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Vatapi Ganapatim: Difference between revisions
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{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}} | {{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}} | ||
[[File:Muthuswami Dikshitar 1976 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|The composer of the hymn, Muthuswami Dikshitar | [[File:Muthuswami Dikshitar 1976 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|The composer of the hymn, Muthuswami Dikshitar]] | ||
'''"Vatapi Ganapatim"''', also known as '''"Vatapi ganapatim bhajeham"''' or '''"Vatapi ganapatim bhaje"''', is a [[Sanskrit]] ''[[kriti]]'' song by the [[South India]]n poet-composer [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]] (1775–1835), one of the "[[Trinity of Carnatic music]]". The panegyrical hymn praises [[Uthrapathiswaraswamy Temple|Vatapi Ganapati]], [[Ganesha]] (Ganapati) worshipped in a shrine in [[Uthrapathiswaraswamy Temple| | '''"Vatapi Ganapatim"''', also known as '''"Vatapi ganapatim bhajeham"''' or '''"Vatapi ganapatim bhaje"''', is a [[Sanskrit]] ''[[Kriti (music)|kriti]]'' song by the [[South India]]n poet-composer [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]] (1775–1835), one of the "[[Trinity of Carnatic music]]". The panegyrical hymn praises [[Uthrapathiswaraswamy Temple|Vatapi Ganapati]], [[Ganesha]] (Ganapati) worshipped in a shrine in [[Uthrapathiswaraswamy Temple|Tiruchenkattankudi Utrapatishwaraswamy Temple]] dedicated to lord Shiva in [[Thiruvarur]] district in the [[Tamil Nadu]] state of India. The hymn is composed in [[Hamsadhvani]] [[raga]] (musical mode); however, in tradition of kritis, individual performers add their own variations in the tune as a part of improvisation. ''Vatapi Ganapatim'' is considered the best-known piece of Muthuswami Dikshitar and is one of the most popular compositions of [[Carnatic music]] (South Indian classical music school). The hymn is traditionally sung at the beginning of many Carnatic music concerts. | ||
== Background: Vatapi Ganapati == | == Background: Vatapi Ganapati == | ||
[[File:Thajavur Ganesha.jpg|thumb|''Vatapi Ganapatim'' praises the god Ganesha]] | [[File:Thajavur Ganesha.jpg|thumb|''Vatapi Ganapatim'' praises the god Ganesha]] | ||
"Vatapi Ganapatim" is a part of the series of hymns called '' | "Vatapi Ganapatim" is a part of the series of hymns called ''Shodasha Ganapati kritis'', a collection of songs dedicated to sixteen Ganesha icons located in shrines around Dikshitar's birthplace [[Thiruvarur]].<ref name="catlin142">Catlin p. 142</ref> ''Vatapi Ganapatim'' is dedicated to the image of Vatapi Ganapati of Tiruchenkattankudi in [[Thiruvarur district]], in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. | ||
As per oral tradition, the icon of Vatapi Ganapati was brought booty from the [[Chalukya]]n capital of Vatapi (presently known as [[Badami]] in northern [[Karnataka]]) by [[Paranjothi]], the commander-in-chief of the [[Pallava]] king [[Narasimhavarman I]] (reign: 630–668 CE), following [[Battle of Vatapi|the conquest of Pallavas over the Chalukyas]] (642 CE). The icon was placed in Paranjothi's birthplace Tiruchenkattankudi. Later, Paranjothi renounced his violent ways and became a [[Shaiva]] monk known as Siruthondar, is venerated as a [[Nayanars|Nayanar]] saint today.<ref name="vatapi">Catlin pp. 146, 150</ref><ref name="templenet" /> However, no written records substantiate the oral tradition; the Ganesha icon is missing from list of war booty brought by the Pallava general.<ref name="vatapi" /> | As per oral tradition, the icon of Vatapi Ganapati was brought booty from the [[Chalukya]]n capital of Vatapi (presently known as [[Badami]] in northern [[Karnataka]]) by [[Paranjothi]], the commander-in-chief of the [[Pallava]] king [[Narasimhavarman I]] (reign: 630–668 CE), following [[Battle of Vatapi|the conquest of Pallavas over the Chalukyas]] (642 CE). The icon was placed in Paranjothi's birthplace Tiruchenkattankudi. Later, Paranjothi renounced his violent ways and became a [[Shaiva]] monk known as Siruthondar, is venerated as a [[Nayanars|Nayanar]] saint today.<ref name="vatapi">Catlin pp. 146, 150</ref><ref name="templenet" /> However, no written records substantiate the oral tradition; the Ganesha icon is missing from list of war booty brought by the Pallava general.<ref name="vatapi" /> | ||
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== Lyrics == | == Lyrics == | ||
The ''Vatapi Ganapatim'' hymn is composed in [[Sanskrit]] by Muthuswami Dikshitar. Dikshitar praises Vatapi Ganapati, as the elephant-headed god, who grants boons. The universe and the [[mahabhuta|elements]] are said to be created by Ganesha. Ganesha is described as the remover of obstacles. He is worshipped by the sage [[Agastya]] and the God [[Vishnu]]. He resides in the [[Muladhara]] [[chakra]] and exists in four kinds of speech – | The ''Vatapi Ganapatim'' hymn is composed in [[Sanskrit]] by Muthuswami Dikshitar. Dikshitar praises Vatapi Ganapati, as the elephant-headed god, who grants boons. The universe and the [[mahabhuta|elements]] are said to be created by Ganesha. Ganesha is described as the remover of obstacles. He is worshipped by the sage [[Agastya]] and the God [[Vishnu]]. He resides in the [[Muladhara]] [[chakra]] and exists in four kinds of speech – Para, Pashyanti, Madhyama and Vaikhari. The sacred [[Om]] is said to be his body. Ganesha's iconography is described. He has an elephant-head and curved trunk. The crescent moon adores his forehead. He holds a [[sugarcane]] in his left hand. He also carries a ''[[pasha (Hinduism)|pāśa]]'' (noose), a [[pomegranate]] fruit, a [[guava]] fruit and other things. He has a large body. This form pleases his father Shiva and brother [[Kartikeya]]. The last line notes that Ganesha is pleased with the [[Hamsadhvani]] [[raga]], indicating the raga in which the composition should be sung.<ref name="Subramaniyan1998">{{cite book|author=V.K. Subramaniyan|title=Sacred Songs Of India|date=1998|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-366-3|pages=216–7}}</ref><ref name="lyrics">Catlin pp. 143–9</ref> | ||
