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[[File:Shikakai (Senegalia rugata) seed pods.jpg|thumb|Shikakai (Senegalia rugata) seed pods]] | [[File:Shikakai (Senegalia rugata) seed pods.jpg|thumb|Shikakai (Senegalia rugata) seed pods]] | ||
'''''Senegalia rugata''''', commonly known in India | '''''Senegalia rugata''''', commonly known in India by the [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-derived name '''''Shikakai''''', is a spiny climbing shrub native to China and tropical Asia, common in the warm plains of [[central India|central and south India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb?sciname=Acacia+concinna |title=Acacia concinna - ILDIS LegumeWeb |publisher=www.ildis.org |access-date=2008-03-13}}</ref><ref name="powo"/> | ||
It is renowned as a raw material for shampoo, | It is renowned as a raw material for shampoo, and the leaves and young shoots are often eaten. Archaeobotanical evidence shows its use for hair care in the pre-Harrapan levels of [[Banawali]], some 4500{{ndash}}4300 years ago. | ||
==Description== | ==Description== | ||
A woody climber, | A woody climber, shrub, or small tree up to {{convert|5|m}} tall, with numerous spines.<ref name="maslin3">{{cite journal |last1=Maslin |first1=Bruce R. |last2=Ho |first2=Boon Chuan |last3=Sun |first3=Hang |last4=Bai |first4=Lin |title=Revision of Senegalia in China, and notes on introduced species of Acacia, Acaciella, Senegalia and Vachellia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) |journal=Plant Diversity |date=2019 |volume=41 |issue=6, December |pages=353–480 |doi=10.1016/j.pld.2019.09.001 |pmid=31891020 |pmc=6923495 |url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Senegalia rugata (Lam.) Britton & Rose |url=https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Senegalia+rugata |website=Flora of Australia |publisher=Dept. Environment & Energy, Australian Government |access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref> | ||
Leaves are bipinnate. Cream to pale-yellow flowers, though buds are red to purplish-red and when the flowers are open they appear cream. The seed pods are distinctive, | Leaves are bipinnate. Cream to pale-yellow flowers, though buds are red to purplish-red and when the flowers are open they appear cream. The seed pods are distinctive. When fresh, they are smooth, thick, and fleshy; however, when they dry, they become wrinkled, blackish, and very hard.<ref name="maslin2">{{cite journal |last1=Maslin |first1=B.R. |title=Synoptic overview of Acacia sensu lato (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) in East and Southeast Asia |journal=Gardens' Bulletin Singapore |date=2015 |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=231–250 |doi=10.3850/S2382581215000186 |url=https://www.nparks.gov.sg/sbg/research/publications/gardens-bulletin-singapore/-/media/sbg/gardens-bulletin/gbs_67_01_y2015_v67_01/4-4-67-1-231-y2015-v67p1-gbs-pg231.pdf |access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref> | ||
==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
The species is native to Asia, including [[China|Zhōngguó/China]].<ref name="powo"/><ref name="maslin"/><ref name="maslin2"/><ref name="maslin3"/> Countries and regions to which it is native include: [[Papua New Guinea | The species is native to Asia, including [[China|Zhōngguó/China]].<ref name="powo"/><ref name="maslin"/><ref name="maslin2"/><ref name="maslin3"/> Countries and regions to which it is native include: [[Papua New Guinea]] ([[Eastern New Guinea]]); Indonesia ([[Western New Guinea|West Papua]], [[Kai Islands]], [[Sulawesi]], [[Lesser Sunda Islands|Nusa Tenggara]], [[Maluku Islands|Maluku]], [[Java|Jawa]], [[Sumatra|Sumatera]]); Philippines; Malaysia ([[Peninsular Malaysia]]); Thailand; Cambodia; Vietnam; Zhōngguó/China ([[Guangdong]], [[Yunnan]]); Laos; Myanmar; India ([[Andaman Islands]], [[Assam]], Bangladesh, Nepal, East Himalaya. It has been [[introduced species|introduced]]/[[Naturalization (biology)|naturalized]] to the following countries/regions: [[New Caledonia|Nouvelle Caledonie]]; Australia (Queensland); Japan (Okinawa); [[Réunion]]; [[Madagascar]]; Seychelles; [[Brazil]] (southeast); Jamaica | ||
The species is invasive in countries around the world, including [[New Caledonia]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers12-08/010052239.pdf|title=Les Espèces Exotiques Envahissantes de Nouvelle Calédonie|last=Hequet|first=Vanessa|year=2009|pages=17|language=fr}}</ref> | |||
==Habitat and ecology== | ==Habitat and ecology== | ||
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==Uses== | ==Uses== | ||
===Shikakai | ===Shikakai in hair care=== | ||
