6
edits
m
robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)
>Micahhadar No edit summary |
m (robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)) |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Short description|Tobacco preparation chewed in South Asia}} | |||
{{EngvarB|date=May 2014}} | {{EngvarB|date=May 2014}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}} | ||
[[File:Gutka vendor in India.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Gutka street vendor, India]] | [[File:Gutka vendor in India.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Gutka street vendor, India]] | ||
'''Gutka''', ghutka, guṭkha or betel quid is a [[chewing tobacco]] preparation made of crushed [[areca nut]] (also called betel nut), [[tobacco]], [[catechu]], [[paraffin wax]], [[Calcium hydroxide|slaked lime]] (Calcium | '''Gutka''', ghutka, guṭkha or [[betel quid]] is a [[chewing tobacco]] preparation made of crushed [[areca nut]] (also called betel nut), [[tobacco]], [[catechu]], [[paraffin wax]], [[Calcium hydroxide|slaked lime]] (Calcium hydroxide) and sweet or savory flavourings, in India, Pakistan, other Asian countries, and North America.<ref name=cp>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpaaindia.org/activities/projects.htm#gutkha|title=CPAA: Quit Smoking Campaign, Anti Tobacco & Quit Smoking Campaign|access-date=30 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517015526/http://www.cpaaindia.org/activities/projects.htm#gutkha|archive-date=17 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> | ||
It contains [[carcinogens]], is considered responsible for [[oral cancer]] and other severe negative health effects and hence is subjected in India to the same restrictions and warnings as [[cigarettes]].<ref name=cp /><ref name="thankyou">{{cite news |last1=Ananth |first1=Venkar |title=Thank you for smoking: A brief history of tobacco warning labels|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ZNFwGtWis70q2eYpUl9l1L/Thank-you-for-smoking-A-brief-history-of-tobacco-warning-la.html |access-date=5 October 2018 |newspaper=Live Mint |date=1 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms |url=https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/gutka |website=National Cancer Institute |publisher=National Institutes of Health |access-date=7 December 2019 |language=en |date=2 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Niaz |first1=Kamal |last2=Maqbool |first2=Faheem |last3=Khan |first3=Fazlullah |last4=Bahadar |first4=Haji |last5=Ismail Hassan |first5=Fatima |last6=Abdollahi |first6=Mohammad |title=Smokeless tobacco (paan and gutkha) consumption, prevalence, and contribution to oral cancer |journal=Epidemiology and Health |volume=39 |pages=e2017009 |publisher=Us National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health |doi=10.4178/epih.e2017009 |pmid=28292008 |pmc=5543298 |date=9 March 2017}}</ref> Highly [[drug addiction|addictive]] and a known | It contains [[carcinogens]], is considered responsible for [[oral cancer]] and other severe negative health effects and hence is subjected in India to the same restrictions and warnings as [[cigarettes]].<ref name=cp /><ref name="thankyou">{{cite news |last1=Ananth |first1=Venkar |title=Thank you for smoking: A brief history of tobacco warning labels|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ZNFwGtWis70q2eYpUl9l1L/Thank-you-for-smoking-A-brief-history-of-tobacco-warning-la.html |access-date=5 October 2018 |newspaper=Live Mint |date=1 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms |url=https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/gutka |website=National Cancer Institute |publisher=National Institutes of Health |access-date=7 December 2019 |language=en |date=2 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Niaz |first1=Kamal |last2=Maqbool |first2=Faheem |last3=Khan |first3=Fazlullah |last4=Bahadar |first4=Haji |last5=Ismail Hassan |first5=Fatima |last6=Abdollahi |first6=Mohammad |title=Smokeless tobacco (paan and gutkha) consumption, prevalence, and contribution to oral cancer |journal=Epidemiology and Health |volume=39 |pages=e2017009 |publisher=Us National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health |doi=10.4178/epih.e2017009 |pmid=28292008 |pmc=5543298 |date=9 March 2017}}</ref> Highly [[drug addiction|addictive]] and a known carcinogen, gutkha is the subject of much controversy in India. Many states have sought to curb its immense popularity by taxing sales of gutkha heavily or by banning it.