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{{Short description|History of India post transition to democracy}} | {{Short description|History of India post transition to democracy}} | ||
{{About|history of [[Republic of India]] established after 1950|pre-establishment era of the state|History of India}} | {{About|the history of the [[Republic of India]] established after 1950|the pre-establishment era of the state|History of India}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}} | ||
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}} | {{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}} | ||
[[File:PM Nehru addresses the nation from the Red Fort on 15 August 1947.jpg|thumb|339x339px|[[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the first prime minister of India, often regarded as the architect of modern India, addressing a newly independent India on August 15, 1947.]] | [[File:PM Nehru addresses the nation from the Red Fort on 15 August 1947.jpg|thumb|339x339px|[[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the first prime minister of India, often regarded as the architect of modern India, addressing a newly independent India on August 15, 1947.]] | ||
{{Part of History of India}} | {{Part of History of India}} | ||
The '''history of independent India''' began when the country became an independent [[nation]] within the [[Commonwealth of Nations|British Commonwealth]] on 15 August 1947. Direct administration by the British, which began in 1858, affected a political and economic unification of the subcontinent. When British rule came to an end in 1947, the subcontinent was partitioned along religious lines into two separate countries—India, with a majority of Hindus, and Pakistan, with a majority of Muslims.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/India |title=India {{!}} History, Map, Population, Economy, & Facts |website= | The '''history of independent India''' began when the country became an independent [[nation]] within the [[Commonwealth of Nations|British Commonwealth]] on 15 August 1947. Direct administration by the British, which began in 1858, affected a political and economic unification of the subcontinent. When British rule came to an end in 1947, the subcontinent was partitioned along religious lines into two separate countries—India, with a majority of Hindus, and Pakistan, with a majority of Muslims.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/India |title=India {{!}} History, Map, Population, Economy, & Facts |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2020-04-03 |archive-date=12 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612010541/https://www.britannica.com/place/India |url-status=live }}</ref> Concurrently the Muslim-majority northwest and east of [[British India]] was separated into the [[Dominion of Pakistan]], by the [[partition of India]]. The partition led to a [[population transfer]] of more than 10 million people between India and Pakistan and the death of about one million people. [[Indian National Congress]] leader [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] became the first [[Prime Minister of India]], but the leader most associated with the [[Indian independence movement|independence struggle]], [[Mahatma Gandhi]], accepted no office. The [[Constitution of India|Constitution adopted in 1950]] made India a democratic country, and this democracy has been sustained since then. India's sustained democratic freedoms are unique among the world's newly independent states.{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p = 304}} | ||
The nation has faced [[Religious violence in India|religious violence]], [[Caste-related violence in India|casteism]], [[Naxalite|naxalism]], [[Terrorism in India|terrorism]] and regional [[separatism|separatist]] insurgencies. India has unresolved territorial disputes with [[China]] which in 1962 escalated into the [[Sino-Indian War]], and with [[Pakistan]] which resulted in wars in [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|1947]], [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965]], [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971]] and [[Kargil War|1999]]. India was neutral in the [[Cold War in Asia|Cold War]], and was a leader in the [[Non-Aligned Movement]]. However, it [[Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation|made a loose alliance]] with the [[Soviet Union]] from 1971, when Pakistan was allied with the United States and the [[People's Republic of China]]. | The nation has faced [[Religious violence in India|religious violence]], [[Caste-related violence in India|casteism]], [[Naxalite|naxalism]], [[Terrorism