robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)
ImportMaster (talk | contribs) (robot: import pages using Special:Import) |
(robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)) |
||
| Line 35: | Line 35: | ||
== History == | == History == | ||
Textual criticism has been practiced for over two thousand years, as one of the [[philology|philological]] arts.<ref>{{Cite book|title= | Textual criticism has been practiced for over two thousand years, as one of the [[philology|philological]] arts.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Cours de linguistique générale|last=Saussure |first=Ferdinand de|publisher=Charles Bally in Payot C|year=1916|isbn=9782228500647|location=Lausanne|pages=1–3}}</ref> Early textual critics, especially the librarians of [[History of Alexandria#Ptolemaic era|Hellenistic Alexandria]] in the last two centuries BC, were concerned with preserving the works of [[ancient history|antiquity]], and this continued through the [[Middle Ages]] into the [[early modern period]] and the invention of the [[printing press]]. Textual criticism was an important aspect of the work of many [[Renaissance humanism|Renaissance humanists]], such as [[Desiderius Erasmus]], who edited the Greek [[New Testament]], creating the ''[[Textus Receptus]]''. In Italy, scholars such as [[Petrarch]] and [[Poggio Bracciolini]] collected and edited many Latin manuscripts, while a new spirit of critical enquiry was boosted by the attention to textual states, for example in the work of [[Lorenzo Valla]] on the purported [[Donation of Constantine]]. | ||
Many ancient works, such as the [[Bible]] and the [[Greek tragedy|Greek tragedies]], survive in hundreds of copies, and the relationship of each copy to the original may be unclear. Textual scholars have debated for centuries which sources are most closely derived from the original, hence which readings in those sources are correct.{{citation needed|date=March 2015}} Although texts such as Greek plays presumably had one original, the question of whether some biblical books, like the [[Gospel]]s, ever had just one original has been discussed.<ref name="tanselle">Tanselle, (1989) ''A Rationale of Textual Criticism''.</ref> Interest in applying textual criticism to the [[Quran]] has also developed after the discovery of the [[Sana'a manuscripts]] in 1972, which possibly date back to the seventh to eighth centuries. | Many ancient works, such as the [[Bible]] and the [[Greek tragedy|Greek tragedies]], survive in hundreds of copies, and the relationship of each copy to the original may be unclear. Textual scholars have debated for centuries which sources are most closely derived from the original, hence which readings in those sources are correct.{{citation needed|date=March 2015}} Although texts such as Greek plays presumably had one original, the question of whether some biblical books, like the [[Gospel]]s, ever had just one original has been discussed.<ref name="tanselle">Tanselle, (1989) ''A Rationale of Textual Criticism''.</ref> Interest in applying textual criticism to the [[Quran]] has also developed after the discovery of the [[Sana'a manuscripts]] in 1972, which possibly date back to the seventh to eighth centuries. | ||
| Line 100: | Line 100: | ||
=== Overview === | === Overview === | ||
[[File:Howald-sigerist.png|thumb|right|250px|Scheme of descent of the manuscripts of [[Pseudo-Apuleius Herbarius]] by [[Henry E. Sigerist]] (1927)]] | [[File:Howald-sigerist.png|thumb|right|250px|Scheme of descent of the manuscripts of [[Pseudo-Apuleius Herbarius]] by [[Henry E. Sigerist]] (1927)]] | ||