<ref name="Hindustan Times">{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/MP-becomes-1st-state-to-ban-Gutka-products-containing-tobacco/Article1-834532.aspx |title=MP becomes 1st state to ban Gutka products containing tobacco |work=Hindustan Times |date=4 April 2012 |access-date=16 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905050300/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/MP-becomes-1st-state-to-ban-Gutka-products-containing-tobacco/Article1-834532.aspx |archive-date=5 September 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Gutka is manufactured in the sub-continent and exported to a few other countries, often marketed under the guise of a "safer" product than cigarettes and tobacco.<ref name="Sage Journals">{{cite journal |last1=Mohan |first1=Priya |last2=Lando |first2=Harry A |last3=Panneer |first3=Sigamani |title=Assessment of Tobacco Consumption and Control in India |journal=Indian Journal of Clinical Medicine |volume=9 |publisher=Sage Journals |pages=1179916118759289 |language=en |doi=10.1177/1179916118759289 |date=1 January 2018|doi-access=free }}</ref> Reported to have both stimulant and relaxation effects, it is sold throughout South Asia and some Pacific regions in small, individual-sized foil packets/sachets and tins<ref name="Smoking and Tobacco Use">{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/smokeless/betel_quid/|title=CDC - Fact Sheet - Betel Quid with Tobacco (Gutka) - Smoking & Tobacco Use|work=Smoking and Tobacco Use|access-date=30 May 2015}}</ref> that cost between 2 and 10 [[Indian rupee|rupees]] each.<ref name="who">{{cite web |last1=Shaukat |first1=Mohammed |title=Tobacco control in India - achievements and remaining challenges|url=http://www.searo.who.int/entity/noncommunicable_diseases/events/ncd-bengaluru-tobacco-control-india.pdf?ua=1 |website=WHO |publisher=Ministry of health and family welfare |access-date=5 October 2018}}</ref> It is widely consumed in [[India]], [[Pakistan]] and the [[Madhesh]] region of [[Nepal]]. Gutka is consumed by placing a pinch of it between the gum and cheek and gently sucking and chewing, similar to chewing tobacco.<ref name="Smoking and Tobacco Use"/> | ||
== Characteristics == | == Characteristics == | ||
Gutka is a commercially produced form of smokeless tobacco. Manufacturers add sweet or savory flavors, making it more appealing to women and young people in some locations.<ref>{{cite web |title=The truth about smokeless tobacco use {{!}} Know the truth {{!}} TFI |url=http://www.emro.who.int/tfi/know-the-truth/smokeless-tobacco-use.html |website=www.emro.who.int |publisher=World Health Organization, Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office |access-date=7 December 2019}}</ref> The combinations of gutka ingredients vary according to local preferences. Spices may include mustard, turmeric, anise seeds, cardamom, saffron and cloves.<ref | Gutka is a commercially produced form of [[smokeless tobacco]]. Manufacturers add sweet or savory flavors, making it more appealing to women and young people in some locations.<ref name="emro.who.int">{{cite web |title=The truth about smokeless tobacco use {{!}} Know the truth {{!}} TFI |url=http://www.emro.who.int/tfi/know-the-truth/smokeless-tobacco-use.html |website=www.emro.who.int |publisher=World Health Organization, Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office |access-date=7 December 2019}}</ref> The combinations of gutka ingredients vary according to local preferences. Spices may include mustard, turmeric, anise seeds, cardamom, saffron and cloves.<ref name="Smoking and Tobacco Use"/> | ||
In addition to areca nut, nicotine, slaked lime, paraffin and catechu, it can be laced with thousands of chemicals.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Banerji |first1=Annie |title=India "gutka" chewing tobacco habit a tough nut to crack |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-tobacco-idUSBRE88508420120906 |website=Reuters |publisher=Thomson Reuters |access-date=7 December 2019 |language=en |date=6 September 2012}}</ref> It is a powdery, granular, light brownish to white substance. Within moments of chewing mixing with saliva, the gutkha begins to dissolve and turn deep red in colour. It may impart upon its user a "buzz" somewhat more intense than that of tobacco chewing, snuffing and smoking. {{Citation needed|date=March 2011}} | In addition to areca nut, nicotine, slaked lime, paraffin and catechu, it can be laced with thousands of chemicals.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Banerji |first1=Annie |title=India "gutka" chewing tobacco habit a tough nut to crack |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-tobacco-idUSBRE88508420120906 |website=Reuters |publisher=Thomson Reuters |access-date=7 December 2019 |language=en |date=6 September 2012}}</ref> It is a powdery, granular, light brownish to white substance. Within moments of chewing mixing with saliva, the gutkha begins to dissolve and turn deep red in colour. It may impart upon its user a "buzz" somewhat more intense than that of tobacco chewing, snuffing and smoking. {{Citation needed|date=March 2011}} | ||
== Effects == | == Effects == | ||
{{ | {{more citations needed section|date=June 2017}} | ||
