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Indian cuisine reflects an [[History of India|8,000-year history]] of various groups and cultures interacting with the [[Indian subcontinent]], leading to diversity of flavours and regional cuisines found in modern-day India. Later, trade with [[British people|British]] and [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] influence added to the already diverse Indian cuisine.<ref name="Dubey2011">{{cite book|author=Krishna Gopal Dubey|title=The Indian Cuisine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_xiwkbgJbSQC|year=2011|publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-203-4170-8}}</ref><ref name="Achaya">{{cite book|author=K T Achaya|title=The Story of Our Food|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bk9RHRCqZOkC|year=2003|publisher=Universities Press|isbn=9788173712937}}</ref>
Indian cuisine reflects an [[History of India|8,000-year history]] of various groups and cultures interacting with the [[Indian subcontinent]], leading to diversity of flavours and regional cuisines found in modern-day India. Later, trade with [[British people|British]] and [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] influence added to the already diverse Indian cuisine.<ref name="Dubey2011">{{cite book|author=Krishna Gopal Dubey|title=The Indian Cuisine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_xiwkbgJbSQC|year=2011|publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-203-4170-8}}</ref><ref name="Achaya">{{cite book|author=K T Achaya|title=The Story of Our Food|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bk9RHRCqZOkC|year=2003|publisher=Universities Press|isbn=9788173712937}}</ref>


=== Prehistory and Indus Valley Civilization ===
=== Prehistory and Indus Valley civilization ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2022}}
See also: [[Meluhha]], [[Indus-Mesopotamia relations]], and [[Maritime history of India]]
See also: [[Meluhha]], [[Indus-Mesopotamia relations]], and [[Maritime history of India]]


After 9000 BCE, a first period of indirect contacts between [[Fertile Crescent]] and [[Indus Valley Civilization|Indus Valley]] (IV) seems to have occurred as a consequence of the [[Neolithic Revolution]] and the diffusion of agriculture. Around 7000 BCE, agriculture spread from the Fertile Crescent to the Indus Valley, and wheat and barley began to be grown. [[Sesame]], and [[Zebu|humped cattle]] were domesticated in the local farming communities. Mehrgarh is one of the earliest sites with evidence of farming and herding in [[South Asia]]. From circa 4500 to 1900 BC the rulers of [[Sumerian civilization|Lower Mesopotamia]] were [[Sumerians]] who spoke a non-[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] and non-[[Semitic languages|Semitic]] language, may have initially come from India and may have been related to the original [[Dravidian people|Dravidian]] population of India.
After 9000 BCE, a first period of indirect contacts between [[Fertile Crescent]] and [[Indus Valley civilization|Indus Valley]] civilizations seems to have occurred as a consequence of the [[Neolithic Revolution]] and the diffusion of agriculture. Around 7000 BCE, agriculture spread from the Fertile Crescent to the Indus Valley, and wheat and barley began to be grown. [[Sesame]], and [[Zebu|humped cattle]] were domesticated in the local farming communities. Mehrgarh is one of the earliest sites with evidence of farming and herding in [[South Asia]]. From circa 4500 to 1900 BC the rulers of [[Sumerian civilization|Lower Mesopotamia]] were [[Sumerians]] who spoke a non-[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] and non-[[Semitic languages|Semitic]] language, may have initially come from India and may have been related to the original [[Dravidian people|Dravidian]] population of India.


By 3000 BCE, [[turmeric]], [[cardamom]], [[black pepper]] and [[Mustard plant|mustard]] were harvested in India.
By 3000 BCE, [[turmeric]], [[cardamom]], [[black pepper]] and [[Mustard plant|mustard]] were harvested in India.
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=== Vedic age ===
=== Vedic age ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2022}}
The ancient [[Hindu]] text ''[[Mahabharata]]'' mentions rice and vegetable cooked together, and the word "pulao" or "pallao" is used to refer to the dish in ancient [[Sanskrit]] works, such as [[Yājñavalkya Smṛti]]. [[Ayurveda]], ancient Indian system of wellness, deals with holistic approach to the wellness, and it includes food, [[Dhyana in Hinduism|dhyana]] (meditation) and [[yoga]].
