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| conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Valluvanad | | conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Valluvanad | ||
| common_name = Valluvanad | | common_name = Valluvanad | ||
| capital = [[Angadipuram]],[[Perinthalmanna]], [[Kerala]] | | capital = [[Angadipuram]], [[Perinthalmanna taluk]], [[Malappuram district]], [[Kerala]], [[India]] | ||
| government_type = [[Monarchy]] | | government_type = [[Monarchy]] | ||
| year_start = 1124 | | year_start = 1124 | ||
| Line 39: | Line 39: | ||
'''Valluvanad''' was an independent chiefdom in present-day central [[Kerala]] that held power from the early 12th century to the end of the 18th century. Prior to that, and since the late 10th century, Valluvanad existed as an autonomous chiefdom within the kingdom of the [[Chera/Perumals of Makotai|Chera Perumals]].<ref name=":1">{{cite book|last1=Narayanan|first1=M.G.S.|author-link1=M. G. S. Narayanan|title=Perumāḷs of Kerala : Brahmin oligarchy and ritual monarchy : political and social conditions of Kerala under the Cēra Perumāḷs of Makōtai (c. AD 800-AD 1124)|date=2013|publisher=CosmoBooks|location=Thrissur|isbn=9788188765072}}</ref><ref name=":0">Ganesh, K. N. (2009). Historical Geography of Natu in South India with Special Reference to Kerala. Indian Historical Review, 36(1), 3–21.</ref> The disintegration of the Chera Perumal kingdom in early 12th century led to the independence of the various autonomous chiefdoms of the kingdom, Valluvanad being one of them. | '''Valluvanad''' was an independent chiefdom in present-day central [[Kerala]] that held power from the early 12th century to the end of the 18th century. Prior to that, and since the late 10th century, Valluvanad existed as an autonomous chiefdom within the kingdom of the [[Chera/Perumals of Makotai|Chera Perumals]].<ref name=":1">{{cite book|last1=Narayanan|first1=M.G.S.|author-link1=M. G. S. Narayanan|title=Perumāḷs of Kerala : Brahmin oligarchy and ritual monarchy : political and social conditions of Kerala under the Cēra Perumāḷs of Makōtai (c. AD 800-AD 1124)|date=2013|publisher=CosmoBooks|location=Thrissur|isbn=9788188765072}}</ref><ref name=":0">Ganesh, K. N. (2009). Historical Geography of Natu in South India with Special Reference to Kerala. Indian Historical Review, 36(1), 3–21.</ref> The disintegration of the Chera Perumal kingdom in early 12th century led to the independence of the various autonomous chiefdoms of the kingdom, Valluvanad being one of them. | ||
The earliest mention of the term "Valluvanad" as a political entity, from the 9th and early 10th century, are references to a region within the Ay kingdom in the south Kerala, then a vassal to the Pandya kingdom.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rao|first1=Gopinatha|url=https://tamildigitallibrary.in/admin/assets/book/TVA_BOK_0013423_Travancore_Archaeological_series.pdf|title=Travancore Archaeological Series|date=1910|publisher=Madras Methodist Publishing House|page=5}}</ref> It is possible that the new chiefdom in central Kerala (within the kingdom of the Chera Perumals) derives its origin from this eponymous subdivision in south Kerala.<ref name=":1" /> Valluvanad was ruled by a [[Samanthan Nair]] clan known as Vellodis, similar to the [[Eradi]]s of neighbouring [[Eranad]] and [[Nedungadi]]s of [[Ottapalam|Nedunganad]]. The rulers of Valluvanad were known by the title ''Valluvakonathiri''/''Vellattiri''.<ref>{{Cite book| | The earliest mention of the term "Valluvanad" as a political entity, from the 9th and early 10th century, are references to a region within the Ay kingdom in the south Kerala, then a vassal to the Pandya kingdom.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rao|first1=Gopinatha|url=https://tamildigitallibrary.in/admin/assets/book/TVA_BOK_0013423_Travancore_Archaeological_series.pdf|title=Travancore Archaeological Series|date=1910|publisher=Madras Methodist Publishing House|page=5}}</ref> It is possible that the new chiefdom in central Kerala (within the kingdom of the Chera Perumals) derives its origin from this eponymous subdivision in south Kerala.<ref name=":1" /> Valluvanad was ruled by a [[Samanthan Nair]] clan known as Vellodis, similar to the [[Eradi]]s of neighbouring [[Eranad]] and [[Nedungadi]]s of [[Ottapalam|Nedunganad]]. The rulers of Valluvanad were known by the title ''Valluvakonathiri''/''Vellattiri''.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Kerala (India)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZjRuAAAAMAAJ|title=Kerala District Gazetteers|last2=Menon|first2=A. Sreedhara|date=1986|publisher=Superintendent of Government Presses,University of Michigan|pages=224|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Schneider|first1=David Murray|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lfdvTbfilYAC|title=Matrilineal Kinship|last2=Gough|first2=Kathleen|date=1961|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-02529-5|pages=307|language=en}}</ref> | ||
