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{{Short description|River in | {{Short description|River in Asia}} | ||
{{other uses}} | {{other uses}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}} | ||
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| name_etymology = | | name_etymology = | ||
<!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | ||
| image = | | image = A view of Sutlej river Himachal Pradesh India 2014.jpg | ||
| image_size = | | image_size = | ||
| image_caption = View of Sutlej River | | image_caption = View of Sutlej River | ||
| map =Sutlej.png | | map = Sutlej.png | ||
| map_size = | | map_size = | ||
| map_caption = Path of the Sutlej | | map_caption = Path of the Sutlej | ||
| pushpin_map = | | pushpin_map = | ||
| pushpin_map_size = | | pushpin_map_size = | ||
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| subdivision_name5 = | | subdivision_name5 = | ||
<!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | ||
| length = {{convert|1,450|km|mi|abbr=on}} approx. | | length = {{convert|1,450|km|mi|abbr=on}} approx. | ||
| width_min = | | width_min = | ||
| width_avg = | | width_avg = | ||
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|discharge2_location=[[Panjnad River|Panjnad]], Confluence of [[Chenab River|Chenab]] (71 km upstream of mouth)|discharge2_avg={{convert|2,946.66|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/river-blogs/central-asia/itemlist/category/828-sutlej|title=Rivers Network|year=2020}}</ref> | |discharge2_location=[[Panjnad River|Panjnad]], Confluence of [[Chenab River|Chenab]] (71 km upstream of mouth)|discharge2_avg={{convert|2,946.66|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/river-blogs/central-asia/itemlist/category/828-sutlej|title=Rivers Network|year=2020}}</ref> | ||
{{convert|63.613|km3/year|m3/s|abbr=on}}}} | {{convert|63.613|km3/year|m3/s|abbr=on}}}} | ||
The '''Sutlej''' or '''Satluj River'''{{ | The '''Sutlej''' or '''Satluj River''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ʌ|t|l|ə|dʒ}}) is the longest of the five rivers that flow through the historic crossroads region of [[Punjab region|Punjab]] in northern [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]. The Sutlej River is also known as ''Satadru''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Volume 17, Part 1|last1=Asiatic Society of Bengal|year=1848|page=210, paragraph two|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tes2AQAAMAAJ&q=satadree&pg=PA210}}</ref> It is the easternmost [[tributary]] of the [[Indus River]]. The [[Bhakra Dam]] is built around the river Sutlej to provide irrigation and other facilities to the states of Punjab, Rajasthan and Haryana. | ||
The waters of the Sutlej are allocated to India under the [[Indus Waters Treaty]] between India and Pakistan, and are mostly diverted to irrigation canals in India | The waters of the Sutlej are allocated to India under the [[Indus Waters Treaty]] between India and Pakistan, and are mostly diverted to irrigation canals in India like the Sirhind canal, Bhakra Main Line and the [[Rajasthan canal]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wrmin.nic.in/responsibility/bbmb.htm |title= |website=wrmin.nic.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050831094205/http://wrmin.nic.in/responsibility/bbmb.htm |archive-date=31 August 2005}}</ref> The mean annual flow is 14 million acre feet (MAF) upstream of [[Sirhind Canal|Ropar barrage]], downstream of the Bhakra dam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cwc.gov.in/sites/default/files/Ravi-%20Beas%20Waters%20Tribunal%20Report%201987.pdf|access-date=15 February 2020|publisher=Central Water Commission|title= Page 290, The Ravi- Beas Water Tribunal Report (1987)}}</ref> It has several major hydroelectric points, including the 1,325 [[Watt#Megawatt|MW]] [[Bhakra Dam]], the 1,000 MW [[Karcham Wangtoo Hydroelectric Plant]], and the 1,500 MW [[Nathpa Jhakri Dam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.power-technology.com/projects/nathpa |title= Nathpa Jhakri Hydroelectric Power Project, India|publisher=power-technology.com|access-date=14 May 2011}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|reason=domain on WP:BLACKLIST|date=June 2016}} The [[drainage basin]] in India includes the states and union territories of Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Ladakh and Haryana.