The ancient [[Hindu]] text ''[[Mahabharata]]'' mentions rice and vegetable cooked together, and the word "pulao" or "pallao" is used to refer to the dish in ancient [[Sanskrit]] works, such as [[Yājñavalkya Smṛti]]. [[Ayurveda]], ancient Indian system of wellness, deals with holistic approach to the wellness, and it includes food, [[Dhyana in Hinduism|dhyana]] (meditation) and [[yoga]].


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*[[Honey#History|Honey]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rama/ry396.htm |title=BOOK V: Canto LXI.: The Feast of Honey |publisher=Sacred-texts.com |access-date=2019-05-26}}</ref>—the spiritual and supposed therapeutic use of honey in [[History of India#Bronze Age – first urbanisation (c. 3300 – c. 1800 BCE)|ancient India]] was documented in both the [[Vedas]] and the [[Ayurveda]] texts
*[[Honey#History|Honey]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rama/ry396.htm |title=BOOK V: Canto LXI.: The Feast of Honey |publisher=Sacred-texts.com |access-date=2019-05-26}}</ref>—the spiritual and supposed therapeutic use of honey in [[History of India#Bronze Age – first urbanisation (c. 3300 – c. 1800 BCE)|ancient India]] was documented in both the [[Vedas]] and the [[Ayurveda]] texts
*[[Mango#Cultural significance|Mango]]—the [[Jain]] goddess [[Ambika (Jainism)|Ambika]] is traditionally represented as sitting under a mango tree
*[[Mango#Cultural significance|Mango]]—the [[Jain]] goddess [[Ambika (Jainism)|Ambika]] is traditionally represented as sitting under a mango tree
*[[Mustard (condiment)#Indian subcontinent|Mustard]]<ref name="sacred-texts1"/>—[[Brassica juncea|brown mustard]] is a spice that was cultivated in the [[Indus Valley Civilization]] and is one of the important spices used in the Indian subcontinent today
*[[Mustard (condiment)#Indian subcontinent|Mustard]]<ref name="sacred-texts1"/>—[[Brassica juncea|brown mustard]] is a spice that was cultivated in the [[Indus Valley civilization]] and is one of the important spices used in the Indian subcontinent today
*[[Pomegranate#Culinary use|Pomegranate]]—in some Hindu traditions, the pomegranate ([[Hindi]]: ''anār'') symbolizes prosperity and fertility, and is associated with both [[Bhumidevi|Bhoomidevi]] (the earth goddess) and Lord [[Ganesha]] (the one fond of the many-seeded fruit)
*[[Pomegranate#Culinary use|Pomegranate]]—in some Hindu traditions, the pomegranate ([[Hindi]]: ''anār'') symbolizes prosperity and fertility, and is associated with both [[Bhumidevi|Bhoomidevi]] (the earth goddess) and Lord [[Ganesha]] (the one fond of the many-seeded fruit)
*[[History of rice cultivation#Indian subcontinent|Rice]]—cultivated in the Indian subcontinent from as early as 5,000 BC
*[[History of rice cultivation#Indian subcontinent|Rice]]—cultivated in the Indian subcontinent from as early as 5,000 BC
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=== Colonial Period ===
=== Colonial Period ===
The [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]] and [[British India|British]] during their rule introduced cooking techniques such as baking, and foods from the [[New World]] and Europe. The [[New World crops|new-world vegetables]] popular in cuisine from the Indian subcontinent include [[tomato]], [[potato]], [[sweet potatoes]], [[peanut]]s, [[Squash (plant)|squash]], and [[Capsicum|chilli]]. Most New world vegetables such as sweet potatoes, potatoes, [[Amaranth]], peanuts and [[cassava]] based [[Sago]] are allowed on Hindu fasting days. Cauliflower was introduced by the British in 1822. In the late 18th/early 19th century, an autobiography of a Scottish [[Robert Lindsay (Sylhet)|Robert Lindsay]] mentions a [[Sylhetis|Sylheti]] man called Saeed Ullah cooking a curry for Lindsay's family. This is possibly the oldest record of Indian cuisine in the [[United Kingdom]].<ref name="star">{{cite news|url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/magazine/2008/12/02/history.htm|title=Down the Surma – Origins of the Diaspora|author=Syed Zain Al-Mahmood|newspaper=[[Daily Star (Bangladesh)|Daily Star]]|date=19 December 2008|volume=7|issue=49|language=en|access-date=1 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="autobio">{{cite book|volume=4|title=Lives of the Lindsays, or, A memoir of the House of Crawford and Balcarres|chapter=Anecdotes of an Indian life: Chapter VII|author=[[Robert Lindsay (Sylhet)|Robert Lindsay]]|url=https://digital.nls.uk/histories-of-scottish-families/archive/95568541#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=108&xywh=-236%2C-1%2C5520%2C4092|website=National Library of Scotland|page=99}}</ref>