in India|terrorism]] and regional [[separatism|separatist]] insurgencies. India has unresolved territorial disputes with [[China]] which in 1962 escalated into the [[Sino-Indian War]], and with [[Pakistan]] which resulted in wars in [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|1947]], [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965]], [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971]] and [[Kargil War|1999]]. India was neutral in the [[Cold War in Asia|Cold War]], and was a leader in the [[Non-Aligned Movement]]. However, it [[Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation|made a loose alliance]] with the [[Soviet Union]] from 1971, when Pakistan was allied with the United States and the [[People's Republic of China]]. | ||
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==1947–1950: Dominion of India== | ==1947–1950: Dominion of India== | ||
{{Main|Dominion of India}} | {{Main|Dominion of India}} | ||
Independent India's first years were marked with turbulent events—a massive exchange of population with Pakistan, the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]] and the integration of over 500 [[princely state]]s to form a united nation. Credit for the [[political integration of India]] is largely attributed to [[Vallabhbhai Patel]] (deputy Prime Minister of India at the time),<ref>''The Indian Journal of Political Science'', Vol. 28, No. 4 (October–December 1967), pp. 236–241</ref> who (post-independence and before the death of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]) teamed up with [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and Gandhi to ensure that the constitution of independent India would be secular.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2002/04/06/stories/2002040600081000.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141119084106/http://www.thehindu.com/2002/04/06/stories/2002040600081000.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 November 2014|website=[[The Hindu]]|title=Patel vs. Gandhi?|access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref> | Independent India's first years were marked with turbulent events—a massive exchange of population with Pakistan, the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]] and the integration of over 500 [[princely state]]s to form a united nation. Credit for the [[political integration of India]] is largely attributed to [[Vallabhbhai Patel]] (deputy Prime Minister of India at the time),<ref>''The Indian Journal of Political Science'', Vol. 28, No. 4 (October–December 1967), pp. 236–241</ref> who (post-independence and before the death of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]) teamed up with [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and Gandhi to ensure that the constitution of independent India would be secular.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2002/04/06/stories/2002040600081000.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141119084106/http://www.thehindu.com/2002/04/06/stories/2002040600081000.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 November 2014|website=[[The Hindu]]|title=Patel vs. Gandhi?|access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref> | ||
{{Gallery|align=center | {{Gallery|align=center | ||
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{{Main|Partition of India}} | {{Main|Partition of India}} | ||
{{Rquote|right|I find no parallel in history for a body of converts and their descendants claiming to be a nation apart from the parent stock.|[[Mahatma Gandhi]], [[opposition to the partition of India|opposing the division of India]] on the basis of religion in 1944.<ref name="Prasoon2010">{{cite book|author=Prof. Prasoon|title=My Letters.... M.K.Gandhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qfEbNpv7ggC&pg=PA120|date=1 January 2010|publisher=Pustak Mahal|isbn=978-81-223-1109-9|pages=120|access-date=5 December 2017|archive-date=6 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206143858/https://books.google.com/books?id=-qfEbNpv7ggC&pg=PA120|url-status=live}}</ref>}} | {{Rquote|right|I find no parallel in history for a body of converts and their descendants claiming to be a nation apart from the parent stock.|[[Mahatma Gandhi]], [[opposition to the partition of India|opposing the division of India]] on the basis of religion in 1944.<ref name="Prasoon2010">{{cite book|author=Prof. Prasoon|title=My Letters.... M.K.Gandhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qfEbNpv7ggC&pg=PA120|date=1 January 2010|publisher=Pustak Mahal|isbn=978-81-223-1109-9|pages=120|access-date=5 December 2017|archive-date=6 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206143858/https://books.google.com/books?id=-qfEbNpv7ggC&pg=PA120|url-status=live}}</ref>}} | ||
