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{{short description|Military wing of the Palestinian Hamas organization}} | {{short description|Military wing of the Palestinian Hamas organization}} | ||
{{pp-30-500|small=yes}} | |||
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}} | ||
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* ''Islamic fundamentalism in the West Bank and Gaza: Muslim Brotherhood and Islamic Jihad'', by [[Ziyād Abū 'Amr]], Indiana University Press, 1994, pp. 66–72 | * ''Islamic fundamentalism in the West Bank and Gaza: Muslim Brotherhood and Islamic Jihad'', by [[Ziyād Abū 'Amr]], Indiana University Press, 1994, pp. 66–72 | ||
* ''Anti-Semitic Motifs in the Ideology of Hizballah and Hamas'', Esther Webman, Project for the Study of Anti-Semitism, 1994. {{ISBN|978-965-222-592-4}} | * ''Anti-Semitic Motifs in the Ideology of Hizballah and Hamas'', Esther Webman, Project for the Study of Anti-Semitism, 1994. {{ISBN|978-965-222-592-4}} | ||
</ref><br>[[Palestinian nationalism]] | </ref><br />[[Palestinian nationalism]] | ||
|leaders = [[Mohammed Deif]]<br />[[Marwan Issa]] | |leaders = [[Mohammed Deif]]<br />[[Marwan Issa]] | ||
|headquarters = [[Gaza Strip]] | |headquarters = [[Gaza Strip]] | ||
|area = [[File:Flag of Palestine.svg|border|22px|link=State of Palestine]] [[Palestinian territories]]<br>{{flag|State of Israel}} | |area = [[File:Flag of Palestine.svg|border|22px|link=State of Palestine]] [[Palestinian territories]]<br />{{flag|State of Israel}} | ||
|size = 15,000–40,000<ref>{{cite book |last1=(IISS) |first1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The Military Balance, 2018, Vol. 118, No. 1, February 2018 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781857439557 |date=14 February 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{in lang|fr}} Christian Chesnot, [https://www.franceculture.fr/geopolitique/michel-goya-militairement-le-hamas-monte-en-gamme-depuis-2010 Michel Goya : "Militairement, le Hamas monte en gamme depuis 2010"], ''France Culture'', 18 May 2021.</ref> | |size = 15,000–40,000<ref>{{cite book |last1=(IISS) |first1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The Military Balance, 2018, Vol. 118, No. 1, February 2018 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781857439557 |date=14 February 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{in lang|fr}} Christian Chesnot, [https://www.franceculture.fr/geopolitique/michel-goya-militairement-le-hamas-monte-en-gamme-depuis-2010 Michel Goya : "Militairement, le Hamas monte en gamme depuis 2010"], ''France Culture'', 18 May 2021.</ref> | ||
|partof = {{flagicon image|Flag of Hamas.svg}} [[Hamas]] | |partof = {{flagicon image|Flag of Hamas.svg}} [[Hamas]] | ||
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|allies=*{{IRN}}<ref name="support">{{Cite web|url=https://adnanabuamer.com/post/2206/exclusive-hamas-official-discusses-decline-of-iranian-support|title=Exclusive: Hamas Official Discusses Decline of Iranian Support}}</ref> | |allies=*{{IRN}}<ref name="support">{{Cite web|url=https://adnanabuamer.com/post/2206/exclusive-hamas-official-discusses-decline-of-iranian-support|title=Exclusive: Hamas Official Discusses Decline of Iranian Support}}</ref> | ||
**{{flagicon image|Flag of the Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution.svg}} [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|IRGC]] | **{{flagicon image|Flag of the Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution.svg}} [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|IRGC]] | ||
***[[Quds Force]]<ref>https://www.state.gov/on-sanctioning-of-four-financial-facilitators-for-hamas/</ref> | ***[[Quds Force]]<ref>https://www.state.gov/on-sanctioning-of-four-financial-facilitators-for-hamas/ {{Dead link|date=April 2022}}</ref> | ||
*{{flag|Hezbollah}}<ref name="support" /> | *{{flag|Hezbollah}}<ref name="support" /> | ||
*{{PRK}}<ref>{{cite book|title=North Korean Military Proliferation in the Middle East and Africa: Enabling Violence and Instability|last=Bechtol|first=Bruce E.}}</ref> | *{{PRK}}<ref>{{cite book|title=North Korean Military Proliferation in the Middle East and Africa: Enabling Violence and Instability|last=Bechtol|first=Bruce E.}}</ref> | ||
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At the beginning of the [[Second Intifada]], the group became a central target of [[Israel]]. The group's strength and its ability to carry out complex and lethal attacks surprised many observers. The Al-Qassam Brigades operated several cells in the [[West Bank]], but most of them were destroyed by 2004 following numerous [[Operation Defensive Shield|operations]] of the [[Israeli Defense Forces]] (IDF) in the region.{{Citation needed|date=November 2008}} In contrast, Hamas retained a forceful presence in the [[Gaza Strip]], generally considered its stronghold. [[Yahya Sinwar]], Hamas political leader in the Gaza Strip since February 2017, is a military leader in the Brigades in Gaza.<ref name="Beaumont">{{Cite news|last=Beaumont |first=Peter |title=Hamas elects hardliner Yahya Sinwar as its Gaza Strip chief |date=13 February 2017 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/feb/13/hamas-elects-hardliner-yahya-sinwar-as-its-gaza-strip-chief |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213150750/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/feb/13/hamas-elects-hardliner-yahya-sinwar-as-its-gaza-strip-chief |archive-date=13 February 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Balousha">{{Cite news |last1=Balousha |first1=Hazam |last2=Booth |first2=William |date=13 February 2017 |title=Hamas names hard-liner as its new political leader in Gaza |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/hamas-names-hard-liner-as-its-new-political-leader-in-gaza-/2017/02/13/b4e31518-f1f6-11e6-9fb1-2d8f3fc9c0ed_story.