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{{Short description|Nuclear power plant in India}} | |||
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}} | {{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}} | ||
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| commissioned = Unit 1: {{Start date|df=yes|2013|10|22}}<br/>Unit 2: {{Start date|df=yes|2016|10|15}} | | commissioned = Unit 1: {{Start date|df=yes|2013|10|22}}<br/>Unit 2: {{Start date|df=yes|2016|10|15}} | ||
| decommissioned = <!------------------------- Albert's NUCLEAR POWER STATIONS --> | | decommissioned = <!------------------------- Albert's NUCLEAR POWER STATIONS --> | ||
| np_reactors = | | np_reactors = 2 | ||
| np_reactor_type = VVER | | np_reactor_type = VVER | ||
| np_reactor_supplier = [[Rosatom]] | | np_reactor_supplier = [[Rosatom]] | ||
| Line 26: | Line 27: | ||
| ps_units_manu_model = [[VVER|VVER-1000/412]] | | ps_units_manu_model = [[VVER|VVER-1000/412]] | ||
| ps_units_planned = | | ps_units_planned = | ||
| ps_electrical_capacity = | | ps_electrical_capacity = 1864 | ||
| | | ps_annual_generation = 11960.80 [[Kilowatt-hour#Multiples|GW.h]] (2020-21)<ref name="npp_capfactor_2020-21">{{cite web |title=Monthly Genration Reports Actual for Apr-2021 : Central Sector Nuclear |url=https://npp.gov.in/public-reports/cea/monthly/generation/18%20col%20act/2021/MAR//18%20col%20act-10_2021-MAR.pdf |website=National Power Portal |publisher=Central Electricity Authority |access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref> | ||
| | | ps_electrical_cap_fac = 68.27% (2020-21)<ref name="npp_capfactor_2020-21"/> | ||
| website = [http://www.npcil.nic.in/main/ConstructionDetail.aspx?ReactorID=77 Nuclear Power Corporation of India] | | website = [http://www.npcil.nic.in/main/ConstructionDetail.aspx?ReactorID=77 Nuclear Power Corporation of India] | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant''' (or Kudankulam NPP or KKNPP) is the largest [[Nuclear power plant|nuclear power station]] in India, situated in [[Kudankulam]] in the [[Tirunelveli district]] of the southern Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Construction on the plant began on 31 March 2002,<ref name="iaea.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.iaea.org/PRIS/CountryStatistics/ReactorDetails.aspx?current=852 |title=PRIS – Albert's-1 – Reactor Details |publisher=Iaea.org |date=2002-03-31 |access-date=2013-07-29}}</ref> but faced several delays due to opposition from local fishermen.<ref name="business-standard1">{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/commercial-operation-of-kudankulam-plant-delayed-further-113011300023_1.html |title=Commercial operation of Kudankulam plant delayed further |newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|date=2013-01-13 |access-date=2013-07-14}}</ref><ref name=professor>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130209/jsp/nation/story_16541617.jsp|title=The professor and the politics in anti-nuclear crucible}}</ref> KKNPP is scheduled to have six [[VVER|VVER-1000]] reactors built in collaboration with [[Atomstroyexport]], the Russian state company and [[Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited]] (NPCIL), with an installed capacity of 6,000 MW of electricity.<ref name="frontline1">{{cite web|last=Subramanian|first=T.S.|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/kudankulam-ready-for-more/article9266675.ece |title=Kudankulam ready for more |publisher=Frontline |date=11 November 2016 |access-date=2016-12-22}}</ref> | '''Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant''' (or Kudankulam NPP or KKNPP) is the largest<ref>{{Cite web|title=Construction of unit 5 & 6 of India’s largest nuclear power plant in Kudankulam commences|url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/construction-of-unit-5-6-of-indias-largest-nuclear-power-plant-in-kudankulam-commences-394688|access-date=2022-02-17|website=WION|language=en}}</ref> [[Nuclear power plant|nuclear power station]] in India, situated in [[Kudankulam]] in the [[Tirunelveli district]] of the southern Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Construction on the plant began on 31 March 2002,<ref name="iaea.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.iaea.org/PRIS/CountryStatistics/ReactorDetails.aspx?current=852 |title=PRIS – Albert's-1 – Reactor Details |publisher=Iaea.org |date=2002-03-31 |access-date=2013-07-29}}</ref> but faced several delays due to opposition from local fishermen.<ref name="business-standard1">{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/commercial-operation-of-kudankulam-plant-delayed-further-113011300023_1.html |title=Commercial operation of Kudankulam plant delayed further |newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|date=2013-01-13 |access-date=2013-07-14}}</ref><ref name=professor>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130209/jsp/nation/story_16541617.jsp|title=The professor and the politics in anti-nuclear crucible}}</ref> KKNPP is scheduled to have six [[VVER|VVER-1000]] reactors built in collaboration with [[Atomstroyexport]], the Russian state company and [[Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited]] (NPCIL), with an installed capacity of 6,000 MW of electricity.<ref name="frontline1">{{cite web|last=Subramanian|first=T.S.|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/kudankulam-ready-for-more/article9266675.ece |title=Kudankulam ready for more |publisher=Frontline |date=11 November 2016 |access-date=2016-12-22}}</ref> | ||
