of [[Kumbla]] (c. 12th century - 1800 C.E) and the Rajas of [[Vitla]] (c. 1436-1800 C.E).

The region became extremely prosperous during the Vijayanagara period with [[Barkur]] and [[Mangalore]] gaining importance. After the decline of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]], the [[Keladi Nayaka]]s of [[Ikkeri]] controlled much of Tulu Nadu.<ref>{{cite book |last=Shastry |first=Bhagamandala Seetharama  |author-link= |date=2000|title=Goa-Kanara Portuguese Relations, 1498-1763|url= |location=New Delhi|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|page=112,145–147,180–204|isbn=8170228484}}</ref> Over the following many centuries, more ethnic groups migrated to the area. [[Konkanis]] from [[Goa]] arrived by sea, as Mangalore was a major port that served not only the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]] but also the [[Arabs]] for maritime trades. [[Jain Bunt|Jains]] were already a prominent group and even today are uniquely preserved in Tulu Nadu. Though small in number, the [[Jain Bunt|Jain]]s left behind indelible reminders of their glory with temples (''[[Basadi|bastis]]'') in ([[Moodabidri]]) and monolithic statues of [[Bahubali]] in [[Karkala]], [[Venoor]] and [[Dharmasthala]]. In the 16th century, there was a large influx of Catholics to Tulu Nadu from Goa.

Under [[Portuguese India|Portuguese rule]], the region was called the ''Misao do Sul'' (Mission of the South). In the 18th century, it was conquered by [[Hyder Ali]], the ruler of [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]]. After the British defeated [[Hyder Ali|Haidar's]] successor [[Tipu Sultan]] in 1799, the region was attached to the [[Madras Presidency]] before being reverted to the [[state of Mysore]] after independence. Mysore has since been renamed [[Karnataka]]. At the end of the 18th century, [[Hyder Ali]] and [[Tipu Sultan]] controlled the region. [[Mangalore]] played a prominent role in Tipu's battles with the British. The British gained full control in 1801, after [[Tipu Sultan|Tipu's]] death in 1799. The [[British Raj|British]] ruled the region with [[Madras]] (now [[Chennai]]) as its headquarters. Tipu conquered the region and the British conquered it from him. Under the British, the region was organised into the districts of [[North Canara]] and [[South Canara]] respectively.[[File:Parshuramsaraswats.jpg|thumb|As per [[Hindu mythology]] Lord [[Parshurama]] commanded Lord [[Varuna]] to make the seas recede to make the Tulu Nadu.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.boloji.com/index.cfm?md=Content&sd=Articles&ArticleID=865|title=Tulu Nadu: The Land and its People by Dr. Neria H. Hebbar|newspaper=Boloji|access-date=12 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/aktbfkollam/brahmins-of-tulu-nadu|title=Brahmins of Tulu Nadu - MADHWA SAMAJAM KOLLAM|access-date=12 December 2016}}</ref>]]When the states were reorganised on linguistic basis in 1956, Tulu Nadu (South Canara) which was earlier a part of [[Madras Presidency]] and North Canara which was a part of [[Bombay Presidency]] became part of the newly formed Mysore state, which was later renamed as Karnataka. [[Kasaragod district|Kasargod]] became part of the newly formed state of [[Kerala]]. The [[Tulu people|Tuluvas]] began demanding [[Official languages of India|official language]] status for [[Tulu language|Tulu]] and a [[Tulu Nadu state movement|separate state]] named Tulu Nadu for themselves. Organisations like the ''Tulu Rajya Horata Samiti'' have taken up the cause of the Tuluvas and meetings and demonstrations were held at towns like Mangalore and Udupi to voice their demand.<ref name="News headlines">{{cite web | url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=27089&n_tit=News+headlines | title=News headlines | publisher=DHNS | date=21 October 2006 | access-date=4 September 2016 | archive-date=4 March 2012 | archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daijiworld.com%2Fnews%2Fnews_disp.asp%3Fn_id%3D27089%26n_tit%3DNews%2Bheadlines&date=2012-03-04 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Tulu organisations to meet soon">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/article1214833.ece | title=Tulu organisations to meet soon | newspaper=The Hindu | date=6 March 2008 | access-date=4 September 2016}}</ref>