An estimated 3.5 million<ref name="Encarta">[http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761560851_9/Pakistan.html Pakistan], Encarta. [https:// | An estimated 3.5 million<ref name="Encarta">[http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761560851_9/Pakistan.html Pakistan], Encarta. [https://web.archive.org/web/20091028203105/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761560851_9/Pakistan.html Archived] 2009-10-31.</ref> [[Hindus]] and [[Sikhs]] living in [[Punjab, Pakistan|West Punjab]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|North-West Frontier Province]], [[Baluchistan (Chief Commissioner's Province)|Baluchistan]], [[East Bengal]] and [[History of Sindh|Sind]] migrated to India in fear of domination and suppression in Muslim Pakistan. Communal violence killed an estimated one million Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs, and gravely destabilised both dominions along their [[Punjab]] and [[Bengal]] boundaries, and the cities of [[Calcutta]], [[Delhi]] and [[Lahore]]. The violence was stopped by early September owing to the co-operative efforts of both Indian and Pakistani leaders, and especially due to the efforts of [[Mohandas Gandhi]], the leader of the Indian freedom struggle, who undertook a ''fast-unto-death'' in Calcutta and later in Delhi to calm people and emphasise peace despite the threat to his life. Both governments constructed large relief camps for incoming and leaving refugees, and the [[Indian Army]] was mobilised to provide humanitarian assistance on a massive scale. | ||
The [[assassination of Mahatma Gandhi|assassination of Mohandas Gandhi]] on 30 January 1948 was carried out by [[Nathuram Godse]], who held him responsible for partition and charged that Mohandas Gandhi was appeasing Muslims. More than one million people flooded the streets of Delhi to follow the procession to cremation grounds and pay their last respects. | The [[assassination of Mahatma Gandhi|assassination of Mohandas Gandhi]] on 30 January 1948 was carried out by [[Nathuram Godse]], who held him responsible for partition and charged that Mohandas Gandhi was appeasing Muslims. More than one million people flooded the streets of Delhi to follow the procession to cremation grounds and pay their last respects. | ||
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<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px"> | <gallery widths="200px" heights="200px"> | ||
Assam in 1950s.png|Assam till the 1950s: The new states of [[Nagaland]], [[Meghalaya]] and [[Mizoram]] formed in the 1960-70s. From [[Shillong]], the capital of Assam was shifted to [[Dispur]], now a part of [[Guwahati]]. After the [[Sino-Indian War]] in 1962, [[Arunachal Pradesh]] was also separated. | Assam in 1950s.png|Assam till the 1950s: The new states of [[Nagaland]], [[Meghalaya]] and [[Mizoram]] formed in the 1960-70s. From [[Shillong]], the capital of Assam was shifted to [[Dispur]], now a part of [[Guwahati]]. After the [[Sino-Indian War]] in 1962, [[Arunachal Pradesh]] was also separated. | ||
Hornbil Festival, Kohima 6.jpg|[[Hornbill Festival]], [[Kohima]], Nagaland. [[Nagaland]] became a state | Hornbil Festival, Kohima 6.jpg|[[Hornbill Festival]], [[Kohima]], Nagaland. [[Nagaland]] became a state on 1 December 1963. | ||
Paphal (Musée du Quai Branly) (4489839164).jpg|''[[Pakhangba]]'', a [[Heraldry|heraldic]] dragon of the Meithei tradition and an important emblem among Manipur state symbols. [[Manipur]] became a state | Paphal (Musée du Quai Branly) (4489839164).jpg|''[[Pakhangba]]'', a [[Heraldry|heraldic]] dragon of the Meithei tradition and an important emblem among Manipur state symbols. [[Manipur]] became a state on 21 January 1972. | ||
Meghalaya Abode of the Clouds India Nature in Laitmawsiang Landscape.jpg|Meghalaya is mountainous, the most rain-soaked state of India. [[Meghalaya]] became a state | Meghalaya Abode of the Clouds India Nature in Laitmawsiang Landscape.jpg|Meghalaya is mountainous, the most rain-soaked state of India. [[Meghalaya]] became a state on 21 January 1972. | ||
Tripura State Museum Agartala Tripura India.jpg|[[Ujjayanta Palace]], which houses the Tripura State Museum. [[Tripura]] became a state | Tripura State Museum Agartala Tripura India.jpg|[[Ujjayanta Palace]], which houses the Tripura State Museum. [[Tripura]] became a state on 21 January 1972. | ||
