6
edits
robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)
>Maxeto0910 (Added short description.) |
(robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)) |
||
| Line 27: | Line 27: | ||
==Classification and dialects== | ==Classification and dialects== | ||
The Gta{{hamza}} language belongs to the South Munda subgroup of the [[Munda languages|Munda]] branch of the [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic language family]].<ref name="e18" /> Within South Munda, Gta{{hamza}} is generally considered to be the first branch off a node that also subsumes the [[Bonda language|Remo]] and [[Gutob language|Gutob]] languages; this subgroup of South Munda is known as Gutob–Remo–Gataq. It is phonologically and morphologically divergent within that branch.<ref>{{Cite | The Gta{{hamza}} language belongs to the South Munda subgroup of the [[Munda languages|Munda]] branch of the [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic language family]].<ref name="e18" /> Within South Munda, Gta{{hamza}} is generally considered to be the first branch off a node that also subsumes the [[Bonda language|Remo]] and [[Gutob language|Gutob]] languages; this subgroup of South Munda is known as Gutob–Remo–Gataq. It is phonologically and morphologically divergent within that branch.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zide|first=Norman H.|date=1976|title=A Note on Gta? Echo Forms|series=Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications|pages=1335–1343|publisher=University of Hawai'i Press |issn=0078-3188|jstor=20019204}}</ref> | ||
Gta{{hamza}} has two main varieties, namely Plains Gta{{hamza}} and Hill Gta{{hamza}}. | Gta{{hamza}} has two main varieties, namely Plains Gta{{hamza}} and Hill Gta{{hamza}}. | ||
| Line 44: | Line 44: | ||
! rowspan="2" |[[Stop consonant|Stop]] | ! rowspan="2" |[[Stop consonant|Stop]] | ||
!<small>voiceless</small> | !<small>voiceless</small> | ||
|p | |{{IPA link|p}} | ||
|t | |{{IPA link|t̪|t}} | ||
|ʈ | |{{IPA link|ʈ}} | ||
|c | |{{IPA link|c}} | ||
|k | |{{IPA link|k}} | ||
|ʔ | |{{IPA link|ʔ}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
![[Voice (phonetics)|<small>voiced</small>]] | ![[Voice (phonetics)|<small>voiced</small>]] | ||
|b | |{{IPA link|b}} | ||
|[d] | |[{{IPA link|d̪|d}}] | ||
|ɖ | |{{IPA link|ɖ}} | ||
|ɟ | |{{IPA link|ɟ}} | ||
| | |{{IPA link|ɡ}} | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]] | ! colspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]] | ||
| | | | ||
|s | |{{IPA link|s}} | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|h | |{{IPA link|h}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]] | ! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]] | ||
|m | |{{IPA link|m}} | ||
|n | |{{IPA link|n}} | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|ŋ | |{{IPA link|ŋ}} | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]] | ! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]] | ||
| | | | ||
|l | |{{IPA link|l}} | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| Line 85: | Line 85: | ||
! colspan="2" |[[Flap consonant|Flap]] | ! colspan="2" |[[Flap consonant|Flap]] | ||
| | | | ||
|ɾ | |{{IPA link|ɾ}} | ||
|ɽ | |{{IPA link|ɽ}} | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| Line 95: | Line 95: | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
Nouns in Gtaʔ | Nouns in Gtaʔ are primarily marked for case, number and possession.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6GzxBwAAQBAJ&dq=gta+language&pg=PA682 | title=The Munda Languages | isbn=9781317828860 | last1=Anderson | first1=Gregory D. S. | date=8 April 2015 }}</ref> Nouns also have two forms, one a free full form, the other a bound short form. These latter occur only when the noun is compounded with another noun or a verb for derivational purposes, and are hence labeled "combining forms". The combining form usually involves removing an affix or shortening the noun in some way. Some examples: | ||
* ''ncu'' -> ''-cu-'' (oil) | |||
* ''gsi'' -> ''-si-'' (louse) | |||
* ''gbe'' -> ''-be-'' (bear) | |||
* ''gnar'' -> ''-gar-'' (strip of bamboo) | |||
* ''remwa'' -> ''-re-'' (person) | |||
Combining forms occurring with verb stems can be echoed independently of the verb stems; those occurring with noun stems either remain intact or change at par with the main stems. | |||
<br /> | <br /> | ||
''Examples'' | ''Examples'' | ||