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* "...it was best known in Israel and abroad for the suicide attacks it used..." ([https://www.theguardian.com/israel/comment/0,,1696094,00.html "After the Hamas earthquake"], ''[[The Guardian]]'', January 27, 2006).</ref> A major motivation for Hamas's decision to use suicide attacks as its primary ''modus operandi'' was the February 1994 massacre by [[Baruch Goldstein]] of 30 Muslims in a Hebron mosque.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=7ZPQm5cQ4AwC&dq=Mehola+Junction+bombing+islamic+jihad&source=gbs_navlinks_s Martyrdom, Not Suicide: The Legality of Hamas' Bombings in the Mid-1990s in Modern Islamic Jurisprudence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829193146/https://books.google.com/books?id=7ZPQm5cQ4AwC&dq=Mehola+Junction+bombing+islamic+jihad&source=gbs_navlinks_s |date=2016-08-29 }} By M.A. Philipp Holtmann, p. 16</ref> The Brigades' [[Yahya Ayash]] who may have masterminded most of the early suicide attacks, was killed by the [[Shin Bet|Israeli secret service]] in early 1996.<ref name="The Palestinian people: a history">[https://books.google.com/books?id=6NRYEr8FR1IC&dq=%22black+hand%22+al-qassam+british+palestine&source=gbs_navlinks_s The Palestinian people: a history] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829192052/https://books.google.com/books?id=6NRYEr8FR1IC&dq=%22black+hand%22+al-qassam+british+palestine&source=gbs_navlinks_s |date=2016-08-29 }} By Baruch Kimmerling & Joel S. Migdal, pp. 372–373</ref> | * "...it was best known in Israel and abroad for the suicide attacks it used..." ([https://www.theguardian.com/israel/comment/0,,1696094,00.html "After the Hamas earthquake"], ''[[The Guardian]]'', January 27, 2006).</ref> A major motivation for Hamas's decision to use suicide attacks as its primary ''modus operandi'' was the February 1994 massacre by [[Baruch Goldstein]] of 30 Muslims in a Hebron mosque.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=7ZPQm5cQ4AwC&dq=Mehola+Junction+bombing+islamic+jihad&source=gbs_navlinks_s Martyrdom, Not Suicide: The Legality of Hamas' Bombings in the Mid-1990s in Modern Islamic Jurisprudence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829193146/https://books.google.com/books?id=7ZPQm5cQ4AwC&dq=Mehola+Junction+bombing+islamic+jihad&source=gbs_navlinks_s |date=2016-08-29 }} By M.A. Philipp Holtmann, p. 16</ref> The Brigades' [[Yahya Ayash]] who may have masterminded most of the early suicide attacks, was killed by the [[Shin Bet|Israeli secret service]] in early 1996.<ref name="The Palestinian people: a history">[https://books.google.com/books?id=6NRYEr8FR1IC&dq=%22black+hand%22+al-qassam+british+palestine&source=gbs_navlinks_s The Palestinian people: a history] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829192052/https://books.google.com/books?id=6NRYEr8FR1IC&dq=%22black+hand%22+al-qassam+british+palestine&source=gbs_navlinks_s |date=2016-08-29 }} By Baruch Kimmerling & Joel S. Migdal, pp. 372–373</ref> | ||
In December 1992 Israel responded to the killing of a border police officer by deporting 415 leading figures of Hamas and [[Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine|Islamic Jihad]] to Lebanon, which provoked international condemnation and a unanimous UN Security Council resolution condemning the action.<ref>[http://www.newstatesman.com/middle-east/2010/08/israel-palestinian-jerusalem For Arabs in Israel, a house is not a home] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901132354/http://www.newstatesman.com/middle-east/2010/08/israel-palestinian-jerusalem |date=2010-09-01 }} by Edward Platt, [[New Statesman]], August 30, 2010</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=rWEg6Tfai_oC&dq=arafat+israel+hamas&source=gbs_navlinks_s Inside Hamas: the untold story of militants, martyrs and spies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829190914/https://books.google.com/books?id=rWEg6Tfai_oC&dq=arafat+israel+hamas&source=gbs_navlinks_s |date=2016-08-29 }} By Zaki Chehab, p. 115</ref> | In December 1992 Israel responded to the killing of a border police officer by deporting 415 leading figures of Hamas and [[Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine|Islamic Jihad]] to Lebanon, which provoked international condemnation and a unanimous UN Security Council resolution, number 799, condemning the action and demanding the return of those deported.