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213183423/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/hamas-names-hard-liner-as-its-new-political-leader-in-gaza-/2017/02/13/b4e31518-f1f6-11e6-9fb1-2d8f3fc9c0ed_story.html |archive-date=13 February 2017 |url-status=live |access-date=2 April 2018 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> | At the beginning of the [[Second Intifada]], the group became a central target of [[Israel]]. The group's strength and its ability to carry out complex and lethal attacks surprised many observers. The Al-Qassam Brigades operated several cells in the [[West Bank]], but most of them were destroyed by 2004 following numerous [[Operation Defensive Shield|operations]] of the [[Israeli Defense Forces]] (IDF) in the region.{{Citation needed|date=November 2008}} In contrast, Hamas retained a forceful presence in the [[Gaza Strip]], generally considered its stronghold. [[Yahya Sinwar]], Hamas political leader in the Gaza Strip since February 2017, is a military leader in the Brigades in Gaza.<ref name="Beaumont">{{Cite news|last=Beaumont |first=Peter |title=Hamas elects hardliner Yahya Sinwar as its Gaza Strip chief |date=13 February 2017 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/feb/13/hamas-elects-hardliner-yahya-sinwar-as-its-gaza-strip-chief |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213150750/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/feb/13/hamas-elects-hardliner-yahya-sinwar-as-its-gaza-strip-chief |archive-date=13 February 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Balousha">{{Cite news |last1=Balousha |first1=Hazam |last2=Booth |first2=William |date=13 February 2017 |title=Hamas names hard-liner as its new political leader in Gaza |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/hamas-names-hard-liner-as-its-new-political-leader-in-gaza-/2017/02/13/b4e31518-f1f6-11e6-9fb1-2d8f3fc9c0ed_story.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213183423/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/hamas-names-hard-liner-as-its-new-political-leader-in-gaza-/2017/02/13/b4e31518-f1f6-11e6-9fb1-2d8f3fc9c0ed_story.html |archive-date=13 February 2017 |url-status=live |access-date=2 April 2018 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> | ||
The Al-Qassam Brigades are explicitly listed as a terrorist organization by the [[Palestine–European Union relations|European Union]],<ref name=councild>{{cite web|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2005/l_340/l_34020051223en00640066.pdf |title=Council Decision of 21 December 2005 |publisher=Eur-Lex |date=2005 |access-date=15 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924025231/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2005/l_340/l_34020051223en00640066.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2009 |df=dmy}}</ref> [[Foreign relations of Australia|Australia]],<ref name="AU" /> [[Foreign relations of New Zealand|New Zealand]],<ref name="NZ-r1373-terrorlist">{{cite web |url=http://www.police.govt.nz/advice/personal-community/counterterrorism/designated-entities/lists-associated-with-resolution-1373 |title=Lists associated with Resolution 1373 |publisher=New Zealand Police |date=20 July 2014 |access-date=16 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102210429/http://www.police.govt.nz/advice/personal-community/counterterrorism/designated-entities/lists-associated-with-resolution-1373 |archive-date=2 January 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Egypt–Palestine relations|Egypt]],<ref name=":3">{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.rts.ch/info/monde/6504908-la-branche-armee-du-hamas-palestinien-declaree-terroriste-en-egypte.html La branche armée du Hamas palestinien déclarée "terroriste" en Egypte]</ref> and the [[Palestine–United Kingdom relations|United Kingdom]].<ref name=":4">{{cite act |title=[[Terrorism Act 2000]] |number=11 |year=2000 |article=2 |articletype=Schedule |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/11/schedule/2 |access-date=28 April 2018 |archive-url=https:// | The Al-Qassam Brigades are explicitly listed as a terrorist organization by the [[Palestine–European Union relations|European Union]],<ref name=councild>{{cite web|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2005/l_340/l_34020051223en00640066.pdf |title=Council Decision of 21 December 2005 |publisher=Eur-Lex |date=2005 |access-date=15 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924025231/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2005/l_340/l_34020051223en00640066.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2009 |df=dmy}}</ref> [[Foreign relations of Australia|Australia]],<ref name="AU" /> [[Foreign relations of New Zealand|New Zealand]],<ref name="NZ-r1373-terrorlist">{{cite web |url=http://www.police.govt.nz/advice/personal-community/counterterrorism/designated-entities/lists-associated-with-resolution-1373 |title=Lists associated with Resolution 1373 |publisher=New Zealand Police |date=20 July 2014 |access-date=16 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102210429/http://www.police.govt.nz/advice/personal-community/counterterrorism/designated-entities/lists-associated-with-resolution-1373 |archive-date=2 January 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Egypt–Palestine relations|Egypt]],<ref name=":3">{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.rts.ch/info/monde/6504908-la-branche-armee-du-hamas-palestinien-declaree-terroriste-en-egypte.html La branche armée du Hamas palestinien déclarée "terroriste" en Egypte]</ref> and the [[Palestine–United Kingdom relations|United Kingdom]].