Bharatpedia

Zeus: Difference between revisions

Article Talk

Zeus (edit)

Revision as of 12:18, 26 June 2022

155,850 bytes added ,  26 June 2022
robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit
(robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit))
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Greek king of the gods and god of the sky}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Pp-semi-indef}}
{{Infobox deity
{{Infobox deity
| type = Greek
| type = Greek
| member_of = the [[Twelve Olympians]]
| name = Zeus
| name = Zeus
| image = Jupiter Smyrna Louvre Ma13.jpg
| image = Jupiter Smyrna Louvre Ma13.jpg
| caption = Zeus de Smyrne'', discovered in [[Smyrna]] in 1680<ref>The sculpture was presented to [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]] as [[Aesculapius]] but restored as Zeus, ca. 1686, by [[Pierre Granier]], who added the upraised right arm brandishing the [[thunderbolt]]. Marble, middle 2nd century CE. Formerly in the 'Allée Royale', (Tapis Vert) in the [[Gardens of Versailles]], now conserved in the [[Louvre Museum]] ([http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=27483 Official on-line catalogue])</ref>
| caption = Zeus de Smyrne, discovered in [[Smyrna]] in 1680<ref>The sculpture was presented to [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]] as [[Aesculapius]] but restored as Zeus, ca. 1686, by [[Pierre Granier]], who added the upraised right arm brandishing the [[thunderbolt]]. Marble, middle 2nd century CE. Formerly in the 'Allée Royale', (Tapis Vert) in the [[Gardens of Versailles]], now conserved in the [[Louvre Museum]] ([http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=27483 Official on-line catalog])</ref>
| god_of = God of the sky, lightning, thunder, law, order, and justice
| god_of = King of the Gods <br />God of the sky, lightning, thunder, law, order, justice
| abode = [[Mount Olympus]]
| abode = [[Mount Olympus]]
| symbol = [[Thunderbolt]], [[eagle]], [[bull (mythology)|bull]], and [[oak]]
| symbol = [[thunderbolt#In religion and mythology|Thunderbolt]], [[eagle]], [[bull (mythology)|bull]], [[oak]]
| consort = [[Hera]] and various [[Zeus#Consorts and offspring|others]]
| day = [[Thursday]] (''hēméra Diós'')
| planet = [[Jupiter]]
| consort = [[Hera]], [[#Seven wives of Zeus|various others]]
| parents = [[Cronus]] and [[Rhea (mythology)|Rhea]]
| parents = [[Cronus]] and [[Rhea (mythology)|Rhea]]
| siblings = [[Hestia]], [[Hades]], [[Hera]], [[Poseidon]], [[Demeter]], [[Chiron]]
| siblings = [[Hestia]], [[Hades]], [[Hera]], [[Poseidon]] and [[Demeter]]; [[Chiron]]
| children = [[Aeacus]], [[Agdistis]], [[Angelos (Greek mythology)|Angelos]], [[Apollo]], [[Ares]], [[Artemis]], [[Athena]], [[Dionysus]], [[Eileithyia]], [[Enyo]], [[Epaphus]] [[Eris (mythology)|Eris]], [[Ersa]], [[Hebe (mythology)|Hebe]], [[Helen of Troy]], [[Hephaestus]], [[Heracles]], [[Hermes]], [[Lacedaemon]] [[Minos]], [[Pandia]], [[Persephone]], [[Perseus]], [[Rhadamanthus]], the [[Graces]], the [[Horae]], the [[Litae]], the [[Muse]]s, the [[Moirai]]
| children = [[Aeacus]], [[Agdistis]], [[Angelos (Greek mythology)|Angelos]], [[Aphrodite]], [[Apollo]], [[Ares]], [[Artemis]], [[Athena]], [[Britomartis]], [[Dionysus]], [[Eileithyia]], [[Enyo]], [[Epaphus]] [[Eris (mythology)|Eris]], [[Ersa]], [[Hebe (mythology)|Hebe]], [[Helen of Troy]], [[Hephaestus]], [[Heracles]], [[Hermes]], [[Lacedaemon (mythology)|Lacedaemon]], [[Melinoë]], [[Minos]], [[Pandia]], [[Persephone]], [[Perseus]], [[Castor and Pollux|Pollux]], [[Rhadamanthus]], [[Zagreus]], the [[Graces]], the [[Horae]], the [[Litae]], the [[Muse]]s, the [[Moirai]]
| Roman_equivalent = [[Jupiter (mythology)|Jupiter]]<ref name=Lar>''Larousse Desk Reference Encyclopedia'', [[The Book People]], Haydock, 1995, p. 215.</ref>
| Roman_equivalent = [[Jupiter (mythology)|Jupiter]]<ref name=Lar>''Larousse Desk Reference Encyclopedia'', [[The Book People]], Haydock, 1995, p. 215.</ref> (Sometimes called "Jovis" or "Iovis" in [[Latin]])
| Norse_equivalent = [[Thor]] or [[Odin]]
| Hinduism_equivalent = [[Indra]]<ref name="Berry1996p20">{{cite book|author=Thomas Berry|title=Religions of India: Hinduism, Yoga, Buddhism|url=https://archive.org/details/religionsofindia00berr |url-access=registration|year=1996|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-10781-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/religionsofindia00berr/page/20 20]–21}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{cite book|author=T. N. Madan|title=The Hinduism Omnibus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUsqAAAAYAAJ|year=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-566411-9|page=81}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite book|author=Sukumari Bhattacharji|title=The Indian Theogony|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lDc9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA280|year=2015|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=280–281}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite book |author=[[Roshen Dalal]] |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2014|isbn=9788184752779 }} Entry: "Dyaus"</ref>
| Slavic_equivalent = [[Perun]]
}}
}}
'''Zeus''' is the god of the sky, lightning and the thunder in [[Greek mythology|Ancient Greek religion]] and legends, and ruler of all the gods on [[Mount Olympus]]. Zeus is the sixth child of [[Cronos]] and [[Rhea (mythology)|Rhea]], king and queen of the [[Titan (mythology)|Titans]]. His father, Cronos, swallowed his children as soon as they were born for fear of a prophecy which foretold that one of them would overthrow him. When Zeus was born, Rhea hid him in a cave on Mount Ida in [[Crete]], giving Cronos a stone wrapped in swaddling clothes to swallow instead. When Zeus was older he went to free his brothers and sisters; together with their allies, the [[Hekatonkheires]] and the [[Cyclopes#Hesiod|Elder Cyclopes]], Zeus and his siblings fought against the Titans in a ten-year war known as the [[Titanomachy]]. At the end of the war, Zeus took Kronos' scythe and cut him into pieces, throwing his remains into Tartarus. He then became the king of gods.
{{Ancient Greek religion}}
{{Special characters}}


The supreme deity of the Greek pantheon, Zeus was universally respected and revered throughout [[Ancient Greece]]; the ancient [[Olympic Games]] were held at the site of Olympia every four years in honor of him. Highly temperamental, Zeus was armed with the mighty thunderbolt, said to be the most powerful weapon among the gods. Zeus was married to his sister, [[Hera]], though he was infamous for his infidelity, taking on an almost innumerable amount of lovers and consorts, both mortal and divine including Karis and Hercules' mother. Zeus was known for throwing thunderbolts at people.  
'''Zeus'''{{efn|[[British English]] {{IPAc-en|zj|u:|s}};<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 1st&nbsp;ed. "[http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/232824 Zeus, ''n.'']" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1921.</ref> [[American English]] {{IPAc-en|z|u:|s}}<ref>[https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Zeus Zeus] in the American Heritage Dictionary</ref><br> [[Attic Greek|Attic]]–{{lang-grc-ion|[[wikt:Ζεύς|Ζεύς]]|Zeús}} {{IPA-el|zděu̯s|att-ion-pron}} or {{IPA-el|dzěu̯s|}}, {{IPA-grc|zeʍs|koine-pron}}, {{IPA-grc|zefs|mod-pron}}; {{lang-grc|Δῐός|''Diós''|label=[[Genitive case|genitive]]}} {{IPA-grc|di.ós|}}<br>[[Aeolic Greek|Boeotian Aeolic]] and [[Doric Greek#Laconian|Laconian]] {{lang-grc-dor|Δεύς|Deús}} {{IPA-el|děu̯s|dor}}; {{lang-grc|Δέος|''Déos''|label=[[Genitive case|genitive]]}} {{IPA-grc|dé.os|}}<br>{{lang-el|Δίας|''Días''}} {{IPA-el|ˈði.as̠|mod}}}} is the [[sky father|sky]] and [[thunder god]] in [[ancient Greek religion]], who rules as [[king of the gods]] of [[Mount Olympus]]. His name is [[cognate]] with the first element of his [[ancient Roman religion|Roman]] [[interpretatio graeca|equivalent]] [[Jupiter (mythology)|Jupiter]]. His mythology and powers are similar, though not identical, to those of Indo-European deities such as Jupiter, [[Perkūnas]], [[Perun]], [[Indra]], and [[Dyaus]].<ref name="Berry1996p20"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1"/>


The god of honor and justice, Zeus was the one who both established and enforced law, and served as the standard for kings to follow, ensuring they did not abuse the power of their position. His symbols were the thunderbolt, a sceptre, an oak tree, and the eagle and bull were his sacred animals. His Roman equivalent is Jupiter. Zeus was the strongest Greek god, the ruler of all gods. He also had a lot of children that he was not supposed to have.
Zeus is the child of [[Cronus]] and [[Rhea (mythology)|Rhea]], the youngest of his siblings to be born, though sometimes reckoned the eldest as the others required disgorging from Cronus's stomach. In most traditions, he is married to [[Hera]], by whom he is usually said to have fathered [[Ares]], [[Eileithyia]], [[Hebe (mythology)|Hebe]], and [[Hephaestus]].<ref name="Hamilton1942">{{cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Edith|title=Mythology|publisher=Back Bay Books|location=New York|year=1942|edition=1998|page=[https://archive.org/details/mythologytimeles00hami_1/page/467 467]|isbn=978-0-316-34114-1|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/mythologytimeles00hami_1/page/467}}</ref><ref name=":h79"/> At the [[oracle]] of [[Dodona]], his consort was said to be [[Dione (Titaness/Oceanid)|Dione]],<ref>''[[Brill's New Pauly]]'', [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/zeus-e12216820 s.v. Zeus].</ref> by whom the ''[[Iliad]]'' states that he fathered [[Aphrodite]].{{refn|name="aphrodite"|There are two major conflicting stories for Aphrodite's origins: [[Hesiod]]'s ''[[Theogony]]'' claims that she was born from the foam of the sea after Cronos castrated Uranus, making her Uranus's daughter, while [[Homer]]'s ''[[Iliad]]'' has Aphrodite as the daughter of Zeus and Dione.<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad|Il]].'', Book V.</ref> A speaker in [[Plato]]'s ''[[Symposium (Plato)|Symposium]]'' offers that they were separate figures: [[Aphrodite#Aphrodite Ourania and Aphrodite Pandemos|Aphrodite Ourania and Aphrodite Pandemos]].<ref>[[Plato]], ''[[Symposium (Plato)|Symp.]]'', 180e.</ref>}} According to the ''[[Theogony]]'', Zeus' first wife was [[Metis (mythology)|Metis]], by whom he had [[Athena]].<ref name=":hsdm"/> Zeus was also infamous for his erotic escapades. These resulted in many divine and heroic offspring, including [[Apollo]], [[Artemis]], [[Hermes]], [[Persephone]], [[Dionysus]], [[Perseus]], [[Heracles]], [[Helen of Troy]], [[Minos]], and the [[Muse]]s.<ref name="Hamilton1942"/>


==Related pages ==
He was respected as an [[Sky father|allfather]] who was chief of the gods<ref>[[Homeric Hymns]].</ref> and assigned roles to the others:<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]''.</ref> "Even the gods who are not his natural children address him as Father, and all the gods rise in his presence."<ref>[[Walter Burkert|Burkert]], ''Greek Religion''.</ref><ref>See, e.g., [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad|Il.]]'', I.503 & 533.</ref> He was [[interpretatio graeca|equated]] with many foreign [[weather god]]s, permitting [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] to observe "That Zeus is king in heaven is a saying common to all men".<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160%3Abook%3D2%3Achapter%3D4%3Asection%3D2 2.24.2].</ref> Zeus' symbols are the [[thunderbolt]], [[eagle]], [[bull (mythology)|bull]], and [[oak]]. In addition to his [[Dyeus|Indo-European inheritance]], the classical "cloud-gatherer" (Greek: {{lang|grc|Νεφεληγερέτα}}, ''Nephelēgereta'')<ref>{{LSJ|nefelhgere/ta^|Νεφεληγερέτα|ref}}.</ref>  also derives certain iconographic traits from the cultures of the [[ancient Near East]], such as the [[scepter]]. Zeus is frequently depicted by Greek artists in one of three poses: standing, striding forward with a thunderbolt leveled in his raised right hand, or seated in majesty.
* [[Tinia]] - [[Etruscan mythology]] version of Zeus
* [[Jupiter (god)|Jupiter]] - [[Roman mythology]] version of Zeus
*[[Indra]] - [[Hindu mythology]] version of Zeus


==References==
==Name==
{{commonscat|Zeus}}
The god's name in the nominative is {{lang|grc|Ζεύς}} (''Zeús''). It is inflected as follows: [[vocative]]: {{lang|grc|Ζεῦ}} (''{{Lang|grc-Latn|Zeû}}''); [[accusative]]: {{lang|grc|Δία}} ({{Lang|grc-Latn|Día}}); [[genitive]]: {{lang|grc|Διός}} ({{Lang|grc-Latn|Diós}}); [[dative]]: {{lang|grc|Διί}} ({{Lang|grc-Latn|Dií}}). [[Diogenes Laërtius]] quotes [[Pherecydes of Syros]] as spelling the name {{lang|grc|Ζάς}}.<ref name=DioL1.11>{{cite book|title=Lives of Eminent Philosophers|first=Diogenes|last=Laërtius|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0258%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D11|chapter=1.11|editor1-first=R.D.|editor1-last=Hicks|year=1972|orig-year=1925}} {{cite book|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0257%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D11|title=Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Eminent Philosophers|chapter=1.11|language=el}}</ref>
{{reflist}}


{{Twelve Olympians}}
''Zeus'' is the Greek continuation of *''[[Dyeus|{{PIE|Di̯ēus}}]],'' the name of the [[Proto-Indo-European religion|Proto-Indo-European]] god of the daytime sky, also called *''{{PIE|Dyeus ph<sub>2</sub>tēr}}'' ("Sky Father").<ref name="Zeus">{{cite book| chapter-url=http://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Zeus| title=American Heritage Dictionary|chapter=Zeus| access-date=3 July 2006}}</ref><ref>[[Robert S. P. Beekes|R. S. P. Beekes]], ''Etymological Dictionary of Greek'', Brill, 2009, p. 499.</ref> The god is known under this name in the [[Rigvedic deities|Rigveda]] ([[Vedic Sanskrit]] ''[[Dyaus Pita|Dyaus/Dyaus Pita]]''), [[Latin]] (compare ''[[Jupiter (god)|Jupiter]]'', from ''Iuppiter'', deriving from the [[Proto-Indo-European]] vocative *''{{PIE|dyeu-ph<sub>2</sub>tēr}}''),<ref>{{OEtymD|Jupiter}}</ref> deriving from the [[PIE root|root]] *''dyeu''- ("to shine", and in its many derivatives, "sky, heaven, god").<ref name="Zeus"/>
{{simple-Wikipedia}}
Zeus is the only deity in the Olympic [[pantheon (gods)|pantheon]] whose name has such a transparent Indo-European etymology.<ref>{{cite book|last=Burkert|title=Greek Religion|year=1985|page=[https://archive.org/details/greekreligion0000burk/page/321 321]|isbn=0-674-36280-2|url=https://archive.org/details/greekreligion0000burk/page/321}}</ref>
 
The earliest attested forms of the name are the [[Mycenaean Greek]] {{lang|gmy|{{script|Linb|𐀇𐀸}}}}, ''di-we'' and {{lang|gmy|{{script|Linb|𐀇𐀺}}}}, ''di-wo'', written in the [[Linear B]] syllabic script.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Linear B word di-we|url=http://www.palaeolexicon.com/ShowWord.aspx?Id=16703}} {{cite web|title=The Linear B word di-wo|url=http://www.palaeolexicon.com/ShowWord.aspx?Id=16635|website=Palaeolexicon. Word study tool of Ancient languages}}</ref>
 
[[Plato]], in his [[Cratylus (dialogue)|''Cratylus'']], gives a folk etymology of Zeus meaning "cause of life always to all things", because of puns between alternate titles of Zeus (''Zen'' and ''Dia'') with the Greek words for life and "because of".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ceOQKf0ZvFMC "Plato's ''Cratylus''{{-"}}] by Plato, ed. by David Sedley, Cambridge University Press, 6 November 2003, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ceOQKf0ZvFMC&lpg=PP1&dq=Plato's%20Cratylus&pg=PA91#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 91]</ref>  This etymology, along with Plato's entire method of deriving etymologies, is not supported by modern scholarship.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/makersofhellascr00geej/mode/2up|pages=[https://archive.org/details/makersofhellascr00geej/mode/2up/page/n303/mode/2up?view=theater 554–555]|title=The Makers of Hellas|publisher=C. Griffin, Limited |last1=Jevons |first1=Frank Byron|year=1903}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o1xn5Bb-CacC|title=Limiting the Arbitrary|isbn=1556197497|last1=Joseph|first1=John Earl|year=2000}}</ref>
 
[[Diodorus Siculus]] wrote that Zeus was also called Zen, because the humans believed that he was the cause of life (zen).<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0060.tlg001.perseus-grc1:5.72|title=Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica, Books I-V, book 5, chapter 72|website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref> While [[Lactantius]] wrote that he was called Zeus and Zen, not because he is the giver of life, but because he was the first who lived of the children of [[Cronus]].<ref>[[Lactantius]], ''Divine Institutes'' [https://topostext.org/work/543#1.11.1 1.11.1].</ref>
 
==Mythology==
===Birth===
[[File:Idäische Grotte 01.JPG|thumb|"[[Cave of Zeus]]", [[Mount Ida (Crete)|Mount Ida, Crete]]]]
 