[[File:Panmasala Gutkha stains on wall due to spitting.jpg|thumb|Red stains of Gutka on walls due to spitting]] | [[File:Panmasala Gutkha stains on wall due to spitting.jpg|thumb|Red stains of Gutka on walls due to [[spitting]]]] | ||
Creative advertising by tobacco companies and lack of accessible information for the public leads to many gutka users being unaware of the dangers it can bring. Often users believe that gutka can act as a digestion aid, kill germs, and generally give a sense of well being.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Niaz |first1=Kamal |last2=Maqbool |first2=Faheem |last3=Khan |first3=Fazlullah |last4=Bahadar |first4=Haji |last5=Ismail Hassan |first5=Fatima |last6=Abdollahi |first6=Mohammad |title=Smokeless tobacco (paan and gutkha) consumption, prevalence, and contribution to oral cancer |journal=Epidemiology and Health |volume=39 |pages=e2017009 |publisher=US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health |doi=10.4178/epih.e2017009 |pmid=28292008 |pmc=5543298 |date=9 March 2017}}</ref> In fact 34.4% of smokers have switched to smokeless tobacco use as way to quit.<ref | Creative advertising by tobacco companies and lack of accessible information for the public leads to many gutka users being unaware of the dangers it can bring. Often users believe that gutka can act as a digestion aid, kill germs, and generally give a sense of well being.<ref name="Smokeless tobacco paan and gutkha">{{cite journal |last1=Niaz |first1=Kamal |last2=Maqbool |first2=Faheem |last3=Khan |first3=Fazlullah |last4=Bahadar |first4=Haji |last5=Ismail Hassan |first5=Fatima |last6=Abdollahi |first6=Mohammad |title=Smokeless tobacco (paan and gutkha) consumption, prevalence, and contribution to oral cancer |journal=Epidemiology and Health |volume=39 |pages=e2017009 |publisher=US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health |doi=10.4178/epih.e2017009 |pmid=28292008 |pmc=5543298 |date=9 March 2017}}</ref> In fact 34.4% of smokers have switched to smokeless tobacco use as way to quit.<ref name="Sage Journals"/> | ||
In addition to cancer of the head, mouth, neck, throat, oesophagus, other aerodigestive tract cancers, and dental disease [[areca nut]], the main ingredient in gutka is known to cause severe [[ | In addition to cancer of the head, mouth, neck, throat, oesophagus, other aerodigestive tract cancers, and dental disease [[areca nut]], the main ingredient in gutka is known to cause severe [[oral mucosa]]l disorders.<ref name="Arecanut as an emerging etiology of">{{cite journal |last1=Shah |first1=Gunjan |last2=Chaturvedi |first2=Pankaj |last3=Vaishampayan |first3=Sagar |title=Arecanut as an emerging etiology of oral cancers in India |journal=Indian Journal of Medical and Paediatric Oncology |volume=33 |issue=2 |publisher=Indian Society of Medical and Paediatric Oncology : Official Journal of Indian Society of Medical & Paediatric Oncology |pages=71–79 |doi=10.4103/0971-5851.99726 |pmid=22988348 |pmc=3439794 |date=2012}}</ref> [[Oral submucous fibrosis]], one such disorder, is a malignant condition that is severely debilitating and has no cure.<ref name="emro.who.int"/> Metabolic syndrome, hypertension, diabetes and obesity have also been linked to its use. Use by pregnant women increases the risk of low birth rates in newborns.<ref name="Smoking and Tobacco Use"/> As of 2015 it was the fourth most common addictive product worldwide.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=Fen |last2=Parvez |first2=Faruque |last3=Islam |first3=Tariqul |last4=Ahmed |first4=Alauddin |last5=Rakibuz-Zaman |first5=Muhammad |last6=Hasan |first6=Rabiul |last7=Argos |first7=Maria |last8=Levy |first8=Diane |last9=Sarwar |first9=Golam|author10-link=Habibul Ahsan |last10=Ahsan |first10=Habibul |last11=Chen |first11=Yu |title=Betel quid use and mortality in Bangladesh: a cohort study |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |volume=93 |issue=10 |publisher=World Health Organization |pages=684–692 |doi=10.2471/blt.14.149484 |pmid=26600610 |pmc=4645429 |date=25 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Javed |first1=Fawad |last2=Chotai |first2=Milisha |last3=Mehmood |first3=Abid |last4=Almas |first4=Khalid |title=Oral mucosal disorders associated with habitual gutka usage: a review |journal=Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology |volume=109 |issue=6 |publisher=Oral Surgery, Oral edicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology |pages=857–864 |doi=10.1016/j.tripleo.2009.12.038 |pmid=20382045 |date=1 June 2010}}</ref> Areca nut "quid chewing has claimed to produce a sense of well being, euphoria, warm sensations of the body, sweating, salivation, palpitation and heightened alertness, tolerance to hunger, and increased capacity and stamina to work."<ref name="Arecanut as an emerging etiology of"/> | ||