<ref name=":4">{{cite act |title=[[Terrorism Act 2000]] |number=11 |year=2000 |article=2 |articletype=Schedule |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/11/schedule/2 |access-date=28 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121085241/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/11/schedule/2 |archive-date=21 January 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Proscribed terrorist groups or organisations|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/proscribed-terror-groups-or-organisations--2/proscribed-terrorist-groups-or-organisations-accessible-version|access-date=2021-05-20|website=GOV.UK|language=en}}</ref> Though not explicitly mentioning IQB, the [[Palestine–United States relations|United States]]<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=Foreign Terrorist Organizations|url=https://www.state.gov/foreign-terrorist-organizations/|access-date=2021-05-20|website=United States Department of State|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{cite web|date=April 2005|title=Country Reports on Terrorism 2004|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/45313.pdf|access-date=2014-08-02|publisher=U.S. State Department}}</ref> and [[Canada]]<ref name=":8">"[https://jihadintel.meforum.org/group/66/al-qassam-brigades Al-Qassam Brigades | Database]." ''Jihad Intel''. [[Middle East Forum]]. Retrieved 2021 May 20.</ref> have designated its parent entity, Hamas, as a terrorist organization;<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|date=2018-12-21|title=Currently listed entities|url=https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/ntnl-scrt/cntr-trrrsm/lstd-ntts/crrnt-lstd-ntts-en.aspx#25|access-date=2021-05-20|website=www.publicsafety.gc.ca}}</ref> Brigade leader Mohammed Deif has also been classified as a [[Specially Designated Global Terrorist]] by the US under [[Executive Order 13224]].<ref name=":10">"[https://www.treasury.gov/ofac/downloads/sdnlist.pdf Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List]." U.S. Department of the Treasury. 2021 May 20. Retrieved 2021 May 20.</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web|title=Executive Order 13224|url=https://www.state.gov/executive-order-13224/|access-date=2021-05-20|website=United States Department of State|language=en}}</ref> As the Brigades undertake military activity on behalf of Hamas, "organized terrorist activities associated with Hamas can be reliably attributed to the Brigades."<ref name="AU" /> | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
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==Organisation and structure== | ==Organisation and structure== | ||
<!-- [[WP:NFCC]] violation: [[File:Salah Shehade.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Salah Shehade]], late leader of the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades]] --> | <!-- [[WP:NFCC]] violation: [[File:Salah Shehade.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Salah Shehade]], late leader of the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades]] --> | ||
The Izz al-Din al-Qassam Brigades are an integral part of Hamas. While they are subordinate to Hamas's broad political goals and its ideological objectives, they have a significant level of independence in decision making.<ref name="AU">"[https://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/Listedterroristorganisations/Pages/HamassIzzal-Dinal-QassamBrigades.aspx al-Qassam Brigades: Details of the organisation]." ''Australian National Security''. [[Australian Government]]. updated 2018. Retrieved 2021 May 20. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110822125618/http://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/agd/WWW/nationalsecurity.nsf/Page/What_Governments_are_doing_Listing_of_Terrorism_Organisations_Hamas%26apos Archived] from the original on 22 August 2011.</ref> In 1997, political scientists Ilana Kass and Bard O'Neill described Hamas' relationship with the Brigades as reminiscent of [[Sinn Féin]]'s relationship to the military arm of the [[Irish Republican Army]] and quoted a senior Hamas official: "The Izz al-Din al-Qassam Brigade is a separate armed military wing, which has its own leaders who do not take their orders [from Hamas] and do not tell us of their plans in advance."<ref name="books.google.com">[https://books.google.com/books?id=ApANDp1XzmgC&dq=hamas+qassam+brigades+independent&source=gbs_navlinks_s ''The Deadly Embrace: The Impact of Israeli and Palestinian Rejectionism on the Peace Process''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505130917/https://books.google.com/books?id=ApANDp1XzmgC&dq=hamas+qassam+brigades+independent&source=gbs_navlinks_s |date=5 May 2016}} University Press of America, Ilana Kass & Bard E. O'Neill, 1997, p. 267</ref> Carrying the IRA analogy further, Kass and O'Neill stated that the separation of the political and military wings shielded Hamas' political leaders from responsibility for terrorism while the [[plausible deniability]] this provided made Hamas an eligible representative for peace negotiations as had happened with Sinn Féin's [[Gerry Adams]].<ref>Kass & O'Neill Pg 268</ref> | The Izz al-Din al-Qassam Brigades are an integral part of Hamas. While they are subordinate to Hamas's broad political goals and its ideological objectives, they have a significant level of independence in decision making.<ref name="AU">"[https://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/Listedterroristorganisations/Pages/HamassIzzal-Dinal-QassamBrigades.aspx al-Qassam Brigades: Details of the organisation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521092637/https://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/Listedterroristorganisations/Pages/HamassIzzal-Dinal-QassamBrigades.aspx |date=21 May 2019 }}." ''Australian National Security''. [[Australian Government]]. updated 2018. Retrieved 2021 May 20. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110822125618/http://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/agd/WWW/nationalsecurity.nsf/Page/What_Governments_are_doing_Listing_of_Terrorism_Organisations_Hamas%26apos Archived] from the original on 22 August 2011.