South Kanara had a total population of 1,748,991 in 1951, of whom 76.58% were Hindus, 14.31% Muslim and 8.85% Christian.<ref name="census1951"/> The most widely spoken language was Tulu which was the mother tongue of 40 percent of the population, followed by Malayalam which formed the mother tongue of 24 percent each of the population. Around 17 percent of the total population spoke Kannada. Around 13 percent of the population speaks [[Konkani language|Konkani]] as their mother tongue. In 1901, South Kanara had a density of {{convert|282|PD/sqmi|order=flip}}.

The 1908 ''[[Imperial Gazetteer of India]]'' lists South Canara, along with the [[Thanjavur District|Thanjavur]] and [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]] districts, as the three districts of the [[Madras Presidency]] where [[Brahmins]] are most numerous.<ref name="Imperial1908">{{cite book|title=[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]]|volume=14|year=1908|publisher=[[Clarendon Press]]}}</ref>

The majority of the people were [[Billava]]s and [[Bunt (community)|Bunt]]s. There were more [[Brahmins]] (12% of the population) in South Kanara than any other district of the Madras Presidency making South Kanara, along with [[Tanjore District (Madras Presidency)|Tanjore]] and Ganjam as one of the three districts of the province where Brahmins were most numerous.<ref name="Imperial1908"/>

The original [[indigenous people]] of the region are [[Tuluvas]] ([[Bunt (community)|Bunts]], [[Billava]]s, [[Mogaveera]]s,Tulu gowda, [[Kulala]]s, [[Devadiga]]s, [[Beary]]s, [[Jogi (caste)|Jogi]]s) and [[Malayali]]s in the [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod Taluk]] ([[Nambudiri]]s, [[Nair]]s, [[Thiyyar history|Thiyyas]], [[Mappila]]s etc). The Brahmins who settled first belonged chiefly to the [[Sthanika Brahmins|Sthanika]] and thus they were called as Tulu Brahmins. Others were [[Shivalli Brahmins|Shivalli]], [[Saraswat Brahmins|Saraswat]], [[Havyaka Brahmin|Havyaka]], Kotaha sub-sections, Mahars, the hill-tribes (''[[Koraga people|Koragas]]'').<ref name="SilvaAndFuchs">{{cite journal|last1=Silva|first1=Severine|last2= Fuchs|first2=Stephan|publisher=[[Nanzan University]]|title=The Marriage Customs of the Christians in South Canara, India|journal=[[Asian Folklore Studies]]|year=1965|number=2|pages=2–3|volume=24}}</ref>

The most widely spoken Language is [[Tulu language|Tulu]] which belongs to the [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] family of languages, and whose native speakers are referred to as [[Tulu people|Tuluva]]. The number of Tulu speakers was estimated to be about 1.7&nbsp;million in 2001,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm |title=Census of India - Statement 1 |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=26 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |postscript=. |editor-last=Lewis |editor-first=M. Paul |contribution=Tulu |title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World |edition=16th |publisher=[[SIL International]] |year=2009 |contribution-url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=tcy |url=http://www.ethnologue.com |access-date=12 November 2009}}</ref> although some sources quote as many as 3 million.<ref name="Bhat">{{Cite book |title=The Dravidian Languages |author=D.N.S. Bhat |editor=Sanford B. Steever |year=1998 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-415-10023-2 |page=158 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CF5Qo4NDE64C}}</ref> The other languages spoken in Tulu Nadu include [[Kundagannada]], [[Arebhashe dialect|Arebhashe]], [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Koraga language|Koraga]] and [[Beary language|Beary]].<ref name="Bhat" />