In [[Hesiod]]'s ''[[Theogony]]'' (c. 730 – 700 BC), [[Cronus]], after castrating his father [[Uranus (mythology)|Uranus]],<ref>See Gantz, pp. 10&ndash;11; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:139-172 159&ndash;83].</ref> becomes the supreme ruler of the cosmos, and weds his sister [[Rhea (mythology)|Rhea]], by whom he begets three daughters and three sons: [[Hestia]], [[Demeter]], [[Hera]], [[Hades]], [[Poseidon]], and lastly, "wise" Zeus, the youngest of the six.<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA67 p. 67]; Hansen, [https://archive.org/details/handbookofclassi0000hans/page/66/mode/2up?view=theater p. 67]; Tripp, [https://archive.org/details/crowellshandbook00trip/page/604/mode/2up?view=theater s.v. Zeus, p. 605]; Caldwell, [https://archive.org/details/hesiodstheogony00hesi/page/8/mode/2up?view=theater p. 9, table 12]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:453-491 453&ndash;8]. So too [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.1.5 1.1.5]; [[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#68.1 68.1].</ref> He swallows each child as soon as they are born, having received a prophecy from his parents, [[Gaia (mythology)|Gaia]] and Uranus, that one of his own children is destined to one day overthrow him as he overthrew his father.<ref>Gantz, p. 41; Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA67 p. 67&ndash;8]; Grimal, [https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofclas0000grim/page/466/mode/2up?view=theater s.v. Zeus, p. 467]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:453-491 459&ndash;67]. Compare with [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.1.5 1.1.5], who gives a similar account, and [[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#70.1 70.1&ndash;2], who doesn't mention Cronus' parents, but rather says that it was an oracle who gave the prophecy.</ref> This causes Rhea "unceasing grief",<ref>Cf. [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.1.6 1.1.6], who says that Rhea was "enraged".</ref> and upon becoming pregnant with her sixth child, Zeus, she approaches her parents, Gaia and Uranus, seeking a plan to save her child and bring retribution to Cronus.<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA68 p. 68]; Gantz, p. 41; Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:entry=zeus-bio-1 s.v. Zeus]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:453-491 468&ndash;73].</ref> Following her parents' instructions, she travels to [[Lyctus]] in [[Crete]], where she gives birth to Zeus,<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA74 p. 74]; Gantz, p. 41; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:453-491 474&ndash;9].</ref> handing the newborn child over to Gaia for her to raise, and Gaia takes him to a cave on Mount Aegaeon.<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA74 p. 74]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:453-491 479&ndash;84]. According to Hard, the "otherwise unknown" Mount Aegaeon can "presumably ... be identified with one of the various mountains near Lyktos".</ref> Rhea then gives to Cronus, in the place of a child, a stone wrapped in swaddling clothes, which he promptly swallows, unaware that it isn't his son.<ref>Hansen, [https://archive.org/details/handbookofclassi0000hans/page/66/mode/2up?view=theater p. 67]; Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA68 p. 68]; Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:entry=zeus-bio-1 s.v. Zeus]; Gantz, p. 41; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:453-491 485&ndash;91]. For iconographic representations of this scene, see [[Louvre]] [https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl010270223 G 366]; Clark, [https://books.google.com/books?id=2gtmbI-v35sC&pg=PA20 p. 20, figure 2.1] and [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] [https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/247308 06.1021.144]; ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'' [http://ark.dasch.swiss/ark:/72163/080e-74814fdcbeca1-e 15641]; [[Beazley Archive]] [http://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/record/D550FF52-B336-4E6F-80BF-822C069CCE23 214648]. According to [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:9.41.6 9.41.6], this event occurs at Petrachus, a "crag" nearby to [[Chaeronea]] (see West 1966, p. 301 on line 485).</ref>
 
While Hesiod gives Lyctus as Zeus's birthplace, he is the only source to do so,<ref>West 1966, p. 291 on lines 453–506; Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA75 p. 75].</ref> and other authors give different locations. The poet [[Eumelos of Corinth]] (8th century BC), according to [[John the Lydian]], considered Zeus to have been born in [[Lydia]],<ref>Fowler 2013, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA35 35], [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA50 50]; [[Eumelus of Corinth|Eumelus]] [https://archive.org/details/L497GreekEpicFragmentsVIIVcBC/page/n235/mode/2up?view=theater fr. 2 West, pp. 224, 225] [= [https://books.google.com/books?id=j0nRE4C2WBgC&pg=PA109 fr. 10 Fowler, p. 109] = ''PEG'' fr. 18 (Bernabé, p. 114) = [[John the Lydian|Lydus]], ''De Mensibus'' 4.71]. According to West 2003, [https://archive.org/details/L497GreekEpicFragmentsVIIVcBC/page/n235/mode/2up?view=theater p. 225 n. 3], in this version he was born "probably on [[Mount Sipylos|Mt. Sipylos]]".</ref> while the Alexandrian poet [[Callimachus]] (c. 310 – c. 240 BC), in his ''Hymn to Zeus'', says that he was born in [[Arcadia (region)|Arcadia]].<ref>Fowler 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA391 p. 391]; Grimal, [https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofclas0000grim/page/466/mode/2up?view=theater s.v. Zeus, p. 467]; [[Callimachus]], ''Hymn to Zeus'' (1) [https://archive.org/details/callimachuslycop00calluoft/page/36/mode/2up?view=theater 4&ndash;11 (pp. 36&ndash;9)].</ref> [[Diodorus Siculus]] (fl. 1st century BC) seems at one point to give [[Mount Ida]] as his birthplace, but later states he is born in [[Dikti|Dicte]],<ref>Fowler 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA391 p. 391]; [[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#70.2 70.2], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#70.6 70.6].</ref> and the mythographer [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]] (first or second century AD) similarly says he was born in a cave in Dicte.<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.1.6 1.1.6].</ref>
 
===Infancy===
 
While the ''Theogony'' says nothing of Zeus's upbringing other than that he grew up swiftly,<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA68 p. 68]; Gantz, p. 41; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:492-506 492&ndash;3]: "the strength and glorious limbs of the prince increased quickly".</ref> other sources provide more detailed accounts.
 
According to Apollodorus, Rhea, after giving birth to Zeus in a cave in Dicte, gives him to the nymphs [[Adrasteia]] and [[Ida (nurse of Zeus)|Ida]], daughters of [[Melisseus]], to nurse.<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.1.6 1.1.6]; Gantz, p. 42; West 1983, p. 133.</ref> They feed him on the milk of the she-goat [[Amalthea (mythology)|Amalthea]],<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA612 p. 612 n. 53 to p. 75]; [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.1.7 1.1.7].</ref> while the [[Kouretes]] guard the cave and beat their spears on their shields so that [[Cronus]] cannot hear the infant's crying.<ref>Hansen, [https://archive.org/details/handbookofclassi0000hans/page/216/mode/2up?view=theater p. 216]; [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.1.7 1.1.7].</ref> Diodorus Siculus provides a similar account, saying that, after giving birth, Rhea travels to [[Mount Ida]] and gives the newborn Zeus to the Kouretes,<ref>[[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#70.2 7.70.2]; see also [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#65.4 7.65.4].</ref> who then takes him to some nymphs (not named), who raised him on a mixture of honey and milk from the goat Amalthea.<ref>[[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#70.2 7.70.2&ndash;3].</ref> He also refers to the Kouretes "rais[ing] a great alarum", and in doing so deceiving Cronus,<ref>[[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#65.4 7.65.4].</ref> and relates that when the Kouretes were carrying the newborn Zeus that the [[umbilical cord]] fell away at the river Triton.<ref>[[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#70.4 7.70.4].</ref>
 
[[Hyginus]], in his ''[[Fabulae]]'', relates a version in which Cronus casts Poseidon into the sea and Hades to the Underworld instead of swallowing them. When Zeus is born, Hera (also not swallowed), asks Rhea to give her the young Zeus, and Rhea gives Cronus a stone to swallow.<ref>Gantz, p. 42; [[Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#139 139].</ref> Hera gives him to Amalthea, who hangs his cradle from a tree, where he isn't in heaven, on earth or in the sea, meaning that when Cronus later goes looking for Zeus, he is unable to find him.<ref>Gantz, p. 42; Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA75 p. 75]; [[Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#139 139].</ref> Hyginus also says that [[Ida (nurse of Zeus)|Ida]], Althaea, and [[Adrasteia]], usually considered the children of [[Oceanus]], are sometimes called the daughters of Melisseus and the nurses of Zeus.<ref>Smith and Trzaskoma, [https://books.google.com/books?id=vczTNMWLGdoC&pg=PA191 p. 191 on line 182]; West 1983, p. 133 n. 40; [[Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' 182 (Smith and Trzaskoma, [https://books.google.com/books?id=vczTNMWLGdoC&pg=PA158 p. 158]).</ref>
 
According to a fragment of Epimenides, the nymphs Helike and Kynosura are the young Zeus's nurses. Cronus travels to Crete to look for Zeus, who, to conceal his presence, transforms himself into a snake and his two nurses into bears.<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA75 p. 75&ndash;6]; Gantz, p. 42; [[Epimenides]] [https://archive.org/details/diefragmenteder02diel/page/192/mode/2up?view=theater fr. 23 Diels, p. 193] [= Scholia on [[Aratus]], 46]. Zeus later marks the event by placing the constellations of the Dragon, the Greater Bear and the Lesser Bear in the sky.</ref>
 
=== Ascension to Power ===
 
[[File:Zeus Getty Villa.jpg|thumb|1st century BC statue of Zeus<ref>[[J. Paul Getty Museum]] [https://www.getty.edu/art/collection/object/103QST 73.AA.32].</ref>]]
 
According to the ''Theogony'', after Zeus reaches manhood, Cronus is made to disgorge the five children and the stone "by the stratagems of Gaia, but also by the skills and strength of Zeus", presumably in reverse order, vomiting out the stone first, then each of the five children in the opposite order to swallowing.<ref>Gantz, p. 44; Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA68 p. 68]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:492-506 492&ndash;7].</ref> Zeus then sets up the stone at [[Delphi]], so that it may act as "a sign thenceforth and a marvel to mortal men".<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA68 p. 68]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:492-506 498&ndash;500].</ref> Zeus next frees the [[Cyclopes]], who, in return, and out of gratitude, give him his thunderbolt, which had previously been hidden by Gaia.<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA68 p. 68]; Gantz, p. 44; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:492-506 501&ndash;6]. The Cyclopes presumably remained trapped below the earth since being put there by [[Uranus]] (Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA68 p. 68]).</ref> Then begins the [[Titanomachy]], the war between the Olympians, led by Zeus, and the Titans, led by Cronus, for control of the universe, with Zeus and the Olympians fighting from [[Mount Olympus]], and the Titans fighting from [[Mount Othrys]].<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA68 p. 68]; Gantz, p. 45; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:617-653 630&ndash;4].</ref> The battle lasts for ten years with no clear victor emerging, until, upon Gaia's advice, Zeus releases the [[Hundred-Handers]], who (similarly to the Cyclopes) were imprisoned beneath the Earth's surface.<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA68 p. 68]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:617-653 624&ndash;9], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:617-653 635&ndash;8]. As Gantz, p. 45 notes, the ''Theogony'' is ambiguous as to whether the Hundred-Handers were freed before the war or only during its tenth year.</ref> He gives them nectar and ambrosia and revives their spirits,<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:617-653 639&ndash;53].</ref> and they agree to aid him in the war.<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:654-686 654&ndash;63].</ref> Zeus then launches his final attack on the Titans, hurling bolts of lightning upon them while the Hundred-Handers attack with barrages of rocks, and the Titans are finally defeated, with Zeus banishing them to Tartarus and assigning the Hundred-Handers the task of acting as their warders.<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:687-728 687&ndash;735].</ref>
 
Apollodorus provides a similar account, saying that, when Zeus reaches adulthood, he enlists the help of the Oceanid [[Metis (mythology)|Metis]], who gives Cronus an emetic, forcing to him to disgorge the stone and Zeus's five siblings.<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA69 p. 69]; Gantz, p. 44; [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.2.1 1.2.1].</ref> Zeus then fights a similar ten-year war against the Titans, until, upon the prophesying of Gaia, he releases the Cyclopes and Hundred-Handers from Tartarus, first slaying their warder, [[Campe]].<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA69 p. 69]; [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.2.1 1.2.1].</ref> The Cyclopes give him his thunderbolt, Poseidon his trident and Hades his helmet of invisibility, and the Titans are defeated and the Hundred-Handers made their guards.<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA69 p. 69]; [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.2.1 1.2.1].</ref>
 
According to the ''[[Iliad]]'', after the battle with the Titans, Zeus shares the world with his brothers, Poseidon and Hades, by drawing lots: Zeus receives the sky, Poseidon the sea, and Hades the underworld, with the earth and Olympus remaining common ground.<ref>Gantz, p. 48; Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA76 p. 76]; ''[[Brill's New Pauly]]'', [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/zeus-e12216820 s.v. Zeus]; [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:15.184-15.219 15.187&ndash;193]; so too [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.2.1 1.2.1]; cf. ''[[Homeric Hymn]] to Demeter'' (2), [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0013.tlg002.perseus-eng1:2 85&ndash;6].</ref>
 
=== Challenges to Power ===
 
[[File:Zeus contra Poryphion Pergamonaltar.JPG|thumb|upright=1.5|Zeus (centre-left) battles against Porphyrion (far-right), detail of the Gigantomachy frieze from the [[Pergamon Altar]], [[Pergamon Museum]], [[Berlin]].]]
 
Upon assuming his place as king of the cosmos, Zeus' rule is quickly challenged. The first of these challenges to his power comes from the [[Giants (Greek mythology)|Giants]], who fight the Olympian gods in a battle known as the Gigantomachy. According to Hesiod, the Giants are the offspring of Gaia, born from the drops of blood that fell on the ground when Cronus castrated his father Uranus;<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA86 p. 86]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:173-206 183&ndash;7].</ref> there is, however, no mention of a battle between the gods and the Giants in the ''Theogony''.<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA86 p. 86]; Gantz, p. 446.</ref> It is Apollodorus who provides the most complete account of the Gigantomachy. He says that Gaia, out of anger at how Zeus had imprisoned her children, the Titans, bore the Giants to Uranus.<ref>Gantz, p. 449; Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA90 p. 90]; [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.6.1 1.6.1].</ref> There comes to the gods a prophecy that the Giants cannot be defeated by the gods on their own, but can be defeated only with the help of a mortal; Gaia, upon hearing of this, seeks a special ''pharmakon'' (herb) that will prevent the Giants from being killed. Zeus, however, orders [[Eos]] (Dawn), [[Selene]] (Moon) and [[Helios]] (Sun) to stop shining, and harvests all of the herb himself, before having [[Athena]] summon [[Heracles]].<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA89 p. 89]; Gantz, p. 449; [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.6.1 1.6.1].</ref> In the conflict, [[Porphyrion]], one of the most powerful of the Giants, launches an attack upon Heracles and Hera; Zeus, however, causes Porphyrion to become lustful for Hera, and when he is just about to violate her, Zeus strikes him with his thunderbolt, before Heracles deals the fatal blow with an arrow.<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA89 p. 89]; Gantz, p. 449; Salowey, p. 236; [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.6.2 1.6.2]. Compare with [[Pindar]], ''Pythian'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0033.tlg002.perseus-eng1:8 8.12&ndash;8], who instead says that Porphyrion is killed by an arrow from [[Apollo]].</ref>
 
In the ''Theogony'', after Zeus defeats the Titans and banishes them to Tartarus, his rule is challenged by the monster [[Typhon]], a giant serpentine creature who battles Zeus for control of the cosmos. According to Hesiod, Typhon is the offspring of Gaia and [[Tartarus]],<ref>Ogden, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA72 pp. 72&ndash;3]; Gantz, p. 48; Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA71 p. 71]; Fowler, p. 27; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:820-852 820&ndash;2]. According to Ogden, Gaia "produced him in revenge against Zeus for his destruction of ... the Titans". Contrastingly, according to the ''[[Homeric Hymns|Homeric Hymn to Apollo]]'' (3), [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0013.tlg003.perseus-eng1:305-348 305&ndash;55], Hera is the mother of Typhon without a father: angry at Zeus for birthing Athena by himself, she strikes the ground with her hand, praying to Gaia, Uranus, and the Titans to give her a child more powerful than Zeus, and receiving her wish, she bears the monster Typhon (Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA72 p. 72]; Gantz, p. 49; Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA84 p. 84]); cf. [[Stesichorus]] [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/stesichorus_i-fragments/1991/pb_LCL476.167.xml fr. 239 Campbell, pp. 166, 167] [= ''[[Poetae Melici Graeci|PMG]]'' 239 (Page, p. 125) = ''[[Etymologicum Magnum]]'' 772.49] (see Gantz, p. 49).</ref> described as having a hundred snaky fire-breathing heads.<ref>Gantz, p. 49; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:820-852 824&ndash;8].</ref> Hesiod says he "would have come to reign over mortals and immortals" had it not been for Zeus noticing the monster and dispatching with him quickly:<ref>Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA71 p. 71]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:820-852 836&ndash;8].</ref> the two of them meet in a cataclysmic battle, before Zeus defeats him easily with his thunderbolt, and the creature is hurled down to Tartarus.<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:820-852 839&ndash;68]. According to Fowler, [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA27 p. 27], the monster's easy defeat at the hands of Zeus is "in keeping with Hesiod's pervasive glorification of Zeus".</ref> [[Epimenides]] presents a different version, in which Typhon makes his way into Zeus's palace while he is sleeping, only for Zeus to wake and kill the monster with a thunderbolt.<ref>Ogden, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA74 p. 74]; Gantz, p. 49; [[Epimenides]] ''[[FGrHist]]'' 457 F8 [= [https://books.google.com/books?id=j0nRE4C2WBgC&pg=PA97 fr. 10 Fowler, p. 97] = [https://archive.org/details/diefragmenteder02diel/page/190/mode/2up?view=theater fr. 8 Diels, p. 191]].</ref> [[Aeschylus]] and [[Pindar]] give somewhat similar accounts to Hesiod, in that Zeus overcomes Typhon with relative ease, defeating him with his thunderbolt.<ref>Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA73 p. 73]; [[Aeschylus]], ''[[Prometheus Bound]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0085.tlg003.perseus-eng1:343-378 356&ndash;64]; [[Pindar]], ''Olympian'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0033.tlg002.perseus-eng1:8 8.16&ndash;7]; for a discussion of Aeschylus' and Pindar's accounts, see Gantz, p. 49.</ref> Apollodorus, in contrast, provides a more complex narrative.<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.6.3 1.6.3].</ref> Typhon is, similarly to in Hesiod, the child of Gaia and Tartarus, produced out of anger at Zeus's defeat of the Giants.<ref>Gantz, p. 50; Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA73 p. 73].</ref> The monster attacks heaven, and all of the gods, out of fear, transform into animals and flee to Egypt, except for Zeus, who attacks the monster with his thunderbolt and sickle.<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA84 p. 84]; Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA73 p. 73]; Gantz, p. 50.</ref> Typhon is wounded and retreats to Mount Kasios in Syria, where Zeus grapples with him, giving the monster a chance to wrap him in his coils, and rip out the sinews from his hands and feet.<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA84 p. 84]; Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA73 p. 73].</ref> Disabled, Zeus is taken by Typhon to the [[Corycian Cave]] in Cilicia, where he is guarded by the "she-dragon" [[Delphyne]].<ref>Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA73 p. 73]; Ogden, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA42 p. 42]; Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA84 p. 84].</ref> [[Hermes]] and [[Aegipan]], however, steal back Zeus's sinews, and refit them, reviving him and allowing him to return to the battle, pursuing Typhon, who flees to Mount Nysa; there, Typhon is given "ephemeral fruits" by the [[Moirai]], which reduce his strength.<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA84 p. 84&ndash;5]; Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA73 p. 73&ndash;4].</ref> The monster then flees to Thrace, where he hurls mountains at Zeus, which are sent back at him by the god's thunderbolts, before, while fleeing to [[Sicily]], Zeus launches [[Mount Etna]] upon him, finally ending him.<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA85 p. 85].</ref> [[Nonnus]], who gives the most longest and most detailed account from antiquity, presents a narrative similar to Apollodorus, with differences such as that it is instead [[Cadmus]] and [[Pan (god)|Pan]] who recovers Zeus's sinews, by luring Typhon with music and then tricking him.<ref>Ogden, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA74 p. 74&ndash;5]; Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA74 pp. 74&ndash;5]; Lane Fox, [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780679763864/page/287/mode/2up?view=theater p. 287]; Gantz, p. 50.</ref>
 
In the ''Iliad'', Homer tells of another attempted overthrow, in which Hera, Poseidon, and Athena conspire to overpower Zeus and tie him in bonds. It is only because of the Nereid [[Thetis]], who summons Briareus, one of the [[Hecatoncheires]], to Olympus, that the other Olympians abandon their plans (out of fear for Briareus).<ref>Gantz, p. 59; Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA82 p. 82]; [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.386-1.427 1.395&ndash;410].</ref>
 
=== Seven wives of Zeus ===
[[File:Jupiter, vermomd als herder, verleidt Mnemosyne, godin van het geheugen Rijksmuseum SK-A-3886.jpeg|right|thumb|''Jupiter, disguised as a shepherd, tempts Mnemosyne'' by [[Jacob de Wit]] (1727)]]
According to [[Hesiod]], Zeus had seven wives. His first wife was the [[Oceanids|Oceanid]] [[Metis (mythology)|Metis]], whom he swallowed on the advice of [[Gaia]] and [[Uranus (mythology)|Uranus]], so that no son of his by Metis would overthrow him, as had been foretold. Later, their daughter [[Athena]] would be born from the forehead of Zeus.<ref name=":hsdm">[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:886-900 886&ndash;900].</ref>
 