</ref> In 1997, political scientists Ilana Kass and Bard O'Neill described Hamas' relationship with the Brigades as reminiscent of [[Sinn Féin]]'s relationship to the military arm of the [[Irish Republican Army]] and quoted a senior Hamas official: "The Izz al-Din al-Qassam Brigade is a separate armed military wing, which has its own leaders who do not take their orders [from Hamas] and do not tell us of their plans in advance."<ref name="books.google.com">[https://books.google.com/books?id=ApANDp1XzmgC&dq=hamas+qassam+brigades+independent&source=gbs_navlinks_s ''The Deadly Embrace: The Impact of Israeli and Palestinian Rejectionism on the Peace Process''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505130917/https://books.google.com/books?id=ApANDp1XzmgC&dq=hamas+qassam+brigades+independent&source=gbs_navlinks_s |date=5 May 2016}} University Press of America, Ilana Kass & Bard E. O'Neill, 1997, p. 267</ref> Carrying the IRA analogy further, Kass and O'Neill stated that the separation of the political and military wings shielded Hamas' political leaders from responsibility for terrorism while the [[plausible deniability]] this provided made Hamas an eligible representative for peace negotiations as had happened with Sinn Féin's [[Gerry Adams]].<ref>Kass & O'Neill Pg 268</ref> | ||
The fighters' identities and positions in the group often remain secret until their death; even when they fight against Israeli incursions, all the militants wear a characteristic black hood on which the group's green headband is attached. The Brigades operate on a model of independent cells and even high-ranking members are often unaware of the activities of other cells. This allows the group to consistently regenerate after member deaths. During the Al-Aqsa Intifada, the leaders of the group were targeted by numerous airstrikes that killed many members, including [[Salah Shahade]] and [[Adnan al-Ghoul]]. The current leader of the Brigades, [[Mohammed Deif]], remains at large and is said to have survived at least five assassination attempts.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2284055.stm|publisher=BBC News|title=Profile: Hamas commander Mohammed Deif|date=26 September 2002|access-date=5 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830165314/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2284055.stm|archive-date=30 August 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> | The fighters' identities and positions in the group often remain secret until their death; even when they fight against Israeli incursions, all the militants wear a characteristic black hood on which the group's green headband is attached. The Brigades operate on a model of independent cells and even high-ranking members are often unaware of the activities of other cells. This allows the group to consistently regenerate after member deaths. During the Al-Aqsa Intifada, the leaders of the group were targeted by numerous airstrikes that killed many members, including [[Salah Shahade]] and [[Adnan al-Ghoul]]. The current leader of the Brigades, [[Mohammed Deif]], remains at large and is said to have survived at least five assassination attempts.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2284055.stm|publisher=BBC News|title=Profile: Hamas commander Mohammed Deif|date=26 September 2002|access-date=5 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830165314/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2284055.stm|archive-date=30 August 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
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===Contemporary operations and activities=== | ===Contemporary operations and activities=== | ||
The international community, and more specifically the [[Palestine and the United Nations|United Nations]], considers the practice of war combatants to turn civilians into [[human shields]] as a violation of the [[Geneva Conventions]] standards of war,<ref name="a7-doubleWarCrime">{{cite web|last1=Berger|first1=Yosef Ari Soffer|title=Seeking Human Shields, Hamas Tells Gazans to Ignore IDF Warnings|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/182741|publisher=Arutz Sheva|access-date=10 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712231209/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/182741|archive-date=12 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CNN-doubleWarCrime">{{cite web|last1=Sidner|first1=Josh Levs, Sara, and Talal Abu-Rahma|title=Rockets pound Israel, Gaza as Netanyahu alleges 'double war crime'|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/11/15/world/meast/gaza-israel-strike/|publisher=CNN.com|access-date=10 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714161316/http://edition.cnn.com/2012/11/15/world/meast/gaza-israel-strike/|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="JP-dobleWarCrime">{{cite web|last1=Keinon|first1=Herb|title=As casualties in Gaza rise, PM accuses Hamas of double war crime|url=http://www.jpost.com/Operation-Protective-Edge/As-casualties-in-Gaza-rise-PM-accuses-Hamas-of-double-war-crime-362160|website=The Jerusalem Post|access-date=10 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140710113108/http://www.jpost.com/Operation-Protective-Edge/As-casualties-in-Gaza-rise-PM-accuses-Hamas-of-double-war-crime-362160|archive-date=10 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> and considers indiscriminate attacks (e.g., by [[Qassam rocket|rockets]] or [[Suicide attack|suicide bombers]])<ref name="rwkckb07">{{cite journal|last=Kurz|first=Robert W.