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{{Short description|Era in South Asia characterized by total Muslim rule}} | {{Short description|Era in South Asia characterized by total Muslim rule}} | ||
{{Islam in India}} | {{Islam in India}} | ||
'''Muslim rule''' in the [[Indian subcontinent]] began in the course of a gradual [[Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent]], beginning mainly after the conquest of [[Sindh]] and [[Multan]] led by [[Muhammad bin Qasim]].<ref>Some Aspects of Muslim Administration, Dr. R.P.Tripathi, 1956, p.24</ref> Following the perfunctory rule by the [[Ghaznavids]] in [[Punjab]], Sultan [[Muhammad of Ghor]] is generally credited with laying the foundation of Muslim rule in Northern India. | '''Muslim rule''' in the [[Indian subcontinent]] began in the course of a gradual [[Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent]], beginning mainly after the conquest of [[Sindh]] and [[Multan]] led by [[Muhammad bin Qasim]].<ref>Some Aspects of Muslim Administration, Dr. R.P.Tripathi, 1956, p.24</ref> Following the perfunctory rule by the [[Ghaznavids]] in [[Punjab]], Sultan [[Muhammad of Ghor]] is generally credited with laying the foundation of Muslim rule in Northern India. | ||
From the late 12th century onwards, [[Turco-Mongol tradition|Turko-Mongol]] Muslim empires began to establish themselves throughout the subcontinent including the [[Delhi Sultanate]] and [[Mughal Empire]], who adopted local culture and intermarried with natives.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Noah)|first1=Abu Noah Ibrahim Ibn Mika'eel Jason Galvan (Abu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NR8y5dp83GwC | From the late 12th century onwards, [[Turco-Mongol tradition|Turko-Mongol]] Muslim empires began to establish themselves throughout the subcontinent including the [[Delhi Sultanate]] and [[Mughal Empire|Mughal India]], who adopted local culture and intermarried with natives.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Noah)|first1=Abu Noah Ibrahim Ibn Mika'eel Jason Galvan (Abu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NR8y5dp83GwC&dq=mughals+married+locals&pg=PA44|title=Art Thou That Prophet?|last2=Galvan|first2=Jason|date=2008-09-30|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=978-0-557-00033-3|language=en}}</ref> Various other Muslim kingdoms, which ruled most of [[South Asia]] during the mid-14th to late 18th centuries, including the [[Bahmani Sultanate]], [[Bengal Sultanate]], | ||
[[Deccan sultanates|Deccan Sultanates]], and [[ | [[Deccan sultanates|Deccan Sultanates]], [[Gujarat Sultanate]] and [[Mysore Sultanate]] were native in origin.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Syed|first1=Muzaffar Husain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eACqCQAAQBAJ&dq=gujarat+sultanate+founded+by+rajput+muzaffarid&pg=PA271|title=Concise History of Islam|last2=Akhtar|first2=Syed Saud|last3=Usmani|first3=B. D.|date=2011-09-14|publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-93-82573-47-0|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Lane-Poole1991">{{cite book|author=Stanley Lane-Poole|title=Aurangzeb And The Decay Of The Mughal Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kW5XPgAACAAJ|date=1 January 1991|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors (P) Limited|isbn=978-81-7156-017-2}}</ref> [[Sharia]] was used as the primary basis for the legal system in the Delhi Sultanate, most notably during the rule of [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]] and [[Alauddin Khilji]], who repelled the [[Mongol invasions of India]]. On the other hand, rulers such as [[Akbar]] adopted a secular legal system and enforced religious neutrality.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Madan|first=T. N.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jZmHAwAAQBAJ&dq=akbar+secular+law&pg=PA11|title=Sociological Traditions: Methods and Perspectives in the Sociology of India|date=2011-05-05|publisher=SAGE Publications India|isbn=978-81-321-0769-9|language=en}}</ref> | ||