Zeus's next marriage was to his aunt and advisor [[Themis]], who bore the [[Horae]] (Seasons) and the [[Moirai]] (Fates).<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937 901&ndash;905]; Gantz, p. 52; Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA78 p. 78].</ref> Zeus then married the Oceanid [[Eurynome (Oceanid)|Eurynome]], who bore the three [[Charites]] (Graces).<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937 901&ndash;911]; Hansen, p. 68.</ref>
 
Zeus's fourth wife was his sister, [[Demeter]], who bore [[Persephone]].<ref>Hansen, p. 68.</ref> The fifth wife of Zeus was his aunt, the Titan [[Mnemosyne]], whom he seduced in the form of a mortal shepherd. Zeus and Mnemosyne had the nine [[Muses]].<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:53-62 53&ndash;62]; Gantz, p. 54.</ref> His sixth wife was the Titan [[Leto]], who gave birth to [[Apollo]] and [[Artemis]] on the island of [[Delos]].<ref>''[[Homeric Hymn]] to Apollo'' (3), [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0013.tlg003.perseus-eng1:89-130 89&ndash;123]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937 912&ndash;920]; Morford, p. 211.</ref>
 
Zeus's seventh and final wife was his older sister [[Hera]].<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937 921].</ref>
 
{{chart top|Children of Zeus and his seven wives <ref>''Theogony'' 886&ndash;929 (Most, [https://www-loebclassics-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.75.xml pp. 74, 75]); Caldwell, p. 11, table 14.</ref>|collapsed=yes}}
{{chart/start}}
{{chart}}
{{chart|ZEU|7|ZEU='''ZEUS'''}}
{{chart| | | |D|~|~|y|~|~|~|MET|MET=[[Metis (mythology)|Metis]]<ref name="www-loebclassics-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org">One of the [[Oceanid]] daughters of [[Oceanus]] and [[Tethys (mythology)|Tethys]], at [https://www-loebclassics-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.31.xml 358].</ref>}}
{{chart| | | |:| |ATH|ATH=[[Athena]]<ref>Of Zeus' children by his seven wives, Athena was the first to be conceived ( [https://www-loebclassics-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.75.xml 889]), but the last to be born. Zeus impregnated Metis then swallowed her, later Zeus himself gave birth to Athena "from his head" ( [https://www-loebclassics-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.77.xml 924]).</ref>}}
{{chart| | | |D|~|~|~|y|~|~|THE|THE=[[Themis]]}}
{{chart| | | |:| | |,|^|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.}}
{{chart| | | |:| |EUN| |DIK | |EIR | | |CLO | |LAC | |ATR | |EUN=[[Eunomia (goddess)|Eunomia]]|DIK=[[Dike (mythology)|Dike]]|EIR=[[Eirene (goddess)|Eirene]]|CLO=[[Clotho]]|LAC=[[Lachesis (mythology)|Lachesis]]|ATR=[[Atropos]]}}
{{chart|border=0| | | |:|L|~|~|~|~|HOR |~|~|~|~|J|L|~|~|~|~|MOI|~|~|~|~|J|HOR=<small>The [[Horae]]</small>|MOI=<small>The [[Moirai]]</small>&nbsp;<ref>At [https://www-loebclassics-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.21.xml 217] the Moirai are the daughters of Nyx.</ref>}}
{{chart| | | |:}}
{{chart| | | |D|~|~|~|y|~|~|EUR | | | | | |F|~|~|y|DEM |EUR=[[Eurynome (Oceanid)|Eurynome]]<ref name="www-loebclassics-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org">One of the [[Oceanid]] daughters of [[Oceanus]] and [[Tethys (mythology)|Tethys]], at [https://www-loebclassics-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.31.xml 358].</ref>|DEM=[[Demeter]]}}
{{chart| | | |:| | |,|^|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | |:| | |!|}}
{{chart| | | |:| |AGL| |EUP | |THA | | |:| |PER|AGL=[[Aglaea]]|EUP=[[Euphrosyne (mythology)|Euphrosyne]]|THA=[[Thalia (Grace)|Thalia]]|PER=[[Persephone]]}}
{{chart|border=0| | | |:|L|~|~|~|~|CHA |~|~|~|~|J| |:|CHA=<small>The [[Charites]]</small>}}
{{chart| | | |D|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|J}}
{{chart| | | |D|~|~|~|y|~|~|MNE|MNE=[[Mnemosyne]]}}
{{chart| | | |:| | |,|^|v|-|v|-|v|-|v|-|v|-|v|-|v|-|.}}
{{chart| | | |:| |CLI|!|THA |!|TER |!|POL |!|CAL |CLI=[[Clio]]|THA=[[Thalia (Muse)|Thaleia]]|TER=[[Terpsichore]]|POL=[[Polyhymnia]]|CAL=[[Calliope]]}}
{{chart| | | |:| | | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!}}
{{chart| | | |:| | | |EUT| |MEL| |ERA | |URA |EUT=[[Euterpe]]|MEL=[[Melpomene]]|ERA=[[Erato]]|URA=[[Urania]]|}}
{{chart|border=0| | | |:|L|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|MUS |~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|J|MUS=<small>The [[Muses]]</small>}}
{{chart| | | |:}}
{{chart| | | |D|~|~|~|y|~|~|LET |F|~|~|~|~|y|~|~|~|HER |LET=[[Leto]]|HER=[[Hera]]}}
{{chart| | | |:| | |,|^|-|-|.| | |:| |,|-|-|^|v|-|-|.|`|-|-|-|.}}
{{chart| | | |:| |APO | |ART | |:|HEB | |ARE | |EIL | |HEP |APO=[[Apollo]]|ART=[[Artemis]]|HEB=[[Hebe (mythology)|Hebe]]|ARE=[[Ares]]|EIL=[[Eileithyia]]|HEP=[[Hephaestus]]&nbsp;<ref>Hephaestus is produced by Hera alone, with no father at [https://www-loebclassics-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.77.xml 927&ndash;929]. In the ''[[Iliad]]'' and the ''[[Odyssey]]'', Hephaestus is apparently the son of Hera and Zeus, see Gantz, p. 74.</ref>}}
{{chart| | | |L|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|J}}
{{chart/end}}
{{chart bottom}}
 
=== Zeus and Hera ===
{{Main|Hera}}
[[File:Wall painting - wedding of Zeus and Hera - Pompeii (VI 8 3) - Napoli MAN 9559 - 01.jpg|thumb|Wedding of Zeus and Hera on an antique fresco from [[Pompeii]]]]
Zeus was the brother and consort of [[Hera]]. According to [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], Zeus had turned himself into a [[cuckoo]] to woo Hera.<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''Description of Greece'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+2.17.4&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160 2.17.4]</ref> By Hera, Zeus sired [[Ares]], [[Hebe (mythology)|Hebe]], [[Eileithyia]] and [[Hephaestus]],<ref name=":h79">Hard, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA79 79].</ref> though some accounts say that Hera produced these offspring alone. Some also include [[Eris (mythology)|Eris]],<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D4%3Acard%3D401 4.441]</ref> [[Enyo]]<ref>[[Quintus Smyrnaeus]], ''Fall of Troy'', [https://archive.org/stream/falloftroy00quin#page/374/mode/2up 8.424]</ref> and [[Angelos (Greek mythology)|Angelos]]<ref>Scholia on [[Theocritus]], Idyll 2.12 referring to [[Sophron]]</ref> as their daughters. In the section of the Iliad known to scholars as the [[Deception of Zeus]], the two of them are described as having begun their sexual relationship without their parents knowing about it.<ref>Iliad, Book 14, line 294</ref>
 
According to a scholion on [[Theocritus]]' ''Idylls'', when Hera was heading toward Mount Thornax alone, Zeus created a terrible storm and transformed himself into a cuckoo bird who flew down and sat on her lap. When Hera saw the cuckoo, she felt pity for him and covered him with her cloak. Zeus then transformed back and took hold of her; because she was refusing to sleep with him due to their [[Rhea (mythology)|mother]], he promised to marry her.<ref>[[Scholia]] on [[Theocritus]]' ''Idylls'' [https://sententiaeantiquae.com/2021/08/21/explaining-the-cuckoo-women-know-everything-4/ 15.64]</ref> In one account Hera refused to marry Zeus and hid in a cave to avoid him; an earthborn man named Achilles convinced her to give him a chance, and thus the two had their first sexual intercourse. Zeus then promised Achilles that every person who bore his name shall become famous.<ref>[[Ptolemaeus Chennus]], ''New History'' Book 6, as epitomized by [[Patriarch Photius I of Constantinople|Patriarch Photius]] in his ''[[Bibliotheca (Photius)|Myriobiblon]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/237#190.47 190.47]</ref>
 
A variation goes that Hera had been reared by a nymph named Macris on the island of [[Euboea]], but Zeus stole her away, where Mt. [[Cithaeron]], in the words of Plutarch, "afforded them a shady recess". When Macris came to look for her ward, the mountain-god Cithaeron drove her away, saying that Zeus was taking his pleasure there with Leto.<ref>[[Eusebius]], ''[[Praeparatio evangelica]]'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=yNRKAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA92 3.1.84a-b]; Hard, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA137 137]</ref>
 
According to [[Callimachus]], their wedding feast lasted three thousand years.<ref>[[Callimachus]], ''[[Aetia (Callimachus)|Aetia]]'' fragment [https://dcc.dickinson.edu/callimachus-aetia/untitled-48 48]</ref> The Apples of the [[Hesperides]] that [[Heracles]] was tasked by [[Eurystheus]] to take were a wedding gift by [[Gaia]] to the couple.<ref>[[Pseudo-Apollodorus]], ''Library'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022%3Atext%3DLibrary%3Abook%3D2%3Achapter%3D5%3Asection%3D11 2.5.11]</ref>
 
Zeus mated with several [[nymph]]s and was seen as the father of many mythical mortal progenitors of [[Greeks|Hellenic]] dynasties. Aside from his seven wives, relationships with immortals included [[Dione (Titaness)|Dione]] and [[Maia]].<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022%3Atext%3DLibrary%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D3%3Asection%3D1 1.3.1]</ref><ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/4#938 938]</ref> Among mortals were [[Semele]], [[Io (mythology)|Io]], [[Europa (mythology)|Europa]] and [[Leda (mythology)|Leda]] (for more details, see below) and with the young [[Ganymede (mythology)|Ganymede]] (although he was mortal Zeus granted him eternal youth and immortality).
[[File:Zeus abducts Ganymede, large terracotta, before 470 BC, AM Olympia, Olym26.jpg|thumb|''[[Group of Zeus and Ganymede|Zeus carrying away Ganymede]]'' ([[Archaic Greece|Late Archaic]] terracotta, 480-470 BC)]]
 
Many myths render Hera as jealous of his affairs and a consistent enemy of Zeus' mistresses and their children by him. For a time, a [[nymph]] named [[Echo (mythology)|Echo]] had the job of distracting Hera from his affairs by talking incessantly, and when Hera discovered the deception, she cursed Echo to repeat the words of others.<ref>[[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/141#3.359 3.361&ndash;369]</ref>
 
According to [[Diodorus Siculus]], Alcmene, the mother of Heracles, was the very last mortal woman Zeus ever slept with; following the birth of Heracles, he ceased to beget humans altogether, and fathered no more children.<ref>[[Diodorus Siculus]], ''[[Bibliotheca historica|Library of History]]'' [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/4B*.html#p391 4.14.4]</ref>
 
=== Prometheus and conflicts with humans ===
When the gods met at Mecone to discuss which portions they will receive after a sacrifice, the titan [[Prometheus]] decided to trick Zeus so that [[humans]] receive the better portions. He sacrificed a large [[ox]], and divided it into two piles. In one pile he put all the meat and most of the fat, covering it with the ox's grotesque stomach, while in the other pile, he dressed up the bones with fat. Prometheus then invited Zeus to choose; Zeus chose the pile of bones. This set a precedent for sacrifices, where humans will keep the fat for themselves and burn the bones for the gods.
 
Zeus, enraged at Prometheus's deception, prohibited the use of fire by humans. Prometheus, however, stole fire from Olympus in a fennel stalk and gave it to humans. This further enraged Zeus, who punished Prometheus by binding him to a cliff, where an eagle constantly ate Prometheus's liver, which regenerated every night. Prometheus was eventually freed from his misery by [[Heracles]].<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:507-544 507-565]</ref>
 
Now Zeus, angry at humans, decides to give humanity a punishing gift to compensate for the boon they had been given. He commands [[Hephaestus]] to mold from earth the first woman, a "beautiful evil" whose descendants would torment the human race. After Hephaestus does so, several other gods contribute to her creation. [[Hermes]] names the woman '[[Pandora]]'.
 
Pandora was given in marriage to Prometheus's brother [[Epimetheus]]. Zeus gave her a [[Pandora's box|jar]] which contained many evils. Pandora opened the jar and released all the evils, which made mankind miserable. Only hope remained inside the jar.<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Works and Days]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg002.perseus-eng1:59-82 60&ndash;105].</ref>
 
<!-- Since Greek mythology, as far as I understand, is essentially a loose collection of stories told by several groups in Ancient Greece where none can be considered the "official canon", this should really be prefaced with "In the writings of (Greek author)..." or "In (work)...", and several of the sentences describe details that probably vary by telling. -->
When Zeus was atop Mount Olympus he was appalled by [[human sacrifice]] and other signs of human decadence. He decided to wipe out mankind and flooded the world with the help of his brother [[Poseidon]]. After the flood, only [[Deucalion]] and [[Pyrrha]] remained.<ref>[[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/141#1.216 1.216&ndash;1.348]</ref> This [[Flood myth|flood narrative]] is a common motif in mythology.<ref>{{cite book|last=Leeming|first=David|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kQFtlva3HaYC&pg=PA138|title=Flood {{pipe}} The Oxford Companion to World Mythology|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|isbn=9780195156690|pages=138|access-date=14 February 2019}}</ref>
[[File:The Chariot of Zeus - Project Gutenberg eText 14994.png|thumb|The Chariot of Zeus, from an 1879 ''Stories from the Greek Tragedians'' by Alfred Church.]]
 
=== In the ''Iliad'' ===
[[File:James Barry 001.jpg|thumb|''Jupiter and Juno on Mount Ida'' by [[James Barry (painter)|James Barry]], 1773 (City Art Galleries, Sheffield.)]]
 
The ''[[Iliad]]'' is an [[ancient Greek]] [[epic poem]] attributed to [[Homer]] about the [[Trojan war]] and the battle over the City of [[Troy]], in which Zeus plays a major part.
 
Scenes in which Zeus appears include:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://department.monm.edu/classics/Courses/CLAS210/CourseDocuments/Epic/gods_in_the_iliad.htm|title=The Gods in the Iliad|website=department.monm.edu|access-date=2 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Iliad|last=Homer|publisher=Penguin Classics|year=1990|location=South Africa}}</ref>
 
* Book 2: Zeus sends [[Agamemnon]] a dream and is able to partially control his decisions because of the effects of the dream
* Book 4: Zeus promises [[Hera]] to ultimately destroy the City of Troy at the end of the war
* Book 7: Zeus and [[Poseidon]] ruin the [[Achaeans (Homer)|Achaeans]] fortress
* Book 8: Zeus prohibits the other Gods from fighting each other and has to return to [[Mount Ida]] where he can think over his decision that the Greeks will lose the war
* Book 14: Zeus is seduced by [[Hera]] and becomes distracted while she helps out the Greeks
* Book 15: Zeus wakes up and realizes that his own brother, [[Poseidon]] has been aiding the Greeks, while also sending [[Hector]] and [[Apollo]] to help fight the Trojans ensuring that the City of Troy will fall
* Book 16: Zeus is upset that he couldn't help save [[Sarpedon (Trojan War hero)|Sarpedon]]'s life because it would then contradict his previous decisions
* Book 17: Zeus is emotionally hurt by the fate of [[Hector]]
* Book 20: Zeus lets the other Gods lend aid to their respective sides in the war
* Book 24: Zeus demands that [[Achilles]] release the corpse of [[Hector]] to be buried honourably
 
=== Other myths ===
Zeus slept with his great-granddaughter, [[Alcmene]], disguised as her husband [[Amphitryon]]. This resulted in the birth of [[Heracles]], who would be tormented by Zeus's wife [[Hera]] for the rest of his life. After his death, Heracles's mortal parts were incinerated and he joined the gods on Olympus. He married Zeus and Hera's daughter, [[Hebe (mythology)|Hebe]], and had two sons with her, [[Alexiares and Anicetus]].<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://topostext.org/work/150#2.4.8 2.48–77].</ref>
 
When [[Hades]] requested to marry Zeus's daughter, [[Persephone]], Zeus approved and advised Hades to abduct Persephone, as her mother [[Demeter]] wouldn't allow her to marry Hades.<ref>[[Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#146 146].</ref>
 
Zeus fell in love with [[Semele]], the daughter of [[Cadmus]] and [[Harmonia]], and started an affair with her. Hera discovered his affair when Semele later became pregnant, and persuaded Semele to sleep with Zeus in his true form. When Zeus showed his true form to Semele, his lightning and thunderbolts burned her to death.<ref>[[Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#179 179].</ref> Zeus saved the fetus by stitching it into his thigh, and the fetus would be born as [[Dionysus]].<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://topostext.org/work/150#3.4.3 3.43].</ref>
 
In the [[Orphism (religion)|Orphic]] "Rhapsodic Theogony" (first century BC/AD),<ref>Meisner, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ethjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 1], [https://books.google.com/books?id=ethjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 5]</ref> Zeus wanted to marry his mother [[Rhea (mythology)|Rhea]]. After Rhea refused to marry him, Zeus turned into a snake and raped her. Rhea became pregnant and gave birth to [[Persephone]]. Zeus in the form of a snake would mate with his daughter Persephone, which resulted in the birth of [[Dionysus]].<ref name=":0">West 1983, pp. 73&ndash;74; Meisner, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ethjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA134 p.&nbsp;134]; Orphic frr. [https://archive.org/details/orphicorumfragme00orphuoft/page/16/mode/2up?view=theater 58] [= [[Athenagoras of Athens|Athenagoras]], ''[[Athenagoras of Athens#Legatio Pro Christianis|Legatio Pro Christianis]]'' 20.2] [https://archive.org/details/orphicorumfragme00orphuoft/page/192/mode/2up?view=theater 153] Kern.</ref>
 
Zeus granted [[Callirrhoe (daughter of Achelous)|Callirrhoe's]] prayer that her sons by [[Alcmaeon (mythology)|Alcmaeon]], [[Acarnan]] and [[Amphoterus (son of Alcmaeon)|Amphoterus]], grow quickly so that they might be able to avenge the death of their father by the hands of [[Phegeus (king of Psophis)|Phegeus]] and his two sons.<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://topostext.org/work/150#3.7.6 3.76].</ref>
 
Both Zeus and [[Poseidon]] wooed [[Thetis]], daughter of [[Nereus]]. But when [[Themis]] (or Prometheus) prophesied that the son born of Thetis would be mightier than his father, Thetis was married off to the mortal [[Peleus]].<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://topostext.org/work/150#3.13.5 3.13.5].</ref><ref>[[Pindar]], Isthmian odes [https://topostext.org/work/21#8.25 8.25]</ref>
 
Zeus was afraid that his grandson [[Asclepius]] would teach resurrection to humans, so he killed Asclepius with his thunderbolt. This angered Asclepius's father, [[Apollo]], who in turn killed the [[Cyclopes]] who had fashioned the thunderbolts of Zeus. Angered at this, Zeus would have imprisoned Apollo in Tartarus. However, at the request of Apollo's mother, [[Leto]], Zeus instead ordered Apollo to serve as a slave to King [[Admetus of Pherae]] for a year.<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022%3Atext%3DLibrary%3Abook%3D3%3Achapter%3D10%3Asection%3D4 3.10.4]</ref> According to [[Diodorus Siculus]], Zeus killed Asclepius because of complains from [[Hades]], who was worried that the number of people in the underworld was diminishing because of Asclepius's resurrections.<ref>[[Diodorus Siculus]], ''[[Bibliotheca historica]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/133#4.71.1 4.71.2]</ref>
 