Golden Pagoda in Arunachal Pradesh (photo - Jim Ankan Deka).jpg|[[Golden Pagoda, Namsai]], Arunachal Pradesh, is one of the notable [[Buddhist temple]]s in India. [[Arunachal Pradesh]] became a state | Golden Pagoda in Arunachal Pradesh (photo - Jim Ankan Deka).jpg|[[Golden Pagoda, Namsai]], Arunachal Pradesh, is one of the notable [[Buddhist temple]]s in India. [[Arunachal Pradesh]] became a state on 20 February 1987. | ||
SHSS building.jpg|A school campus in Mizoram, which has one of the highest literacy rates in India. [[Mizoram]] became a state | SHSS building.jpg|A school campus in Mizoram, which has one of the highest literacy rates in India. [[Mizoram]] became a state on 20 February 1987. | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
In the [[Northeast India]], the state of [[Assam]] was divided into several states beginning in 1970 within the borders of what was then Assam. In 1963, the Naga Hills district became the 16th state of India under the name of [[Nagaland]]. Part of [[Tuensang]] was added to Nagaland. In 1970, in response to the demands of the [[Khasi people|Khasi]], [[Jaintia people|Jaintia]] and [[Garo people]] of the [[Karbi-Meghalaya Plateau|Meghalaya Plateau]], the districts embracing the [[Khasi Hills]], [[Jaintia Hills]], and [[Garo Hills]] were formed into an autonomous state within Assam; in 1972 this became a separate state under the name of [[Meghalaya]]. In 1972, [[Arunachal Pradesh]] (the [[North-East Frontier Agency]]) and [[Mizoram]] (from the [[Mizo Hills]] in the south) were separated from Assam as union territories; both became states in 1986.<ref name="Bhattacharyya1995">{{cite book|author=Bhubaneswar Bhattacharyya|title=The troubled border: some facts about boundary disputes between Assam-Nagaland, Assam-Arunachal Pradesh, Assam-Meghalaya, and Assam-Mizoram|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sktuAAAAMAAJ|year=1995|publisher=Lawyer's Book Stall|isbn=9788173310997}}</ref> | In the [[Northeast India]], the state of [[Assam]] was divided into several states beginning in 1970 within the borders of what was then Assam. In 1963, the Naga Hills district became the 16th state of India under the name of [[Nagaland]]. Part of [[Tuensang]] was added to Nagaland. In 1970, in response to the demands of the [[Khasi people|Khasi]], [[Jaintia people|Jaintia]] and [[Garo people]] of the [[Karbi-Meghalaya Plateau|Meghalaya Plateau]], the districts embracing the [[Khasi Hills]], [[Jaintia Hills]], and [[Garo Hills]] were formed into an autonomous state within Assam; in 1972 this became a separate state under the name of [[Meghalaya]]. In 1972, [[Arunachal Pradesh]] (the [[North-East Frontier Agency]]) and [[Mizoram]] (from the [[Mizo Hills]] in the south) were separated from Assam as union territories; both became states in 1986.<ref name="Bhattacharyya1995">{{cite book|author=Bhubaneswar Bhattacharyya|title=The troubled border: some facts about boundary disputes between Assam-Nagaland, Assam-Arunachal Pradesh, Assam-Meghalaya, and Assam-Mizoram|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sktuAAAAMAAJ|year=1995|publisher=Lawyer's Book Stall|isbn=9788173310997}}</ref> | ||
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[[File:Tawang Monastery (Tibetan Buddhist).jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Tawang Monastery]] in [[Arunachal Pradesh]], is the largest monastery in India and second largest in the world after the [[Potala Palace]] in [[Lhasa]], [[Tibet]]. It is one of the few monasteries of [[Tibetan Buddhism]] that have remained protected from [[Mao Zedong|Mao]]'s [[Cultural Revolution]] without any damage.{{Sfn|Richardson|1984|p=210}}]] | [[File:Tawang Monastery (Tibetan Buddhist).jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Tawang Monastery]] in [[Arunachal Pradesh]], is the largest monastery in India and second largest in the world after the [[Potala Palace]] in [[Lhasa]], [[Tibet]]. It is one of the few monasteries of [[Tibetan Buddhism]] that have remained protected from [[Mao Zedong|Mao]]'s [[Cultural Revolution]] without any damage.{{Sfn|Richardson|1984|p=210}}]] | ||
On 8 November 2009, in spite of strong protests by China, which claims the whole of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] as its own,<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6145866.stm "India and China row over border"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215103833/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6145866.stm |date=15 February 2008 }}, BBC News, 14-11-2006. Retrieved on 31-01-2007.</ref> the [[14th Dalai Lama]] visited [[Tawang Monastery]] in Arunachal Pradesh, | |||