Muslim rule in India saw a major shift in the cultural, linguistic, and religious makeup of the subcontinent.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Avari|first=Burjor|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hGHpVtQ8eKoC& | Muslim rule in India saw a major shift in the cultural, linguistic, and religious makeup of the subcontinent.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Avari|first=Burjor|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hGHpVtQ8eKoC&q=muslim+rule+in+india+cultural+change|title=Islamic Civilization in South Asia: A History of Muslim Power and Presence in the Indian Subcontinent|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-58061-8|language=en}}</ref> [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Arabic]] vocabulary began to enter local languages, giving way to modern Punjabi, Bengali, and Gujarati, while creating new languages including [[Urdu]] and [[Deccani Urdu|Deccani]], used as official languages under Muslim dynasties.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Khan|first=Abdul Jamil|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nH1HBxdA1UIC&dq=hindi+punjabi+urdu+muslim+rule&pg=PA156|title=Urdu/Hindi: An Artificial Divide: African Heritage, Mesopotamian Roots, Indian Culture & British Colonialism|date=2006|publisher=Algora Publishing|isbn=978-0-87586-438-9|language=en}}</ref> This period also saw the birth of [[Hindustani music]], [[Qawwali]] and the further development of dance forms such as [[Kathak]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Goldberg|first1=K. Meira|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AS61CgAAQBAJ&dq=kathak+muslim+influence&pg=PA50|title=Flamenco on the Global Stage: Historical, Critical and Theoretical Perspectives|last2=Bennahum|first2=Ninotchka Devorah|last3=Hayes|first3=Michelle Heffner|date=2015-10-06|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-9470-5|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Lavezzoli|first=Peter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OSZKCXtx-wEC&dq=hindustani+music+muslim&pg=PA372|title=The Dawn of Indian Music in the West|date=2006-04-24|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-0-8264-1815-9|language=en}}</ref> Religions such as [[Sikhism]] and [[Din-i Ilahi|Din-e-Ilahi]] were born out of a fusion of Hindu and Muslim religious traditions as well.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Oberst|first=Robert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WptYDwAAQBAJ&dq=sikhism+born+during+muslim+rule&pg=PT100|title=Government and Politics in South Asia, Student Economy Edition|date=2018-04-27|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-429-97340-6|language=en}}</ref> | ||
The height of Islamic rule was marked during the reign of [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]], during which the [[Fatwa Alamgiri|Fatawa Alamgiri]] was compiled, which briefly served as the legal system of Mughal India.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chapra|first1=Muhammad Umer|title=Morality and Justice in Islamic Economics and Finance|date=2014|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|isbn=9781783475728|pages=62–63|language=en}}</ref> Additional Islamic policies were re-introduced in [[South India]] by Mysore's de facto King [[Tipu Sultan]].<ref name="pande">{{cite book|title=Aurangzeb and Tipu Sultan: Evaluation of Their Religious Policies|author=B. N. Pande|publisher=[[University of Michigan]]|year=1996|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FgbXAAAAMAAJ|isbn=9788185220383}}</ref> | The height of Islamic rule was marked during the reign of [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]], during which the [[Fatwa Alamgiri|Fatawa Alamgiri]] was compiled, which briefly served as the legal system of Mughal India.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chapra|first1=Muhammad Umer|title=Morality and Justice in Islamic Economics and Finance|date=2014|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|isbn=9781783475728|pages=62–63|language=en}}</ref> Additional Islamic policies were re-introduced in [[South India]] by Mysore's de facto King [[Tipu Sultan]].<ref name="pande">{{cite book|title=Aurangzeb and Tipu Sultan: Evaluation of Their Religious Policies|author=B. N. Pande|publisher=[[University of Michigan]]|year=1996|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FgbXAAAAMAAJ|isbn=9788185220383}}</ref> | ||
The eventual end of the period of Muslim rule of modern [[India]] is mainly marked with the beginning of [[British Raj|British rule]], although its aspects persisted in [[Hyderabad State]], [[Junagadh State]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir State]] and other minor [[princely state]]s until the mid of the 20th century. Today's modern [[Bangladesh]], [[Maldives]] and [[Pakistan]] | The eventual end of the period of Muslim rule of modern [[India]] is mainly marked with the beginning of [[British Raj|British rule]], although its aspects persisted in [[Hyderabad State]], [[Junagadh State]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir State]] and other minor [[princely state]]s until the mid of the 20th century. Today's modern [[Bangladesh]], [[Maldives]] and [[Pakistan]] are the Muslim majority nations in the Indian subcontinent while [[India]] has the largest [[Muslim]] minority population in the world numbering over 180 million. | ||