The winged horse [[Pegasus]] carried the thunderbolts of Zeus.<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:270-303 285]</ref>
 
Zeus took pity on [[Ixion]], a man who was guilty of murdering his father-in-law, by purifying him and bringing him to Olympus. However, Ixion started to lust after Hera. Hera complained about this to her husband, and Zeus decided to test Ixion. Zeus fashioned a cloud that resembles Hera ([[Nephele]]) and laid  the cloud-Hera in Ixion's bed. Ixion coupled with Nephele, resulting in the birth of [[Centaurus (Greek mythology)|Centaurus]]. Zeus punished Ixion for lusting after Hera by tying him to a wheel that spins forever.<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA554 p. 554]; [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]],  [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg002.perseus-eng1:e.1.20 Epitome 1.20]</ref>
 
Once, [[Helios]] the [[Solar deity|sun god]] gave his chariot to his inexperienced son [[Phaethon]] to drive. Phaethon could not control his father's steeds so he ended up taking the chariot too high, freezing the earth, or too low, burning everything to the ground. The earth itself prayed to Zeus, and in order to prevent further disaster, Zeus hurled a thunderbolt at Phaethon, killing him and saving the world from further harm.<ref>[[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' [https://www.poetryintranslation.com/PITBR/Latin/Metamorph.php#anchor_Toc64105482 1.747]&ndash;[https://www.poetryintranslation.com/PITBR/Latin/Metamorph2.php#anchor_Toc64106101 2.400]; [[Hyginus]], ''De Astronomica'' [https://topostext.org/work/207#2.42.2 2.42.2]; [[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/details/dionysiaca03nonnuoft/page/102/mode/2up?view=theater 38.142]–[https://archive.org/details/dionysiaca03nonnuoft/page/122/mode/2up?view=theater 435]</ref> In a satirical work, ''[[Dialogues of the Gods]]'' by [[Lucian]], Zeus berates Helios for allowing such thing to happen; he returns the damaged chariot to him and warns him that if he dares do that again, he will strike him with one of this thunderbolts.<ref>[[Lucian]], ''[[Dialogues of the Gods]]'' [http://lucianofsamosata.info/wiki/doku.php?id=home:texts_and_library:dialogues:dialogues-of-the-gods#section25 Zeus and the Sun]</ref>
 
=== Transformation of Zeus ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Love interest
!Disguises
|-
|[[Aegina (mythology)|Aegina]]
|an eagle or a flame of fire
|-
|[[Alcmene]]
|[[Amphitryon]]<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA247 p. 247]; [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:2.4.8 2.4.8].</ref>
|-
|[[Antiope of Thebes|Antiope]]
|a [[satyr]]<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA303 p. 303]; ''[[Brill's New Pauly]]'', [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/antiope-e124830 s.v. Antiope]; Scholia on [[Apollonius of Rhodes]], 4.1090.</ref>
|-
|[[Asopis]]
|a flame of fire
|-
|[[Callisto (mythology)|Callisto]]
|Artemis<ref>Gantz, p. 726; [[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0959.phi006.perseus-eng2:2.401-2.465 2.401&ndash;530]; [[Hyginus]], ''[[De Astronomica]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/207#2.1.2 2.1.2]; [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.8.2 3.8.2]; Hansen, [https://archive.org/details/handbookofclassi0000hans/page/119/mode/2up?view=theater p. 119]; Grimal, s.v. Callisto, p. 86; ''[[Brill's New Pauly]]'', [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/callisto-e607100 s.v. Callisto].</ref> or Apollo<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.8.2 3.8.2]; ''[[Brill's New Pauly]]'', [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/callisto-e607100 s.v. Callisto].</ref>
|-
|[[Cassiopeia (wife of Phoenix)|Cassiopeia]]
|[[Phoenix of Phoenicia|Phoenix]]
|-
|[[Danaë]]
|shower of gold<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA238 p. 238]</ref>
|-
|[[Europa (consort of Zeus)|Europa]]
|a bull<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA337 p. 337]; Lane Fox, p. 199.</ref>
|-
|[[Eurymedousa|Eurymedusa]]
|ant
|-
|[[Ganymede (mythology)|Ganymede]]
|an eagle<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA522 p. 522]; [[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0959.phi006.perseus-eng1:10.143-10.219 10.155&ndash;6]; [[Lucian]], ''[[Dialogues of the Gods]]'' [https://archive.org/details/lucianvolviiloeb00luci/page/n295/mode/2up?view=theater 10 (4)].</ref>
|-
|[[Hera]]
|a cuckoo<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA137 p. 137]</ref>
|-
|[[Lamia]]
|a lapwing
|-
|[[Leda (mythology)|Leda]]
|a swan<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA439 p. 439]; [[Euripides]], ''[[Helen (play)|Helen]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0006.tlg014.perseus-eng1:1-30 16&ndash;22].</ref>
|-
|[[Mnemosyne]]
|a shepherd
|-
|[[Nemesis]]
|a goose<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA438 p. 438]; ''Cypria'' fr. 10 West, pp. 88, 89 [= [[Athenaeus]], ''[[Deipnosophists]]'' 8.334b&ndash;d].</ref>
|-
|[[Persephone]]
|a serpent<ref name=":0" />
|-
|[[Rhea (mythology)|Rhea]]
|a serpent<ref name=":0" />
|-
|[[Semele]]
|a fire
|-
|[[Thalia (nymph)|Thalia]]
|a vulture
|}
 
=== Children ===
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Offspring and mothers (Hesiod)
! scope="col" style="width: 230pt;" | Offspring
! scope="col" style="width: 120pt;" | Mother
|-
|[[Heracles]]
|[[Alcmene]]<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA244 p.244]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:938-962 943].</ref>
|-
|[[Persephone]]
|[[Demeter]]<ref>Hansen, p. 68; Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA78 p. 78]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937 912].</ref>
|-
|[[Charites]] ([[Aglaea]], [[Euphrosyne (mythology)|Euphrosyne]], [[Thalia (Grace)|Thalia]])
|[[Eurynome (Oceanid)|Eurynome]]<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA78 p. 78]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937 901&ndash;911]; Hansen, p. 68.</ref>
|-
|[[Ares]], [[Eileithyia]], [[Hebe (mythology)|Hebe]]
|[[Hera]]<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA79 p. 79]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937 921].</ref>
|-
|[[Apollo]], [[Artemis]]
|[[Leto]]<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA78 p. 78]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937 912&ndash;920]; Morford, p. 211.</ref>
|-
|[[Hermes]]
|[[Maia]]<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA80 p. 80]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:938-962 938].</ref>
|-
|[[Athena]]
|[[Metis (mythology)|Metis]]<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA77 p. 77]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:886-900 886&ndash;900].</ref>
|-
|[[Muses]] ([[Calliope]], [[Clio]], [[Euterpe (mythology)|Euterpe]], [[Erato]], [[Melpomene]], [[Polyhymnia]], [[Terpsichore]], [[Thalia (Muse)|Thalia]], [[Urania]])
|[[Mnemosyne]]<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA78 p. 78]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:53-62 53&ndash;62]; Gantz, p. 54.</ref>
|-
|[[Dionysus]]
|[[Semele]]<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA80 p. 80]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:938-962 940].</ref>
|-
|[[Horae]] ([[Dike (mythology)|Dike]], [[Eirene (goddess)|Eirene]], [[Eunomia]]), [[Moirai]] ([[Atropos]], [[Clotho]], [[Lachesis (mythology)|Lachesis]])
|[[Themis]]<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937 901&ndash;905]; Gantz, p. 52; Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA78 p. 78].</ref>
|}
 
<div style=display:inline-table>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Offspring and mothers (Other sources) Table 1
! scope="col" style="width: 230pt;" | Offspring
! scope="col" style="width: 120pt;" | Mother
|-
|[[Aegipan]]<ref>[[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#155 155]</ref>
|[[Aega (goddess)|Aega]], Aix or Boetis
|-
|[[Tyche]]<ref>[[Pindar]], ''Olympian'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0033.tlg001.perseus-eng1:12 12.1&ndash;2]; Gantz, p. 151.</ref>
|[[Aphrodite]]
|-
|[[Hecate]],<ref>Gantz, pp. 26, 40; [[Musaeus of Athens|Musaeus]] [https://archive.org/details/diefragmenteder02diel/page/182/mode/2up?view=theater fr. 16 Diels, p. 183]; [[Scholia]]st on ''[[Apollonius of Rhodes|Apollonius Rhodius]], [[Argonautica]]'' 3.467</ref> [[Heracles]]<ref>[[Cicero]], ''[[De Natura Deorum]]'' [https://archive.org/details/denaturadeorumac00ciceuoft/page/300/mode/2up?view=theater 3.16]; [[Athenaeus]], ''[[Deipnosophistae|Deipnosophists]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/atheneus_grammarian-learned_banqueters/2007/pb_LCL235.321.xml 9.392e (pp. 320, 321)].</ref>
|[[Asteria (Titaness)|Asteria]]
|-
|[[Acragas (mythology)|Acragas]]<ref>[[Stephanus of Byzantium]], s.v. [https://topostext.org/work/241#A62.1 ''Akragantes'']; Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:entry=acragas-bio-1 s.v. Acragas].</ref>
|[[Asterope (Greek myth)|Asterope]]
|-
|[[Korybantes|Corybantes]]<ref>[[Strabo]], ''[[Geographica]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/144#10.3.19 10.3.19]</ref>
|[[Calliope]]
|-
|[[Coria (mythology)|Coria]] (Athene)<ref>[[Cicero]], ''[[De Natura Deorum]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/denaturadeorumac00ciceuoft#page/342/mode/2up?view=theater 3.59].</ref>
|[[Coryphe]]
|-
|[[Dionysus]]<ref>[[Scholia]]st on [[Pindar]], ''Pythian Odes'' 3.177; [[Hesychius of Alexandria|Hesychius]]</ref>
|[[Demeter]]
|-
|[[Aphrodite]]
|[[Dione (Titaness)|Dione]]<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D5%3Acard%3D363 5.370]; [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.3.1 1.3.1]</ref>
|-
|[[Charites]] ([[Aglaea]], [[Euphrosyne (mythology)|Euphrosyne]], [[Thalia (Grace)|Thalia]])
|[[Euanthe (Greek myth)|Euanthe]] or [[Eunomia]]<ref>West 1983, p. 73; ''[[Orphic Hymn]] to the [[Charites|Graces]]'' (60), 1–3 (Athanassakis and Wolkow, [https://books.google.com/books?id=TTo3r8IHy0wC&pg=PA49 p. 49]).</ref> or [[Eurydome]] or [[Eurymedousa|Eurymedusa]]
|-
|[[Asopus]]<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.12.6 3.12.6]; Grimal, s.v. Asopus, p. 63; Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:entry=asopus-bio-1 s.v. Asopus].</ref>
|[[Eurynome (Oceanid)|Eurynome]]
|-
|[[Dodon (mythology)|Dodon]]<ref>''[[FGrHist]]'' [https://scholarlyeditions.brill.com/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:fgrh.1753.bnjo-1-tr1-eng:f1b 1753 F1b].</ref>
|[[Europa (Greek myth)|Europa]]
|-
|[[Agdistis]],<ref>Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:entry=agdistis-bio-1 s.v. Agdistis].</ref> [[Manes of Lydia|Manes]],<ref>[[Dionysius of Halicarnassus]], ''[[Roman Antiquities]]'' [https://topostext.org/work.php?work_id=139#1.27.1 1.27.1]; Grimal, s.v. Manes, p. 271.</ref> [[Centaur|Cyprian Centaurs]]<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/529#14.193 14.193].</ref>
|[[Gaia (mythology)|Gaia]]
|-
|[[Angelos (Greek mythology)|Angelos]],  [[Arge]],<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Murray|first=John|title=A Classical Manual, being a Mythological, Historical and Geographical Commentary on Pope's Homer, and Dryden's Aeneid of Virgil with a Copious Index|year=1833|location=Albemarle Street, London|pages=8}}</ref> [[Eleutheria]],<ref>Eleutheria is the Greek counterpart of [[Libertas]] (Liberty), daughter of [[Jove]] and [[Juno (mythology)|Juno]] as cited in [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''Fabulae'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#0.2 Preface].</ref> [[Enyo]], [[Eris (mythology)|Eris]], [[Hephaestus]]<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA141 141]; Gantz, p. 74.</ref>
|[[Hera]]
|-
|[[Pan (god)|Pan]]<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.4.1 1.4.1]; Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA216 p. 216].</ref>
|[[Hybris (mythology)|Hybris]]
|-
|[[Helen of Troy]]<ref>''Cypria'', fr. 10 West, pp. 88, 89; Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA438 p. 438].</ref>
|[[Nemesis (mythology)|Nemesis]]
|-
|[[Melinoë]], [[Zagreus]],<ref>Grimal, [https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofclas0000grim/page/466/mode/2up?view=theater s.v. Zagreus, p. 466]; [[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/529#6.155 6.155].</ref> [[Dionysus]]
|[[Persephone]]
|-
|[[Persephone]]<ref>West 1983, p. 73; Orphic [https://archive.org/details/orphicorumfragme00orphuoft/page/16/mode/2up?view=theater fr. 58 Kern] [= [[Athenagoras of Athens|Athenagoras]], ''[[Athenagoras of Athens#Legatio Pro Christianis|Legatio Pro Christianis]]'' 20.2]; Meisner, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ethjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA134 p.&nbsp;134].</ref>
|[[Rhea (mythology)|Rhea]]
|-
|Dionysus,<ref>[[Cicero]], ''[[De Natura Deorum]]'' [https://archive.org/details/denaturadeorumac00ciceuoft/page/304/mode/2up?view=theater 3.21-23].</ref> [[Ersa]],<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA46 p. 46]; Keightley, [https://books.google.com/books?id=JxQHAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA55 p. 55].</ref> [[Nemea (mythology)|Nemea]],<ref>Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:entry=selene-bio-1 s.v. Selene].</ref> [[Nemean lion|Nemean Lion]], [[Pandia]]<ref>''[[Homeric Hymns|Homeric Hymn to Selene]]'' (32), [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0013.tlg032.perseus-eng1:32 15&ndash;16]; [[Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#0.2 Preface]; Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA46 p. 46]; Grimal, s.v. Selene, p. 415.</ref>
|[[Selene]]
|-
|Persephone<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.3 1.1.3].</ref>
|[[Styx]]
|-
|[[Palici]]<ref>Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aentry%3Dthaleia-bio-3 s.v. Thaleia (3)]; ''[[Oxford Classical Dictionary]]'', s.v. Palici, p. 1100; [[Maurus Servius Honoratus|Servius]], On ''[[Aeneid]]'', [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0053%3Abook%3D9%3Acommline%3D581 9.581&ndash;4].</ref>
|[[Thalia (nymph)|Thalia]]
|-
|[[Aeacus]],<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.12.6 3.12.6]; Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA530 p. 530&ndash;531].</ref> [[Damocrateia]]<ref>''[[FGrHist]]'' [https://scholarlyeditions.brill.com/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:fgrh.0299.bnjo-1-ed-grc:f5 299 F5] [= Scholia on [[Pindar]]'s ''Olympian'' 9.104a].</ref>
|[[Aegina (mythology)|Aegina]]
|-
|[[Amphion]], [[Amphion and Zethus|Zethus]]
|Antiope<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Odyssey]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:11.225-11.270 11.260&ndash;3]; ''[[Brill's New Pauly]]'' [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/amphion-e118730 s.v. Amphion]; Grimal, s.v. Amphion, p. 38.</ref>
|-
|[[Targitaos]]<ref>[[Herodotus]], ''[[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0016.tlg001.perseus-eng1:4.5.1 4.5.1].</ref>
|[[Borysthenis]]
|-
|[[Arcas]]<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.8.2 3.8.2]; [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:8.3.6 8.3.6]; Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA540 p. 540]; Gantz, pp. 725&ndash;726.</ref>
|[[Callisto the Greek myth|Callisto]]
|-
|[[Britomartis]]<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:2.30.3 2.30.3]; March, [https://archive.org/details/casselldictionar00jenn/page/87/mode/2up?view=theater s.v. Britomartis, p. 88]; Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:entry=britomartis-bio-1 s.v. Britomartis].</ref>
|[[Carme (mythology)|Carme]]
|-
|[[Dardanus (son of Zeus)|Dardanus]],<ref name="3.12.1">[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.12.1 3.12.1]; Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA521 521].</ref> [[Emathion]],<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/529#3.195 3.195].</ref> [[Iasion]] or [[Eetion (disambiguation)|Eetion]],<ref name="3.12.1"/> [[Harmonia (mythology)|Harmonia]]<ref>[[Diodorus Siculus]], ''[[Bibliotheca historica]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/133#5.48.1 5.48.2].</ref>
|[[Electra (Pleiad)|Electra]]
|-
|[[Myrmidon (hero)|Myrmidon]]<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA533 p. 533]</ref>
|[[Eurymedousa]]
|-
|[[Cronius (mythology)|Cronius]], [[Spartaeus (mythology)|Spartaios]], [[Cytus (mythology)|Cytus]]
|[[Himalia (mythology)|Himalia]]<ref>[[Diodorus Siculus]], ''[[Bibliotheca historica]]'' [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#55.5 5.55.5]</ref>
|-
|[[Colaxes (mythology)|Colaxes]]<ref>Valerius Flaccus, ''Argonautica'' 6.48ff., 6.651ff</ref>
|Hora
|-
|[[Cres (mythology)|Cres]]<ref>[[Stephanus of Byzantium]], [https://topostext.org/work/241#K383.21 s.v. ''Krētē''].</ref>
|[[Idaea]]
|-
|[[Epaphus]], [[Keroessa]]<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/529#32.48 32.70]</ref>
|[[Io (mythology)|Io]]
|-
|[[Sarpedon]], [[Argus (Greek myth)|Argus]]
|[[Lardane]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Murray|first=John|title=A Classical Manual, being a Mythological, Historical and Geographical Commentary on Pope's Homer, and Dryden's Aeneid of Virgil with a Copious Index|year=1833|location=Albemarle Street, London|pages=5–6}}</ref>
|-
|[[Saon (mythology)|Saon]]<ref>[[Dionysius of Halicarnassus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#48.1 5.48.1]; Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:entry=saon-bio-1 s.v. Saon].</ref>
|[[Nymphe (mythology)|Nymphe]]
|-
|[[Meliteus]]<ref>[[Antoninus Liberalis]], [https://topostext.org/work/216#13 13].</ref>
|[[Othreis]]
|}
</div>
 