which was a monumental event to the people of the region, and the abbot of the monastery greeted him with much fanfare and adulation.<ref name=Majumdar>{{cite news|last=Majumdar|first=Sanjoy|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8351813.stm|title=Frontier town venerates Dalai Lama|date=10 November 2009|work=BBC News|access-date=6 August 2018|archive-date=6 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806145743/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8351813.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> | which was a monumental event to the people of the region, and the abbot of the monastery greeted him with much fanfare and adulation.<ref name=Majumdar>{{cite news|last=Majumdar|first=Sanjoy|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8351813.stm|title=Frontier town venerates Dalai Lama|date=10 November 2009|work=BBC News|access-date=6 August 2018|archive-date=6 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806145743/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8351813.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
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The [[Telangana movement]] reached its peak in 2011–12, leading to formation of India's 29th state, [[Telangana]], in June 2014. | The [[Telangana movement]] reached its peak in 2011–12, leading to formation of India's 29th state, [[Telangana]], in June 2014. | ||
The [[2012 Delhi gang rape and murder]] case and subsequent protest by civil society resulted in [[Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013|changes in the laws]] related to [[rape]] and offences against women. In April 2013, the [[Saradha Group financial scandal]] was unearthed, caused by the collapse of a [[Ponzi scheme]] run by Saradha Group, a consortium of over 200 private companies in [[East India|Eastern India]], causing an estimated loss of INR 200–300 billion (US$4–6 billion) to over 1.7 million depositors.<ref>{{cite | The [[2012 Delhi gang rape and murder]] case and subsequent protest by civil society resulted in [[Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013|changes in the laws]] related to [[rape]] and offences against women. In April 2013, the [[Saradha Group financial scandal]] was unearthed, caused by the collapse of a [[Ponzi scheme]] run by Saradha Group, a consortium of over 200 private companies in [[East India|Eastern India]], causing an estimated loss of INR 200–300 billion (US$4–6 billion) to over 1.7 million depositors.<ref>{{cite news |author=PTI |url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/more-saradha-entities-under-sebi-scanner/article4650522.ece |title=More Saradha entities under SEBI scanner |work=The Hindu |date=24 April 2013 |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-date=25 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425235143/http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/more-saradha-entities-under-sebi-scanner/article4650522.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="H1">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/cheat-funds-again/article4654467.ece |title=Cheat funds, again |work=The Hindu |date=25 April 2013 |access-date=27 April 2013 |archive-date=27 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130427070336/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/cheat-funds-again/article4654467.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.livemint.com/Specials/TQWJ1auPZMCYnZqC4tK7VN/Saradha-raised-deposits-from-17-million-people-probe-finds.html |title=Saradha raised deposits from 1.7 mn people, probe finds |last=Dutta |first=Romita |date=20 June 2013 |work=LiveMint |access-date=19 August 2013 |archive-date=26 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826140827/http://www.livemint.com/Specials/TQWJ1auPZMCYnZqC4tK7VN/Saradha-raised-deposits-from-17-million-people-probe-finds.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2013, the [[Supreme Court of India]] overturned the Delhi High Court ruling on Sec 377, criminalising homosexual sex between consenting adults once again in the country.<ref name=1861_law>{{cite news |title=India's Supreme Court Restores an 1861 Law Banning Gay Sex |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/12/world/asia/court-restores-indias-ban-on-gay-sex.html |access-date=4 April 2014 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=11 December 2013 |first=Gardiner |last=Harris |archive-date=1 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140601101117/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/12/world/asia/court-restores-indias-ban-on-gay-sex.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Shyamantha |first=Asokan |title=India's Supreme Court turns the clock back with gay sex ban |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-rights-gay-idUSBRE9BA05620131211 |access-date=11 December 2013 |newspaper=[[Reuters]] |date=11 December 2013 |archive-date=16 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216040454/https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/11/us-india-rights-gay-idUSBRE9BA05620131211 |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