==History== | |||
==Early Muslim | ===Early Muslim dominions=== | ||
Local kings who converted to | {{See also|Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent|Umayyad campaigns in India}} | ||
Local kings who converted to [[Islam]] existed in places such as [[Western Coastal Plains]] as early as in the 7th century. Islamic rule in India prior to the advent of the [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)]] include those of [[Arab Sind|Arab Caliphate]]'s [[Muhammad bin Qasim]], [[Ghaznavid]]s and [[Ghurid]]s. | |||
==Delhi Sultanate== | ===Delhi Sultanate=== | ||
{{Main|Delhi Sultanate}} | {{Main|Delhi Sultanate}} | ||
[[Image:Tughlaq dynasty 1321 - 1398 ad.PNG|left|200px|thumb|[[Delhi Sultanate]] during [[Tughlaq dynasty|Tughlaq era]]]] | [[Image:Tughlaq dynasty 1321 - 1398 ad.PNG|left|200px|thumb|[[Delhi Sultanate]] during [[Tughlaq dynasty|Tughlaq era]]]] | ||
During the last quarter of the 12th century, [[Muhammad of Ghor]] invaded the [[Indo-Gangetic plain]], conquering in succession [[Ghazni]], [[Multan]], [[Sindh]], [[Lahore]], and [[Delhi]]. [[Qutb-ud-din Aybak]], one of his generals proclaimed himself [[Sultan of Delhi]]. In [[Bengal]] and [[Bihar]], the reign of general [[Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji]] was established, where the missionaries of the Islamic faith accomplished their biggest success in terms of [[dawah]] and number of converts to Islam. In the 13th century, [[Iltutmish|Shamsuddīn Iltutmish]] (1211–1236), established a Turkic kingdom in [[Delhi]], which enabled future sultans to push in every direction; within the next 100 years, the Delhi Sultanate extended its way east to [[Bengal]] and south to the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]], while the sultanate itself experienced repeated threats from the northwest and internal revolts from displeased, independent-minded nobles. The sultanate was in constant flux as five dynasties, all of either [[Turkish peoples|Turkic]] or [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] origin,<ref name=Gat>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HK8TulTJpGAC&pg | During the last quarter of the 12th century, [[Muhammad of Ghor]] invaded the [[Indo-Gangetic plain]], conquering in succession [[Ghazni]], [[Multan]], [[Sindh]], [[Lahore]], and [[Delhi]]. [[Qutb-ud-din Aybak]], one of his generals proclaimed himself [[Sultan of Delhi]]. In [[Bengal]] and [[Bihar]], the reign of general [[Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji]] was established, where the missionaries of the Islamic faith accomplished their biggest success in terms of [[dawah]] and number of converts to Islam. In the 13th century, [[Iltutmish|Shamsuddīn Iltutmish]] (1211–1236), established a Turkic kingdom in [[Delhi]], which enabled future sultans to push in every direction; within the next 100 years, the Delhi Sultanate extended its way east to [[Bengal]] and south to the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]], while the sultanate itself experienced repeated threats from the northwest and internal revolts from displeased, independent-minded nobles. The sultanate was in constant flux as five dynasties, all of either [[Turkish peoples|Turkic]] or [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] origin,<ref name=Gat>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HK8TulTJpGAC&pg=PA126|first=Azar|last=Gat| author-link=Azar Gat|title=Nations: The Long History and Deep Roots of Political Ethnicity and Nationalism|publisher= Cambridge University Press| year=2013|isbn=9781107007857|page=126}}</ref> rose and fell: the [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Mamluk dynasty]] (1206–90), [[Khalji dynasty]] (1290–1320), [[Tughlaq dynasty]] (1320–1413), [[Sayyid dynasty]] (1414–51), and [[Lodi dynasty]] (1451–1526). The [[Khalji dynasty]], under [[Ala ud din Khalji|'Alā'uddīn]] (1296–1316), succeeded in bringing the northern half of South India under its control for a time before the conquered areas broke away within the next decade. Power in Delhi was often gained by violence—nineteen of the thirty-five sultans were assassinated—and was legitimized by reward for tribal loyalty. Factional rivalries and court intrigues were as numerous as they were treacherous; territories controlled by the sultan expanded and shrank depending on his personality and fortunes. | ||