<ref>[http://www.newstatesman.com/middle-east/2010/08/israel-palestinian-jerusalem For Arabs in Israel, a house is not a home] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901132354/http://www.newstatesman.com/middle-east/2010/08/israel-palestinian-jerusalem |date=2010-09-01 }} by Edward Platt, [[New Statesman]], August 30, 2010</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=rWEg6Tfai_oC&dq=arafat+israel+hamas&source=gbs_navlinks_s Inside Hamas: the untold story of militants, martyrs and spies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829190914/https://books.google.com/books?id=rWEg6Tfai_oC&dq=arafat+israel+hamas&source=gbs_navlinks_s |date=2016-08-29 }} By Zaki Chehab, p. 115</ref> Those expelled had their identification papers confiscated and were bussed through the [[Israeli occupation of southern Lebanon|Israeli security zone]] in southern Lebanon, and released at the Zamraya crossing. Each deportee was given $50. On their arrival the Lebanese authorities refused to allow them any further into Lebanon and they set up camp on the mountainside at Marj al Zuhur. Amongst those deported were around 100 [[sheikhs]], [[imams]], [[Muezzin|muezzins]], [[qadi]] and other religious figures. 170 had university degrees or equivalent diplomas. Israel admitted seventeen, including a sixteen year old, had been deported by mistake.<ref>[[Middle East International]] Nos 441,442, 8&22 January 1993, Publishers [[Christopher Mayhew|Lord Mayhew]], [[Dennis Walters|Dennis Walters MP]]; Editor [[Michael Adams (journalist)|Michael Adams]]; [[Jim Muir]] pp.5,6&11,12</ref> On 9 September 1993, coinciding with the [[Oslo I Accord|Oslo agreement]], 181 of the remaining 396 deportees were returned to the [[Gaza Strip]] where the majority were immediately detained by the Israeli authorities.<ref>Middle East International No 461, 22 October 1993; September chronology p.13</ref> The remaining 197 deportees returned to the [[Palestinian territories|Occupied Territories]] on 4 December 1983, 29 were immediately taken in to custody and 18 did not return.<ref>Middle East International No 467, 21 January 1994; December chronology p.15</ref> | ||
Although the suicide attacks by the al-Qassam Brigades and other groups violated the 1993 [[Oslo accords]] (which Hamas opposed<ref>[http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,,CHRON,ISR,,469f38a8c,0.html Chronology for Palestinians in Israel] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812203213/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country%2C%2C%2CCHRON%2CISR%2C%2C469f38a8c%2C0.html |date=August 12, 2011 }} [[The UN Refugee Agency]], 2004</ref>), [[Palestinian Authority]] President [[Yasir Arafat]] was reluctant to pursue the attackers and may have had inadequate means to do so.<ref name="The Palestinian people: a history" /> Some analysts stated that the Palestinian Authority could stop the suicide and other attacks on civilians but refused to do so.<ref>[[Efraim Karsh|Karsh, Efraim]]. ''Arafat's War: The Man and His Battle for Israeli Conquest''. New York: Grove Press, 2003. p. 216.</ref> | Although the suicide attacks by the al-Qassam Brigades and other groups violated the 1993 [[Oslo accords]] (which Hamas opposed<ref>[http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,,CHRON,ISR,,469f38a8c,0.html Chronology for Palestinians in Israel] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812203213/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country%2C%2C%2CCHRON%2CISR%2C%2C469f38a8c%2C0.html |date=August 12, 2011 }} [[The UN Refugee Agency]], 2004</ref>), [[Palestinian Authority]] President [[Yasir Arafat]] was reluctant to pursue the attackers and may have had inadequate means to do so.<ref name="The Palestinian people: a history" /> Some analysts stated that the Palestinian Authority could stop the suicide and other attacks on civilians but refused to do so.<ref>[[Efraim Karsh|Karsh, Efraim]]. ''Arafat's War: The Man and His Battle for Israeli Conquest''. New York: Grove Press, 2003. p. 216.</ref> | ||
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The result of the election was regarded as a major setback for governments attempting to mediate the ongoing Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The [[George W. Bush administration]] immediately declared that it would not deal with Hamas until it renounced its support of suicide bombings and violence, and accepted Israel's right to exist. Israeli president [[Moshe Katsav]] and Israel's ex–prime minister [[Shimon Peres]] both said that if Hamas would accept Israel's [[right to exist]] and give up violence, Israel should negotiate with the organization. President [[Vladimir Putin]] said that Russia would not support any efforts to cut off financial assistance to the Palestinians, stating that Hamas gained power by democratic means. He invited some Hamas leaders to Moscow beginning of March 2006, and in May, repeated that cutting funds to the Hamas was a "mistake".