<div style=display:inline-table>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Offspring and mothers (Other sources) Table 2
! scope="col" style="width: 230pt;" | Offspring
! scope="col" style="width: 120pt;" | Mother
|-
|[[Tantalus]]<ref>[[Antoninus Liberalis]], [https://topostext.org/work/216#36 36]; [[Hyginus]] ''[[Fabulae]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#82 82]; [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:2.22.3 2.22.3]; Gantz, p. 536; Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA502 p. 502]; March, [https://archive.org/details/casselldictionar00jenn/page/365/mode/2up?view=theater s.v. Tantalus, p. 366].</ref>
|[[Plouto (mother of Tantalus)|Plouto]]
|-
|[[Lacedaemon]]<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160%3Abook%3D3%3Achapter%3D1%3Asection%3D2 3.1.2].</ref>
|[[Taygete]]
|-
|[[Archas]]<ref>''[[Brill's New Pauly]]'', [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/themisto-e1207620 s.v. Themisto]; [[Stephanus of Byzantium]], s.v. [https://topostext.org/work/241#A119.18 ''Arkadia''] [= ''[[FGrHist]]'' 334 F75].</ref>
|[[Themisto (mythology)|Themisto]]
|-
|[[Carius]]<ref>[[Stephanus of Byzantium]], ''Ethnica'' s.v. ''[https://topostext.org/work/241#T628.22 Torrhēbos]'', citing [[Hellanicus of Lesbos|Hellanicus]] and Nicolaus</ref>
|[[Torrhebia]]
|-
|[[Ancient Greek flood myths#Deucalion|Megarus]]<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.40.1 1.40.1].</ref>
|Nymph Sithnid
|-
|[[Olenus]]<ref>[[Stephanus of Byzantium]], s.v. ''[https://topostext.org/work/241#O707.12 Ōlenos]''.</ref>
|[[Anaxithea]]
|-
|[[Aethlius]] or [[Endymion (mythology)|Endymion]]<ref>''[[Brill's New Pauly]]'', [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/calyce-e607490 s.v. Calyce (1)]; Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:entry=endymion-bio-1 s.v. Endymion].</ref>
|[[Calyce (mythology)|Calyce]]
|-
|[[Milye]],<ref>[[Stephanus of Byzantium]], ''Ethnica'' s.v. ''[https://topostext.org/work/241#P524.3 Pisidia]''</ref> [[Solymus]]<ref>[[Stephanus of Byzantium]], s.v. ''[https://topostext.org/work/241#P524.3 Pisidia]''; Grimal, s.v. Solymus, p. 424.</ref>
|[[Chaldene (mythology)|Chaldene]]
|-
|[[Perseus]]<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:14.312-14.351 14.319&ndash;20]; Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:entry=perseus-bio-1 s.v. Perseus (1)].</ref>
|[[Danaë]]
|-
|[[Pirithous]]<ref>[[Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#155 155]; Grimal, s.v. Pirithous, p. 374.</ref>
|[[Dia (mythology)|Dia]]
|-
|[[Tityos]]<ref>''[[Brill's New Pauly]]'', [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/tityus-e1216260 s.v. Tityus]; Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA147 pp. 147&ndash;148]; ''[[FGrHist]]'' [https://scholarlyeditions.brill.com/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:fgrh.0003.bnjo-1-ed-grc:f55 3 F55] [= Scholia on [[Apollonius of Rhodes]], 1.760&ndash;2b (Wendel, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0lkhbarJcukC&pg=PA65 p. 65])].</ref>
|[[Elara (mythology)|Elara]]
|-
|[[Minos]],<ref>Gantz, p. 210; ''[[Brill's New Pauly]]'', [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/minos-e805850 s.v. Minos]; [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:14.312-14.351 14.32&ndash;33]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Catalogue of Women]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-catalogue_women/2018/pb_LCL503.173.xml fr. 89 Most, pp. 172&ndash;5] [= fr. 140 Merkelbach-West, p. 68].</ref> [[Rhadamanthus]],<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:14.312-14.351 14.32&ndash;33]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Catalogue of Women]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-catalogue_women/2018/pb_LCL503.173.xml fr. 89 Most, pp. 172&ndash;5] [= fr. 140 Merkelbach-West, p. 68]; Gantz, p. 210; Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:entry=rhadamanthus-bio-1 s.v. Rhadamanthus].</ref> [[Sarpedon (brother of Minos)|Sarpedon]],<ref>Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:entry=sarpedon-bio-1 s.v. Sarpedon (1)]; ''[[Brill's New Pauly]]'', [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/sarpedon-e1101800 s.v. Sarpedon (1)]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Catalogue of Women]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-catalogue_women/2018/pb_LCL503.173.xml fr. 89 Most, pp. 172&ndash;5] [= fr. 140 Merkelbach-West, p. 68].</ref>
|[[Europa (mythology)|Europa]]
|-
|[[Arcesius]]
|[[Euryodeia]]
|-
|[[Orchomenus (mythology)|Orchomenus]]
|[[Hermippe]]<ref>Scholia on ''[[Iliad]]'', 2. 511</ref>
|-
|[[Agamedes]]
|[[Iocaste (mythology)|Iocaste]]
|-
|[[Thebe (Greek myth)|Thebe]],<ref name="1206 pp. 957–962">[[Tzetzes]] on [[Lycophron]], [https://archive.org/details/isaakioukaiiann00mlgoog/page/951/mode/2up?view=theater 1206 (pp. 957&ndash;962)].{{secondary source needed}}</ref> [[Deucalion (mythology)|Deucalion]]<ref name=":4"/>
|[[Iodame]]
|-
|[[Acheilus]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Photios|title=Myriobiblon|title-link=Bibliotheca (Photius)|publisher=Ge. Reimer|year=1824|editor-last=Bekker|editor-first=August Immanuel|editor-link=August Immanuel Bekker|volume=Tomus alter|place=Berlin|page=152a|language=el|chapter=190.489R|author-link=Photios I of Constantinople|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/bibliothecaexrec00photuoft#page/152/mode/2up}} At the [[Internet Archive]].
 
{{cite book|title=Myriobiblon|title-link=Bibliotheca (Photius)|publisher=[[Interreg]] Δρόμοι της πίστης – Ψηφιακή Πατρολογία|year=2006|page=163|language=el|chapter=190.152a|chapter-url=http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Photius%20of%20Constantinople_PG%20101-104/Bibliotheca.pdf}} At khazarzar.skeptik.net.</ref><ref>[[Ptolemaeus Chennus|Ptolemy Hephaestion]], ''New History'' 6</ref>
|[[Lamia]]
|-
|[[Libyan Sibyl]] ([[Sibyl|Herophile]])<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:10.12.1 10.12.1]; Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DL%3Aentry+group%3D3%3Aentry%3Dlamia-bio-1 s.v. Lamia (1)].</ref>
|[[Lamia (daughter of Poseidon)]]
|-
|[[Sarpedon (Trojan War hero)|Sarpedon]]<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:6.191-6.231 6.191&ndash;199]; Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA349 p. 349]; Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:entry=sarpedon-bio-2 s.v. Sarpe'don (2)].</ref>
|[[Laodamia]]
|-
|[[Helen of Troy]], [[Castor and Pollux|Pollux]]
|[[Leda (mythology)|Leda]]
|-
|Heracles<ref>[[Cicero]], ''[[De Natura Deorum]]'' [https://archive.org/details/denaturadeorumac00ciceuoft/page/300/mode/2up?view=theater 3.16].</ref>
|[[Lysithoe]]
|-
|[[Locrus]]
|[[Maera (mythology)|Maera]]<ref>Eustathius ad Homer, p. 1688</ref>
|-
|[[Argus (king of Argos)|Argus]], [[Pelasgus]]
|[[Niobe (Argive)|Niobe]]<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/texts/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:2.1.1 2.1.1]; Gantz, p. 198.</ref>
|-
|[[Graecus]],<ref>Hesiod, ''Ehoiai'' fr. 5</ref> [[Latinus]]<ref>[[John the Lydian|Ioannes Lydus]], ''De Mensibus'' 1.13</ref>
|[[Pandora II|Pandora]]
|-
|[[Achaeus (mythology)|Achaeus]]<ref>[[Maurus Servius Honoratus|Servius]], ''Commentary on [[Virgil]]'s [[Aeneid]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Serv.+A.+1.242 1. 242]</ref>
|[[Phthia (mythology)|Phthia]]
|-
|[[Aethlius]],<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.7.2&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022:book=1:chapter=7&highlight=Aethlius 1.7.2]; [[Hyginus]], ''Fabulae'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#155 155].</ref> [[Aetolus of Aetolia|Aetolus]],<ref>[[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''Fabulae'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#155 155].</ref> [[Opus (mythology)|Opus]]<ref>[[Pindar]], ''Olympian Ode'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Pind.+O.+9&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162:chapter=9&highlight=Opus 9.58].</ref>
|[[Protogeneia]]
|-
|[[Hellen]]<ref>Parada, s.vv. Hellen (1), p. 86, Pyrrha (1), p. 159; [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/texts/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.7.2 1.7.2]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Catalogue of Women]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-catalogue_women/2018/pb_LCL503.47.xml fr. 5 Most, pp. 46, 47] [= Scholia on [[Homer]]'s ''[[Odyssey]]'' 10.2]; West 1985, pp. 51, 53, 56, 173, table 1.</ref>
|[[Pyrrha]]
|-
|[[Aegyptus (mythology)|Aegyptus]],<ref name="1206 pp. 957–962"/> Heracles<ref>[[John Lydus]], ''De mensibus'' 4.67.</ref>
|[[Thebe (Greek myth)|Thebe]]
|-
|[[Magnes (mythology)|Magnes]], [[Makedon (mythology)|Makednos]]
|[[Thyia of Thessaly|Thyia]]<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Catalogue of Women|Ehoiai]]'' fr. 3 as cited in [[Constantine Porphyrogenitus]], ''De Thematibus'', 2 (p. 86 sq. Pertusi).</ref>
|-
|[[Veritas|Aletheia]], [[Atë|Ate]],<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:19.74-19.113 19.91].</ref> [[Nysean]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica, book 2, line 887|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0001.tlg001.perseus-grc1:2.899|website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref> [[Caerus]], [[Eubuleus]],<ref>''Hymn'' 30.6, as cited by Graf and Johnston, ''Ritual Texts'', pp. 123–124 (''Hymn'' 29 in the translation of Thomas Taylor).</ref> [[Litae]],<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:9.492-9.537 9.502]; [[Quintus Smyrnaeus]], ''Posthomerica'' [https://archive.org/details/falloftroy00quin/page/440/mode/2up?view=theater 10.301 (pp. 440, 441)]; Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:entry=litae-bio-1 s.v. Litae].</ref> various nymphs, [[Rioni River|Phasis]],<ref>[[Gaius Valerius Flaccus|Valerius Flaccus]], ''Argonautica'' 5.205</ref> [[Calabrus]],<ref>Stephanus of Byzantium, ''Ethnica'' s.v. ''[https://topostext.org/work/241#T598.6 Tainaros]''</ref> [[Geraestus (mythology)|Geraestus]], [[Taenarus (mythology)|Taenarus]], [[Corinthus]],<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160%3Abook%3D2%3Achapter%3D1%3Asection%3D1 2.1.1].</ref> [[Crinacus]]<ref>Diodorus Siculus, ''Bibliotheca historica'' 5.81.4</ref>
|''unknown mothers''
|-
|[[Orion (mythology)|Orion]]<ref>[[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''Fabulae'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#195 195] in which Orion was produced from a bull's hide urinated by three gods, Zeus, Poseidon and Hermes</ref>
|''No mother''
|}
</div>
 
==Roles and epithets==
{{See also|:Category:Epithets of Zeus|l1=Category:Epithets of Zeus}}
[[File:Bust of Zeus.jpg|thumb|Roman marble colossal head of Zeus, 2nd century AD ([[British Museum]])<ref>The bust below the base of the neck is eighteenth century. The head, which is roughly worked at back and must have occupied a [[Niche (architecture)|niche]], was found at [[Hadrian's Villa]], [[Tivoli, Italy|Tivoli]] and donated to the British Museum by [[John Thomas Barber Beaumont]] in 1836. BM 1516. (British Museum, ''A Catalogue of Sculpture in the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities'', 1904).</ref>]]
 
Zeus played a dominant role, presiding over the [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] Olympian pantheon. He fathered many of the heroes <!--"and heroines" was sweetly motivated, but can we name even one sired by Zeus?--> and was featured in many of their [[Cult (religion)|local cults]]. Though the Homeric "cloud collector" was the god of the sky and thunder like his Near-Eastern counterparts, he was also the supreme cultural artifact; in some senses, he was the embodiment of Greek [[religion|religious]] beliefs and the [[archetype|archetypal]] Greek deity.
 
Aside from local epithets that simply designated the deity as doing something random at some particular place, the [[epithet]]s or titles applied to Zeus emphasized different aspects of his wide-ranging authority:
 
*'''Zeus Aegiduchos''' or '''Aegiochos''': Usually taken as Zeus as the bearer of the [[Aegis]], the divine shield with the head of [[Medusa]] across it,<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D1%3Acard%3D172 1.202], [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D2%3Acard%3D155 2.157], [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D2%3Acard%3D369 2.375]; [[Pindar]], ''Isthmian Odes'' [https://topostext.org/work/21#4.50 4.99]; [[Hyginus]], ''[[De Astronomica]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/207#2.13.7 2.13.7].</ref> although others derive it from "goat" ({{lang|grc|αἴξ}}) and ''okhē'' ({{lang|grc|οχή}}) in reference to Zeus' nurse, the divine goat [[Amalthea (mythology)|Amalthea]].<ref>Spanh. ''ad Callim. hymn. in Jov'', 49</ref><ref>{{Cite book  | last = Schmitz  | first = Leonhard  | contribution = Aegiduchos  | editor-last = Smith  | editor-first = William  | title = Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology  | volume = I  | page = 26  | place = Boston  | year = 1867  | contribution-url = http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0035.html  | title-link = Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology }}</ref>
*'''Zeus [[Agoraeus]]''' (Αγοραιος): Zeus as patron of the marketplace ([[agora]]) and punisher of dishonest traders.
*'''[[Zeus Areius]]''' (Αρειος): either "warlike" or "the atoning one".
*'''Zeus Eleutherios''' (Ἐλευθέριος): "Zeus the freedom giver" a cult worshiped in [[Ancient Athens|Athens]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hanson|first=Victor Davis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGr16-CxpH8C|title=Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power|date=18 December 2007|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-307-42518-8|language=en}}</ref>
*'''Zeus Horkios''': Zeus as keeper of oaths. Exposed liars were made to dedicate a [[votive]] statue to Zeus, often at the sanctuary at Olympia
*'''[[Zeus Olympios]]''' (Ολύμπιος): Zeus as [[king of the gods]] and patron of the [[Panhellenic Games]] at [[Olympia, Greece|Olympia]]
*'''Zeus Panhellenios''' ("Zeus of All the [[Names of the Greeks|Greeks]]"): worshipped at [[Aeacus]]'s temple on [[Aegina]]
*'''Zeus Xenios''' (Ξένιος), '''Philoxenon''', or '''Hospites''': Zeus as the patron of hospitality (''[[xenia (Greek)|xenia]]'') and guests, avenger of wrongs done to strangers
 
[[File:Otricoli Zeus - 1889 drawing.jpg|thumb|A bust of Zeus.]]
 
Additional names and epithets for Zeus are also:
 
=== A ===
*'''Abrettenus''' (Ἀβρεττηνός) or '''Abretanus''': surname of Zeus in [[Mysia]]<ref>Strab. xii. p. 574</ref>
*'''Achad''': one of his names in [[Syria]].
*'''Acraeus''' (Akraios): his name at [[Smyrna]]. [[Acraea]] and Acraeus are also attributes given to various goddesses and gods whose temples were situated upon hills, such as Zeus, [[Hera]], [[Aphrodite]], Pallas, [[Artemis]], and others
*'''Acrettenus''': his name in Mysia.
*'''Adad''': one of his names in Syria.
*'''Zeus Adados''': A Hellenization of the [[Canaanite religion|Canaanite]] [[Hadad]] and [[Assyrian religion|Assyrian]] [[Adad]], particularly his solar cult at [[Heliopolis (Syria)|Heliopolis]]<ref name="cook">{{citation|last=Cook|first=Arthur Bernard|title=Zeus: A Study in Ancient Religion|date=1914|url=http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/cook1914bd1/0011|volume=I: ''Zeus God of the Bright Sky''|pages=[http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/cook1914bd1/0632 549&nbsp;ff.]|location=[[Cambridge, England|Cambridge]]|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}.</ref>
*'''Adultus''': from his being invoked by ''adults'', on their marriage.
*'''Aleios''' (Ἄλειος), from "[[Helios]]" and perhaps connected to water as well.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-entries/alpha/1155| title = Suda, alpha, 1155}}</ref>
*'''Amboulios''' (Αμβουλιος, "Counsellor") or [[Romanization of Greek|Latinized]] '''Ambulius'''<ref name="theoi.com">{{cite web |title=Zeus Titles & Epithets - Ancient Greek Religion |url=https://www.theoi.com/Cult/ZeusTitles.html |website=www.theoi.com |publisher=Theoi Project}}</ref>
*'''[[Apemius]]''' ('''Apemios''', Απημιος): Zeus as the averter of ills
*'''[[Apomyius]]''' (Απομυιος): Zeus as one who dispels flies
*'''Aphesios''' (Αφεσιος; "Releasing (Rain)")
*'''Astrapios''' (Αστραπαιος; "Lightninger"): Zeus as a [[weather god]]
*'''Atabyrius''' (Ἀταβύριος): he was worshipped in [[Rhodes]] and took his name from the [[Attavyros|Mount Atabyrus]] on the island<ref>{{cite web |title=Zeus |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0072%3Aentry%3D*zeu%2Fs |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu |publisher=William J. Slater, Lexicon to Pindar}}</ref>
 
=== B ===
*'''Basileus''' (Βασιλευς, "King, Chief, Ruler")
*'''Bottiaeus'''/ '''Bottaios''' (Βοττιαίος, "of the [[Bottiaei]]"): Worshipped at [[Antioch]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Antioch as a Centre of Hellenic Culture as Observed by Libanius|page=23|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fscXhWwDbusC&pg=PA23 |year=2000 |place=Liverpool |publisher=Liverpool University Press |others=Translated with an introduction by A.F. Norman|author=Libanius|isbn=0-85323-595-3}}</ref> [[Libanius]] wrote that [[Alexander the Great]] founded the temple of ''Zeus Bottiaios'', in the place where later the city of [[Antioch]] was built.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cts.perseids.org/read/greekLit/tlg2200/tlg00411/opp-grc1/88|title=Capitains Nemo|website=cts.perseids.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/chapter/1708741/pdf|title=Project MUSE - Ancient Antioch|website=muse.jhu.edu}}</ref>
*'''[[Dodonian Zeus|Zeus Bouleus]]'''/ '''Boulaios''' (Βουλαίος, "of the Council"): Worshipped at [[Dodona]], the earliest [[oracle]], along with Zeus Naos
*'''Brontios''' ("Thunderer"): Zeus as a [[weather god]]
 
=== C ===
*'''Cenaean''' ('''Kenaios'''/ '''Kenaius''', Κηναῖος): a surname of Zeus, derived from cape [[Cenaeum]]<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-entries/kappa/1521| title = Suda, kappa, 1521}}</ref><ref name="theoi.com"/>
 
=== D ===
*'''Diktaios''' (Δικταιος): Zeus as lord of the [[Dikte]] mountain range, worshipped from [[Mycenaean Greece|Mycenaean times]] on Crete<ref>{{LSJ|*diktai{{=}}os|Δικταῖος|shortref}}.</ref>
*'''Dodonian'''/ '''Dodonaios''' (Δωδωναῖος): meaning of [[Dodona]]<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-entries/delta/1446| title = Suda, delta, 1446}}</ref>
*'''Dylsios''' (Δύλσιος)<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:entry=vinum-cn| title = A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Vinum}}</ref>
 
=== E ===
*'''Eleutherios''' (Ἐλευθέριος, "of freedom"). At Athens after the [[Battle of Plataea]], Athenians built the [[Stoa]] of ''Zeus Eleutherios''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Agora Monument Stoa of Zeus - ASCSA.net|url=https://agora.ascsa.net/id/agora/monument/stoa+of+zeus|website=agora.ascsa.net}}</ref> Some writers said that was called "of freedom" because free men built the portico near his shrine, while others because Athenians escaped subjection to the power of Persia and they were free.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-entries/epsilon/804| title = ε 804}}</ref>
*[[Epidotes|'''Epidôtês'''/ '''Epidotes''']] (Επιδωτης; "Giver of Good"): an epithet of Zeus at [[Mantineia]] and [[Sparta]]
*'''Euênemos'''/ '''Euanemos''' (Ευηνεμος; "of Fair Winds", "Giver of Favourable Wind") or [[Romanization of Greek|Latinized]] '''Evenemus'''/ '''Evanemus'''<ref name="theoi.com"/>
 
=== G ===
*'''Zeus Georgos''' ({{lang|grc|Ζεὺς Γεωργός}}, "Zeus the Farmer"): Zeus as god of crops and the harvest, worshipped in Athens
 