Both the [[Qur'an]] and [[sharia]] (Islamic law) provided the basis for enforcing Islamic administration over the independent [[Hindu]] rulers, but the sultanate made only fitful progress in the beginning when many campaigns were undertaken for plunder and temporary reduction of fortresses. The effective rule of a sultan depended largely on his ability to control the strategic places that dominated the military highways and trade routes, extract the annual land tax, and maintain personal authority over military and provincial governors. Sultan 'Ala ud-Din made an attempt to reassess, systematize, and unify land revenues and urban taxes and to institute a highly centralized system of administration over his realm, but his efforts were abortive. Although agriculture in [[North India]] improved as a result of new canal construction and irrigation methods, including what came to be known as the [[Persian Empire|Persian]] wheel, prolonged political instability and parasitic methods of tax collection brutalized the peasantry. Yet trade and a market economy, encouraged by the free-spending habits of the aristocracy, acquired new impetus both in and overseas. Experts in metalwork, stonework | Both the [[Qur'an]] and [[sharia]] (Islamic law) provided the basis for enforcing Islamic administration over the independent [[Hindu]] rulers, but the sultanate made only fitful progress in the beginning when many campaigns were undertaken for plunder and temporary reduction of fortresses. The effective rule of a sultan depended largely on his ability to control the strategic places that dominated the military highways and trade routes, extract the annual land tax, and maintain personal authority over military and provincial governors. Sultan 'Ala ud-Din made an attempt to reassess, systematize, and unify land revenues and urban taxes and to institute a highly centralized system of administration over his realm, but his efforts were abortive. Although agriculture in [[North India]] improved as a result of new canal construction and irrigation methods, including what came to be known as the [[Persian Empire|Persian]] wheel, prolonged political instability and parasitic methods of tax collection brutalized the peasantry. Yet trade and a market economy, encouraged by the free-spending habits of the aristocracy, acquired new impetus both in and overseas. Experts in metalwork, stonework and textile manufacture responded to the new patronage with enthusiasm. In this period [[Persian language]] and many Persian cultural aspects became dominant in the centers of power in Meric'a, as the rulers of the Delhi Sultanate (who, though being Turkish or Afghan, had been thoroughly Persianized since the era of the Ghaznavids)<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EQJHAQAAQBAJ&dq=ghaznavids+brought+persian+to+south+asia&pg=PA18|title=South Asian Sufis: Devotion, Deviation, and Destiny|isbn=9781441151278|access-date=2 January 2015|last1=Bennett|first1=Clinton|last2=Ramsey|first2=Charles M.|date=March 2012}}</ref> patronized aspects of the foreign culture and language from their seat of power in India. | ||
==Bengal Sultanate== | In northern India, the Multan-based [[Langah Sultanate]] and the [[Kashmir Sultanate]] were established during the 14th century. | ||
Nobles in the court of the Delhi Sultanate founded other Islamic dynasties elsewhere in India: the Bengal Sultanate, [[Khandesh Sultanate]] and the southern [[Madurai Sultanate]]. | |||
===Bengal Sultanate=== | |||
{{Main|Bengal Sultanate}} | {{Main|Bengal Sultanate}} | ||
[[File:Adina Mosque at Malda district of West Bengal 08.jpg|thumb|right|Ruins of the [[Adina Mosque]], once the largest mosque in the [[Indian subcontinent]], in [[Pandua, Malda|Pandua]], the first capital of the [[Bengal Sultanate]].]] | [[File:Adina Mosque at Malda district of West Bengal 08.jpg|thumb|right|Ruins of the [[Adina Mosque]], once the largest mosque in the [[Indian subcontinent]], in [[Pandua, Malda|Pandua]], the first capital of the [[Bengal Sultanate]].]] | ||