<ref name="Oxygen">{{Cite news |title=Une bouffée d'oxygène pour les Palestiniens |date=May 10, 2006 |accessdate=May 10, 2006 |publisher=[[Radio France International|RFI]] |url=http://www.rfi.fr/actufr/articles/077/article_43622.asp |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060909203556/http://www.rfi.fr/actufr/articles/077/article_43622.asp |archive-date=September 9, 2006 |url-status=live }}</ref> | The result of the election was regarded as a major setback for governments attempting to mediate the ongoing Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The [[George W. Bush administration]] immediately declared that it would not deal with Hamas until it renounced its support of suicide bombings and violence, and accepted Israel's right to exist. Israeli president [[Moshe Katsav]] and Israel's ex–prime minister [[Shimon Peres]] both said that if Hamas would accept Israel's [[right to exist]] and give up violence, Israel should negotiate with the organization. President [[Vladimir Putin]] said that Russia would not support any efforts to cut off financial assistance to the Palestinians, stating that Hamas gained power by democratic means. He invited some Hamas leaders to Moscow beginning of March 2006, and in May, repeated that cutting funds to the Hamas was a "mistake".<ref name="Oxygen">{{Cite news |title=Une bouffée d'oxygène pour les Palestiniens |date=May 10, 2006 |accessdate=May 10, 2006 |publisher=[[Radio France International|RFI]] |url=http://www.rfi.fr/actufr/articles/077/article_43622.asp |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060909203556/http://www.rfi.fr/actufr/articles/077/article_43622.asp |archive-date=September 9, 2006 |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
The US and the EU cut all funds to the Palestinian Authority, with only Russia warning against the potential dangers of cutting out the PA from any Western support. The EU (which gives $500 million per year to the PA) announced that future aid to the Palestinians was tied to "Three Principles" outlined by the international community—Hamas must renounce violence, it must recognize Israel's right to exist, and it must express clear support for the Middle East peace process, as outlined in the 1993 [[Oslo Accords]]. Hamas did not seem to be ready to accept such conditions, and rejected them as "unfair".<ref name=BBC2>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4664152.stm "Hamas rejects 'unfair' aid demand"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218220928/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4664152.stm |date=2007-02-18 }}, BBC News, January 31, 2006</ref> At best, they would be ready to accept the [[Arab Peace Initiative]] formulated on March 28, 2002, during the [[Arab League]] [[Beirut Summit]]: full normalization of relations with Israel in exchange for Israeli withdrawal to the [[Green Line (Israel)|1967 internationally recognized borders]], implying Israeli evacuation of the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, [[east Jerusalem]], the [[Golan Heights]] and the [[Right of return|return of all Palestinian refugees]] and their descendants.<ref name="LemondeA">{{Cite news |title=Le Quartet cherche une solution à la banqueroute palestinienne |date=May 9, 2006 |accessdate=May 9, 2006 |work=[[Le Monde]]|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3218,36-769645,0.html|language=fr}}</ref> Furthermore, the US has imposed a financial blockade on the PA's banks, impeding some of the [[Arab League]]'s funds (e.g. [[Saudi Arabia]] and [[Qatar]]) from being transferred to the PA.<ref name="LemondeA" /> | The US and the EU cut all funds to the Palestinian Authority, with only Russia warning against the potential dangers of cutting out the PA from any Western support. The EU (which gives $500 million per year to the PA) announced that future aid to the Palestinians was tied to "Three Principles" outlined by the international community—Hamas must renounce violence, it must recognize Israel's right to exist, and it must express clear support for the Middle East peace process, as outlined in the 1993 [[Oslo Accords]]. Hamas did not seem to be ready to accept such conditions, and rejected them as "unfair".<ref name=BBC2>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4664152.stm "Hamas rejects 'unfair' aid demand"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218220928/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4664152.stm |date=2007-02-18 }}, BBC News, January 31, 2006</ref> At best, they would be ready to accept the [[Arab Peace Initiative]] formulated on March 28, 2002, during the [[Arab League]] [[Beirut Summit]]: full normalization of relations with Israel in exchange for Israeli withdrawal to the [[Green Line (Israel)|1967 internationally recognized borders]], implying Israeli evacuation of the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, [[east Jerusalem]], the [[Golan Heights]] and the [[Right of return|return of all Palestinian refugees]] and their descendants.