The [[Tulu alphabet|Tulu script]], bears high similarity to the [[Malayalam script]]. It was used by Tuluvas for centuries before it was eventually replaced by the [[Kannada script]]. Most Sanskrit works and Tulu classics are present in this script, with a few in other scripts. This script was used by Brahmins.<ref name="Tulu Language and Script - Shivalli Brahmins">{{cite web | url=http://shivallibrahmins.com/tulu-language/tulu-language-and-script/ | title=Tulu Language and Script | publisher=Shivalli Brahmins | access-date=4 September 2016 | author=Dr. K Padmanabha Kekunnaya}}</ref>

Tulu Nadu lies along the [[Konkan Coast]].<ref>{{Cite book |last3=Ripley |first3=Sidney Dillon |last2=Beehler |first2=Bruce M. |last1=Lozupone |first1=Patsy |year=2004 |page=82 |title=Ornithological gazetteer of the Indian subcontinent |publisher=Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International |isbn=1881173852}}</ref> Tulu Nadu is bounded on the west by the [[Arabian Sea]] and on the east by the [[Western Ghats]]. Tulu Nadu spans an area of {{convert|8441|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}, roughly 4.4 per cent of the total geographical area of present-day [[Karnataka]] and Kasaragod District is the northernmost district of Kerala.

Tulu Nadu also experiences heavy rainfalls during Monsoon season. The coastal area of Tulu Nadu is very rich concerning rainforests and backwaters. The region has a tropical climate; summer and winter months experience similar temperate conditions, with average temperatures ranging from 24&nbsp;°C to 33&nbsp;°C.

[[File:Chaturmukha Basadi.jpg|thumb| [[Chaturmukha Basadi]], [[Karkala]]]]

[[File:Shri Madhvacharya.jpg|thumb|[[Madhvacharya|Shri Madhva Acharya]], a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] philosopher and the chief proponent of the philosophy of [[Dvaita|Dwaita]] or Dualism.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.karnataka.com/personalities/madhvacharya/|title=Madhvacharya {{!}} Udupi Philosopher {{!}} Personalities|date=7 October 2011|newspaper=Karnataka.com|access-date=12 December 2016}}</ref>]]

The [[Yakshagana]] is a night-long dance and drama performance practised in Tulu Nadu with great fanfare.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.szcc.tn.nic.in/07_folktheatre/karnataka/Yakshagana/yakshagana.html |title=Yakshagana |access-date=7 December 2007 |publisher=SZCC, Tamil Nadu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817224137/http://www.szcc.tn.nic.in/07_folktheatre/karnataka/Yakshagana/yakshagana.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=17 August 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |year=2001 |last1=Plunkett |first1=Richard |title=South India |page=53 |publisher=Lonely Planet |isbn=9781864501612}}</ref> [[Hulivesha|Pilivesha]] is a unique form of folk dance in the region fascinating the young and the old alike, which is performed during ''Marnemi'' (as ''[[Navratri|Dussehra]]'' is called in Tulu) and [[Krishna Janmashtami]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-10-26/bangalore/27235282_1_tigers-pai-skin |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811134248/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-10-26/bangalore/27235282_1_tigers-pai-skin |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 August 2011 |date=26 October 2001 |title=Human 'tigers' face threat to health |work=[[The Times of India]] |author=Stanley G. Pinto |access-date=26 May 2013}}</ref> ''Karadi Vesha'' (Bear Dance) is one more popular dance performed during ''[[Mysore Dasara|Dasara]]'' in Tulu Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=726 |title=What's in a Name? |author=Stephen D'Souza |publisher=[[Daiji World|Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore]] |access-date=26 May 2013 |archive-date=5 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080305003349/http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=726 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''[[Buta Kola|Daivaradhane]]'' (Spirit worship), which is usually done at night is practised here. [[Kambala]] (Buffalo race) is conducted in water filled paddy fields. The [[Bhuta Kola]] is similar to [[Theyyam]] in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/videos/news/news-in-videos/devakoothu-the-lone-woman-theyyam-in-north-malabar-1.3468731|title='Devakoothu'; the lone woman Theyyam in North Malabar|website=Mathrubhumi}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/This-year-Devakoothu-gets-a-new-face/articleshow/17735370.cms|title=Devakoothu: This year, Devakoothu gets a new face &#124; Kozhikode News - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref> ''Korikatta'' ([[Cockfight]]) is another favourite sport for the people. [[Nagaradhane]] (Snake worship) is practised in the Tulu Nadu according to the popular belief of the [[Nāga|Naga Devatha]] to go underground and guard the species on the top.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=50662 |title=Nagarapanchami Naadige Doddadu |date=18 August 2007 |publisher=Mangalorean.com |access-date=26 May 2013}}</ref>