=== H ===
*'''Zeus Helioupolites''' ("Heliopolite" or "Heliopolitan Zeus"): A Hellenization of the [[Canaanite religion|Canaanite]] [[Baʿal]] (probably [[Hadad]]) worshipped as a [[sun god]] at [[Heliopolis (Syria)|Heliopolis]] (modern [[Baalbek]])<ref name="cook" /> in [[Syria]]
*'''Herkeios''' (Ἑρκειος, "of the Courtyard") or [[Romanization of Greek|Latinized]] '''Herceius'''
*'''Hetareios''' (Ἑταιρεῖος, "of fellowship"): According to the ''[[Suda]]'', Zeus was called this among the Cretans.<ref>''[[Suda]]'' {{cite web| url = https://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-entries/epsilon/3269| title = ε 3269}}</ref>
*'''Hikesios''' (Ἱκεσιος; "of Suppliants") or [[Romanization of Greek|Latinized]] '''Hicesius'''
*'''Hyetios''' (Ὑετιος; "of the Rain")
*'''Hypatos''' (Ὑπατος, "Supreme, Most High")<ref name="theoi.com"/>
*'''Hypsistos''' (Ὕψιστος, "Supreme, Most High")
 
=== I ===
*'''Ikmaios''' (Ικμαιος; "of Moisture") or [[Romanization of Greek|Latinized]] '''Icmaeus'''
*'''Ithomatas''' (Ιθωμάτας)<ref name="theoi.com"/>
 
=== K ===
*'''Zeus Kasios''' ("Zeus of Mount Kasios" the modern [[Jebel Aqra]]) or [[Romanization of Greek|Latinized]] '''Casius''': a surname of Zeus, the name may have derived from either sources, one derived from ''Casion'', near [[Pelusium]] in [[Egypt]]. Another derived from Mount Kasios (Casius), which is the modern [[Jebel Aqra]], is worshipped at a site on the Syrian–Turkish border, a Hellenization of the [[Canaanite religion|Canaanite]] mountain and [[weather god]] [[Baal Zephon]]
*'''Kataibates''' (Καταιβάτης, "descending") or [[Romanization of Greek|Latinized]] '''Cataebates''', because he was sending-down thunderbolts or because he was descending to earth due to his love of women.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-entries/kappa/887| title = Suda, kappa, 887}}</ref>
*'''Keraunios''' (Κεραυνιος; "of the Thunderbolt") or [[Romanization of Greek|Latinized]] '''Ceraunius'''
*'''Klarios''' (Κλαριος; "of the Lots") or [[Romanization of Greek|Latinized]] '''Clarius'''<ref name="theoi.com"/>
*'''Konios''' (Κονιος; "of the Dust") or [[Romanization of Greek|Latinized]] '''Conius'''<ref name="theoi.com"/>
*'''Koryphaios''' (Κορυφαιος, "Chief, Leader") or [[Romanization of Greek|Latinized]] '''Coryphaeus'''<ref name="theoi.com"/>
*'''Kosmêtês''' (Κοσμητης; "Orderer") or [[Romanization of Greek|Latinized]] '''Cosmetes'''
*'''Ktesios''' (Κτησιος, "of the House, Property") or [[Romanization of Greek|Latinized]] '''Ctesius'''<ref name="theoi.com"/>
 
=== L ===
*'''Zeus Labrandos''' (Λαβρανδευς; "Furious, Raging", "Zeus of [[Labraunda]]"): Worshiped at [[Caria]], depicted with a double-edged axe (''[[labrys]]''), a Hellenization of the [[Hurrian religion|Hurrian]] [[weather god]] [[Teshub]]
*'''Limenoskopos''' (Λιμενοσκοπος; "Watcher of Sea-Havens") or [[Romanization of Greek|Latinized]] '''Limenoscopus''' occurs as a surname of several deities, Zeus, [[Artemis]], [[Aphrodite]], [[Priapus]] and [[Pan (god)|Pan]]
*'''Leukaios''' (Λευκαῖος Ζεύς; "Zeus of the white poplar")<ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=leukai/a Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, leukaia]</ref>
 
=== M ===
*'''Maimaktês''' (Μαιμακτης; "Boisterous", "the Stormy") or [[Romanization of Greek|Latinized]] '''Maemactes''', a surname of Zeus, derived from the [[Attic calendar]] month name '[[Maimakterion]]' (Μαιμακτηριών, [[Romanization of Greek|Latinized]] Maemacterion) and which that month the ''Maimakteria'' was celebrated at [[Athens]]
*'''Zeus Meilichios'''/ '''Meilikhios''' (Μειλίχιος; "Zeus the Easily-Entreated")<ref name="theoi.com"/> There was a sanctuary south of the [[Ilissos river]] at Athens.<ref>[https://topostext.org/place/380237SZMe Zeus Meilichios shrine (Athens)]</ref>
*'''Mêkhaneus''' (Μηχανευς; "Contriver") or [[Romanization of Greek|Latinized]] '''Mechaneus'''<ref name="theoi.com"/>
*'''Moiragetes''' (Μοιραγέτης; "Leader of the Fates", "Guide or Leade of Fate"): [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] wrote that this was a surname of Zeus and [[Apollo]] at [[Delphi]], because Zeus knew the affairs of men, all that the [[Moirai|Fates]] give them and all that is not destined for them.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pausanias, Description of Greece, *)hliakw=n *a, chapter 15, section 5|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-grc1:5.15.5|website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref>
 
=== N ===
*'''[[Dodonian Zeus|Zeus Naos]]''': Worshipped at [[Dodona]], the earliest [[oracle]], along with Zeus Bouleus
 
=== O ===
*'''Ombrios''' (Ομβριος; "of the Rain", "Rain-Giver")<ref name="theoi.com"/>
*'''Ourios''' (Οὐριος, "of Favourable Wind"). Ancient writers wrote about a sanctuary at the opening of the [[Black Sea]] dedicated to the Zeus Ourios (ἱερὸν τοῦ Διὸς τοῦ Οὐρίου).<ref>{{Cite web|title=ToposText|url=https://topostext.org/work/618#6|website=topostext.org}}</ref> In addition, on the island of [[Delos]] a dedication to Zeus Ourios was found. The dedication was made by a citizen of Ascalon, named Damon son of Demetrius, who escaped from pirates.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CGRN File|url=http://cgrn.ulg.ac.be/file/171/|website=cgrn.ulg.ac.be}}</ref>
 
=== P ===
 
* '''Panamaros''' (Πανάμαρος; "of the city of Panamara"): there was an important sanctuary of Zeus Panamaros at the city of Panamara in [[Caria]]<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0006%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DP%3Aentry+group%3D1%3Aentry%3Dpanamara The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, PANAMARA (Bağyaka) Turkey]</ref><ref>[https://epigraphy.packhum.org/search/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%E1%BD%B1%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82 Ancient Inscription about Zeus Panamaros]</ref>
* '''Philios''' (Φιλιος; "of Friendship") or [[Romanization of Greek|Latinized]] '''Philius'''
* '''Phyxios''' (Φυξιος; "of Refuge") or [[Romanization of Greek|Latinized]] '''Phyxius'''<ref name="theoi.com"/>
* '''Plousios''' (Πλουσιος; "of Wealth") or [[Romanization of Greek|Latinized]] '''Plusius'''
 
=== S ===
*'''Skotitas''' (Σκοτιτας; "Dark, Murky") or [[Romanization of Greek|Latinized]] '''Scotitas'''
*'''Sêmaleos''' (Σημαλεος; "Giver of Signs") or [[Romanization of Greek|Latinized]] '''Semaleus''':
*'''Sosipolis''' (Σωσίπολις; "City saviour"): There was a temple of Zeus Sosipolis at [[Magnesia on the Maeander]]<ref>{{cite web| url = https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/temple-of-zeus-sosipolis-from-magnesia-on-the-maeander/wgEwmq0Figt1KA| title = Temple of Zeus Sosipolis from Magnesia on the Maeander}}</ref>
 
=== T ===
*'''[[Talos|Zeus Tallaios]]''' ("Solar Zeus"): Worshipped on [[Crete]]
*'''Teleios''' (Τελειος; "of Marriage Rites") or [[Romanization of Greek|Latinized]] '''Teleus'''
*'''Theos Agathos''' (Θεος Αγαθος; "the Good God") or [[Romanization of Greek|Latinized]] '''Theus Agathus'''
*'''Tropaioukho/ Tropaiucho''' (τροπαιούχῳ, "Guardian of Trophies"): after the [[Battle of the 300 Champions]], [[Othryades]], dedicated the [[tropaion|trophy]] to "Zeus, Guardian of Trophies" .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0007.tlg085.perseus-grc1:3|title=Plutarch, Parallela minora, section 3|website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref>
 
=== X ===
 
* '''Xenios''' (Ξενιος; "of Hospitality, Strangers") or [[Romanization of Greek|Latinized]] '''Xenius'''<ref name="theoi.com"/>
 
==Cults of Zeus==
[[File:Marble eagle with open wings, from the sanctuary of Zeus Hypsistos, Archaeological Museum, Dion (7080054119).jpg|thumb|upright|Marble eagle from the sanctuary of ''Zeus Hypsistos'', [[Archaeological Museum of Dion]].]]
 
=== Panhellenic cults ===
 
[[File:Statue of Zeus dsc02611-.jpg|thumb|upright|Colossal seated [[Dagon|Marnas]] from [[Gaza City|Gaza]] portrayed in the style of Zeus.  Roman period Marnas<ref>{{Cite CE1913|wstitle=Gaza}}; [http://www.plekos.uni-muenchen.de/2004/rhahn.html Johannes Hahn: Gewalt und religiöser Konflikt]; [http://philologos.org/__eb-thlatb/chap08.htm#mosue The Holy Land and the Bible]</ref> was the chief divinity of Gaza ([[Istanbul Archaeology Museum]]).]]The major center where all Greeks converged to pay honor to their chief god was [[Olympia, Greece|Olympia]]. Their quadrennial [[festival]] featured the famous Games. There was also an altar to Zeus made not of stone, but of ash, from the accumulated remains of many centuries' worth of animals sacrificed there.
 
Outside of the major inter-[[polis]] sanctuaries, there were no modes of worshipping Zeus precisely shared across the Greek world. Most of the titles listed below, for instance, could be found at any number of [[Greek temple]]s from [[Asia Minor]] to [[Sicily]]. Certain modes of ritual were held in common as well: sacrificing a white animal over a raised altar, for instance.
 
====Zeus Velchanos====
 
With one exception, Greeks were unanimous in recognizing the birthplace of Zeus as Crete. Minoan culture contributed many essentials of ancient Greek religion: "by a hundred channels the old civilization emptied itself into the new", Will Durant observed,<ref>Durant, ''The Life of Greece'' (''The Story of Civilization'' Part II, New York: Simon & Schuster) 1939:23.</ref> and Cretan Zeus retained his youthful Minoan features. The local child of the Great Mother, "a small and inferior deity who took the roles of son and consort",<ref>Rodney Castleden, ''Minoans: Life in Bronze-Age Crete'', "The Minoan belief-system" (Routledge) 1990:125</ref> whose Minoan name the Greeks Hellenized as Velchanos, was in time assumed as an [[epithet]] by Zeus, as transpired at many other sites, and he came to be venerated in Crete as '''Zeus Velchanos''' ("boy-Zeus"), often simply the ''[[Kouros]]''.
 
In [[Crete]], Zeus was worshipped at a number of caves at [[Knossos]], [[Mount Ida, Crete|Ida]] and [[Palaikastro]]. In the Hellenistic period a small sanctuary dedicated to Zeus Velchanos was founded at the [[Hagia Triada]] site of a long-ruined Minoan palace. Broadly contemporary coins from [[Phaistos]] show the form under which he was worshiped: a youth sits among the branches of a tree, with a cockerel on his knees.<ref>Pointed out by Bernard Clive Dietrich, ''The Origins of Greek Religion'' (de Gruyter) 1973:15.</ref> On other Cretan coins Velchanos is represented as an eagle and in association with a goddess celebrating a mystic marriage.<ref>A.B. Cook, ''Zeus'' Cambridge University Press, 1914, I, figs 397, 398.</ref> Inscriptions at [[Gortyn]] and Lyttos record a ''Velchania'' festival, showing that Velchanios was still widely venerated in Hellenistic Crete.<ref>Dietrich 1973, noting [[Martin P. Nilsson]], ''Minoan-Mycenaean Religion, and Its Survival in Greek Religion'' 1950:551 and notes.</ref>
 
The stories of [[Minos]] and [[Epimenides]] suggest that these caves were once used for [[Incubation (ritual)|incubatory]] divination by kings and priests. The dramatic setting of [[Plato]]'s ''Laws'' is along the pilgrimage-route to one such site, emphasizing archaic Cretan knowledge. On Crete, Zeus was represented in art as a long-haired youth rather than a mature adult and hymned as ''ho megas kouros'', "the great youth". Ivory statuettes of the "Divine Boy" were unearthed near the [[Labyrinth]] at [[Knossos]] by [[Sir Arthur Evans]].<ref>"Professor [[Stylianos Alexiou]] reminds us that there were other divine boys who survived from the religion of the pre-Hellenic period — [[Linos]], [[Ploutos]] and [[Dionysos]] — so not all the young male deities we see depicted in Minoan works of art are necessarily Velchanos" (Castleden) 1990:125</ref> With the [[Kouretes]], a band of ecstatic armed dancers, he presided over the rigorous military-athletic training and secret rites of the Cretan ''[[paideia]]''.
 
The myth of the death of Cretan Zeus, localised in numerous mountain sites though only mentioned in a comparatively late source, [[Callimachus]],<ref>Richard Wyatt Hutchinson, ''Prehistoric Crete'', (Harmondsworth: Penguin) 1968:204, mentions that there is no classical reference to the death of Zeus (noted by Dietrich 1973:16 note 78).</ref> together with the assertion of [[Antoninus Liberalis]] that a fire shone forth annually from the birth-cave the infant shared with a [[Bees (mythology)|mythic swarm of bees]], suggests that Velchanos had been an annual vegetative spirit.<ref>"This annually reborn god of vegetation also experienced the other parts of the vegetation cycle: holy marriage and annual death when he was thought to disappear from the earth" (Dietrich 1973:15).</ref>
The Hellenistic writer [[Euhemerus]] apparently proposed a theory that Zeus had actually been a great king of [[Crete]] and that posthumously, his glory had slowly turned him into a deity. The works of Euhemerus himself have not survived, but Christian [[patristic]] writers took up the suggestion.
 
====Zeus Lykaios====
{{details|Lykaia}}
 
[[File:Stater Zeus Lampsacus CdM.jpg|thumb|[[Laurel wreath|Laurel-wreathed]] head of Zeus on a gold [[stater]], [[Lampsacus]], c 360–340 BC ([[Cabinet des Médailles]]).]]
The epithet '''Zeus Lykaios''' (Λύκαιος; "wolf-Zeus") is assumed by Zeus only in connection with the archaic festival of the [[Lykaia]] on the slopes of [[Lycaeus|Mount Lykaion]] ("Wolf Mountain"), the tallest peak in rustic [[Arcadia (ancient region)|Arcadia]]; Zeus had only a formal connection<ref>In the founding myth of [[Lycaon (king of Arcadia)|Lycaon]]'s banquet for the gods that included the flesh of a human sacrifice, perhaps one of his sons, [[Nyctimus]] or [[Arcas]]. Zeus overturned the table and struck the house of Lyceus with a thunderbolt; his patronage at the Lykaia can have been little more than a formula.</ref> with the rituals and myths of this primitive [[rite of passage]] with an ancient threat of [[cannibalism]] and the possibility of a [[werewolf]] transformation for the [[ephebos|ephebes]] who were the participants.<ref>A morphological connection to ''lyke'' "brightness" may be merely fortuitous.</ref> Near the ancient ash-heap where the sacrifices took place<ref>Modern archaeologists have found no trace of human remains among the sacrificial detritus, [[Walter Burkert]], "Lykaia and Lykaion", ''Homo Necans'', tr. by Peter Bing ([[University of California]]) 1983, p. 90.</ref> was a forbidden precinct in which, allegedly, no shadows were ever cast.<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160%3Abook%3D8%3Achapter%3D38 8.38].</ref>
 
According to [[Plato]],<ref>''Republic'' 565d-e</ref>  a particular clan would gather on the mountain to make a sacrifice every nine years to Zeus Lykaios, and a single morsel of human entrails would be intermingled with the animal's. Whoever ate the human flesh was said to turn into a wolf, and could only regain human form if he did not eat again of human flesh until the next nine-year cycle had ended. There were games associated with the Lykaia, removed in the fourth century to the first urbanization of Arcadia, [[Megalopolis, Greece|Megalopolis]]; there the major temple was dedicated to Zeus Lykaios.
 
There is, however, the crucial detail that ''Lykaios'' or ''Lykeios'' (epithets of Zeus and Apollo) may derive from [[Proto-Greek language|Proto-Greek]] *{{lang|grc|λύκη}}, "light", a noun still attested in compounds such as {{lang|grc|ἀμφιλύκη}}, "twilight", {{lang|grc|λυκάβας}}, "year" (lit. "light's course") etc. This, Cook argues, brings indeed much new 'light' to the matter as [[Achaeus of Eretria|Achaeus]], the contemporary tragedian of [[Sophocles]], spoke of Zeus Lykaios as "starry-eyed", and this Zeus Lykaios may just be the Arcadian Zeus, son of Aether, described by [[Cicero]]. Again under this new signification may be seen [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]]' descriptions of Lykosoura being 'the first city that ever the sun beheld', and of the altar of Zeus, at the summit of Mount Lykaion, before which stood two columns bearing gilded eagles and 'facing the sun-rise'. Further Cook sees only the tale of Zeus' sacred precinct at Mount Lykaion allowing no shadows referring to Zeus as 'god of light' (Lykaios).<ref>A. B. Cook ('''1914'''), ''Zeus: A Study in Ancient Religion'', Vol. I, p.63, Cambridge University Press</ref>[[File:Statue of Zeus.jpg|thumb|A statue of Zeus in a drawing.]]
 
====Additional cults of Zeus====
{{More citations needed section|date=June 2021}}
Although etymology indicates that Zeus was originally a sky god, many Greek cities honored a local Zeus who lived underground. Athenians and Sicilians honored '''Zeus Meilichios''' (Μειλίχιος; "kindly" or "honeyed") while other cities had '''Zeus Chthonios''' ("earthy"), '''Zeus Katachthonios''' (Καταχθόνιος; "under-the-earth") and '''Zeus Plousios''' ("wealth-bringing"). These deities might be represented as snakes or in human form in visual art, or, for emphasis as both together in one image. They also received offerings of black animal victims sacrificed into sunken pits, as did [[chthonic]] deities like [[Persephone]] and [[Demeter]], and also the [[hero]]es at their tombs. Olympian gods, by contrast, usually received white victims sacrificed upon raised altars.
 
In some cases, cities were not entirely sure whether the ''daimon'' to whom they sacrificed was a hero or an underground Zeus. Thus the shrine at Lebadaea in [[Boeotia]] might belong to the hero [[Trophonius]] or to '''Zeus Trephonius''' ("the nurturing"), depending on whether you believe [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], or [[Strabo]]. The hero [[Amphiaraus]] was honored as '''Zeus Amphiaraus''' at Oropus outside of [[Thebes, Greece|Thebes]], and the Spartans even had a shrine to '''Zeus Agamemnon'''. Ancient [[Molossians|Molossian]] kings sacrificed to '''[[Zeus Areius]]''' (Αρειος). [[Strabo]] mention that at [[Tralles]] there was the '''Zeus Larisaeus''' (Λαρισαιος).<ref>[[Strabo]], ''[[Geographica]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239%3Abook%3D14%3Achapter%3D1%3Asection%3D42 14.1.42].</ref>
 
===Non-panhellenic cults===
[[File:Museo Barracco - Giove Ammone 1010637.JPG|thumb|Roman cast [[terracotta]] of ram-horned ''Jupiter Ammon'', 1st century AD ([[Museo Barracco]], Rome).]]
 