When a person chews gutka, the mixture directly enters the system through the oral cavity, which absorbs about 28 carcinogenic chemicals including nicotine.<ref | When a person chews gutka, the mixture directly enters the system through the oral cavity, which absorbs about 28 carcinogenic chemicals including nicotine.<ref name="Smokeless tobacco paan and gutkha"/> | ||
"Smokeless tobacco use is highly addictive. The nicotine in smokeless tobacco is more easily absorbed than by smoking cigarettes enhancing its addictiveness."<ref | "Smokeless tobacco use is highly addictive. The nicotine in smokeless tobacco is more easily absorbed than by smoking cigarettes enhancing its addictiveness."<ref name="emro.who.int"/> | ||
Gutka turns saliva bright red, and when it is chewed long and often enough it will stain a user's teeth bright red too. Saliva is generally spat onto a wall or at the ground, causing a red stain that is quite resistant to the elements. Some building owners have taken to combating this by painting murals of gods on their walls, with the idea that gutkha chewers would not spit on a god.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kolhatkar |first1=Sandip |title=Do not spit here, for god's sake! |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/do-not-spit-here--for-gods-sake/208490 |website=mid-day |access-date=7 December 2019 |language=en |date=12 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite | Gutka turns saliva bright red, and when it is chewed long and often enough it will stain a user's teeth bright red too. Saliva is generally spat onto a wall or at the ground, causing a red stain that is quite resistant to the elements. Some building owners have taken to combating this by painting murals of gods on their walls, with the idea that gutkha chewers would not spit on a god.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kolhatkar |first1=Sandip |title=Do not spit here, for god's sake! |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/do-not-spit-here--for-gods-sake/208490 |website=mid-day |access-date=7 December 2019 |language=en |date=12 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bearak |first1=Max |title=Officials in India are really sick and tired of their country's tobacco habit |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/04/18/officials-in-india-are-really-sick-and-tired-of-their-countrys-tobacco-habit/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=7 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Bhattasali |first=Amitabha |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-15837262 |title=Scheme to save Calcutta's Howrah Bridge from spit |work=BBC News |date=23 November 2011 |access-date=16 August 2013}}</ref> | ||
== Usage == | == Usage == | ||
Use of gutka and other forms of tobacco are culturally ingrained and use can begin at a young age.<ref | Use of gutka and other forms of tobacco are culturally ingrained and use can begin at a young age.<ref name="Sage Journals"/> Smokeless tobacco use is most common in India where oral cancer accounts for 30 to 40% of cancer cases.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=ALI |first1=SYED MUMTAZ |last2=QURESHI |first2=REHAN |last3=JAMAL |first3=SYED |s2cid=35257267 |journal=Pakistan Oral and Dental Journal }}</ref> Its use has been reported in Thailand, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Malaysia, Cambodia, China, Indonesia and New Guinea. Immigrants to the United Kingdom, parts of Africa, Australia, North America have brought their habits with them. Gutka is readily available in these locations, especially in neighborhood Asian markets in highly populated areas.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Niaz |first1=Kamal |last2=Maqbool |first2=Faheem |last3=Khan |first3=Fazlullah |last4=Bahadar |first4=Haji |last5=Ismail Hassan |first5=Fatima |last6=Abdollahi |first6=Mohammad |title=Smokeless tobacco (paan and gutkha) consumption, prevalence, and contribution to oral cancer |journal=Epidemiology and Health |volume=39 |pages=e2017009 |publisher=US National Library of Medicine, National Institute of Health |doi=10.4178/epih.e2017009 |pmid=28292008 |pmc=5543298 |date=9 March 2017}}</ref> Immigrants to the United States where spitting in public is not as socially acceptable, learn to be discreet.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Banerjee |first1=Smita C. |last2=Ostroff |first2=Jamie S. |last3=Bari |first3=Sehrish |last4=D’Agostino |first4=Thomas A. |last5=Khera |first5=Mitali |last6=Acharya |first6=Sudha |last7=Gany |first7=Francesca |title=Gutka and Tambaku Paan Use Among South Asian Immigrants: A Focus Group Study |journal=Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health |date=12 April 2013 |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=531–539 |doi=10.1007/s10903-013-9826-4 |pmid=23579964 |pmc=4097304 }}</ref> Those in the lower socioeconomic populations are especially at risk. It is here that access to education and treatment is limited.