Unit 1 was synchronised with the southern power grid on 22 October 2013 and since then, has been generating electricity at its warranted limit of 1,000 MW.<ref name="thehindubusinessline1">{{cite news|url= http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/kudankulam-unit-1-synchronised-with-southern-power-grid/article5260352.ece |title= Wait for Kudankulam power ends; unit 1 linked to grid |work= [[Business Line]] |date= 2013-10-22 |access-date= 2013-12-06}}</ref> The original cost of the two units was {{INR}} 13,171 [[crore]], but it was later revised to {{INR}} 17,270 crore (US$2.6 billion). Russia advanced a credit of {{INR}} 6,416 crore (US$0.97 billion) for both the units.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.frontline.in/the-nation/ready-to-run/article4944731.ece?homepage=true |title=Ready to run |publisher=Frontline |date=9 August 2013 |access-date=2013-07-29}}</ref> Unit 2 attained criticality on 10 July 2016 and was synchronised with the electricity grid on 29 August. | Unit 1 was synchronised with the southern power grid on 22 October 2013 and since then, has been generating electricity at its warranted limit of 1,000 MW.<ref name="thehindubusinessline1">{{cite news|url= http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/kudankulam-unit-1-synchronised-with-southern-power-grid/article5260352.ece |title= Wait for Kudankulam power ends; unit 1 linked to grid |work= [[Business Line]] |date= 2013-10-22 |access-date= 2013-12-06}}</ref> The original cost of the two units was {{INR}} 13,171 [[crore]], but it was later revised to {{INR}} 17,270 crore (US$2.6 billion). Russia advanced a credit of {{INR}} 6,416 crore (US$0.97 billion) for both the units.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.frontline.in/the-nation/ready-to-run/article4944731.ece?homepage=true |title=Ready to run |publisher=Frontline |date=9 August 2013 |access-date=2013-07-29}}</ref> Unit 2 attained criticality on 10 July 2016 and was synchronised with the electricity grid on 29 August. | ||
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}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
The ground-breaking ceremony for construction of units 3 & 4 was performed on 17 February 2016. Due to technology changes, inflation and insistence of the supplier and operator for additional liability insurance | The ground-breaking ceremony for construction of units 3 & 4 was performed on 17 February 2016. Due to technology changes, inflation and insistence of the supplier and operator for additional liability insurance the construction cost of units 3 & 4 amounted to twice the cost of units 1 & 2 and was later revised to be {{INRConvert|39849|c|2|year=2020|mode=historical}}.<ref name="pib_cost_3456">{{cite news |title=Nuclear Power Plants |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1605939 |access-date=16 April 2021 |work=Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India |agency=Press Information Bureau |date=11 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | ||
| url = http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-12-03/news/56685094_1_kudankulam-nuclear-power-plant-units-liability-issue | | url = http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-12-03/news/56685094_1_kudankulam-nuclear-power-plant-units-liability-issue | ||
| title = Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant: Cost of units 3, 4 surpasses Rs 39,000 crore | | title = Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant: Cost of units 3, 4 surpasses Rs 39,000 crore | ||
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| url-status = live | | url-status = live | ||
| access-date = 21 July 2016}}</ref> | | access-date = 21 July 2016}}</ref> | ||
A budget of {{INRConvert|49621|c|2|year=2020|mode=historical}} has been approved for construction of | A budget of {{INRConvert|49621|c|2|year=2020|mode=historical}} has been approved for construction of Units 5 & 6.<ref name="pib_cost_3456"/> | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
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| title = Kudankulam Atomic Power Project 1 & 2 and | | title = Kudankulam Atomic Power Project 1 & 2 and | ||
| access-date =1 June 2008 | | access-date =1 June 2008 | ||