[[File:Ladakh Monastery.jpg|right|250px|thumb|[[2010 Ladakh floods]] damaged 71 towns and villages, including the main town in the area, [[Leh]], and nearby town of [[Thiksey]], where [[Thikse Monastery]] is located.<ref name="Hobley">Hobley, D.E.J., et al., 2012, Reconstruction of a major storm event from its geomorphic signature: The Ladakh floods, 6 August 2010, Geology, v. 40, p. 483-486, doi:10.1130/G32935.1</ref>]] | [[File:Ladakh Monastery.jpg|right|250px|thumb|[[2010 Ladakh floods]] damaged 71 towns and villages, including the main town in the area, [[Leh]], and nearby town of [[Thiksey]], where [[Thikse Monastery]] is located.<ref name="Hobley">Hobley, D.E.J., et al., 2012, Reconstruction of a major storm event from its geomorphic signature: The Ladakh floods, 6 August 2010, Geology, v. 40, p. 483-486, doi:10.1130/G32935.1</ref>]] | ||
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== 2020s == | == 2020s == | ||
[[File:COVID-19_vaccination_queue_01052021.jpg|thumb|[[COVID-19 vaccine|COVID-19 vaccination]] queue in [[Nagpur]], 1 May 2021]] | [[File:COVID-19_vaccination_queue_01052021.jpg|thumb|[[COVID-19 vaccine|COVID-19 vaccination]] queue in [[Nagpur]], 1 May 2021]] | ||
In February 2020, [[2020 Delhi riots|riots broke out]] in Delhi.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-08-27|title=Delhi 2020 religious riots: Amnesty International accuses police of rights abuses|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-53891354|access-date=2021-06-24|archive-date=1 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501170443/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-53891354|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests|Citizenship Amendment Act]] protests have been described as an instigating factor.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Trivedi|first1=Saurabh|last2=Bhandari|first2=Hemani|date=2020-02-24|title=Policeman among 5 killed in Delhi violence over CAA|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/pro-anti-caa-groups-clash-in-northeast-delhis-maujpur/article30901937.ece|access-date=2021-06-24|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226230850/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/pro-anti-caa-groups-clash-in-northeast-delhis-maujpur/article30901937.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Tensions escalated on Indo-China border after aggressive skirmishes between Indian and Chinese troops beginning on 5 May 2020.<ref>https://theprint.in/defence/chinese-troops-challenge-india-at-multiple-locations-in-eastern-ladakh-standoff-continues/428304/</ref> The [[Rama Janmabhoomi]] temple construction officially started again after a Bhoomi Poojan ceremony on 5 August 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ayodhya-ram-temple-will-be-161-feet-tall-an-increase-by-20-feet-2267315|title=Ayodhya's Ram Temple Will Be 161-Foot Tall, An Increase Of 20 Feet|website=NDTV.com|access-date=25 August 2021|archive-date=25 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825071325/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ayodhya-ram-temple-will-be-161-feet-tall-an-increase-by-20-feet-2267315|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/after-bhoomi-poojan-at-ayodhya-rss-mohan-bhagwat-says-we-have-fulfilled-our-resolve/story-kqQsI65xMwDKXkCkijqkBP.html|title=After bhoomi poojan at Ayodhya, RSS' Mohan Bhagwat says we have fulfilled our resolve|date=5 August 2020|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=25 August 2021|archive-date=25 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825071324/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/after-bhoomi-poojan-at-ayodhya-rss-mohan-bhagwat-says-we-have-fulfilled-our-resolve/story-kqQsI65xMwDKXkCkijqkBP.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The trend of protests continued in 2020, with the [[2020 Indian agriculture acts]] which sparked the [[2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest|Indian farmers' protest]] in August 2020. | In February 2020, [[2020 Delhi riots|riots broke out]] in Delhi.