In addition to the Panhellenic titles and conceptions listed above, local cults maintained their own idiosyncratic ideas about the king of gods and men.  With the epithet '''Zeus [[Aetnaeus]]''' he was worshiped on [[Mount Etna|Mount Aetna]], where there was a statue of him, and a local festival called the Aetnaea in his honor.<ref>Schol. ''ad Pind. Ol.'' vi. 162</ref> Other examples are listed below. As '''Zeus Aeneius''' or '''Zeus Aenesius''' (Αινησιος), he was worshiped in the island of [[Cephalonia]], where he had a temple on [[Mount Ainos|Mount Aenos]].<ref>Hesiod, according to a scholium on Apollonius of Rhodes. ''Argonautika'', ii. 297</ref>
 
===Oracles of Zeus===
Although most oracle sites were usually dedicated to [[Apollo]], the heroes, or various goddesses like [[Themis]], a few oracular sites were dedicated to Zeus. In addition, some foreign oracles, such as [[Baʿal]]'s at [[Heliopolis (Syria)|Heliopolis]], were [[interpretatio graeca|associated]] with Zeus in Greek or [[Jupiter]] in Latin.
 
====The Oracle at Dodona====
 
The cult of Zeus at [[Dodona]] in [[Epirus]], where there is evidence of religious activity from the second millennium BC onward, centered on a sacred oak. When the ''[[Odyssey]]'' was composed (circa 750 BC), divination was done there by barefoot priests called ''Selloi'', who lay on the ground and observed the rustling of the leaves and branches.<ref>''Odyssey'' 14.326-7</ref> By the time [[Herodotus]] wrote about Dodona, female priestesses called [[peleiades]] ("doves") had replaced the male priests.
 
Zeus' consort at Dodona was not [[Hera]], but the goddess [[Dione (Titaness/Oceanid)|Dione]] — whose name is a feminine form of "Zeus". Her status as a [[Titan (mythology)|titaness]] suggests to some that she may have been a more powerful pre-Hellenic deity, and perhaps the original occupant of the oracle.
 
==== The Oracle at Siwa ====
The [[oracle of Ammon]] at the [[Siwa Oasis]] in the Western Desert of [[Egypt]] did not lie within the bounds of the Greek world before [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]]'s day, but it already loomed large in the Greek mind during the archaic era: [[Herodotus]] mentions consultations with [[Zeus Ammon]] in his account of the [[Greco-Persian Wars|Persian War]]. Zeus Ammon was especially favored at [[Sparta]], where a temple to him existed by the time of the [[Peloponnesian War]].<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160%3Abook%3D3%3Achapter%3D18 3.18].</ref>
 
After Alexander made a trek into the desert to consult the oracle at Siwa, the figure arose in the Hellenistic imagination of a [[Libyan Sibyl]].
 
==Zeus and foreign gods==
[[File:Evolution of Zeus Nikephoros on Indo-Greek coinage.jpg|thumb|upright=1.8|Evolution of ''Zeus Nikephoros'' ("Zeus holding [[Nike (mythology)|Nike]]") on [[Indo-Greek]] coinage: from the Classical motif of Nike handing the [[wreath]] of victory to Zeus himself (left, coin of [[Heliocles I]] 145-130 BC), then to a baby [[elephant]] (middle, coin of [[Antialcidas]] 115-95 BC), and then to the [[Dharmachakra|Wheel of the Law]], symbol of [[Buddhism]] (right, coin of [[Menander II]] 90–85 BC).]]
[[File:Buddha-Vajrapani-Herakles.JPG|thumb|right|alt=Vajrapāni as Herakles or Zeus|Zeus as [[Vajrapāni]], the protector of the [[Buddha]]. 2nd century, [[Greco-Buddhist art]].<ref>"In the art of Gandhara Zeus became the inseparable companion of the Buddha as Vajrapani." in Freedom, Progress, and Society, K. Satchidananda Murty, R. Balasubramanian, Sibajiban Bhattacharyya, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1986, [https://books.google.com/books?id=KQubSpHFrKQC&pg=PA97 p. 97]</ref>]]
Zeus was identified with the [[Roman mythology|Roman]] god [[Jupiter (mythology)|Jupiter]] and associated in the syncretic classical imagination (see ''[[interpretatio graeca]]'') with various other deities, such as the [[Egyptian mythology|Egyptian]] [[Amun|Ammon]] and the [[Etruscan mythology|Etruscan]] [[Tinia]]. He, along with [[Dionysus]], absorbed the role of the chief [[Phrygia]]n god [[Sabazios]] in the [[Syncretism|syncretic]] deity known in Rome as [[Sabazius]]. The Seleucid ruler [[Antiochus IV Epiphanes]] erected a statue of Zeus Olympios in the Judean Temple in Jerusalem.<ref>2 Maccabees 6:2</ref> Hellenizing Jews referred to this statue as [[Baal]] Shamen (in English, Lord of Heaven).<ref>David Syme Russel. ''Daniel''. (Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press, 1981) 191.</ref>
Zeus is also identified with the Hindu deity [[Indra]]. Not only they are the king of gods, but their weapon - thunder is similar.<ref>Devdutt Pattanaik's Olympus: An Indian Retelling of Greek Myths</ref>
 
==Zeus and the sun==
 
Zeus is occasionally conflated with the Hellenic [[sun god]], [[Helios]], who is sometimes either directly referred to as Zeus' eye,<ref>Sick, David H. (2004), "Mit(h)ra(s) and the Myths of the Sun", Numen, 51 (4): 432–467, {{JSTOR|3270454}}</ref> or clearly implied as such. [[Hesiod]], for instance, describes Zeus' eye as effectively the sun.<ref>Ljuba Merlina Bortolani, Magical Hymns from Roman Egypt: A Study of Greek and Egyptian Traditions of Divinity, Cambridge University Press, 13 October 2016</ref> This perception is possibly derived from earlier [[Proto-Indo-European religion]], in which the sun is occasionally envisioned as the eye of [[Dyeus|*''Dyḗus Pḥ<sub>a</sub>tḗr'']] (see [[Hvare-khshaeta]]).<ref>{{cite book|last1=West|first1=Martin Litchfield|author-link=Martin Litchfield West|title=Indo-European Poetry and Myth|date=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, England|isbn=978-0-19-928075-9|url=http://library.globalchalet.net/Authors/Poetry%20Books%20Collection/Indo-European%20Poetry%20and%20Myth.pdf|access-date=7 May 2017|pages=194–196}}</ref> [[Euripides]] in his now lost tragedy ''Mysians'' described Zeus as "sun-eyed", and Helios is said elsewhere to be "the brilliant eye of Zeus, giver of life".<ref>Cook, p. [https://archive.org/details/zeusstudyinancie01cookuoft/page/196/mode/2up?view=theater 196]</ref> In another of Euripides' tragedies, ''[[Medea (play)|Medea]]'', the chorus refers to Helios as "light born from Zeus."<ref>[[Euripides]], ''[[Medea (play)|Medea]]'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0114%3Acard%3D1251 1258]; ''The Play of Texts and Fragments: Essays in Honour of Martin Cropp'' by J. Robert C. Cousland, James, 2009, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=hcW-i_nrpWEC&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA161 161]</ref>
 
Although the connection of Helios to Zeus does not seem to have basis in early Greek cult and writings, nevertheless there are many examples of direct identification in later times.<ref>Cook, pp [https://archive.org/details/zeusstudyinancie01cookuoft/page/186/mode/2up?view=theater 186–187]</ref> The Hellenistic period gave birth to [[Serapis]], a Greco-Egyptian deity conceived as a chthonic avatar of Zeus, whose solar nature is indicated by the sun crown and rays the Greeks depicted him with.<ref name=":co188">Cook, pp [https://archive.org/details/zeusstudyinancie01cookuoft/page/188/mode/2up?view=theater 188–189]</ref> Frequent joint dedications to "Zeus-Serapis-Helios" have been found all over the Mediterranean,<ref name=":co188"/> for example, the Anastasy papyrus (now housed in the [[British Museum]] equates Helios to not just Zeus and Serapis but also Mithras,<ref>Cook, p. [https://archive.org/details/zeusstudyinancie01cookuoft/page/190/mode/2up?view=theater 190]</ref> and a series of inscriptions from [[Lajat|Trachonitis]] give evidence of the cult of "Zeus the Unconquered Sun".<ref>Cook, p. [https://archive.org/details/zeusstudyinancie01cookuoft/page/192/mode/2up?view=theater 193]</ref> There is evidence of Zeus being worshipped as a solar god in the Aegean island of [[Amorgos]], based  on a lacunose inscription ''{{lang|grc|Ζεὺς Ἥλ[ιο]ς}}'' ("Zeus the Sun"), meaning sun elements of Zeus' worship could be as early as the fifth century BC.<ref>Cook, p. [https://archive.org/details/zeusstudyinancie01cookuoft/page/194/mode/2up?view=theater 194]</ref>
 
The [[Crete|Cretan]] Zeus [[Talos|Tallaios]] had solar elements to his cult. "Talos" was the local equivalent of Helios.<ref>Karl Kerenyi, The Gods of the Greeks 1951:110.</ref>
 
==Zeus in philosophy==
 
In [[Neoplatonism]], Zeus' relation to the gods familiar from mythology is taught as the [[Demiurge]] or Divine [[nous|Mind]], specifically within [[Plotinus]]'s work the ''[[Enneads]]''<ref>In Fourth Tractate 'Problems of the Soul' The Demiurge is identified as Zeus.10. "When under the name of Zeus we are considering the Demiurge we must leave out all notions of stage and progress, and recognize one unchanging and timeless life."</ref> and the ''Platonic Theology'' of [[Proclus]].
 
==Zeus in the Bible==
 
Zeus is mentioned in the New Testament twice, first in Acts 14:8–13: When the people living in [[Lystra]] saw the [[Apostle Paul]] heal a lame man, they considered Paul and his partner [[Barnabas]] to be gods, identifying Paul with [[Hermes]] and Barnabas with Zeus, even trying to offer them sacrifices with the crowd. Two ancient inscriptions discovered in 1909 near Lystra testify to the worship of these two gods in that city.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.biblestudytools.com/library/|title=Online Bible Study Tools – Library of Resources|website=biblestudytools.com}}</ref> One of the inscriptions refers to the "priests of Zeus", and the other mentions "Hermes Most Great" and "Zeus the sun-god".<ref>The International Standard Bible Encyclopaedia, edited by J. Orr, 1960, Vol. III, p. 1944.</ref>
 
The second occurrence is in Acts 28:11: the name of the ship in which the prisoner Paul set sail from the island of Malta bore the [[figurehead]] "Sons of Zeus" aka [[Castor and Pollux]].
 
The deuterocanonical book of [[2 Maccabees]] 6:1, 2 talks of King [[Antiochus IV]] (Epiphanes), who in his attempt to stamp out the Jewish religion, directed that the temple at Jerusalem be profaned and rededicated to Zeus (Jupiter Olympius).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://st-takla.org/pub_Deuterocanon/Deuterocanon-Apocrypha_El-Asfar_El-Kanoneya_El-Tanya__9-Second-of-Maccabees.html|title=The Second Book of the Maccabees < Deuterocanonical Books (Deuterocanon) &#124; St-Takla.org|website=st-takla.org}}</ref>
 
== Zeus in Gnostic literature ==
[[Pistis Sophia]], a [[Gnosticism|Gnostic]] text discovered in 1773 and possibly written between the 3rd and 4th centuries AD alludes to Zeus. He appears there as one of five grand rulers gathered together by a divine figure named Yew.<ref>{{cite book|author=George R. S. Mead|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bnEmDwAAQBAJ|title=Pistis Sophia|publisher=Jazzybee Verlag|year=1963|isbn=9783849687090|page=190|author-link=G. R. S. Mead}}</ref>
 
==In modern culture==
===Film===
[[File:Jason and the Argonauts (1963) Niall MacGinnis.png|thumb|[[Niall MacGinnis]] as Zeus in ''[[Jason and the Argonauts (1963 film)|Jason and the Argonauts]]'']]
Zeus was portrayed by [[Axel Ringvall]] in ''[[:sv:Jupiter på jorden|Jupiter på jorden]]'', the first known film adaption to feature Zeus; [[Niall MacGinnis]] in ''[[Jason and the Argonauts (1963 film)|Jason and the Argonauts]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kapanlagi.com/showbiz/film/internasional/ini-dia-aktor-aktor-yang-pernah-memerankan-dewa-zeus.html |title=Ini Dia Aktor-Aktor Yang Pernah Memerankan Dewa Zeus |date=8 November 2011 |access-date=25 January 2019 |first=Fatchur |last=Rochim |work=KapanLagi |language=id}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cinemagia.ro/stiri/zei-semizei-eroi-18017/ |title=Zei, semizei, eroi…|date=24 July 2014 |access-date=25 January 2019 |work=Cinemagia |language=ro}}</ref> and [[Angus MacFadyen]] in the [[Jason and the Argonauts (TV miniseries)|2000 remake]];<ref>{{cite news |url=https://rappnews.com/2016/03/30/angus-macfadyen-unhinged-in-virginia/ |title=Angus Macfadyen, 'Unhinged' in Virginia |first=Roger |last=Piantadosi |date=30 March 2016 |access-date=25 January 2019 |work=Rapp News}}</ref> [[Laurence Olivier]] in the original ''[[Clash of the Titans (1981 film)|Clash of the Titans]]'',<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/06/12/movies/clash-of-titans-with-olivier-as-zeus.html |title='CLASH OF TITANS' WITH OLIVIER AS ZEUS |first=Vincent |last=Canby |author-link=Vincent Canby |date=12 June 1981 |access-date=25 January 2019 |newspaper=[[NY Times]]|page=6}}</ref> and [[Liam Neeson]] in the [[Clash of the Titans (2010 film)|2010 remake]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/from-schindler-to-zeus/cid/527236 |title=From Schindler to Zeus |date=13 April 2010 |access-date=25 January 2019 |newspaper=[[Telegraph India]]}}</ref> along with the 2012 sequel ''[[Wrath of the Titans]]'';<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/327501 |title=Liam Neeson digs playing a god in 'Wrath Of The Titans' |first=Earl |last=Dittman |date=27 June 2012 |access-date=25 January 2019 |journal=Digital Journal}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2438069/liam-neeson-zeus-wrath-of-the-titans/ |title=Liam Neeson Returns As Zeus For 'Wrath Of The Titans' |first=Josh |last=Wigler |date=12 August 2010 |access-date=25 January 2019 |work=[[MTV News]] |publisher=[[MTV]]}}</ref> [[Rip Torn]] in the Disney animated feature ''[[Hercules (1997 film)|Hercules]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.themortonreport.com/entertainment/film/blu-ray-review-disneys-hercules-1997/ |title=Blu-ray Review: Disney's Hercules (1997) |first=Chaz |last=Lipp |date=21 August 2014 |access-date=25 January 2019 |work=[[The Morton Report]]}}</ref> [[Sean Bean]] in ''[[Percy Jackson and the Olympians: The Lightning Thief]]'' (2010).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jr0xCgLTQSUC&q=zeus+sean+bean&pg=PT944|title=Roger Ebert's Movie Yearbook 2011|first=Roger|last=Ebert|date=September 14, 2010|publisher=Andrews McMeel Publishing|isbn=9781449406189|via=Google Books}}</ref> [[Russell Crowe]] portrays [[Zeus (Marvel Comics)|a character based on Zeus]] in [[Marvel Studios]]' ''[[Thor: Love and Thunder]]'' (2022).
 
===TV series===
Zeus was portrayed by [[Anthony Quinn]] in the 1990s TV series ''[[Hercules: The Legendary Journeys]]'';<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=daKb6NmzVQYC&pg=PA145 |title=Rushes |first=Josh |last=Becker |author-link=Josh Becker |publisher=[[Wildside Press LLC]] |date=1 May 2008 |page=145 |isbn=9780809573004}}</ref> [[Corey Burton]] in the TV series ''[[Hercules (1998 TV series)|Hercules]]'';  [[Hakeem Kae-Kazim]] in ''[[Troy: Fall of a City]]'';<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://variety.com/2017/tv/news/hakeem-kae-kazim-zeus-troy-fall-of-a-city-1202499836/|title=Hakeem Kae-Kazim to Play Zeus in BBC and Netflix Series 'Troy' |last=Clarke|first=Stewart|date=19 July 2017|work=Variety|access-date=19 July 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> and [[Jason O'Mara]] in the [[Netflix]] animated series ''[[Blood of Zeus]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2019/03/gods-heroes-netflix-greek-mythology-anime-series-1202574353/|title=Netflix Orders 'Gods & Heroes' Greek Mythology Anime Series|date=March 12, 2019|access-date=March 12, 2019|website=Deadline.com}}</ref>
 
===Video games===
Zeus has been portrayed by [[Corey Burton]] in ''[[God of War II]]'', ''[[God of War III]]'', ''[[God of War: Ascension]]'', ''[[PlayStation All-Stars Battle Royale]]'' & ''[[Kingdom Hearts 3]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.psu.com/news/god-of-war-cast-voice-actors-2018/ |title=God of War Cast – Who Are The Voice Actors (2018)? |first=Margret |last=Fermin |date=23 April 2018 |access-date=25 January 2019 |work=[[PlayStation Universe]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dbltap.com/posts/6260478-kingdom-hearts-3-english-voice-actors-who-are-they |title=Kingdom Hearts 3 English Voice Actors: Who Are They? |first=Noam |last=Radcliffe |date=31 December 2018 |access-date=25 January 2019 |work=DBLTAP}}</ref> and Eric Newsome in [[Dota 2]]. Zeus is also featured in the 2002 [[Ensemble Studios]] game ''[[Age of Mythology]]'' where he is one of 12 gods that can be worshipped by Greek players.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/Age_of_Mythology/page/n11/mode/2up |title=Age of Mythology |page=23 |via=webarchive.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.com/wikis/age-of-mythology/The_Major_Gods |title=Age of Mythology Wiki Guide: The Major Gods |work=IGN |date=23 April 2014 |access-date=27 August 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 
===Other===
Depictions of Zeus as a bull, the form he took when abducting [[Europa (mythology)|Europa]], are found on the Greek 2-[[euro (currency)|euro]] coin and on the [[United Kingdom]] identity card for visa holders. [[Mary Beard (classicist)|Mary Beard]], professor of Classics at [[Cambridge University]], has criticised this for its apparent celebration of rape.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-15790507 ''A Point of View: The euro's strange stories''], BBC, retrieved 20 November 2011</ref> [[Zeus (Marvel Comics)|A character based on the god]] was adapted by [[Marvel Comics]] creators [[Stan Lee]] and [[Jack Kirby]], first appearing in 1949.
 