<ref name="LemondeA">{{Cite news |title=Le Quartet cherche une solution à la banqueroute palestinienne |date=May 9, 2006 |accessdate=May 9, 2006 |work=[[Le Monde]] |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3218,36-769645,0.html |language=fr |archive-date=December 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210225338/http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3218,36-769645,0.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Furthermore, the US has imposed a financial blockade on the PA's banks, impeding some of the [[Arab League]]'s funds (e.g. [[Saudi Arabia]] and [[Qatar]]) from being transferred to the PA.<ref name="LemondeA" /> | ||
Israel, on the other side, decided to cut transfers of the $55 million tax-receipts of the PA that it receives on the PA's behalf, since the PA did not have any access point to receive taxes. On February 19, 2006, interim [[Prime minister of Israel|Israeli Prime minister]] [[Ehud Olmert]], who called the PA a "terrorist authority", decided to stop transfer of the $55 million tax-receipts to the PA, which accounts for a third of the PA's budget (two thirds of its proper budget) and insure the wages of 165,000 Palestinian civil servants (among them 60,000 security and police officers).<ref name="LemondeA" /> Israel had already done that in 1991 and 1992, but international aid had covered up the budgetary losses. Israel also decided to increase controls on check-points, but finally decided against blocking Palestinians from commuting between Gaza and the West Bank and from prohibiting them to work in Israel. Criticizing these measures, moderate [[Labor Party (Israel)|Labor leader]] [[Amir Peretz]] said that they were "indirect ways" to "get around Hamas and strengthen moderate forces" among the Palestinians. | Israel, on the other side, decided to cut transfers of the $55 million tax-receipts of the PA that it receives on the PA's behalf, since the PA did not have any access point to receive taxes. On February 19, 2006, interim [[Prime minister of Israel|Israeli Prime minister]] [[Ehud Olmert]], who called the PA a "terrorist authority", decided to stop transfer of the $55 million tax-receipts to the PA, which accounts for a third of the PA's budget (two thirds of its proper budget) and insure the wages of 165,000 Palestinian civil servants (among them 60,000 security and police officers).<ref name="LemondeA" /> Israel had already done that in 1991 and 1992, but international aid had covered up the budgetary losses. Israel also decided to increase controls on check-points, but finally decided against blocking Palestinians from commuting between Gaza and the West Bank and from prohibiting them to work in Israel. Criticizing these measures, moderate [[Labor Party (Israel)|Labor leader]] [[Amir Peretz]] said that they were "indirect ways" to "get around Hamas and strengthen moderate forces" among the Palestinians. | ||
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On February 8, Hamas head [[Khaled Mashal]] speaking in Cairo clarified that "Anyone who thinks Hamas will change is wrong".<ref>{{cite news |date=February 9, 2006 |title=Hamas offers deal if Israel pulls out |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/02/09/wmid09.xml&sSheet=/news/2006/02/09/ixworld.html |location=London |first=Tim |last=Butcher |accessdate=May 4, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013141934/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2006%2F02%2F09%2Fwmid09.xml&sSheet=%2Fnews%2F2006%2F02%2F09%2Fixworld.html |archive-date=October 13, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | On February 8, Hamas head [[Khaled Mashal]] speaking in Cairo clarified that "Anyone who thinks Hamas will change is wrong".<ref>{{cite news |date=February 9, 2006 |title=Hamas offers deal if Israel pulls out |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/02/09/wmid09.xml&sSheet=/news/2006/02/09/ixworld.html |location=London |first=Tim |last=Butcher |accessdate=May 4, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013141934/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2006%2F02%2F09%2Fwmid09.xml&sSheet=%2Fnews%2F2006%2F02%2F09%2Fixworld.html |archive-date=October 13, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | ||
