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{{Main|Parshvanatha}} | {{Main|Parshvanatha}} | ||
[[File:Jina Parsvanatha, Western India, Gujarat, 8th century AD, brass - Ethnological Museum, Berlin - DSC01581.JPG|thumb|200px|left|Brass idol of [[Parshvanatha]] from the 8th century, [[Ethnological Museum of Berlin]].]] | [[File:Jina Parsvanatha, Western India, Gujarat, 8th century AD, brass - Ethnological Museum, Berlin - DSC01581.JPG|thumb|200px|left|Brass idol of [[Parshvanatha]] from the 8th century, [[Ethnological Museum of Berlin]].]] | ||
There is reasonable historical evidence that the 23rd ''Tirthankara'', [[Parshvanatha]], the predecessor of Mahavira, lived somewhere in the 9th–7th century BCE.{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|pp=182–183}}{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|pp=23–24}}<ref>{{cite web|author=Paul Dundas|title=Jainism|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|year=2013|url= | There is reasonable historical evidence that the 23rd ''Tirthankara'', [[Parshvanatha]], the predecessor of Mahavira, lived somewhere in the 9th–7th century BCE.{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|pp=182–183}}{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|pp=23–24}}<ref>{{cite web|author=Paul Dundas|title=Jainism|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|year=2013|url= https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/299478/Jainism}}</ref>{{sfn|Jaini|1998|p=10}} | ||
=== Rishabhanatha === | === Rishabhanatha === | ||
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===Indo-Scythians=== | ===Indo-Scythians=== | ||
[[File:Parsvanatha ayagapata, Mathura circa 15 CE.jpg|thumb|[[Parsvanatha ayagapata]], Mathura circa 15 CE ]] | |||
According to a chronicle of von Glasenapp,{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|pp=50-51}} Gardabhilla (c. 19th century BCE), the king of [[Ujjain]], abducted a nun who was the sister of a Jain monk named Kalaka. The brother sought the help of the [[Indo-Scythians|Indo-Scythian]] ruler Saka Sahi. The Saka went to war with Gardabhilla, defeated him, and expelled the king of Ujjain.{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|p=50}} The Sakas settled in the new lands, and "danced like bees" around the foot of monk Kalaka.{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|p=50}} The story continues to the son of the vanquished king Gardabhilla who was Vikramaditya. He is claimed to have defeated the Sakas, expelled them, himself followed Jainism and gave ancient India the [[Vikrami calendar]] with the zero date of 57 or 58 BCE.{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|p=51}} The story is likely true, because the expulsion of Sakas by Vikramaditya has complete historical basis. Jains have not followed the Vikrami zero year and instead used Mahavira's moksha date as their zero year [[Vira Nirvana Samvat]], the oldest system of chronological reckoning which is still used in India. The use of the Vikrami calendar has been surprisingly widespread in Hinduism.{{sfn|Salomon|1998|pp=182, 173-185, 142-143}} According to Heinrich von Stietencron, Vikramaditya and Saka interaction occurred many centuries later.{{sfn|von Stietencron|2005|pp=16–22}} | According to a chronicle of von Glasenapp,{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|pp=50-51}} Gardabhilla (c. 19th century BCE), the king of [[Ujjain]], abducted a nun who was the sister of a Jain monk named Kalaka. The brother sought the help of the [[Indo-Scythians|Indo-Scythian]] ruler Saka Sahi. The Saka went to war with Gardabhilla, defeated him, and expelled the king of Ujjain.{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|p=50}} The Sakas settled in the new lands, and "danced like bees" around the foot of monk Kalaka.{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|p=50}} The story continues to the son of the vanquished king Gardabhilla who was Vikramaditya. He is claimed to have defeated the Sakas, expelled them, himself followed Jainism and gave ancient India the [[Vikrami calendar]] with the zero date of 57 or 58 BCE.{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|p=51}} The story is likely true, because the expulsion of Sakas by Vikramaditya has complete historical basis. Jains have not followed the Vikrami zero year and instead used Mahavira's moksha date as their zero year [[Vira Nirvana Samvat]], the oldest system of chronological reckoning which is still used in India. The use of the Vikrami calendar has been surprisingly widespread in Hinduism.{{sfn|Salomon|1998|pp=182, 173-185, 142-143}} According to Heinrich von Stietencron, Vikramaditya and Saka interaction occurred many centuries later.{{sfn|von Stietencron|2005|pp=16–22}} | ||
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==See also== | ==See also== | ||
* [[Jain cosmology]] | * [[Jain cosmology]] | ||
* [[Indus Valley | * [[Indus Valley civilization]] | ||
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||