|author2=Charles K. Bartles|title=Chechen suicide bombers|journal=Journal of Slavic Military Studies|year=2007|volume=20|issue=4|pages=529–547|doi=10.1080/13518040701703070|url=http:// | The international community, and more specifically the [[Palestine and the United Nations|United Nations]], considers the practice of war combatants to turn civilians into [[human shields]] as a violation of the [[Geneva Conventions]] standards of war,<ref name="a7-doubleWarCrime">{{cite web|last1=Berger|first1=Yosef Ari Soffer|title=Seeking Human Shields, Hamas Tells Gazans to Ignore IDF Warnings|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/182741|publisher=Arutz Sheva|access-date=10 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712231209/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/182741|archive-date=12 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CNN-doubleWarCrime">{{cite web|last1=Sidner|first1=Josh Levs, Sara, and Talal Abu-Rahma|title=Rockets pound Israel, Gaza as Netanyahu alleges 'double war crime'|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/11/15/world/meast/gaza-israel-strike/|publisher=CNN.com|access-date=10 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714161316/http://edition.cnn.com/2012/11/15/world/meast/gaza-israel-strike/|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="JP-dobleWarCrime">{{cite web|last1=Keinon|first1=Herb|title=As casualties in Gaza rise, PM accuses Hamas of double war crime|url=http://www.jpost.com/Operation-Protective-Edge/As-casualties-in-Gaza-rise-PM-accuses-Hamas-of-double-war-crime-362160|website=The Jerusalem Post|access-date=10 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140710113108/http://www.jpost.com/Operation-Protective-Edge/As-casualties-in-Gaza-rise-PM-accuses-Hamas-of-double-war-crime-362160|archive-date=10 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> and considers indiscriminate attacks (e.g., by [[Qassam rocket|rockets]] or [[Suicide attack|suicide bombers]])<ref name="rwkckb07">{{cite journal|last=Kurz|first=Robert W.|author2=Charles K. Bartles|title=Chechen suicide bombers|journal=Journal of Slavic Military Studies|year=2007|volume=20|issue=4|pages=529–547|doi=10.1080/13518040701703070|url=http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a477845.pdf|access-date=30 August 2012|publisher=Routledge|s2cid=96476266|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011185147/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a477845.pdf|archive-date=11 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> on civilian populations as [[Geneva conventions#Protocols|illegal under international law]].<ref name="ICRC-humanShieldsArt51">{{cite web|title=Protection of the civilian population|url=http://www.icrc.org/ihl/WebART/470-750065|website=Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 8 June 1977.|publisher=International Committee of the Red Cross|access-date=10 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714143327/http://www.icrc.org/ihl/WebART/470-750065|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
The IQB's transition into a recognised militant organisation began during the establishment of the [[Oslo Accords]] to assist [[Hamas]] efforts in blocking them.<ref name="yousef57">{{cite book|last=Yousef|first=Mosab|title=Son of Hamas|year=2009|publisher=Tyndale Housing Publisher|page=57}}</ref> In 2003 and 2004, the Brigades in Gaza resisted incursions by the [[Israel Defense Forces]] (IDF), including the [[Operation days of penitence|siege of Jabalya]] in October 2004. However, these battles took a heavy toll in the IQB's ranks, which suffered heavy losses. The group, however, continued to gain strength and remained capable of carrying out attacks in the following years. The Brigades can count on a large pool of people willing to join them {{Citation needed|date=August 2014}}, smuggle in supplies and provide the fighters with homemade weapons such as the [[al-Bana]], the [[Batar]], the [[Yasin (RPG)|Yasin]] and the [[Qassam rocket]].<ref name="AU" /> | The IQB's transition into a recognised militant organisation began during the establishment of the [[Oslo Accords]] to assist [[Hamas]] efforts in blocking them.<ref name="yousef57">{{cite book|last=Yousef|first=Mosab|title=Son of Hamas|year=2009|publisher=Tyndale Housing Publisher|page=57}}</ref> In 2003 and 2004, the Brigades in Gaza resisted incursions by the [[Israel Defense Forces]] (IDF), including the [[Operation days of penitence|siege of Jabalya]] in October 2004. However, these battles took a heavy toll in the IQB's ranks, which suffered heavy losses. The group, however, continued to gain strength and remained capable of carrying out attacks in the following years. The Brigades can count on a large pool of people willing to join them {{Citation needed|date=August 2014}}, smuggle in supplies and provide the fighters with homemade weapons such as the [[al-Bana]], the [[Batar]], the [[Yasin (RPG)|Yasin]] and the [[Qassam rocket]].<ref name="AU" /> | ||
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In May 2006, a police force was formed in Gaza, consisting of thousands of Brigade fighters. It aimed to restore law and order in the city but instead broke out into clashes with [[Fatah]] militias.{{Citation needed|date=November 2008}} On 10 June 2006, after the [[Gaza beach blast]] in which seven civilians died, the Brigades announced a cessation of the 2005 truce with Israel. In the following hours, they claimed responsibility for launching Qassam rockets at the Israeli town of [[Sderot]], and threatened to step up their attacks.{{Citation needed|date=November 2008}} | In May 2006, a police force was formed in Gaza, consisting of thousands of Brigade fighters. It aimed to restore law and order in the city but instead broke out into clashes with [[Fatah]] militias.{{Citation needed|date=November 2008}} On 10 June 2006, after the [[Gaza beach blast]] in which seven civilians died, the Brigades announced a cessation of the 2005 truce with Israel. In the following hours, they claimed responsibility for launching Qassam rockets at the Israeli town of [[Sderot]], and threatened to step up their attacks.{{Citation needed|date=November 2008}} | ||