In 1339, the Bengal region became independent from the [[Delhi Sultanate]] and consisted of numerous Islamic city-states. The [[Bengal Sultanate]] was formed in 1352 after [[Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah]], ruler of [[Satgaon]], defeated [[Alauddin Ali Shah]] of Lakhnauti and [[Ikhtiyaruddin Ghazi Shah]] of [[Sonargaon]]; ultimately unifying Bengal into one single independent Sultanate. At its greatest extent, the Bengal Sultanate's realm and protectorates stretched from [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]] in the west, [[Tripura]] and [[Arakan]] in the east, [[Kamarupa|Kamrup]] and [[Kamata Kingdom|Kamata]] in the north and [[Puri]] in the south. | In 1339, the Bengal region became independent from the [[Delhi Sultanate]] and consisted of numerous Islamic city-states. The [[Bengal Sultanate]] was formed in 1352 after [[Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah]], ruler of [[Satgaon]], defeated [[Alauddin Ali Shah]] of Lakhnauti and [[Ikhtiyaruddin Ghazi Shah]] of [[Sonargaon]]; ultimately unifying Bengal into one single independent Sultanate. At its greatest extent, the Bengal Sultanate's realm and protectorates stretched from [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]] in the west, [[Tripura]] and [[Arakan]] in the east, [[Kamarupa|Kamrup]] and [[Kamata Kingdom|Kamata]] in the north and [[Puri]] in the south. | ||
Although a [[Sunni Muslim]] monarchy ruled by [[Turco-Persian tradition|Turco-Persians]], [[ | Although a [[Sunni Muslim]] monarchy ruled by [[Turco-Persian tradition|Turco-Persians]], [[Bengalis]], [[Habshis]] and [[Pashtuns]], they still employed many non-Muslims in the administration and promoted a form of religious pluralism.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sahapedia.org/gaur-and-pandua-architecture|title=Gaur and Pandua Architecture|website=Sahapedia}}</ref><ref>"He founded the Bengali Husayn Shahi dynasty, which ruled from 1493 to 1538, and was known to be tolerant to Hindus, employing many on them in his service and promoting a form of religious pluralism" {{cite book|author=David Lewis|title=Bangladesh: Politics, Economy and Civil Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5lH40gT7xvYC&pg=PA44|date=31 October 2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-50257-3|pages=44–45}}</ref> It was known as one of the major trading nations of the medieval world, attracting immigrants and traders from different parts of the world.<ref name="eaton">{{cite book|author=Richard M. Eaton|title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC&pg=PA64|date=31 July 1996|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-20507-9|pages=64–}}</ref> Bengali ships and merchants traded across the region, including in Malacca, China, Africa, Europe and the Maldives through maritime links and overland trade routes. Contemporary European and Chinese visitors described Bengal as the "richest country to trade with" due to the abundance of goods in Bengal. In 1500, the royal capital of [[Gauda (city)|Gaur]] was the fifth-most populous city in the world with 200,000 residents.<ref>{{Citation|title=Bar chart race: the most populous cities through time|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pMs5xapBewM |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/pMs5xapBewM| archive-date=2021-12-12 |url-status=live|language=en|access-date=2019-12-22}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/917929/medieval-cities-in-gujarat-were-once-the-biggest-in-the-world-their-culture-deeply-influential|title=Gujarat's medieval cities were once the biggest in the world – as a viral video reminds us|last=Kapadia|first=Aparna|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-22}}</ref> | ||
Persian was used as a diplomatic and commercial language. Arabic was the liturgical language of the clergy, and the [[Bengali language]] became a court language.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/shout/cover-story/news/evolution-bangla-1705177|title=Evolution of Bangla|date=2019-02-21|website=The Daily Star|language=en|access-date=2019-12-31}}</ref> Bengali was patronised by the Sultans and saved it from being corrupted by the [[Brahmins]] wishing to [[Sanskritisation|Sanskritise]] it.