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-08-27|title=Delhi 2020 religious riots: Amnesty International accuses police of rights abuses|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-53891354|access-date=2021-06-24|archive-date=1 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501170443/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-53891354|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests|Citizenship Amendment Act]] protests have been described as an instigating factor.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Trivedi|first1=Saurabh|last2=Bhandari|first2=Hemani|date=2020-02-24|title=Policeman among 5 killed in Delhi violence over CAA|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/pro-anti-caa-groups-clash-in-northeast-delhis-maujpur/article30901937.ece|access-date=2021-06-24|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226230850/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/pro-anti-caa-groups-clash-in-northeast-delhis-maujpur/article30901937.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Tensions escalated on Indo-China border after aggressive skirmishes between Indian and Chinese troops beginning on 5 May 2020.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://theprint.in/defence/chinese-troops-challenge-india-at-multiple-locations-in-eastern-ladakh-standoff-continues/428304/ | title=Chinese troops challenge India at multiple locations in eastern Ladakh, standoff continues | date=24 May 2020 }}</ref> The [[Rama Janmabhoomi]] temple construction officially started again after a Bhoomi Poojan ceremony on 5 August 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ayodhya-ram-temple-will-be-161-feet-tall-an-increase-by-20-feet-2267315|title=Ayodhya's Ram Temple Will Be 161-Foot Tall, An Increase Of 20 Feet|website=NDTV.com|access-date=25 August 2021|archive-date=25 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825071325/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ayodhya-ram-temple-will-be-161-feet-tall-an-increase-by-20-feet-2267315|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/after-bhoomi-poojan-at-ayodhya-rss-mohan-bhagwat-says-we-have-fulfilled-our-resolve/story-kqQsI65xMwDKXkCkijqkBP.html|title=After bhoomi poojan at Ayodhya, RSS' Mohan Bhagwat says we have fulfilled our resolve|date=5 August 2020|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=25 August 2021|archive-date=25 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825071324/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/after-bhoomi-poojan-at-ayodhya-rss-mohan-bhagwat-says-we-have-fulfilled-our-resolve/story-kqQsI65xMwDKXkCkijqkBP.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The trend of protests continued in 2020, with the [[2020 Indian agriculture acts]] which sparked the [[2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest|Indian farmers' protest]] in August 2020. | ||
=== COVID-19 pandemic === | === COVID-19 pandemic === | ||
{{Main|COVID-19 pandemic in India}} | {{Main|COVID-19 pandemic in India}} | ||
The [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]] began on 30 January 2020, when the first case was reported in [[Thrissur]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Narasimhan|first=T. E.|date=2020-01-30|title=India's first coronavirus case: Kerala student in Wuhan tested positive|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/india-s-first-coronavirus-case-kerala-student-in-wuhan-tested-positive-120013001782_1.html|access-date=2021-06-24|archive-date=11 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311040438/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/india-s-first-coronavirus-case-kerala-student-in-wuhan-tested-positive-120013001782_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2020, India's health minister [[Harsh Vardhan (Delhi politician)|Harsh Vardhan]] stated that the country planned to approve and begin distribution of a vaccine by the first quarter of 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/covid-vaccine-likely-by-early-2021-for-old-high-risk-first-harsh-vardhan/articleshow/78091084.cms|title=Coronavirus vaccine India: Expect Covid-19 vaccine by early next year, will take first shot if any trust deficit, Harsh Vardhan | India News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=20 October 2021|archive-date=11 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111142601/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/covid-vaccine-likely-by-early-2021-for-old-high-risk-first-harsh-vardhan/articleshow/78091084.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Vaccination against COVID-19 started in India on 16 January 2021. By early April 2021, second wave of infections took hold in the country with destructive consequences.