<ref name="WRIS Lower Sutlej">{{cite web|url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/Publications/WatershedSubbasinAtlas/12.%20Satluj%20Lower.pdf |title= Lower Sutlej basin area|access-date=14 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904011312/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/Publications/WatershedSubbasinAtlas/12.%20Satluj%20Lower.pdf |archive-date=4 September 2018 }}</ref><ref name="WRIS geo-visualization"/> | ||
==Sources== | ==Sources== | ||
The source of the Sutlej is west of the [[Drainage basin|catchment area]] of [[Lake Rakshastal]] in [[Tibet]], as springs in an [[Stream#Intermittent and ephemeral streams|ephemeral]] stream. Lake Rakshastal used to be part of the Sutlej river basin long ago and separated from the Sutlej due to tectonic activity. The nascent river flows at first west-northwest for about {{convert|260|km|mi}} under the Tibetan name ''[[#Langqên Zangbo|Langqên Zangbo]]'' (''Elephant River'' or ''Elephant Spring'') to the [[Shipki La]] pass, entering India in [[Himachal Pradesh]] state. It then has its main [[knee (geography)|knee]] heading west-southwest for about {{convert|360|km|mi}} to meet the [[Beas River]] near [[Harike]], [[Tarn Taran district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state. [[Ropar Wetland]] in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state is located on the Sutlej river basin. Evidence suggests [[Indus Valley | The source of the Sutlej is west of the [[Drainage basin|catchment area]] of [[Lake Rakshastal]] in [[Tibet]], as springs in an [[Stream#Intermittent and ephemeral streams|ephemeral]] stream. Lake Rakshastal used to be part of the Sutlej river basin long ago and separated from the Sutlej due to tectonic activity. The nascent river flows at first west-northwest for about {{convert|260|km|mi}} under the Tibetan name ''[[#Langqên Zangbo|Langqên Zangbo]]'' (''Elephant River'' or ''Elephant Spring'') to the [[Shipki La]] pass, entering India in [[Himachal Pradesh]] state. It then has its main [[knee (geography)|knee]] heading west-southwest for about {{convert|360|km|mi}} to meet the [[Beas River]] near [[Harike]], [[Tarn Taran district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state. [[Ropar Wetland]] in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state is located on the Sutlej river basin. Evidence suggests [[Indus Valley civilisation]] also flourished here. Ungti Chu and Pare Chu rivers which drain southeastern part of [[Ladakh]] are tributaries of Sutlej river.<ref name="WRIS Upper Sutlej">{{cite web|url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/Publications/WatershedSubbasinAtlas/13.%20Satluj%20Upper.pdf |title= Upper Sutlej basin area |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107174927/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/Publications/WatershedSubbasinAtlas/13.%20Satluj%20Upper.pdf |archive-date=7 January 2018}}</ref><ref name="WRIS geo-visualization">{{cite news|url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/GeoVisualization.html?UType=R2VuZXJhbA==?UName=|title= WRIS geo-visualization map|access-date=17 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613130618/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/GeoVisualization.html?UType=R2VuZXJhbA==?UName= |archive-date=13 June 2017}}</ref> | ||