The [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]] and [[British India|British]] during their rule introduced cooking techniques such as baking, and foods from the [[New World]] and Europe. The [[New World crops|new-world vegetables]] popular in cuisine from the Indian subcontinent include [[tomato]], [[potato]], [[sweet potatoes]], [[peanut]]s, [[Squash (plant)|squash]], and [[Capsicum|chilli]]. Most New World vegetables such as sweet potatoes, potatoes, [[Amaranth]], peanuts and [[cassava]] based [[Sago]] are allowed on Hindu fasting days. Cauliflower was introduced by the British in 1822. In the late 18th/early 19th century, an autobiography of a Scottish [[Robert Lindsay (Sylhet)|Robert Lindsay]] mentions a [[Sylhetis|Sylheti]] man called Saeed Ullah cooking a curry for Lindsay's family. This is possibly the oldest record of Indian cuisine in the [[United Kingdom]].<ref name="star">{{cite news|url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/magazine/2008/12/02/history.htm|title=Down the Surma – Origins of the Diaspora|author=Syed Zain Al-Mahmood|newspaper=[[Daily Star (Bangladesh)|Daily Star]]|date=19 December 2008|volume=7|issue=49|language=en|access-date=1 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="autobio">{{cite book|volume=4|title=Lives of the Lindsays, or, A memoir of the House of Crawford and Balcarres|chapter=Anecdotes of an Indian life: Chapter VII|author=[[Robert Lindsay (Sylhet)|Robert Lindsay]]|url=https://digital.nls.uk/histories-of-scottish-families/archive/95568541#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=108&xywh=-236%2C-1%2C5520%2C4092|website=National Library of Scotland|page=99}}</ref>
<gallery widths="230" heights="250">
<gallery widths="230" heights="250">
File:Bhang eaters before two huts (6124556163).jpg|''[[Bhang]]'' eaters in India c. 1790. ''Bhang'' is an [[cannabis edible|edible preparation]] of [[cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] native to the Indian subcontinent. It was used by Hindus in food and drink as early as 1000 BCE.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://munchies.vice.com/en_us/article/kbx94a/httpmunchies-vice-comarticlesthe-bhang-lassi-is-how-hindus-drink-themselves-high-for-shiva |title=The Bhang Lassi Is How Hindus Drink Themselves High for Shiva |author=Staelens, Stefanie |website=Vice.com |access-date=10 August 2017}}</ref>
File:Bhang eaters before two huts (6124556163).jpg|''[[Bhang]]'' eaters in India c. 1790. ''Bhang'' is an [[cannabis edible|edible preparation]] of [[cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] native to the Indian subcontinent. It was used by Hindus in food and drink as early as 1000 BCE.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://munchies.vice.com/en_us/article/kbx94a/httpmunchies-vice-comarticlesthe-bhang-lassi-is-how-hindus-drink-themselves-high-for-shiva |title=The Bhang Lassi Is How Hindus Drink Themselves High for Shiva |author=Staelens, Stefanie |website=Vice.com |access-date=10 August 2017}}</ref>
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Dinner is considered the main meal of the day.<ref name="KittlerSucher2011">{{cite book|author1=Pamela Goyan Kittler|first2=Kathryn P.|last2=Sucher|first3=Marcia|last3=Nelms|title=Food and Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R06H7WabJuMC&pg=PA449|year=2011|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-538-73497-4|page=449}}</ref> Also, many households, especially in north and central India, prefer having sweets after the dinner (similar to the Western concept of dessert after meals).