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Coelho |first1=Ken Russell |title=Challenges of the Oral Cancer Burden in India |journal=Journal of Cancer Epidemiology |volume=2012 |pages=701932 |language=en |doi=10.1155/2012/701932 |pmid=23093961 |pmc=3471448 |date=2012|doi-access=free }}</ref> Easy access and extremely low cost lead to early addiction and the prevalence of gutka use.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Balappanavar |first1=Aswini |last2=Mohanty |first2=Vikrant Ranjan |last3=Hussain |first3=Abrar |title=Compliance with Tobacco Promotion and Sale Laws in School Neighbourhoods in India |volume=18 |issue=2 |journal=Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention |publisher=US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health |pages=563–570 |doi=10.22034/APJCP.2017.18.2.563 |pmid=28345846 |pmc=5454759 |date=1 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=A.H.R. |title=The nut cracks: Half of all Indian states have banned gutka since April. More may follow |url=https://www.economist.com/banyan/2012/10/09/the-nut-cracks |newspaper=The Economist |access-date=7 December 2019}}</ref> Precancerous lesions have been observed in young children and symptoms of cancer often appear by high school or college age. Smoking is not allowed in many places, and when done by children, is disapproved of. In contrast gutka use, being all but invisible to others, is the method of choice. A New York Times article reported in 2002 that sales of gutka and the tobaccoless version, [[paan masala]], reached $1 billion a year.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Waldman |first1=Amy |title=Sweet but Deadly Addiction Is Seizing the Young in India |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/08/13/world/sweet-but-deadly-addiction-is-seizing-the-young-in-india.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=8 December 2019 |date=13 August 2002}}</ref> | ||
== India == | == India == | ||
Over 25% of India's population use tobacco products including cigarettes and multiple forms of smokeless tobacco. India has the largest number of smokeless tobacco users in the world. The poorest populations are greatly affected due to the detrimental effects of its use and the subsequent costs of medical care.<ref | Over 25% of India's population use tobacco products including cigarettes and multiple forms of smokeless tobacco. India has the largest number of smokeless tobacco users in the world. The poorest populations are greatly affected due to the detrimental effects of its use and the subsequent costs of medical care.<ref name="Sage Journals"/> Many Indian states have sought to curb the use and spread of gutka by taxing sales heavily or by banning it.<ref name="Hindustan Times"/> | ||
They have banned the sale, manufacture, distribution and storage of gutka and all its variants. As of May 2013, gutka is banned in 24 states and 3 [[Union Territory|union territories]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_cancer-centres-urge-pm-to-ban-gutka-across-india_1767377 |title=Cancer centres urge PM to ban gutka across India |newspaper=DNA India |date=21 November 2012 |access-date=16 August 2013}}</ref> The federal Food Safety and Regulation (Prohibition) Act 2011 allows harmful products such as gutka to be banned for a year. This can be renewed annually, resulting in a permanent ban. The ban is enforced by the state public health ministry, the state Food and Drug Administration, and the local police.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-13/mumbai/32662776_1_paan-masala-gutka-magnesium-carbonate |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126085134/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-13/mumbai/32662776_1_paan-masala-gutka-magnesium-carbonate |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 January 2013 |title=Govt to file caveat in HC today on gutka, paan masala ban |date=13 July 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=16 August 2013}}</ref> Enforcement of the law is generally lax and many shops still sell gutka, although it may not be displayed.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/why-the-gutka-ban-in-maharashtra-wont-work-376475.html|title=Why the gutka ban in Maharashtra won't work|date=13 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/article3535702.ece|title=Sale of pan masala thriving |date=16 June 2012 | location=Chennai, India|work=The Hindu|first=M. P.