The geographical bounds of Valluvanad are hard to assess from available sources, and did vary significantly in time. It has been generally described as the region between the knolls of [[Anakkayam|Pandalur Hills]] (a hill that separates old [[Eranad]] Taluk from Valluvanad Taluk, located in [[Malappuram]]-[[Manjeri]] area) and the seashore of [[Ponnani]].<ref>S. Rajendu - History of Valluvanad - from pre-historic times to A.D. 1792, Malayalam, Perintalmanna, 2012</ref> The country covered the [[Bharathapuzha River|Bharathapuzha river]] basin in the south to the Pandalur Hills in the north. On the west, it was bounded by the [[Arabian Sea]] at the [[port]] [[Ponnani]] and on the east by [[Attappadi|Attappadi Hills]]. In the 12th century, Valluvanad had parts of present-day [[Nilambur]] ([[Nilambur]]-[[Wandoor]]-[[Karuvarakundu]] area), [[Eranad Taluk|Eranad]] ([[Pandikkad]]-[[Manjeri]]-[[Malappuram]] areas), [[Tirur Taluk|Tirur]] ([[Tirunavaya]]-[[Athavanad]]-[[Kottakkal]]-[[Valanchery]] areas), and [[Ponnani taluk|Ponnani]] Taluks within it, with Ponnani port providing the main access to the sea. At that time a larger part of the basins of [[Chaliyar]] and [[Kadalundi River]] were ruled by ''Valluvakonathiri''. In its maximal extend, its northern boundary was Thrikkulam at [[Tirurangadi]] in [[Tirurangadi]] Taluk and southern border was [[Edathara]] near [[Palakkad]]. A larger portion of what is presently called [[Eranad]] region was originally under the Kingdom of Valluvanad before the conquest of [[Zamorin of Calicut]]. In early medieval period, ''Valluvakonathiri'' conquered a larger portion of ''Nedunganad'' ([[Pattambi]]-[[Ottapalam]]-[[Shoranur]]-[[Cherpulassery]] area), which was under the rule of ''Nedungathirippad''. However Nedunganad was annexed by the [[Zamorin of Calicut]] in 15th century CE. The [[Nedumpuram Palace]] near [[Thiruvalla]] belongs to Valluvanad Royal family. | The geographical bounds of Valluvanad are hard to assess from available sources, and did vary significantly in time. It has been generally described as the region between the knolls of [[Anakkayam|Pandalur Hills]] (a hill that separates old [[Eranad]] Taluk from Valluvanad Taluk, located in [[Malappuram]]-[[Manjeri]] area) and the seashore of [[Ponnani]].<ref>S. Rajendu - History of Valluvanad - from pre-historic times to A.D. 1792, Malayalam, Perintalmanna, 2012</ref> The country covered the [[Bharathapuzha River|Bharathapuzha river]] basin in the south to the Pandalur Hills in the north. On the west, it was bounded by the [[Arabian Sea]] at the [[port]] [[Ponnani]] and on the east by [[Attappadi|Attappadi Hills]]. In the 12th century, Valluvanad had parts of present-day [[Nilambur]] ([[Nilambur]]-[[Wandoor]]-[[Karuvarakundu]]-[[Tuvvur]] area), [[Eranad Taluk|Eranad]] ([[Pandikkad]]-[[Manjeri]]-[[Malappuram]] areas), [[Tirur Taluk|Tirur]] ([[Tirunavaya]]-[[Athavanad]]-[[Kottakkal]]-[[Valanchery]] areas), and [[Ponnani taluk|Ponnani]] Taluks within it, with Ponnani port providing the main access to the sea. At that time a larger part of the basins of [[Chaliyar]] and [[Kadalundi River]] were ruled by ''Valluvakonathiri''. In its maximal extend, its northern boundary was Thrikkulam at [[Tirurangadi]] in [[Tirurangadi]] Taluk and southern border was [[Edathara]] near [[Palakkad]]. A larger portion of what is presently called [[Eranad]] region was originally under the Kingdom of Valluvanad before the conquest of [[Zamorin of Calicut]]. In early medieval period, ''Valluvakonathiri'' conquered a larger portion of ''Nedunganad'' ([[Pattambi]]-[[Ottapalam]]-[[Shoranur]]-[[Cherpulassery]] area), which was under the rule of ''Nedungathirippad''. However Nedunganad was annexed by the [[Zamorin of Calicut]] in 15th century CE. The [[Nedumpuram Palace]] near [[Thiruvalla]] belongs to Valluvanad Royal family. | ||
The chiefdom was disestablished in 1793 with the [[British East India Company]] taking over its management directly, and the hereditary ruling family settling for a pension arrangement. | The chiefdom was disestablished in 1793 with the [[British East India Company]] taking over its management directly, and the hereditary ruling family settling for a pension arrangement. | ||
| Line 124: | Line 124: | ||
*[[Melattur, Kerala|Melattur]] | *[[Melattur, Kerala|Melattur]] | ||
*[[Keezhattur]] | *[[Keezhattur]] | ||
*Pallippuram | *[[Pallippuram, Palakkad|Pallippuram]] | ||
*[[Mankada]] | *[[Mankada]] | ||
*[[Arakkuparamba]] | *[[Arakkuparamba]] | ||
* | *chettanallur | ||
*[[Puzhakkattiri]] | *[[Puzhakkattiri]] | ||
*[[Valambur]] | *[[Valambur]] | ||
*Karyavattam | *Karyavattam | ||
*[[Nenmini]] | *[[Nenmini]] | ||
*Kodur | *[[Kodur, Malappuram|Kodur]] | ||
*Pang | *[[Pang, Malappuram|Pang]] | ||
*[[Kolathur, Kerala|Kolathur]] | *[[Kolathur, Kerala|Kolathur]] | ||
*Kuruvambalam | *[[Kuruvambalam]] | ||
*[[Pulamanthole]] | *[[Pulamanthole]] | ||
*Elamkulam | *[[Elamkulam, Malappuram|Elamkulam]] | ||
*[[Vettattur]] | *[[Vettattur]] | ||
*Kottopadam | *Kottopadam | ||
| Line 235: | Line 235: | ||
* [[Valambur]] | * [[Valambur]] | ||
* Karyavattam | * Karyavattam | ||
* Nenmini | * [[Nenmini]] | ||
* [[Melattur, Kerala|Melattur]] | * [[Melattur, Kerala|Melattur]] | ||
* [[Vettattur]] | * [[Vettattur]] | ||