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/04/05/india/india-second-wave-covid-intl-hnk/index.html|title=India reports new record of 103,558 daily Covid cases, as second wave and new lockdowns hit|author=Jessie Yeung, Vedika Sud and Esha Mitra|website=CNN|access-date=25 August 2021|archive-date=16 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016101853/https://www.cnn.com/2021/04/05/india/india-second-wave-covid-intl-hnk/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The second wave placed a major strain on the healthcare system,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/india-news/covid-19-holi-celebrations-7250394/ |title=Despite surge in cases, Covid guidelines flouted during Holi celebrations |date=29 March 2021 |newspaper=The Indian Express |access-date=25 August 2021 |archive-date=22 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822145922/https://indianexpress.com/photos/india-news/covid-19-holi-celebrations-7250394/ |url-status=live }}</ref> including shortage of liquid [[oxygen|medical oxygen]]. The number of new cases had begun to steadily drop by late-May and vaccination gained momentum again. India administered 1 billion doses of COVID-19 vaccine on 21 October 2021.<ref>https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-to-meet-7-vaccine-manufacturers-after-india-crosses-1-billion-doses-mark-101634968091693.html</ref> | The [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]] began on 30 January 2020, when the first case was reported in [[Thrissur]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Narasimhan|first=T. E.|date=2020-01-30|title=India's first coronavirus case: Kerala student in Wuhan tested positive|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/india-s-first-coronavirus-case-kerala-student-in-wuhan-tested-positive-120013001782_1.html|access-date=2021-06-24|archive-date=11 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311040438/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/india-s-first-coronavirus-case-kerala-student-in-wuhan-tested-positive-120013001782_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2020, India's health minister [[Harsh Vardhan (Delhi politician)|Harsh Vardhan]] stated that the country planned to approve and begin distribution of a vaccine by the first quarter of 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/covid-vaccine-likely-by-early-2021-for-old-high-risk-first-harsh-vardhan/articleshow/78091084.cms|title=Coronavirus vaccine India: Expect Covid-19 vaccine by early next year, will take first shot if any trust deficit, Harsh Vardhan | India News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=20 October 2021|archive-date=11 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111142601/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/covid-vaccine-likely-by-early-2021-for-old-high-risk-first-harsh-vardhan/articleshow/78091084.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Vaccination against COVID-19 started in India on 16 January 2021. By early April 2021, second wave of infections took hold in the country with destructive consequences.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/04/05/india/india-second-wave-covid-intl-hnk/index.html|title=India reports new record of 103,558 daily Covid cases, as second wave and new lockdowns hit|author=Jessie Yeung, Vedika Sud and Esha Mitra|website=CNN|date=5 April 2021 |access-date=25 August 2021|archive-date=16 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016101853/https://www.cnn.com/2021/04/05/india/india-second-wave-covid-intl-hnk/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The second wave placed a major strain on the healthcare system,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/india-news/covid-19-holi-celebrations-7250394/ |title=Despite surge in cases, Covid guidelines flouted during Holi celebrations |date=29 March 2021 |newspaper=The Indian Express |access-date=25 August 2021 |archive-date=22 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822145922/https://indianexpress.com/photos/india-news/covid-19-holi-celebrations-7250394/ |url-status=live }}</ref> including shortage of liquid [[oxygen|medical oxygen]]. The number of new cases had begun to steadily drop by late-May and vaccination gained momentum again. India administered 1 billion doses of COVID-19 vaccine on 21 October 2021.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-to-meet-7-vaccine-manufacturers-after-india-crosses-1-billion-doses-mark-101634968091693.html | title=PM Modi to meet 7 vaccine manufacturers as India crosses 1 billion doses mark | date=23 October 2021 }}</ref> | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||