|last=Praveen}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-18/patna/32298406_1_paan-masala-gutka-tobacco-products|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103144240/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-18/patna/32298406_1_paan-masala-gutka-tobacco-products|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=What ban? Gutka still sells|date=18 June 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-20/patna/36445192_1_tobacco-control-voice-of-tobacco-victims-gutka-ban |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411034453/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-20/patna/36445192_1_tobacco-control-voice-of-tobacco-victims-gutka-ban |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 April 2013 |title=Gutka ban not satisfactory, admits minister |date=20 January 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=16 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-29/bhubaneswar/36614819_1_ban-gutka-gutka-and-paan-masala-tobacco-products |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411035609/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-29/bhubaneswar/36614819_1_ban-gutka-gutka-and-paan-masala-tobacco-products |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 April 2013 |title=Gutka continues to rustle undercover despite ban |date=29 January 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=16 August 2013}}</ref> Enforcemnent is stricter in some regions like [[Mumbai]] and [[Delhi]], but illegal sale of gutka still occurs.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/indians-want-their-fixgutkhapan-masala-despite-ban/486544/ |title=Indians want their fix of gutkha & pan masala despite ban |work=Business Standard|date=16 September 2012 |access-date=16 August 2013}}</ref> | They have banned the sale, manufacture, distribution and storage of gutka and all its variants. As of May 2013, gutka is banned in 24 states and 3 [[Union Territory|union territories]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_cancer-centres-urge-pm-to-ban-gutka-across-india_1767377 |title=Cancer centres urge PM to ban gutka across India |newspaper=DNA India |date=21 November 2012 |access-date=16 August 2013}}</ref> The federal Food Safety and Regulation (Prohibition) Act 2011 allows harmful products such as gutka to be banned for a year. This can be renewed annually, resulting in a permanent ban. The ban is enforced by the state public health ministry, the state Food and Drug Administration, and the local police.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-13/mumbai/32662776_1_paan-masala-gutka-magnesium-carbonate |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126085134/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-13/mumbai/32662776_1_paan-masala-gutka-magnesium-carbonate |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 January 2013 |title=Govt to file caveat in HC today on gutka, paan masala ban |date=13 July 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=16 August 2013}}</ref> Enforcement of the law is generally lax and many shops still sell gutka, although it may not be displayed.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/why-the-gutka-ban-in-maharashtra-wont-work-376475.html|title=Why the gutka ban in Maharashtra won't work|date=13 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/article3535702.ece|title=Sale of pan masala thriving |date=16 June 2012 | location=Chennai, India|work=The Hindu|first=M. P.|last=Praveen}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-18/patna/32298406_1_paan-masala-gutka-tobacco-products|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103144240/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-18/patna/32298406_1_paan-masala-gutka-tobacco-products|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=What ban? Gutka still sells|date=18 June 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-20/patna/36445192_1_tobacco-control-voice-of-tobacco-victims-gutka-ban |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411034453/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-20/patna/36445192_1_tobacco-control-voice-of-tobacco-victims-gutka-ban |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 April 2013 |title=Gutka ban not satisfactory, admits minister |date=20 January 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=16 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-29/bhubaneswar/36614819_1_ban-gutka-gutka-and-paan-masala-tobacco-products |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411035609/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-29/bhubaneswar/36614819_1_ban-gutka-gutka-and-paan-masala-tobacco-products |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 April 2013 |title=Gutka continues to rustle undercover despite ban |date=29 January 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=16 August 2013}}</ref> Enforcemnent is stricter in some regions like [[Mumbai]] and [[Delhi]], but illegal sale of gutka still occurs.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/indians-want-their-fixgutkhapan-masala-despite-ban/486544/ |title=Indians want their fix of gutkha & pan masala despite ban |work=Business Standard|date=16 September 2012 |access-date=16 August 2013}}</ref> | ||