Continuing west-southwest, the Sutlej enters Pakistan about {{convert|15|km|mi}} east of [[Bhedian Kalan]], [[Kasur District]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] province, continuing southwest to water the ancient and historical former [[Bahawalpur (princely state)|Bahawalpur princely state]]. {{citation needed|date=February 2014}} Few centuries ago, Sutlej river was merging with the [[Ghaggar-Hakra river|Ghaggar river]] to discharge in to the Arabian sea. In approx. 1797 BC, the course of the Sutlej river moved towards north to join the [[Beas river]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cwc.gov.in/sites/default/files/Ravi-%20Beas%20Waters%20Tribunal%20Report%201987.pdf|access-date=15 February 2020|publisher=Central Water Commission|title= Page 60, The Ravi- Beas Water Tribunal Report (1987)}}</ref> | Continuing west-southwest, the Sutlej enters Pakistan about {{convert|15|km|mi}} east of [[Bhedian Kalan]], [[Kasur District]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] province, continuing southwest to water the ancient and historical former [[Bahawalpur (princely state)|Bahawalpur princely state]]. {{citation needed|date=February 2014}} Few centuries ago, Sutlej river was merging with the [[Ghaggar-Hakra river|Ghaggar river]] to discharge in to the Arabian sea. In approx. 1797 BC, the course of the Sutlej river moved towards north to join the [[Beas river]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cwc.gov.in/sites/default/files/Ravi-%20Beas%20Waters%20Tribunal%20Report%201987.pdf|access-date=15 February 2020|publisher=Central Water Commission|title= Page 60, The Ravi- Beas Water Tribunal Report (1987)}}</ref> | ||
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| subdivision_name5 = | | subdivision_name5 = | ||
<!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | ||
| length = {{convert|309|km|mi|abbr=on}} | | length = {{convert|309|km|mi|abbr=on}} | ||
| width_min = | | width_min = | ||
| width_avg = | | width_avg = | ||
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}} | }} | ||
''Langqên Zangbo'' ({{bo |t = གླང་ཆེན་གཙང་པོ |w = glang chen gtsang po}}; {{zh |c = 朗钦藏布 |p = | ''Langqên Zangbo'' ({{bo |t = གླང་ཆེན་གཙང་པོ |w = glang chen gtsang po}}; {{zh |c = 朗钦藏布 |p = Lǎngqīn Zàngbù}}) is a river in [[Ngari Prefecture|Ngari]], [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]], [[China]]. The name ''Langqên'', Tibetan for "elephant", is because of a valley that resembles an elephant trunk. This river is the main source of the Sutlej, a tributary of [[Indus River]]. It enters [[India]] at [[Shipki La]] pass. The source is south of [[Transhimalaya|Gangdise Range]], in Ngari Prefecture. Its course is mainly in the [[Zanda County]]. The river drains an area of 22,760 km<sup>2</sup>, and covers a length of 309 km. The drop in height is 3,256 m. Historically, the river was the centre of the [[Zhangzhung]] Kingdom until its fall in the 8th century AD. | ||
==Geology== | ==Geology== | ||
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| first = Peter D. | | first = Peter D. | ||
|author2=Blusztajn, Jerzy | |author2=Blusztajn, Jerzy | ||
| date = 15 December 2005 | | date = 15 December 2005 | ||
| title = Reorganization of the western Himalayan river system after five million years ago | | title = Reorganization of the western Himalayan river system after five million years ago | ||
| journal = Nature | | journal = Nature | ||
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}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
There is substantial geologic evidence to indicate that prior to 1700 BC, and perhaps much earlier, the Sutlej was an important tributary of the [[Ghaggar-Hakra River]] (thought to be the legendary [[Sarasvati River]]) rather than the Indus, with various authors putting the redirection from 2500 to 2000 BC,<ref>Mughal, M. R. Ancient Cholistan. Archaeology and Architecture. Rawalpindi-Lahore-Karachi: Ferozsons 1997, 2004</ref> from 5000 to 3000 BC,<ref>Valdiya, K. S., in Dynamic Geology, Educational monographs published by J. N. Centre for Advanced Studies, Bangalore, University Press (Hyderabad), 1998.</ref> or before 8000 BC<!--DO NOT MOVE Exception to the after-punct rule because it needs to be associated with 8000 BC-->.<ref>*Clift et al. 2012. "U-Pb zircon dating evidence for a Pleistocene Sarasvati River and capture of the Yamuna River." Geology, v. 40. [http://geology.gsapubs.org/content/early/2012/01/23/G32840.1.abstract]</ref> Geologists believe that [[earthquake|tectonic activity]] created elevation changes which redirected the flow of Sutlej from the southeast to the southwest.