''Senegalia rugata'' has been used traditionally for hair care in the [[Indian Subcontinent]] since ancient times. It is one of the [[Ayurvedic]] [[medicinal plant]]s. It is traditionally used as a [[shampoo]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Shikakai.html|title=Acacia concinna - Shikakai|website=www.flowersofindia.net|access-date=8 September 2018}}</ref> and it is also added in synthetic Ayurvedic shampoos. It is widely known as '' | ''Senegalia rugata'' has been used traditionally for hair care in the [[Indian Subcontinent]] since ancient times. It is one of the [[Ayurvedic]] [[medicinal plant]]s. It is traditionally used as a [[shampoo]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Shikakai.html|title=Acacia concinna - Shikakai|website=www.flowersofindia.net|access-date=8 September 2018}}</ref> and it is also added in synthetic Ayurvedic shampoos. It is widely known as ''shikakai'', from Tamil சிகைக்காய் ''cikaikkāy'' (''cikai'' 'hair'+''kāy'' 'fruit'). In order to prepare it, the fruit pods, leaves and bark of the plant are dried, ground into a powder, then made into a paste. While this traditional shampoo does not produce the normal amount of [[foam|lather]] that a sulfate-containing shampoo would, it is considered a good cleanser. It is mild, having a naturally low [[pH]], and does not strip hair of natural [[oil]]s. An infusion of the leaves has been used in anti-[[dandruff]] preparations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.beautystylr.com/shikakai-benefits-for-hair-and-how-to-use|title=Shikakai for Hair: 16 Benefits and 11 Ways to Use it|date=2017-04-29|website=beautystylr.com|access-date=8 September 2018}}</ref> | ||
''Senagalia rugata'' extracts are used in natural shampoos or hair powders and the tree is now grown commercially in India and Far East Asia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/forestry/forestry_nursery_acacia_concinna.html|title=Forestry :: Nursery Technologies|website=agritech.tnau.ac.in|access-date=8 September 2018}}</ref> The plant parts used for the dry powder or the extract are the bark, leaves or pods. The bark contains high levels of [[saponin]]s, which are foaming agents found in several other plant species used as shampoos or soaps. Saponin-containing plants have a long history of use as mild cleaning agents. Saponins from the plant's pods have been traditionally used as a [[detergent]], and in [[Bengal]] for poisoning fish; they are documented to be potent marine toxins. | ''Senagalia rugata'' extracts are used in natural shampoos or hair powders and the tree is now grown commercially in India and Far East Asia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/forestry/forestry_nursery_acacia_concinna.html|title=Forestry :: Nursery Technologies|website=agritech.tnau.ac.in|access-date=8 September 2018}}</ref> The plant parts used for the dry powder or the extract are the bark, leaves or pods. The bark contains high levels of [[saponin]]s, which are foaming agents found in several other plant species used as shampoos or soaps. Saponin-containing plants have a long history of use as mild cleaning agents. Saponins from the plant's pods have been traditionally used as a [[detergent]], and in [[Bengal]] for poisoning fish; they are documented to be potent marine toxins. | ||
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==Chemical constituents== | ==Chemical constituents== | ||
[[Alkaloids]] are found in the tree's fruit.<ref>[http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/tandf/uito/2005/00000024/A00300s3/art00004;jsessionid=1mthntz7qx0er.alice?format=print&token=00421c32c8731039dfe86b64276a687b76504c48766a252c3a6e2f4240346f35ce www.ingentaconnect.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071002005859/http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/tandf/uito/2005/00000024/A00300s3/art00004%3Bjsessionid%3D1mthntz7qx0er.alice?format=print&token=00421c32c8731039dfe86b64276a687b76504c48766a252c3a6e2f4240346f35ce |date=October 2, 2007 }}</ref> | [[Alkaloids]] are found in the tree's fruit.<ref>[http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/tandf/uito/2005/00000024/A00300s3/art00004;jsessionid=1mthntz7qx0er.alice?format=print&token=00421c32c8731039dfe86b64276a687b76504c48766a252c3a6e2f4240346f35ce www.ingentaconnect.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071002005859/http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/tandf/uito/2005/00000024/A00300s3/art00004%3Bjsessionid%3D1mthntz7qx0er.alice?format=print&token=00421c32c8731039dfe86b64276a687b76504c48766a252c3a6e2f4240346f35ce |date=October 2, 2007 }}</ref> | ||
In commercial extracts, when the plant is [[hydrolysis|hydrolyzed]] it yields [[lupeol]], [[spinasterol]], [[acacic acid]], [[lactone]], and the natural sugars [[glucose]], [[arabinose]] and [[rhamnose]]. It also contains [[hexacosanol]], [[spinasterone]], [[oxalic acid]], [[tartaric acid]], [[citric acid]], [[succinic acid]], [[ascorbic acid]], and the [[alkaloid]]s [[calyctomine]] and [[nicotine]]. | In commercial extracts, when the plant is [[hydrolysis|hydrolyzed]] it yields [[lupeol]], [[spinasterol]], [[acacic acid]], [[lactone]], and the natural sugars [[glucose]], [[arabinose]] and [[rhamnose]]. It also contains [[hexacosanol]], [[spinasterone]], [[oxalic acid]], [[tartaric acid]], [[citric acid]], [[succinic acid]], [[ascorbic acid]], and the [[alkaloid]]s [[calyctomine]] and [[nicotine]]. | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist}} | |||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||