Parvati: Difference between revisions

{{short description|One of principal goddesses in Hinduism, goddess of power, motherhood, nourishment, love and harmony}}

| affiliation = [[Devi]], [[Tridevi]], [[Mahadevi]], [[Sati (Hindu goddess)|Sati]], [[Durga]], [[Kali]], [[Shakti]], [[Adi Shakti]]

| deity_of = Parasakthi, Mother Goddess,<ref name=holt180>{{cite book|author=James D. Holt|title=Religious Education in the Secondary School: An Introduction to Teaching, Learning and the World Religions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q1WcBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA180|year=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-69874-6|page=180}}</ref><br>Goddess of Power, Nourishment, Devotion, Motherhood, Fertility, and Harmony<ref name="David Kinsley 49–50">{{cite book|author=David Kinsley|title=Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition|url=https://archive.org/details/hindugoddessesvi0000kins|url-access=registration|date=19 July 1988|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-90883-3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/hindugoddessesvi0000kins/page/49 49]–50}}</ref>

| children = [[Ganesha]] (Son)<br>[[Kartikeya]] (Son)<br> [[Ashokasundari]] (Daughter; according to the Padma Purana)<br>

| mount = [[Lion]], [[tiger]], [[bull]]

| mantra = Oṃ Pārvatyāi Namaḥ

| festivals = [[Navaratri]], [[Vijaydashmi]], [[Teej]], [[Thiruvathira]], [[Gowri Habba]], [[durga puja]], [[kali puja]]

| other_names = Kali, Lalitha, Uma, Sati, Gouri, Aparna, Girija, Haimavati, Girinandini, Kamakshi, Meenakshi, Bhuvaneshwari, Rajarajeshwari, Navadurga,and Dasmahavidhya.

'''Parvati''' ({{lang-sa|पार्वती}}, {{IAST3|Pārvatī}})<!--Do not remove, WP:INDICSCRIPT doesn't apply to WikiProject Hinduism-->, '''Uma''' ({{lang-sa|उमा}}, {{IAST3|Umā}}) or '''Gauri''' ({{lang-sa|गौरी}}, {{IAST3|Gaurī}}) is the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] goddess of power, nourishment, harmony, devotion, and motherhood. She is considered to be [[Devi]] in her complete form.<ref>H.V. Dehejia, Parvati: Goddess of Love, Mapin, {{ISBN|978-8185822594}}</ref><ref>James Hendershot, Penance, Trafford, {{ISBN|978-1490716749}}, pp 78</ref><ref name=suchan>Suresh Chandra (1998), Encyclopedia of Hindu Gods and Goddesses, {{ISBN|978-8176250399}}, pp 245–246</ref> She is the principal goddess of [[Shaivism]]. She is also one of the central deities of the goddess-oriented sect called [[Shaktism]]. Along with [[Lakshmi]] and [[Saraswati]], she forms the [[Tridevi]].<ref>Frithjof Schuon (2003), Roots of the Human Condition, {{ISBN|978-0941532372}}, pp 32</ref>

Parvati is the wife of the Hindu god [[Shiva]]. She is the reincarnation of [[Sati (goddess)|Sati]], the first wife of Shiva who immolated herself during a [[Daksha yajna|yajna]] (fire-sacrifice).<ref name=edwardbalfour>Edward Balfour, {{Google books|iU0OAAAAQAAJ|Parvati|page=153}}, The Encyclopaedia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia, pp 153</ref> Parvati is the daughter of the mountain king [[Himavan]] and queen Mena.<ref name="H.V. Dehejia, Parvati pp 11">H.V. Dehejia, Parvati: Goddess of Love, Mapin, {{ISBN|978-8185822594}}, pp 11</ref> Parvati is the mother of Hindu deities [[Ganesha]] and [[Kartikeya]]. The Puranas also referenced her to be the sister of the river goddess [[Ganga in Hinduism|Ganga]] and the preserver god [[Vishnu]].<ref name="wjw295" /><ref>Edward Washburn Hopkins, {{Google books|-H0eiuvcG5IC|Epic Mythology|page=224}}, pp. 224–226</ref> For Shaivites, she is considered to be the divine energy between a man and a woman, like the energy of Shiva and [[Shakti]].<ref>book|last=Dalal|first=Roshen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&q=Smarta&pg=PA399|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|date=2010|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-341421-6|language=en}}</ref> For Vaishnavites, she is respected as ''Vishnu Vilasini'', or "she who dwells on Vishnu", as stated in the Mahishasura Mardini Stotram<ref>{{Cite web |last=lyricsservice |date=2021-06-14 |title=Aigiri Nandini Lyrics in English or Mahishasura Mardini English Lyrics |url=https://bhaktinidhi.com/en/aigiri-nandini-lyrics-in-english/ |access-date=2022-05-07 |website=Bhaktinidhi |language=en-US}}</ref>.