<ref>K.S. Valdiya. 2013. "The River Saraswati was a Himalayan-born river". Current Science 104 (01). [http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/104/01/0042.pdf]</ref> {{citation needed|date=May 2015}} If the diversion of the river occurred recently (about 4000 years ago), it may have been responsible for the Ghaggar-Hakra (Saraswati) drying up, causing desertification of [[Cholistan Desert|Cholistan]] and the eastern part of the modern state of [[Sindh]], and the abandonment of [[Indus Valley | There is substantial geologic evidence to indicate that prior to 1700 BC, and perhaps much earlier, the Sutlej was an important tributary of the [[Ghaggar-Hakra River]] (thought to be the legendary [[Sarasvati River]]) rather than the Indus, with various authors putting the redirection from 2500 to 2000 BC,<ref>Mughal, M. R. Ancient Cholistan. Archaeology and Architecture. Rawalpindi-Lahore-Karachi: Ferozsons 1997, 2004</ref> from 5000 to 3000 BC,<ref>Valdiya, K. S., in Dynamic Geology, Educational monographs published by J. N. Centre for Advanced Studies, Bangalore, University Press (Hyderabad), 1998.</ref> or before 8000 BC<!--DO NOT MOVE Exception to the after-punct rule because it needs to be associated with 8000 BC-->.<ref>*Clift et al. 2012. "U-Pb zircon dating evidence for a Pleistocene Sarasvati River and capture of the Yamuna River." Geology, v. 40. [http://geology.gsapubs.org/content/early/2012/01/23/G32840.1.abstract]</ref> Geologists believe that [[earthquake|tectonic activity]] created elevation changes which redirected the flow of Sutlej from the southeast to the southwest.<ref>K.S. Valdiya. 2013. "The River Saraswati was a Himalayan-born river". Current Science 104 (01). [http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/104/01/0042.pdf]</ref> {{citation needed|date=May 2015}} If the diversion of the river occurred recently (about 4000 years ago), it may have been responsible for the Ghaggar-Hakra (Saraswati) drying up, causing desertification of [[Cholistan Desert|Cholistan]] and the eastern part of the modern state of [[Sindh]], and the abandonment of [[Indus Valley civilisation|Harappan settlements]] along the Ghaggar. However, the Sutlej may have already been [[stream capture|captured]] by the Indus thousands of years earlier.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}} | ||
There is some evidence that the high rate of erosion caused by the modern Sutlej River has influenced the local faulting and rapidly exhumed rocks above [[Rampur, Himachal Pradesh|Rampur]].<ref>{{cite journal | There is some evidence that the high rate of erosion caused by the modern Sutlej River has influenced the local faulting and rapidly exhumed rocks above [[Rampur, Himachal Pradesh|Rampur]].<ref>{{cite journal | ||
| last = Thiede | | last = Thiede | ||
| first = Rasmus | | first = Rasmus | ||
|author2=Arrowsmith, J. Ramón |author3=Bookhagen, Bodo |author4=McWilliams, Michael O. |author5=Sobel, Edward R. |author6= Strecker, Manfred R. | |author2=Arrowsmith, J. Ramón |author3=Bookhagen, Bodo |author4=McWilliams, Michael O. |author5=Sobel, Edward R. |author6= Strecker, Manfred R. | ||
|date=August 2005 | |date=August 2005 | ||
| title = From tectonically to erosionally controlled development of the Himalayan orogen | | title = From tectonically to erosionally controlled development of the Himalayan orogen | ||
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==Gallery== | ==Gallery== | ||
<gallery> | <gallery widths=180> | ||
Image:Sutlej Valley from Rampur ca. 1857.jpg|Sutlej Valley from [[Rampur State|Rampur]] c. 1857 | Image:Sutlej Valley from Rampur ca. 1857.jpg|Sutlej Valley from [[Rampur State|Rampur]] c. 1857 | ||
File:Crossing the Sutlej near Simla upon inflated animal skins.jpeg|Using inflated animal skins to cross the Sutlej River, c. 1905 | File:Crossing the Sutlej near Simla upon inflated animal skins.jpeg|Using inflated animal skins to cross the Sutlej River, c. 1905 | ||