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080515211047/http://www.npcil.nic.in/kapp.asp <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 15 May 2008}}</ref><ref name="koodam1" >{{Cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1919/19190980.htm |title=History of the Kudankulam Project |access-date=28 March 2007 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080514153031/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1919/19190980.htm |archive-date=14 May 2008 |url-status= | |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080515211047/http://www.npcil.nic.in/kapp.asp <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 15 May 2008}}</ref><ref name="koodam1" >{{Cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1919/19190980.htm |title=History of the Kudankulam Project |access-date=28 March 2007 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080514153031/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1919/19190980.htm |archive-date=14 May 2008 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> | ||
==Operations== | ==Operations== | ||
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Supporters of the power plant in Idinthakarai village have been targeted by opponents using [[improvised explosive device]]s.<ref>{{cite web|author=Sudipto Mondal|title=Explosions at village near Kudankulam plant: Reports|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bombs-go-off-at-village-near-kudankulam-nuclear-plant-reports-/article1-1221664.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523002413/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bombs-go-off-at-village-near-kudankulam-nuclear-plant-reports-/article1-1221664.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 May 2014|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=11 December 2014}}</ref> | Supporters of the power plant in Idinthakarai village have been targeted by opponents using [[improvised explosive device]]s.<ref>{{cite web|author=Sudipto Mondal|title=Explosions at village near Kudankulam plant: Reports|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bombs-go-off-at-village-near-kudankulam-nuclear-plant-reports-/article1-1221664.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523002413/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bombs-go-off-at-village-near-kudankulam-nuclear-plant-reports-/article1-1221664.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 May 2014|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=11 December 2014}}</ref> | ||
===Role of | === Role of religious organizations === | ||
The [[Church of South India]] and the [[National Council of Churches]] opposed the power plant and supported the protests against it.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/churches-back-kudankulam-stir/article4122068.ece|title=Churches back Kudankulam stir|date=22 November 2012|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> Supporters of the power plant and the government have alleged that the protest against the power plant was instigated by churches and funded by foreign sources. The protestors dismissed the allegation of foreign funding, but said that seeking support from church was "natural" as many protestors were Christian localities living in the vicinity of the Reactor.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Biswajit |last2=G. S. Mudur |title=The professor and the politics in anti-nuclear crucible |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/the-professor-and-the-politics-in-anti-nuclear-crucible/cid/332630 |work=The Telegraph |date=9 February 2013 |language=en}}</ref> | The [[Church of South India]] and the [[National Council of Churches]] opposed the power plant and supported the protests against it.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/churches-back-kudankulam-stir/article4122068.ece|title=Churches back Kudankulam stir|date=22 November 2012|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> Supporters of the power plant and the government have alleged that the protest against the power plant was instigated by churches and funded by foreign sources. The protestors dismissed the allegation of foreign funding, but said that seeking support from church was "natural" as many protestors were Christian localities living in the vicinity of the Reactor.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Biswajit |last2=G. S. Mudur |title=The professor and the politics in anti-nuclear crucible |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/the-professor-and-the-politics-in-anti-nuclear-crucible/cid/332630 |work=The Telegraph |date=9 February 2013 |language=en}}</ref> | ||
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| Puducherry || 67 MW | | Puducherry || 67 MW | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | unallotted || 300 MW | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Total || 2,000 MW | | Total || 2,000 MW | ||
|} | |} | ||
As of the present time on 1st December 2021, the government is considering to increase its capability to 6000 MW, on completion of KKNPP-3 & 4 (2 X 1000 MW) and KKNPP-5 & 6 (2 X 1000 MW) which are presently under construction. | |||
==Kudankulam Alley== | ==Kudankulam Alley== | ||