Parvati is generally portrayed as a gentle, nurturing [[mother goddess]], but is also associated with several terrible forms to vanquish evil and demons such as [[Durga]], [[Kali]], the ten [[mahavidyas]] and [[Navadurga]].

Parvati is an embodiment of [[Shakti]]. In [[Shaivism]], she is the recreative energy and power of Shiva, and she is the cause of a bond that connects all beings and a means of their spiritual release.<ref>Ananda Coomaraswamy, Saiva Sculptures, Museum of Fine Arts Bulletin, Vol. 20, No. 118 (Apr. 1922), pp 17</ref><ref>Stella Kramrisch (1975), The Indian Great Goddess, History of Religions, Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 261</ref> She is also well known as Kamarupa (one who give a shape to your desire) and Kameshwari (one who fullfill your all desires). In Hindu temples dedicated to her and Shiva, she is symbolically represented as the ''argha''. She is found extensively in ancient Indian literature, and her statues and iconography grace Hindu temples all over [[South Asia]] and [[Southeast Asia]].<ref>Hariani Santiko, The Goddess Durgā (warrior form of Parvati)in the East-Javanese Period, Asian Folklore Studies, Vol. 56, No. 2 (1997), pp. 209–226</ref><ref>Ananda Coomaraswamy, Saiva Sculptures, Museum of Fine Arts Bulletin, Vol. 20, No. 118 (Apr. 1922), pp 15–24</ref>

According to [[Shaktism]] and [[Shaivism]] traditions, In [[Devi Bhagavata Purana]], Parvati is the lineal progenitor of all other goddesses. She is worshiped as one with many forms and names. Her form or incarnation depends on her mood.

* Nanda Devi/Ekanamsha is the daughter of the cowherd Nanda and his wife Yashoda. Parvati/Yogamaya/Vishnumaya was born as their daughter in the Dvapara yuga to protect Her brother [[Lord Krishna]] and admonish the demon Kansa. She is famously worshiped as Vindhya-Vasini.  

* Maha[[gayatri]], the Devi associated with the Vedas and the knowledge that they house.

[[File: Family of Shiva.JPG|thumb|300px|Parvati with Shiva and sons Ganesha (leftmost) and Kartikeya (rightmost). Parvati is depicted with green complexion, denoting dark complexion.]]

[[File: Uma Maheshvara, central India, probably late 1000s to 1100s AD, buff sandstone - Dallas Museum of Art - DSC05053.jpg|thumb|Shiva and Parvati as ''Uma-Maheshvara''; 11th-century sculpture.]]  

[[File: Gauri's procession commencing from the Zanani-Deodhi of the City Palace.jpg|upright|thumb|220px|Parvati being celebrated at Gauri Festival, [[Rajasthan]].]]

[[File: South Indian Temple Tamil1.jpg|thumb|Meenakshi Amman temple in Madurai, Tamil Nadu is a major temple dedicated to Meenakshi, an aspect of Hindu goddess Parvati.]]

  | footer = Parvati as Uma or Durga sculpture are found in Southeast Asia. An 8th century Parvati from [[Cambodia]] (left), a 10th century Uma from [[Champa]] [[Vietnam]] (center), and a 14th century Parvati from [[Majapahit]] Java (right).