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Muslim Heritage of Bengal: The Lives, Thoughts and Achievements of Great Muslim Scholars, Writers and Reformers of Bangladesh and West Bengal|author=Muhammad Mojlum Khan|author-link=Muhammad Mojlum Khan|publisher=Kube Publishing Ltd|date=21 Oct 2013|page=37}}</ref> Sultan [[Ghiyathuddin Azam Shah]] sponsored the construction of [[madrasa]]s in [[Makkah]] and [[Madinah]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard M. Eaton|title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC&pg=PA47|date=31 July 1996|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-20507-9|page=47|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106124647/https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC|archive-date=6 January 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The schools became known as the [[Ghiyasia Madrasa|Ghiyasia Banjalia Madrasa]]s. [[Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Fasi|Taqi al-Din al-Fasi]], a contemporary Arab scholar, was a teacher at the madrasa in Makkah. The madrasa in Madinah was built at a place called Husn al-Atiq near the [[Prophet's Mosque]].<ref name=bpedia>{{cite book|title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh|author=Abdul Karim|chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Ghiyasia_Madrasa|chapter=Ghiyasia Madrasa|publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> Several other Bengali Sultans also sponsored madrasas in the [[Hejaz]].<ref name="banglapedia.org1">{{cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Jalaluddin_Muhammad_Shah|title=Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah |website=Banglapedia|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707023341/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Jalaluddin_Muhammad_Shah|archive-date=7 July 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | Persian was used as a diplomatic and commercial language. Arabic was the liturgical language of the clergy, and the [[Bengali language]] became a court language.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/shout/cover-story/news/evolution-bangla-1705177|title=Evolution of Bangla|date=2019-02-21|website=The Daily Star|language=en|access-date=2019-12-31}}</ref> Bengali was patronised by the Sultans and saved it from being corrupted by the [[Brahmins]] wishing to [[Sanskritisation|Sanskritise]] it.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Muslim Heritage of Bengal: The Lives, Thoughts and Achievements of Great Muslim Scholars, Writers and Reformers of Bangladesh and West Bengal|author=Muhammad Mojlum Khan|author-link=Muhammad Mojlum Khan|publisher=Kube Publishing Ltd|date=21 Oct 2013|page=37}}</ref> Sultan [[Ghiyathuddin Azam Shah]] sponsored the construction of [[madrasa]]s in [[Makkah]] and [[Madinah]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard M. Eaton|title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC&pg=PA47|date=31 July 1996|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-20507-9|page=47|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106124647/https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC|archive-date=6 January 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The schools became known as the [[Ghiyasia Madrasa|Ghiyasia Banjalia Madrasa]]s. [[Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Fasi|Taqi al-Din al-Fasi]], a contemporary Arab scholar, was a teacher at the madrasa in Makkah. The madrasa in Madinah was built at a place called Husn al-Atiq near the [[Prophet's Mosque]].<ref name=bpedia>{{cite book|title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh|author=Abdul Karim|chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Ghiyasia_Madrasa|chapter=Ghiyasia Madrasa|publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> Several other Bengali Sultans also sponsored madrasas in the [[Hejaz]].<ref name="banglapedia.org1">{{cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Jalaluddin_Muhammad_Shah|title=Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah |website=Banglapedia|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707023341/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Jalaluddin_Muhammad_Shah|archive-date=7 July 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | ||
The [[Karrani dynasty]] was the last ruling dynasty of the sultanate. The Mughals became determined to bring an end to | The [[Karrani dynasty]] was the last ruling dynasty of the sultanate. The Mughals became determined to bring an end to the independent kingdom. Mughal rule formally began with the [[Battle of Rajmahal]] in 1576, when the last Sultan [[Daud Khan Karrani]] was defeated by the forces of Emperor [[Akbar]], and the establishment of the [[Bengal Subah]]. The eastern deltaic [[Bhati (region)|Bhati]] region remained outside of Mughal control until being absorbed in the early 17th century. The delta was controlled by a confederation of aristocrats of the Sultanate, who became known as the [[Baro-Bhuiyan]]s. The Mughal government eventually suppressed the remnants of the Sultanate and brought all of Bengal under full Mughal control. | ||