{|style="width: 90%;" | {|style="width: 90%;" | ||
|- style="text-align: left;" | |- style="text-align: left;" | ||
!style="width: 40%;" | Devanagari lyrics | !style="width: 40%;" | Devanagari lyrics | ||
!style="width: 40%;" | Transliteration | !style="width: 40%;" | Transliteration | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''[[Pallavi]]''' | |'''[[Pallavi]]''' | ||
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''vāraṇāsyaṃ varapradaṃ śrī '' | ''vāraṇāsyaṃ varapradaṃ śrī '' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''[[Anupallavi]]''' | |'''[[Anupallavi (music)|Anupallavi]]''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
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With support of the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], the [[Madras Music Academy]] republished the ''Sangita Sampradaya Pradarshini'' in [[Tamil language]] in 1961 to cater to the demand of Carnatic musicians and composers of Chennai (then known as Madras, the capital of Tamil Nadu), who were predominantly Tamil speakers. The ''Vatapi Ganapatim'', as it is known in the work, was published in volume 4 of five-volume series. This work is the main source of the hymn today.<ref name="catlin153ff" /> | With support of the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], the [[Madras Music Academy]] republished the ''Sangita Sampradaya Pradarshini'' in [[Tamil language]] in 1961 to cater to the demand of Carnatic musicians and composers of Chennai (then known as Madras, the capital of Tamil Nadu), who were predominantly Tamil speakers. The ''Vatapi Ganapatim'', as it is known in the work, was published in volume 4 of five-volume series. This work is the main source of the hymn today.<ref name="catlin153ff" /> | ||
While the publication by Subbarama was the first complete publication of the hymn, the first two sections, ''[[Pallavi]]'' and ''[[Anupallavi]]'', of the ''Vatapi Ganapatim'' were published in 1896 by Chinnaswamy Mudaliar as an issue of his serial "Oriental music in European notation". The extract of the ''Vatapi Ganapatim'' is presented in a play in the work. In a dialogue on the ''Hamsadhvani'', ''Vatapi Ganapatim'' is quoted as an example of the raga. The musical notations were probably written by Mudaliar by listening to a performer of the piece. The musical notations in this work significantly differ from the standard musical notation in the ''Sangita Sampradaya Pradarshini''.<ref name="catlin153ff" /> | While the publication by Subbarama was the first complete publication of the hymn, the first two sections, ''[[Pallavi]]'' and ''[[Anupallavi (music)|Anupallavi]]'', of the ''Vatapi Ganapatim'' were published in 1896 by Chinnaswamy Mudaliar as an issue of his serial "Oriental music in European notation". The extract of the ''Vatapi Ganapatim'' is presented in a play in the work. In a dialogue on the ''Hamsadhvani'', ''Vatapi Ganapatim'' is quoted as an example of the raga. The musical notations were probably written by Mudaliar by listening to a performer of the piece. The musical notations in this work significantly differ from the standard musical notation in the ''Sangita Sampradaya Pradarshini''.<ref name="catlin153ff" /> | ||
Although the piece is set in a well-defined raga, "every performance of "Vātāpi Gaṇapatim" is different, due to the importance of improvisation" in Carnatic music.<ref name="catlin141" /> The most famous of the improvised versions of the tune comes from [[Maha Vaidyanatha Iyer]] (1844–1893). Iyer repeated the lines and introduced his own variations called ''sangati''s, a characteristic of all kriti performers. As a renowned vocalist, his version also became popular and is passed on till this day. The "most widely circulated recent notation" of the hymn was published by P. Sambamoorthy in Tamil. He notes that the hymn is sung at the beginning of most concerts.<ref name="catlin153ff" /> | Although the piece is set in a well-defined raga, "every performance of "Vātāpi Gaṇapatim" is different, due to the importance of improvisation" in Carnatic music.<ref name="catlin141" /> The most famous of the improvised versions of the tune comes from [[Maha Vaidyanatha Iyer]] (1844–1893). Iyer repeated the lines and introduced his own variations called ''sangati''s, a characteristic of all kriti performers. As a renowned vocalist, his version also became popular and is passed on till this day. The "most widely circulated recent notation" of the hymn was published by P. Sambamoorthy in Tamil. He notes that the hymn is sung at the beginning of most concerts.<ref name="catlin153ff" /> | ||