In June and July 2006, the Al-Qassam Brigades were involved in the operation which led to the capture of Israeli soldier [[Gilad Shalit]], and in the subsequent heavy fighting in the Gaza Strip following [[Operation Summer Rains]], launched by the IDF. It was the first time in over 18 months that the brigades were actively involved in fighting against Israeli soldiers. In May 2007, the brigades acknowledged they lost 192 fighters during the operation.<ref> | In June and July 2006, the Al-Qassam Brigades were involved in the operation which led to the capture of Israeli soldier [[Gilad Shalit]], and in the subsequent heavy fighting in the Gaza Strip following [[Operation Summer Rains]], launched by the IDF. It was the first time in over 18 months that the brigades were actively involved in fighting against Israeli soldiers. In May 2007, the brigades acknowledged they lost 192 fighters during the operation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alqassam.ps/arabic/wfaa_alahrar/sohdaa1.htm |title= |website=www.alqassam.ps |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070528131219/http://www.alqassam.ps/arabic/wfaa_alahrar/sohdaa1.htm |archive-date=28 May 2007}}</ref> | ||
In January 2007, Abbas outlawed the Executive Force and ordered that its then-6,000 members be incorporated into the PA security forces under his command. The order was resisted by the Hamas government,<ref name="Boston_Globe">[https://www.boston.com/news/world/middleeast/articles/2007/01/07/abbas_outlaws_hamass_paramilitary_executive_force/ "Abbas outlaws Hamas's paramilitary Executive Force"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070117133554/http://www.boston.com/news/world/middleeast/articles/2007/01/07/abbas_outlaws_hamass_paramilitary_executive_force/ |date=17 January 2007}}. Richard Boudreaux, ''The Boston Globe'', 7 January 2007</ref> which instead announced plans to double the size of the force to 12,000 men.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6237473.stm "Hamas defiant on 'illegal' force"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528055319/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6237473.stm |date=28 May 2018}}. BBC News, 6 January 2007</ref> The Al-Qassam Brigades and the Executive Force took part in the [[Battle of Gaza (2007)|Hamas takeover of Gaza]] in June 2007. | In January 2007, Abbas outlawed the Executive Force and ordered that its then-6,000 members be incorporated into the PA security forces under his command. The order was resisted by the Hamas government,<ref name="Boston_Globe">[https://www.boston.com/news/world/middleeast/articles/2007/01/07/abbas_outlaws_hamass_paramilitary_executive_force/ "Abbas outlaws Hamas's paramilitary Executive Force"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070117133554/http://www.boston.com/news/world/middleeast/articles/2007/01/07/abbas_outlaws_hamass_paramilitary_executive_force/ |date=17 January 2007}}. Richard Boudreaux, ''The Boston Globe'', 7 January 2007</ref> which instead announced plans to double the size of the force to 12,000 men.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6237473.stm "Hamas defiant on 'illegal' force"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528055319/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6237473.stm |date=28 May 2018}}. BBC News, 6 January 2007</ref> The Al-Qassam Brigades and the Executive Force took part in the [[Battle of Gaza (2007)|Hamas takeover of Gaza]] in June 2007. | ||
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Since its establishment in December 1987, the military capability of the Brigades has increased markedly, from rifles to [[Qassam rocket]]s and more.<ref name="washington">"Hamas's Tactics: Lessons from Recent Attacks", by Jamie Chosak and Julie Sawyer. The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. 19 October 2005</ref> | Since its establishment in December 1987, the military capability of the Brigades has increased markedly, from rifles to [[Qassam rocket]]s and more.<ref name="washington">"Hamas's Tactics: Lessons from Recent Attacks", by Jamie Chosak and Julie Sawyer. The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. 19 October 2005</ref> | ||
The Brigades have a substantial inventory of light automatic weapons and [[grenade]]s, improvised rockets, [[Mortar (weapon)|mortars]], [[bomb]]s, [[Explosive belt|suicide belts]], and [[explosives]]. The group engages in [[Military training|military-style training]], including training that takes place in Gaza itself on a range of weapons designed to inflict significant casualties on civilian and military targets.<ref name="aus">[ | The Brigades have a substantial inventory of light automatic weapons and [[grenade]]s, improvised rockets, [[Mortar (weapon)|mortars]], [[bomb]]s, [[Explosive belt|suicide belts]], and [[explosives]]. The group engages in [[Military training|military-style training]], including training that takes place in Gaza itself on a range of weapons designed to inflict significant casualties on civilian and military targets.<ref name="aus">[https://web.archive.org/web/20220602115752/https://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/agd/WWW/nationalsecurity.nsf/Page/What_Governments_are_doing_Listing_of_Terrorism_Organisations_Hamas&apos%3C Hamas's Izz al-Din al-Qassam Brigades]</ref> | ||
The Brigades also have a variety of [[anti-tank guided missile]]s including the [[9M133 Kornet|Kornet-E]], [[9M113 Konkurs|Konkurs-M]], [[9K111 Fagot|Bulsae-2]] (North Korean version of Fagot), [[9K11 Malyutka]] and [[MILAN]] missiles, as well as [[Man-portable air-defense system|shoulder-launched anti-aircraft missiles]] (MANPADS), such as the [[Strela 2|SA-7B]], [[9K38 Igla|SA-18 Igla]] missiles, and it is believed a number of [[9K38 Igla|SA-24 Igla-S]] that it received from Libya. | The Brigades also have a variety of [[anti-tank guided missile]]s including the [[9M133 Kornet|Kornet-E]], [[9M113 Konkurs|Konkurs-M]], [[9K111 Fagot|Bulsae-2]] (North Korean version of Fagot), [[9K11 Malyutka]] and [[MILAN]] missiles, as well as [[Man-portable air-defense system|shoulder-launched anti-aircraft missiles]] (MANPADS), such as the [[Strela 2|SA-7B]], [[9K38 Igla|SA-18 Igla]] missiles, and it is believed a number of [[9K38 Igla|SA-24 Igla-S]] that it received from Libya. | ||