Dinner is considered the main meal of the day.<ref name="KittlerSucher2011">{{cite book|author1=Pamela Goyan Kittler|first2=Kathryn P.|last2=Sucher|first3=Marcia|last3=Nelms|title=Food and Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R06H7WabJuMC&pg=PA449|year=2011|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-538-73497-4|page=449}}</ref> Also, many households, especially in north and central India, prefer having sweets after the dinner (similar to the Western concept of dessert after meals).


==Dietary restrictions==
==Dietary practices==
In India people often follow dietary restrictions based on their religion or faith:
In India people often follow dietary practices based on their religious belief:
* [[Hinduism in India|Hindu]] communities consider beef taboo since it is believed that Hindu scriptures condemn cow slaughter. Cow slaughter has been banned in many states of India.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/editorial-views-on/Edits/Cowed-down-by-the-ban/Article1-791776.aspx |title=Cowed down by the ban |work=Hindustan Times |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220175911/http://www.hindustantimes.com/editorial-views-on/Edits/Cowed-down-by-the-ban/Article1-791776.aspx |archive-date=20 February 2012}}</ref> However, these restrictions are not followed in the North-Eastern states, West Bengal and Kerala.
* Some [[Hinduism in India|Hindu]] communities consider beef taboo since they believed that Hindu scriptures condemn cow slaughter. Cow slaughter has been banned in many states of India.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/editorial-views-on/Edits/Cowed-down-by-the-ban/Article1-791776.aspx |title=Cowed down by the ban |work=Hindustan Times |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220175911/http://www.hindustantimes.com/editorial-views-on/Edits/Cowed-down-by-the-ban/Article1-791776.aspx |archive-date=20 February 2012}}</ref> However, these restrictions are not followed in the North-Eastern states, West Bengal and Kerala.
* [[Vaishnavism]] followers generally are strict lacto-vegetarians due to an emphasis on [[Ahimsa]]. They also do not consume garlic and onions because they are advised against it in the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bhagavad-gita.org/Gita/verse-17-07.html |title=Chapter 17, Verse 8,9,10 |publisher=Bhagavad-Gita |access-date=2013-12-09}}</ref>
* [[Vaishnavism]] followers generally are strict lacto-vegetarians due to an emphasis on [[Ahimsa]]. They also do not consume garlic and onions.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}
* [[Jainism in India|Jains]] follow a strict form of lacto-vegetarianism, known as [[Jain vegetarianism]], which in addition to being completely lacto-vegetarian, also excludes all root vegetables such as carrots and potatoes because when the root is pulled up, organisms that live around the root also die.<ref name="Shah1998">{{cite book|last=Shah|first=Natubhai|title=Jainism: The World of Conquerors|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EmVzvUzbwegC&pg=PA249|year=1998|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-898723-30-1|page=249}}</ref>
* [[Jainism in India|Jains]] follow a strict form of lacto-vegetarianism, known as [[Jain vegetarianism]], which in addition to being completely lacto-vegetarian, also excludes all root vegetables such as carrots and potatoes because when the root is pulled up, organisms that live around the root also die.<ref name="Shah1998">{{cite book|last=Shah|first=Natubhai|title=Jainism: The World of Conquerors|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EmVzvUzbwegC&pg=PA249|year=1998|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-898723-30-1|page=249}}</ref>
* [[Islam in India|Muslims]] do not eat pork or pork products.
* [[Islam in India|Muslims]] do not eat pork or pork products.
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