However, on February 13, 2006, in an interview in Russian newspaper ''[[Nezavisimaya Gazeta]]'', the same Khaled Mashal declared that Hamas would stop armed struggle against Israel if it recognized the 1967 borders, withdrew itself from all [[Palestinian territories|Palestinian occupied territories]] (including the West Bank and East Jerusalem), and recognized Palestinian rights that would include the "right of return". This was the first time that Hamas even talked about an eventual stop to armed struggle. But Mashal continued to refuse to acknowledge the [[Road map for peace]], adopted by the Quartet in June 2003, "since nobody respects it". The Road map projected the establishment of an independent Palestinian state in 2005.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hamas will end armed struggle if Israel quits territories — leader |publisher=AFX News Limited |date=February 12, 2006 |url=https://www.forbes.com/home/feeds/afx/2006/02/12/afx2519867.html |access-date=August 29, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207085731/http://www.forbes.com/home/feeds/afx/2006/02/12/afx2519867.html |archive-date=December 7, 2008 |url-status= | However, on February 13, 2006, in an interview in Russian newspaper ''[[Nezavisimaya Gazeta]]'', the same Khaled Mashal declared that Hamas would stop armed struggle against Israel if it recognized the 1967 borders, withdrew itself from all [[Palestinian territories|Palestinian occupied territories]] (including the West Bank and East Jerusalem), and recognized Palestinian rights that would include the "right of return". This was the first time that Hamas even talked about an eventual stop to armed struggle. But Mashal continued to refuse to acknowledge the [[Road map for peace]], adopted by the Quartet in June 2003, "since nobody respects it". The Road map projected the establishment of an independent Palestinian state in 2005.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hamas will end armed struggle if Israel quits territories — leader |publisher=AFX News Limited |date=February 12, 2006 |url=https://www.forbes.com/home/feeds/afx/2006/02/12/afx2519867.html |access-date=August 29, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207085731/http://www.forbes.com/home/feeds/afx/2006/02/12/afx2519867.html |archive-date=December 7, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Palestinian Authority's Al-Hayat Al-Jadeeda conducted a poll in 2006 that showed that 84% of Palestinians support a peace deal with Israel, based on the responses of "863 Palestinians from the Gaza Strip and West Bank," and that more than 75% of the peace-deal supporters voted for Hamas.<ref>{{cite news|date=January 31, 2006|title=75% of Hamas voters oppose destruction of Israel|work=The Jerusalem Post|url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1138622512446&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull}}{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | ||
In April 2006, [[Henry Siegman]], former director of the [[American Jewish Committee]], stated that according to "a prominent senior member of Hamas's Political Committee" Hamas is prepared to explicitly recognize the state of Israel. "Members of Hamas's political directorate do not preclude significant changes over time in their policies toward Israel and in their founding charter, including recognition of Israel, and even mutual minor border adjustments. Such changes depend on Israel's recognition of Palestinian rights. Hamas will settle for nothing less than full reciprocity." These sentiments "are in striking contrast to the odiousness of Hamas's founding charter," said Siegman.<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/18939] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070608073050/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/18939 |date=2007-06-08 }} Hamas: The Last Chance for Peace? By Henry Siegman, New York Review of Books, April 27, 2006</ref> | In April 2006, [[Henry Siegman]], former director of the [[American Jewish Committee]], stated that according to "a prominent senior member of Hamas's Political Committee" Hamas is prepared to explicitly recognize the state of Israel. "Members of Hamas's political directorate do not preclude significant changes over time in their policies toward Israel and in their founding charter, including recognition of Israel, and even mutual minor border adjustments. Such changes depend on Israel's recognition of Palestinian rights. Hamas will settle for nothing less than full reciprocity." These sentiments "are in striking contrast to the odiousness of Hamas's founding charter," said Siegman.<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/18939] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070608073050/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/18939 |date=2007-06-08 }} Hamas: The Last Chance for Peace? By Henry Siegman, New York Review of Books, April 27, 2006</ref> | ||
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[[Category:History of the Muslim Brotherhood|*]] | [[Category:History of the Muslim Brotherhood|*]] | ||
[[Category:History of Palestine (region)]] | [[Category:History of Palestine (region)]] | ||
[[Category:History of militant organizations]] | |||