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On 1 January 2009, [[Nizar Rayan]], a top Hamas leader who served as a liaison between the Palestinian organization's political leadership and its military wing, was killed in an Israeli Air Force strike during [[Operation Cast Lead]].<ref>[https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5i8zRJWJeLrh3ZOH6yd-Pui1oqekA Israel raids kill Hamas leader, take Gaza death toll past 400] AFP, 1 January 2009 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120408132535/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5i8zRJWJeLrh3ZOH6yd-Pui1oqekA |date=8 April 2012 }}</ref> The day before the attack, Rayan had advocated renewal of [[List of Palestinian suicide attacks|suicide attacks]] on Israel, declaring, "Our only language with the Jew is through the gun".<ref name="nydn">{{cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/us_world/2009/01/01/2009-01-01_israel_fells_key_hamas_strongman_escalat.html|title=Israel fells key Hamas strongman, escalating conflict; says it's ready for ground invasion|date=1 January 2009|work=New York Daily News|access-date=1 January 2009}}</ref> A 2,000-pound bomb was dropped on his house, also killing his 4 wives (Hiam 'Abdul Rahman Rayan, 46; Iman Khalil Rayan, 46; Nawal Isma'il Rayan, 40; and Sherine Sa'id Rayan, 25) and 11 of their children (As'ad, 2; Usama Ibn Zaid, 3; 'Aisha, 3; Reem, 4; Miriam, 5; Halima, 5; 'Abdul Rahman, 6; Abdul Qader, 12; Aaya, 12; Zainab, 15; and Ghassan, 16).<ref name="Reuters">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSLS69391620090101?feedType=RSS&feedName=topNews|title=Israeli strike kills senior Hamas leader|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Reuters|access-date=2 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090101105655/http://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSLS69391620090101?feedType=RSS&feedName=topNews|archive-date=1 January 2009|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="FOX">{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,474824,00.html|title=Strike Kills Hamas Leader as Israel Demands Global Monitors for Truce|date=1 January 2009|publisher=FOX News|access-date=1 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090104002813/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,474824,00.html|archive-date=4 January 2009|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Harel>{{cite web|title=IDF targets senior Hamas figures|author=Haaretz Correspondents and Agencies, Amos Harel and Yoav Stern|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1052052.html|date=2 January 2009|access-date=2 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122141258/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1052052.html|archive-date=22 January 2009|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=AP>{{cite news|title=Child casualties mount in besieged Gaza |agency=Associated Press |work=International Herald Tribune |date=1 January 2009 |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2009/01/01/news/ML-Gaza-Children-Casualties.php |access-date=1 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213154506/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2009/01/01/news/ML-Gaza-Children-Casualties.php |archive-date=13 February 2009}}</ref><ref>[http://www.pchrgaza.org/files/PressR/English/2008/125-2008.html IOF Offensive on the Gaza Strip Continues for the 7th Consecutive Day] Palestinian Centre for Human Rights, 15 January 2009 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091013035135/http://www.pchrgaza.org/files/PressR/English/2008/125-2008.html |date=13 October 2009}}</ref> | On 1 January 2009, [[Nizar Rayan]], a top Hamas leader who served as a liaison between the Palestinian organization's political leadership and its military wing, was killed in an Israeli Air Force strike during [[Operation Cast Lead]].<ref>[https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5i8zRJWJeLrh3ZOH6yd-Pui1oqekA Israel raids kill Hamas leader, take Gaza death toll past 400] AFP, 1 January 2009 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120408132535/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5i8zRJWJeLrh3ZOH6yd-Pui1oqekA |date=8 April 2012 }}</ref> The day before the attack, Rayan had advocated renewal of [[List of Palestinian suicide attacks|suicide attacks]] on Israel, declaring, "Our only language with the Jew is through the gun".<ref name="nydn">{{cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/us_world/2009/01/01/2009-01-01_israel_fells_key_hamas_strongman_escalat.html|title=Israel fells key Hamas strongman, escalating conflict; says it's ready for ground invasion|date=1 January 2009|work=New York Daily News|access-date=1 January 2009}}</ref> A 2,000-pound bomb was dropped on his house, also killing his 4 wives (Hiam 'Abdul Rahman Rayan, 46; Iman Khalil Rayan, 46; Nawal Isma'il Rayan, 40; and Sherine Sa'id Rayan, 25) and 11 of their children (As'ad, 2; Usama Ibn Zaid, 3; 'Aisha, 3; Reem, 4; Miriam, 5; Halima, 5; 'Abdul Rahman, 6; Abdul Qader, 12; Aaya, 12; Zainab, 15; and Ghassan, 16).