==Mughal | ===Mughal Empire=== | ||
[[File:Taj Mahal in March 2004.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Taj Mahal]], built by [[Shah Jahan]].]] | [[File:Taj Mahal in March 2004.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Taj Mahal]], built by [[Shah Jahan]].]] | ||
{{Main|Mughal | {{Main|Mughal India}} | ||
The Mughal Empire ruled most of the [[Indian subcontinent]] between 1526 and 1707. The empire was founded by the Turco-Mongol leader [[Babur]] in 1526, when he defeated [[Ibrahim Lodi]], the last [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] ruler of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] at the [[First Battle of Panipat]]. The word "Mughal" is the [[Persian language|Persian]] version of [[Mongol]]. [[Babur]], [[Humayun]], [[Akbar]], [[Jahangir]], [[Shah Jahan]], [[Aurangzeb]] are known as the six great [[Mughal Emperors]]. | The [[Mughal Empire]] ruled most of the [[Indian subcontinent]] between 1526 and 1707. The empire was founded by the Turco-Mongol leader [[Babur]] in 1526, when he defeated [[Ibrahim Lodi]], the last [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] ruler of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] at the [[First Battle of Panipat]]. The word "Mughal" is the [[Persian language|Persian]] version of [[Mongol]]. [[Babur]], [[Humayun]], [[Akbar]], [[Jahangir]], [[Shah Jahan]], [[Aurangzeb]] are known as the six great [[Mughal Emperors]]. | ||
The Afghan [[Sur dynasty]] briefly ruled northern India between 1540 and 1556. | |||
The [[ | |||
== | ===Deccan sultanates=== | ||
{{Main|Bahmani Sultanate|Deccan sultanates | {{Main|Bahmani Sultanate|Deccan sultanates}} | ||
[[File:Indian Mysore Kingdom 1784 map.svg|thumb|[[Mysore Sultanate]] in 1784.]] | [[File:Indian Mysore Kingdom 1784 map.svg|thumb|[[Mysore Sultanate]] in 1784.]] | ||
[[File:Hyderabad princely state 1909.svg|thumb|[[Hyderabad State]] existed until 1948.]] | [[File:Hyderabad princely state 1909.svg|thumb|[[Hyderabad State]] existed until 1948.]] | ||
Many of Tughlaq's governors became rulers of powerful kingdoms in central India during the 16th century, namely the [[Gujarat Sultanate]], [[Malwa Sultanate]] and the [[Bahmani Sultanate]]. | |||
The sultans' failure to hold securely the Deccan and South India resulted in the rise of competing for Southern dynasties: the [[Muslim]] [[Bahmani Sultanate]] (1347–1527) and the [[Hindu]] [[Vijayanagara Empire]] (1336–1565). [[Hasan Gangu|Zafar Khan]], a former provincial governor under the Tughluqs, revolted against his Turkic overlord and proclaimed himself sultan, taking the title [[Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah]] in 1347. The Bahmani Sultanate, located in the northern Deccan, lasted for almost two centuries, until it fragmented into five smaller states, known as the [[Deccan sultanates]] ([[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]], [[Golconda Sultanate|Golconda]], [[Ahmednagar Sultanate|Ahmednagar]], [[Berar Sultanate|Berar]], and [[Bidar Sultanate|Bidar]]) in 1527. The Bahmani Sultanate adopted the patterns established by the Delhi overlords in tax collection and administration, but its downfall was caused in large measure by the competition and hatred between Deccani (domiciled Muslim immigrants and local converts) and paradesi (foreigners or officials in temporary service). The Bahmani Sultanate initiated a process of cultural synthesis visible in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] where cultural flowering is still expressed in vigorous schools of Deccani architecture and painting. [[Madurai Sultanate]] was established after gaining independence from the [[Delhi Sultanate]]. | The sultans' failure to hold securely the Deccan and South India resulted in the rise of competing for Southern dynasties: the [[Muslim]] [[Bahmani Sultanate]] (1347–1527) and the [[Hindu]] [[Vijayanagara Empire]] (1336–1565). [[Hasan Gangu|Zafar Khan]], a former provincial governor under the Tughluqs, revolted against his Turkic overlord and proclaimed himself sultan, taking the title [[Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah]] in 1347. The Bahmani Sultanate, located in the northern Deccan, lasted for almost two centuries, until it fragmented into five smaller states, known as the [[Deccan sultanates]] ([[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]], [[Golconda