'''Stemmatics''' or '''stemmatology''' is a rigorous approach to textual criticism. [[Karl Lachmann]] (1793–1851) greatly contributed to making this method famous, even though he did not invent it.<ref>Sebastian Timpanaro, ''The Genesis of Lachmann's Method'', ed. and trans. by Glenn W. Most (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005) [trans. from ''Genesi del metodo del Lachmann'' (Liviana Editrice, 1981)].</ref> The method takes its name from the word ''stemma''. The [[Ancient Greek]] word στέμματα<ref name="Liddell & Scott">Liddell, H.G. & Scott, R. (1940). ''A Greek-English Lexicon. revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones. with the assistance of. Roderick McKenzie.'' Oxford: Clarendon Press.</ref> and its [[loanword]] in [[classical Latin]] | '''Stemmatics''' or '''stemmatology''' is a rigorous approach to textual criticism. [[Karl Lachmann]] (1793–1851) greatly contributed to making this method famous, even though he did not invent it.<ref>Sebastian Timpanaro, ''The Genesis of Lachmann's Method'', ed. and trans. by Glenn W. Most (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005) [trans. from ''Genesi del metodo del Lachmann'' (Liviana Editrice, 1981)].</ref> The method takes its name from the word ''stemma''. The [[Ancient Greek]] word {{Lang|grc|στέμματα}}<ref name="Liddell & Scott">Liddell, H.G. & Scott, R. (1940). ''A Greek-English Lexicon. revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones. with the assistance of. Roderick McKenzie.'' Oxford: Clarendon Press.</ref> and its [[loanword]] in [[classical Latin]] {{Lang|la|stemmata}}<ref name="Liddell & Scott"/><ref name="Lewis & Short">Lewis, C.T. & Short, C. (1879). ''A Latin dictionary founded on Andrews' edition of Freund's Latin dictionary.'' Oxford: Clarendon Press.</ref><ref name="Saalfeld1884">Saalfeld, G.A.E.A. (1884). ''Tensaurus Italograecus. Ausführliches historisch-kritisches Wörterbuch der Griechischen Lehn- und Fremdwörter im Lateinischen.'' Wien: Druck und Verlag von Carl Gerold's Sohn, Buchhändler der Kaiserl. Akademie der Wissenschaften.</ref> may refer to "[[family tree]]s". This specific meaning shows the relationships of the surviving witnesses (the first known example of such a stemma, albeit without the name, dates from 1827).<ref>Collín, H. S. and C. J. Schlyter (eds), ''Corpus iuris Sueo-Gotorum antiqui: Samling af Sweriges gamla lagar, på Kongl. Maj:ts. nådigste befallning'', 13 vols (Stockholm: Haeggström, 1827–77), vol. 1, table 3; the volume is available at [https://archive.org/details/corpusiurissueo09swedgoog the internet archive] but the scan unfortunately omits the stemma. William Robins, `Editing and Evolution', ''Literature Compass''<nowiki> 4 (2007): 89–120, at pp. 93–94,</nowiki> {{doi|10.1111/j.1741-4113.2006.00391.x}}</ref> The family tree is also referred to as a ''[[cladogram]]''.<ref name="isbn90-272-2153-7">Mulken & van Pieter 1996, p. 84</ref> The method works from the principle that "community of error implies community of origin". That is, if two witnesses have a number of errors in common, it may be presumed that they were derived from a common intermediate source, called a ''hyparchetype''. Relations between the lost intermediates are determined by the same process, placing all extant manuscripts in a family tree or ''[[stemma codicum]]'' descended from a single ''archetype''. The process of constructing the stemma is called ''recension'', or the Latin ''recensio''.<ref name="isbn0-19-814371-0">Wilson and Reynolds 1974, p. 186</ref> | ||
Having completed the stemma, the critic proceeds to the next step, called ''selection'' or ''selectio'', where the text of the archetype is determined by examining variants from the closest hyparchetypes to the archetype and selecting the best ones. If one reading occurs more often than another at the same level of the tree, then the dominant reading is selected. If two competing readings occur equally often, then the editor uses judgment to select the correct reading.<ref name="isbn0-312-21713-7">Roseman 1999, p. 73</ref> | Having completed the stemma, the critic proceeds to the next step, called ''selection'' or ''selectio'', where the text of the archetype is determined by examining variants from the closest hyparchetypes to the archetype and selecting the best ones. If one reading occurs more often than another at the same level of the tree, then the dominant reading is selected. If two competing readings occur equally often, then the editor uses judgment to select the correct reading.<ref name="isbn0-312-21713-7">Roseman 1999, p. 73</ref> | ||