<ref name="Reuters">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSLS69391620090101?feedType=RSS&feedName=topNews|title=Israeli strike kills senior Hamas leader|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Reuters|access-date=2 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090101105655/http://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSLS69391620090101?feedType=RSS&feedName=topNews|archive-date=1 January 2009|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="FOX">{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,474824,00.html|title=Strike Kills Hamas Leader as Israel Demands Global Monitors for Truce|date=1 January 2009|publisher=FOX News|access-date=1 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090104002813/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,474824,00.html|archive-date=4 January 2009|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Harel>{{cite web|title=IDF targets senior Hamas figures|author=Haaretz Correspondents and Agencies, Amos Harel and Yoav Stern|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1052052.html|date=2 January 2009|access-date=2 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122141258/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1052052.html|archive-date=22 January 2009|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=AP>{{cite news|title=Child casualties mount in besieged Gaza |agency=Associated Press |work=International Herald Tribune |date=1 January 2009 |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2009/01/01/news/ML-Gaza-Children-Casualties.php |access-date=1 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213154506/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2009/01/01/news/ML-Gaza-Children-Casualties.php |archive-date=13 February 2009}}</ref><ref>[http://www.pchrgaza.org/files/PressR/English/2008/125-2008.html IOF Offensive on the Gaza Strip Continues for the 7th Consecutive Day] Palestinian Centre for Human Rights, 15 January 2009 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091013035135/http://www.pchrgaza.org/files/PressR/English/2008/125-2008.html |date=13 October 2009}}</ref> | ||
On 3 January 2009, Israeli aircraft attacked the car in which [[Abu Zakaria al-Jamal]], a leader of Izz ad-Din al-Qassam armed wing, was traveling. He subsequently died of the wounds suffered in the bombing.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jan/03/middleeast-israelandthepalestinians|work=The Guardian|location=London|title=Israeli ground forces cross border into Gaza|first=Chris|last=McGreal|date=3 January 2009|access-date=5 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905172913/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jan/03/middleeast-israelandthepalestinians|archive-date=5 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The following day, the Israeli Air Force struck and killed in Khan Yunis two senior Brigrade leaders, Hussam Hamdan and Muhammad Hilo, both of whom the Israelis blamed for attacks against Israel. According to Israeli authorities Hamdan was in charge of rocket attacks against [[Beersheba]] and [[Ofakim]], while Hilo was reportedly behind Hamas' special forces in Khan Yunis.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jpost.com/EditionFrancaise/Home.aspxservlet/Satellite?cid=1230733163611&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |title=Archived copy |access-date=3 January 2020 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/66OpW1Iie?url=http://www.jpost.com/EditionFrancaise/Home.aspxservlet/Satellite?cid=1230733163611&pagename=JPost | On 3 January 2009, Israeli aircraft attacked the car in which [[Abu Zakaria al-Jamal]], a leader of Izz ad-Din al-Qassam armed wing, was traveling. He subsequently died of the wounds suffered in the bombing.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jan/03/middleeast-israelandthepalestinians|work=The Guardian|location=London|title=Israeli ground forces cross border into Gaza|first=Chris|last=McGreal|date=3 January 2009|access-date=5 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905172913/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jan/03/middleeast-israelandthepalestinians|archive-date=5 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The following day, the Israeli Air Force struck and killed in Khan Yunis two senior Brigrade leaders, Hussam Hamdan and Muhammad Hilo, both of whom the Israelis blamed for attacks against Israel. According to Israeli authorities Hamdan was in charge of rocket attacks against [[Beersheba]] and [[Ofakim]], while Hilo was reportedly behind Hamas' special forces in Khan Yunis.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jpost.com/EditionFrancaise/Home.aspxservlet/Satellite?cid=1230733163611&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |title=Archived copy |access-date=3 January 2020 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/66OpW1Iie?url=http://www.jpost.com/EditionFrancaise/Home.aspxservlet/Satellite?cid=1230733163611&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |archive-date=24 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | ||
On 15 January 2009, the Israeli Air Force bombed a house in [[Jabalia|Jabaliya]], killing a prominent Brigades commander named Mohammed Watfa (the strike targeted the Palestinian Interior Minister [[Said Seyam]], who was also killed).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid%3D1231950866724%26pagename%3DJPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-02-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203063735/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1231950866724&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |archive-date=3 February 2012 |df=dmy}}</ref> | On 15 January 2009, the Israeli Air Force bombed a house in [[Jabalia|Jabaliya]], killing a prominent Brigades commander named Mohammed Watfa (the strike targeted the Palestinian Interior Minister [[Said Seyam]], who was also killed).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid%3D1231950866724%26pagename%3DJPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-02-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203063735/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1231950866724&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |archive-date=3 February 2012 |df=dmy}}</ref> | ||
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[[Category:Hamas]] | [[Category:Hamas]] | ||
[[Category:Jihadist groups]] | [[Category:Jihadist groups]] | ||
[[Category:Military wings of | [[Category:Military wings of nationalist parties]] | ||
[[Category:Muslim Brotherhood]] | [[Category:Muslim Brotherhood]] | ||
[[Category:National liberation movements]] | [[Category:National liberation movements]] | ||