Sultanate|Golconda]], [[Ahmednagar Sultanate|Ahmednagar]], [[Berar Sultanate|Berar]], and [[Bidar Sultanate|Bidar]]) in 1527. The Bahmani Sultanate adopted the patterns established by the Delhi overlords in tax collection and administration, but its downfall was caused in large measure by the competition and hatred between Deccani (domiciled Muslim immigrants and local converts) and paradesi (foreigners or officials in temporary service). The Bahmani Sultanate initiated a process of cultural synthesis visible in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] where cultural flowering is still expressed in vigorous schools of Deccani architecture and painting. [[Madurai Sultanate]] was established after gaining independence from the [[Delhi Sultanate]]. | ||
When the rulers of the five [[Deccan sultanates]] combined their forces and attacked the [[Vijayanagara empire]] in 1565, the empire crumbled at the [[Battle of Talikot]]. | When the rulers of the five [[Deccan sultanates]] combined their forces and attacked the [[Vijayanagara empire]] in 1565, the empire crumbled at the [[Battle of Talikot]]. | ||
===Hyderabad Nizam=== | === 18th-19th century === | ||
====Nawabs==== | |||
The [[Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad]] remained semi-independent rulers of modern-day [[West Bengal]] and [[Bangladesh]]. [[Nawab of Awadh]] ruled parts of current-day [[Uttar Pradesh]]. | |||
====Hyderabad Nizam==== | |||
[[Nizam]], a shortened version of Nizam-ul-Mulk, meaning ''Administrator of the Realm'', was the title of the native sovereigns of [[Hyderabad state]], [[India]], since 1719, belonging to the Asaf Jah dynasty. The dynasty was founded by [[Qamar-ud-din Khan, Asaf Jah I|Mir Qamar-ud-Din Siddiqi]], a [[viceroy]] of the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] under the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal emperors]] from 1713 to 1721 who intermittently ruled under the title [[Asaf Jah]] in 1924. After [[Aurangzeb|Aurangzeb's]] death in 1707, the Mughal Empire crumbled, and the viceroy in Hyderabad, the young Asaf Jah, declared himself independent. | [[Nizam]], a shortened version of Nizam-ul-Mulk, meaning ''Administrator of the Realm'', was the title of the native sovereigns of [[Hyderabad state]], [[India]], since 1719, belonging to the Asaf Jah dynasty. The dynasty was founded by [[Qamar-ud-din Khan, Asaf Jah I|Mir Qamar-ud-Din Siddiqi]], a [[viceroy]] of the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] under the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal emperors]] from 1713 to 1721 who intermittently ruled under the title [[Asaf Jah]] in 1924. After [[Aurangzeb|Aurangzeb's]] death in 1707, the Mughal Empire crumbled, and the viceroy in Hyderabad, the young Asaf Jah, declared himself independent. | ||
====Southern states==== | |||
[[Hyder Ali]] and [[Tipu Sultan]] held power in the [[proto-industrialisation|proto-industrialised]] [[Mysore Sultanate]]. They made huge economic contributions, made alliances with [[France]] and fought the [[Anglo-Mysore Wars]]. | [[Hyder Ali]] and [[Tipu Sultan]] held power in the [[proto-industrialisation|proto-industrialised]] [[Mysore Sultanate]]. They made huge economic contributions, made alliances with [[France]] and fought the [[Anglo-Mysore Wars]]. | ||
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==See also== | ==See also== | ||
* [[The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians | * [[The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians]] (Book) | ||
* [[ | * [[Islam in South Asia]] | ||
* [[History of India]] | * [[History of India]] | ||
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190414010733/http://koenraadelst.bharatvani.org/books/negaind/index.htm Negationism in India Concealing the record of Islam by Koenraad Elst] | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist}} | {{Reflist}} | ||
*{{loc}} - [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/intoc.html India], [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/pktoc.html Pakistan] | *{{loc}} - [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/intoc.html India], [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/pktoc.html Pakistan] | ||
==Literature== | ==Literature== | ||
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[[Category:Muslim rulers|Indian subcontinent]] | [[Category:Muslim rulers|Indian subcontinent]] | ||
[[Category:Empires and kingdoms of India]] | [[Category:Empires and kingdoms of India]] | ||