==Genealogy of the Olympians==
{{chart top|Olympians' family tree&nbsp;<ref>This chart is based upon [[Hesiod]]'s ''[[Theogony]]'', unless otherwise noted.</ref>|collapsed=no}}
{{chart/start}}
{{chart|}}
{{chart| | | | | | | | | | | |URA |y|GAI |URA=[[Uranus (mythology)|Uranus]]|GAI=[[Gaia (mythology)|Gaia]]}}
{{chart| | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.}}
{{chart|URA| | | | | | | | |CRO |y|RHE |URA=<small>Uranus'&nbsp;genitals</small>|CRO=[[Cronus]]|RHE=[[Rhea (mythology)|Rhea]]}}
{{chart| |!| | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.}}
{{chart| |!| |ZEU |V|~|~|y|~|HER | |POS | |HAD | |DEM | |HES |ZEU=Zeus|HER=[[Hera]]|POS=[[Poseidon]]|HAD=[[Hades]]|DEM=[[Demeter]]|HES=[[Hestia]]}}
{{chart| |!| | | | |:| |,|^|-|.| |!}}
{{chart|border=0| |!| | | | |:| |!| |AAA |!|AAA= &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a<ref>According to [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.570 1.570&ndash;579],  [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:14.338 14.338], ''[[Odyssey]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:8.312 8.312], Hephaestus was apparently the son of Hera and Zeus, see Gantz, p. 74.</ref>}}
{{chart|border=0| |!| | | | |:| |!| | |!|BBB |BBB=&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b<ref>According to [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+927 927&ndash;929], Hephaestus was produced by Hera alone, with no father, see Gantz, p. 74.</ref>}}
{{chart| |!| | | | |:| |!| | |!| |!}}
{{chart| |!| | | | |:|ARE | |HEP |HEP=[[Hephaestus]]|ARE=[[Ares]]}}
{{chart| |!| | | | |D|~|~|~|y|~|~|~|~|MET |MET=[[Metis (mythology)|Metis]]}}
{{chart| |!| | | | |:| | |ATH |ATH=[[Athena]]<ref>According to [[Hesiod]]'s ''[[Theogony]]'',  of Zeus' children by his seven wives, Athena was the first to be conceived; Zeus impregnated Metis then swallowed her ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+886 886&ndash;890]), later after mentioning the birth of his other children, Hesiod says that Zeus himself gave birth to Athena "from his head" ([http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937 924&ndash;926]), see Gantz, pp. 51&ndash;52, 83&ndash;84.</ref>}}
{{chart| |!| | | | |D|~|~|~|y|~|~|~|~|LET |LET=[[Leto]]}}
{{chart| |!| | | | |:| |,|-|^|-|.}}
{{chart| |!| | | | |:|APO | |ART |APO=[[Apollo]]|ART=[[Artemis]]}}
{{chart| |!| | | | |D|~|~|~|y|~|~|~|~|MAI |MAI=[[Maia (mythology)|Maia]]}}
{{chart| |!| | | | |:| | |HER |HER=[[Hermes]]}}
{{chart| |!| | | | |D|~|~|~|y|~|~|~|~|SEM |SEM=[[Semele]]}}
{{chart| |!| | | | |:| | |DIO |DIO=[[Dionysus]]}}
{{chart| |!| | | | |L|~|~|~|~|y|~|~|~|DIO |DIO=[[Dione (Titaness)|Dione]]}}
{{chart|border=0|AAA | | | | | | | |BBB|AAA=&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a<ref>According to [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+183 183&ndash;200], Aphrodite was born from Uranus' severed genitals, see Gantz, pp. 99&ndash;100.</ref>|BBB=&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b<ref>According to [[Homer]], Aphrodite was the daughter of Zeus (''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.374 3.374], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:20.105 20.105]; ''[[Odyssey]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:8.308 8.308], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:8.320 320]) and Dione (''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:5.370 5.370&ndash;71]), see Gantz, pp. 99&ndash;100.</ref>}}
{{chart| |`|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| |!}}
{{chart| | | | | | | | | |APH |APH=[[Aphrodite]]}}
{{chart/end}}
{{chart bottom}}
 
==Argive genealogy==
{{Argive genealogy in Greek mythology}}
 
==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Marie Pierre Abduction of Europa.JPG| The abduction of Europa
File:Calyx-krater olympian assembly MAN.jpg| Olympian assembly, from left to right: Apollo, Zeus and Hera
File:Schloss Rastatt-Goldener Mann.jpg| The "Golden Man" Zeus statue
File:Getty Villa - Collection (5305219094).jpg| Enthroned Zeus (Greek, c. 100 BC) - modeled after the Olympian Zeus by Pheidas (c. 430 BC)
File:Zeus with Hera.jpg| Zeus and Hera
File:Paris-33 (29998023800).jpg| Zeus statue
File:Poseidon Zeus Marabouparken.JPG| Zeus/Poseidon statue
</gallery>
 
==See also==
{{Portal|Ancient Greece|Myths|Religion}}
* [[Family tree of the Greek gods]]
* [[Agetor]]
* [[Ambulia]] – Spartan epithet used for [[Athena]], Zeus, and [[Castor and Pollux]]
* [[Hetairideia]] – Thessalian Festival to Zeus
* [[Temple of Zeus, Olympia]]
* [[Zanes of Olympia]] – Statues of Zeus
 
== Footnotes ==
{{notelist}}
 
== Notes ==
{{reflist|30em}}
 
== References ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* [[Antoninus Liberalis]], ''The Metamorphoses of Antoninus Liberalis: A Translation with a Commentary'', edited and translated by Francis Celoria, Routledge, 1992. {{ISBN|978-0-415-06896-3}}. [https://topostext.org/work/216 Online version at ToposText].
* [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], ''Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes.'' Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. {{ISBN|0-674-99135-4}}. [http://data.perseus.org/texts/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Apostolos Athanassakis|Athanassakis, Apostolos N.]], and Benjamin M. Wolkow, ''The Orphic Hymns'', Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013) {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0882-8}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=TTo3r8IHy0wC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Google Books].
* [[Athenaeus]], ''The Learned Banqueters, Volume IV: Books 8-10.420e'', edited and translated by S. Douglas Olson, [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 235, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 2008. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99626-7}}. [https://www-loebclassics-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/view/LCL235/2008/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press].
* Bernabé, Alberto, ''Poetae epici Graeci: Testimonia et fragmenta, Pars I'', [[Bibliotheca Teubneriana]], Stuttgart and Leipzig, Teubner, 1996. {{ISBN|978-3-815-41706-5}}. [https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110936995 Online version at De Gruyter].
* ''Brill’s New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World. Antiquity, Volume 15'', Tuc-Zyt, editors: Hubert Cancik, Helmuth Schneider, [[Brill Publishers|Brill]], 2009. {{ISBN|978-90-04-14220-6}}. [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/browse/brill-s-new-pauly Online version at Brill].
* Burkert, Walter, (1985) [1977]. ''Greek Religion'', especially section III.ii.1 (Harvard University Press)
* Caldwell, Richard, ''Hesiod's Theogony'', Focus Publishing/R. Pullins Company (June 1, 1987). {{ISBN|978-0-941051-00-2}}. [https://archive.org/details/hesiodstheogony00hesi/page/n3/mode/2up?view=theater Internet Archive].
* [[Callimachus]], ''Callimachus and Lycophron, with an English Translation by A. W. Mair; Aratus, with an English Translation by G. R. Mair'', London: W. Heinemann, New York: G. P. Putnam, 1921. [https://www-loebclassics-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/view/LCL129/1921/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press]. [https://archive.org/stream/callimachuslycop00calluoft#page/n5/mode/2up Internet Archive].
* Campbell, David A., ''Greek Lyric, Volume III: Stesichorus, Ibycus, Simonides, and Others'', [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 476, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 1991. {{ISBN|978-0674995253}}. [https://www-loebclassics-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/view/LCL476/1991/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press].
* [[Arthur Bernard Cook|Cook, Arthur Bernard]], ''Zeus: A Study in Ancient Religion'' (3 volume set), (1914–1925). New York, Bibilo & Tannen: 1964.
* {{cite book | last1= Cook | first1 = Arthur Bernard | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] | title = Zeus: A Study in Ancient Religion, Volume I: Zeus God of the Bright Sky | date = 1914 | author-link = Arthur Bernard Cook}}
** Volume 1: ''Zeus, God of the Bright Sky'', Biblo-Moser, 1 June 1964, {{ISBN|0-8196-0148-9}} (reprint)
** Volume 2: ''Zeus, God of the Dark Sky (Thunder and Lightning)'', Biblo-Moser, 1 June 1964, {{ISBN|0-8196-0156-X}}
** Volume 3: ''Zeus, God of the Dark Sky (earthquakes, clouds, wind, dew, rain, meteorites)''
* [[Cicero|Cicero, Marcus Tullius]], ''[[De Natura Deorum]]'' in ''Cicero: On the Nature of the Gods. Academics'', translated by H. Rackham, [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 268, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], first published 1933, revised 1951. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99296-2}}. [https://www-loebclassics-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/view/LCL268/1933/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press]. [https://archive.org/stream/denaturadeorumac00ciceuoft#page/n5/mode/2up Internet Archive].
* [[Hermann Alexander Diels|Diels, Hermann A.]], ''Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker'', Volume II, Berlin, Weidmann, 1912. [https://archive.org/details/diefragmenteder02diel/page/n3/mode/2up?view=theater Internet Archive].
* [[Diodorus Siculus]], ''Diodorus Siculus: The Library of History''. translated by C. H. Oldfather, twelve volumes, [[Loeb Classical Library]], Cambridge, Massachusetts: [[Harvard University Press]]; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1989. [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/home.html Online version by Bill Thayer].
* [[Euripides]], ''[[Helen (play)|Helen]]'', translated by E. P. Coleridge in  ''The Complete Greek Drama'', edited by Whitney J. Oates and Eugene O'Neill, Jr., Volume 2, New York, Random House, 1938. [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0006.tlg014.perseus-eng1:1-30 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Joseph Eddy Fontenrose|Fontenrose, Joseph Eddy]], ''Python: A Study of Delphic Myth and Its Origins'', [[University of California Press]], 1959. {{ISBN|978-0-520-04091-5}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&printsec=frontcover Google Books].
* [[Robert Fowler (academic)|Fowler, R. L.]] (2000), ''Early Greek Mythography: Volume 1: Text and Introduction'', Oxford University Press, 2000. {{ISBN|978-0198147404}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=j0nRE4C2WBgC&printsec=frontcover Google Books].
* [[Robert Fowler (academic)|Fowler, R. L.]] (2013), ''Early Greek Mythography: Volume 2: Commentary'', Oxford University Press, 2013. {{ISBN|978-0-198-14741-1}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover Google Books].
* [[Timothy Gantz|Gantz, Timothy]], ''Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources'', Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, Two volumes: {{ISBN|978-0-8018-5360-9}} (Vol. 1), {{ISBN|978-0-8018-5362-3}} (Vol. 2).
* [[Pierre Grimal|Grimal, Pierre]], ''The Dictionary of Classical Mythology'', Wiley-Blackwell, 1996. {{ISBN|978-0-631-20102-1}}. [https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofclas0000grim/page/n3/mode/2up?view=theater Internet Archive].
* [[William Hansen (classicist)|Hansen, William]], ''Handbook of Classical Mythology'', [[ABC-Clio]], 2004. {{ISBN|978-1-576-07226-4}}.
* Hard, Robin, ''The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose's "Handbook of Greek Mythology"'', Psychology Press, 2004. {{ISBN|978-0-415-18636-0}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&printsec=frontcover Google Books].
* [[Herodotus]], ''[[The Histories of Herodotus|Histories]]'', translated by [[A. D. Godley]], Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 1920. {{ISBN|0674991338}}. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+1.1.0 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Hesiod]], ''[[Catalogue of Women]]'', in ''Hesiod: The Shield, Catalogue of Women, Other Fragments'', edited and translated by [[Glenn W. Most]], [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 503, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 2007, 2018. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99721-9}}. [https://www-loebclassics-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/view/LCL503/2018/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press].
* [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'', in ''The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150823032802/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Hesiod]], ''[[Works and Days]]'', in ''The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White'', Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. [http://data.perseus.org/texts/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg002.perseus-eng1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* ''[[Homeric Hymns|Homeric Hymn]]'' 2 ''to Demeter'', in ''The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White'', Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann Ltd., 1914. [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0013.tlg002.perseus-eng1:1-39 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* ''[[Homeric Hymns|Homeric Hymn]]'' 3 ''to Apollo'', in ''The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White'', Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann Ltd., 1914. [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0013.tlg003.perseus-eng1:1-46 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* ''[[Homeric Hymns|Homeric Hymn]]'' 32 ''to Selene'', in ''The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White'', Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann Ltd., 1914. [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0013.tlg032.perseus-eng1:32 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Homer]], ''The Iliad with an English Translation by A. T. Murray, Ph.D. in Two Volumes''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D1%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Homer]]; ''The Odyssey with an English Translation by A. T. Murray, Ph.D. in Two Volumes''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1919. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0136%3Abook%3D1%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus, Gaius Julius]], ''[[De Astronomica]]'', in ''The Myths of Hyginus'', edited and translated by Mary A. Grant, Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1960. [https://topostext.org/work/207 Online version at ToposText].
* [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus, Gaius Julius]], ''[[Fabulae]]'', in ''The Myths of Hyginus'', edited and translated by Mary A. Grant, Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1960. [https://topostext.org/work/206 Online version at ToposText].
* Keightley, Thomas, ''The Mythology of Ancient Greece and Italy'', London, G. Bell and Sons, 1877. [https://books.google.com/books?id=JxQHAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 Google Books].
* [[Otto Kern|Kern, Otto]]. ''Orphicorum Fragmenta'', Berlin, 1922. [https://archive.org/stream/orphicorumfragme00orphuoft#page/n5/mode/2up Internet Archive].
* [[Robin Lane Fox|Lane Fox, Robin]], ''Travelling Heroes: In the Epic Age of Homer'', Vintage Books, 2010. {{ISBN|978-0-679-76386-4}}. [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780679763864/page/n3/mode/2up?view=theater Internet Archive].
* March, Jenny, ''Cassell's Dictionary of Classical Mythology'', Casell & Co, 2001. {{ISBN|0-304-35788-X}}. [https://archive.org/details/casselldictionar00jenn/page/n3/mode/2up?view=theater Internet Archive].
* Meisner, Dwayne A., ''Orphic Tradition and the Birth of the Gods'', [[Oxford University Press]], 2018. {{ISBN|978-0-19-066352-0}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=wgJfDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover Google Books].
* Merkelbach, R., and [[Martin Litchfield West|M. L. West]], ''Fragmenta Hesiodea'', [[Clarendon Press]] Oxford, 1967. {{ISBN|978-0-19-814171-6}}.
* [[William Mitford|Mitford, William]], ''The History of Greece'', 1784. Cf. Volume 1, Chapter II "Religion of the Early Greeks"
* Morford, Mark P. O., Robert J. Lenardon, ''Classical Mythology'', eighth edition, Oxford University Press, 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-19-530805-1}}.
* Nilsson, Martin P., [http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/gpr/ ''Greek Popular Religion''], 1940.
* Nilsson, Martin P., ''History of Greek Religion'', 1949.
* Ogden, Daniel, ''Drakōn: Dragon Myth and Serpent Cult in the Greek and Roman Worlds'', Oxford University Press, 2013. {{ISBN|978-0-19-955732-5}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&printsec=frontcover Google Books].
* [[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'', edited and translated by Brookes More, Boston, Cornhill Publishing Co., 1922. [http://data.perseus.org/texts/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0959.phi006.perseus-eng1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library]. [https://topostext.org/work/141 Online version at ToposText].
* [[Denys Page|Page, Denys Lionel, Sir]], ''Poetae Melici Graeci'', Oxford University Press, 1962. {{ISBN|978-0-198-14333-8}}.
* Parada, Carlos, ''Genealogical Guide to Greek Mythology'', Jonsered, Paul Åströms Förlag, 1993. {{ISBN|978-91-7081-062-6}}.
* [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''Pausanias Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes.'' Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+1.1.1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Quintus Smyrnaeus]], ''Quintus Smyrnaeus: The Fall of Troy'', translated by A. S. Way, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 1913. [https://archive.org/stream/falloftroy00quin#page/n5/mode/2up Internet Archive].
* [[Erwin Rohde|Rohde, Erwin]], ''Psyche: The Cult of Souls and Belief in Immortality among the Greeks'', 1925.
* Salowey, Christina, "The Gigantomachy", in ''The Oxford Handbook of Heracles'', pp. 235&ndash;50, edited by Daniel Ogdon, Oxford University Press, 2021. {{ISBN|978-0-190-65101-5}}.
* [[William Smith (lexicographer)|Smith, William]], ''[[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology]]'', London (1873). [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.04.0104 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* Smith, Scott R., and Stephen M. Trzaskoma, ''Apollodorus' ''Library'' and Hyginus' ''Fabulae'': Two Handbooks of Greek Mythology'', Hackett Publishing, Indianapolis/Cambridge, 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-87220-821-6}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=vczTNMWLGdoC&printsec=frontcover Google Books].
* [[Stephanus of Byzantium]], ''Stephani Byzantii Ethnicorum quae supersunt'', edited by August Meineke, Berlin, Impensis G. Reimeri, 1849. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=MMZiAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover Google Books]. [https://topostext.org/work/241 Online version at ToposText].
* [[Strabo]],  [[Geographica|''Geography'']], Editors, H.C. Hamilton, Esq., W. Falconer, M.A., London. George Bell & Sons. 1903. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239%3Abook%3Dnotice Online version at the Perseus Digital Library]
* [[Edward Tripp|Tripp, Edward]], ''Crowell's Handbook of Classical Mythology'', Thomas Y. Crowell Co; First edition (June 1970). {{ISBN|0-690-22608-X}}. [https://archive.org/details/crowellshandbook00trip/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater Internet Archive].
* [[John Tzetzes|Tzetzes, John]], ''Scolia eis Lycophroon'', edited by Christian Gottfried Müller, Sumtibus F.C.G. Vogelii, 1811. [https://archive.org/details/isaakioukaiiann00mlgoog/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater Internet Archive].
* Wendel, Carl, ''Scholia in Apollonium Rhodium vetera'', Hildesheim, Weidmann, 1999. {{ISBN|978-3-615-15400-9}}.
* [[Martin Litchfield West|West, M. L.]] (1966), ''Hesiod: Theogony'', Oxford University Press, 1966. {{ISBN|0-19-814169-6}}.
* [[Martin Litchfield West|West, M. L.]] (1983), ''The Orphic Poems'', [[Clarendon Press]] Oxford, 1983. {{ISBN|978-0-19-814854-8}}.
* [[Martin Litchfield West|West, M. L.]] (1985), ''The Hesiodic Catalogue of Women: Its Nature, Structure, and Origins'', [[Clarendon Press]] Oxford, 1985. {{ISBN|978-0-198-14034-4}}.
* [[Martin Litchfield West|West, M. L.]] (2003), ''Greek Epic Fragments: From the Seventh to the Fifth Centuries BC'', [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 497, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 2003. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99605-2}}. [https://www-loebclassics-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/view/LCL497/2003/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press].
{{Refend}}
 
==External links==
{{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=yes |others=yes |about=yes |label=Zeus
  |viaf= |lccn= |lcheading= |wikititle= }}
{{commons category}}
{{wikiquote}}
*[http://www.maicar.com/GML/Zeus.html Greek Mythology Link, Zeus] stories of Zeus in myth
*[http://www.theoi.com/Olympios/Zeus.html Theoi Project, Zeus] summary, stories, classical art
*[http://www.theoi.com/Cult/ZeusCult.html Theoi Project, Cult Of Zeus] cult and statues
*[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/01/070122-pagans-athens.html Photo: Pagans Honor Zeus at Ancient Athens Temple] from ''National Geographic''
 
{{Greek religion}}
{{Greek mythology (deities)}}
{{Greek myth (Olympian)}}
{{Footer Nine Muses}}
{{Authority control}}
 
[[Category:Zeus| ]]
[[Category:Deities in the Iliad]]
[[Category:Jovian deities]]
[[Category:Justice gods]]
[[Category:Kings in Greek mythology]]
[[Category:Mythological rapists]]
[[Category:Oracular gods]]
[[Category:Shapeshifting]]
[[Category:Sky and weather gods]]
[[Category:Thunder gods]]
[[Category:Metamorphoses characters]]
[[Category:Consorts of Aphrodite]]
[[Category:Characters in the Odyssey]]
[[Category:Characters in the Argonautica]]
[[Category:Homosexuality and bisexuality deities]]
[[Category:LGBT themes in Greek mythology]]
[[Category:Solar gods]]
[[Category:Characters in Greek mythology]]
[[Category:Rape of Persephone]]
[[Category:Consorts of Demeter]]
[[Category:Consorts of Selene]]
[[Category:Consorts of Gaia]]
[[Category:Twelve Olympians]]
[[Category:Twelve Olympians]]
Retrieved from "https://en.bharatpedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/331235"