[[Udupi cuisine]] is popular across [[South India]], mostly due to Udupi restaurants, which are primarily vegetarian. Apart from Southern India, there are famous Udupi Hotels in Mumbai and New Delhi too.

Historically, Tulu Nadu was primarily dependent on agriculture and fishing. The main crops grown were rice, [[Chickpea|Bengal gram]], [[horse gram]], vegetables and fruits. Plantation crops like coconut, [[areca]] nut, cocoa, [[cashew]] nut, and pepper are also grown. In the early 20th century, the [[Mangalore tile]] industry, cashew nut processing, and the banking industry grew substantially. Tulu Nadu is called "the cradle of Indian banking".<ref>http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/15944/12/12_chapter%204.pdf</ref> Five major banks of India ([[Syndicate Bank]], [[Canara Bank]], [[Corporation Bank]], [[Vijaya Bank]] and [[Karnataka Bank]]) have their origins here.

|[[Mangalore]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.canarabank.com/English/scripts/aboutus.aspx|title=Canara Bank :: About Us :: Profile|website=canarabank.com|access-date=23 October 2016}}</ref>

|[[Mangalore]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.karnatakabank.com/ktk/History.jsp|title=Welcome to Karnataka Bank Ltd|website=karnatakabank.com|access-date=23 October 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317115018/http://www.karnatakabank.com/ktk/History.jsp|archive-date=17 March 2012}}</ref>

|[[Mangalore]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vijayabank.com/About-Us/Inception|title=Vijaya Bank|website=vijayabank.com|access-date=23 October 2016}}</ref>

|[[Manipal]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.syndicatebank.in/english/ourprofile.aspx|title=Syndicate Bank- ourprofile|website=syndicatebank.in|access-date=23 October 2016|archive-date=25 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925221437/https://www.syndicatebank.in/english/ourprofile.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>

|[[Udupi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.corpbank.com/history|title=History {{!}} Corporation Bank|website=www.corpbank.com|access-date=23 October 2016}}</ref>

In the early part of the 21st century the area has been transforming itself into a hub of the [[information technology]] and medical services industries. There has been large-scale decline in agriculture and related industries due to the non-availability of labour and preference for [[white-collar worker|white-collar jobs]]. Agricultural land is being converted to commercial and [[real estate]] properties, and environmental pollution is increasing drastically due to large-scale deforestation and increase in automobile use. A [[public sector]] [[petroleum refinery]] ([[MRPL]]) was established in the 1990s. Some chemical plants (e.g., fertilizers and pesticides) have been established. This region contributes the second highest revenue to [[Karnataka]] state after the city of [[Bangalore]]. This region has an [[international airport]] at [[Mangalore]] which is well connected to the rest of [[India]] and middle eastern countries. [[New Mangalore port]] (NMPT) is one of the major port of India located at [[Panambur]], Mangalore.<ref name="Shatkin2013">{{cite book|title=Contesting the Indian City: Global Visions and the Politics of the Local|date=14 August 2013|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-29584-7|chapter=Chapter 10 : Planning Mangalore: Garbage Collection in a Small Indian City|author=Gavin Shatkin}}</ref>

 

==See also==

*[[Gokak agitation]]

{{Reflist|30em}}

  |isbn= 9789839154801}}