| Line 35: | Line 36: | ||
In 2019, the Delhi government extended the ban for one more year on Gutka, Pan Masala, Flavoured/Scented Tobacco, Kharra and similar products containing tobacco. In September 2012, State of Delhi banned Gutka and Pan Masala containing tobacco and/or nicotine. After the notification, Gutka manufacturers separated the components like tobacco from Gutka and Pan Masala. Since the term ‘Gutka and Pan Masala Containing Tobacco’ was used in the notification. The components like tobacco were manufactured and sold in separate pouches after the ban. The notification was revised in March 2015 to make it more strict and banned all smokeless tobacco (SLT) products including twin-pack.<ref name="The Health">{{cite news | url=https://thehealth.today/fact-check-about-ban-on-smokeless-tobacco-products-in-india/ | title=Fact Check About Ban On Smokeless Tobacco Products In India | work=[[The Health]] | date=May 10, 2019 | access-date=September 8, 2019 | author=Siddharth | url-status=live | archive-date=25 August 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825183531/https://thehealth.today/fact-check-about-ban-on-smokeless-tobacco-products-in-india/ }}</ref> Offenders can be fined or receive prison sentences.<ref>{{cite news|author=Masand, Pratibha |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-13/mumbai/32663143_1_paan-masala-ban-implementation-fda-commissioner-mahesh-zagade |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126044336/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-13/mumbai/32663143_1_paan-masala-ban-implementation-fda-commissioner-mahesh-zagade |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 January 2013 |title=Ban implementation may take few weeks |date=13 July 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=16 August 2013}}</ref> The law has provisions of imposing fines up to 25,000 Indian rupees on the sale of products that are injurious to health.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hillpost.in/2012/07/13/himachal-bans-sale-of-gutka-pan-masala-masheri-khaini/46753/latest-news/ravinder |title=Himachal bans sale of Gutka, Pan Masala, Masheri & Khaini |work=Hill Post|date=13 July 2012 |access-date=16 August 2013}}</ref> | In 2019, the Delhi government extended the ban for one more year on Gutka, Pan Masala, Flavoured/Scented Tobacco, Kharra and similar products containing tobacco. In September 2012, State of Delhi banned Gutka and Pan Masala containing tobacco and/or nicotine. After the notification, Gutka manufacturers separated the components like tobacco from Gutka and Pan Masala. Since the term ‘Gutka and Pan Masala Containing Tobacco’ was used in the notification. The components like tobacco were manufactured and sold in separate pouches after the ban. The notification was revised in March 2015 to make it more strict and banned all smokeless tobacco (SLT) products including twin-pack.<ref name="The Health">{{cite news | url=https://thehealth.today/fact-check-about-ban-on-smokeless-tobacco-products-in-india/ | title=Fact Check About Ban On Smokeless Tobacco Products In India | work=[[The Health]] | date=May 10, 2019 | access-date=September 8, 2019 | author=Siddharth | url-status=live | archive-date=25 August 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825183531/https://thehealth.today/fact-check-about-ban-on-smokeless-tobacco-products-in-india/ }}</ref> Offenders can be fined or receive prison sentences.<ref>{{cite news|author=Masand, Pratibha |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-13/mumbai/32663143_1_paan-masala-ban-implementation-fda-commissioner-mahesh-zagade |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126044336/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-13/mumbai/32663143_1_paan-masala-ban-implementation-fda-commissioner-mahesh-zagade |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 January 2013 |title=Ban implementation may take few weeks |date=13 July 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=16 August 2013}}</ref> The law has provisions of imposing fines up to 25,000 Indian rupees on the sale of products that are injurious to health.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hillpost.in/2012/07/13/himachal-bans-sale-of-gutka-pan-masala-masheri-khaini/46753/latest-news/ravinder |title=Himachal bans sale of Gutka, Pan Masala, Masheri & Khaini |work=Hill Post|date=13 July 2012 |access-date=16 August 2013}}</ref> | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! State !! Date of ban !! Remarks | ! State !! Date of ban !! Remarks | ||
| Line 94: | Line 95: | ||
|<ref name="articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.indiatoday.in/story/tripura-meghalaya-to-ban-gutka-and-pan-masala/1/267258.html|title=Tripura, Meghalaya take initiative to ban gutka and pan masala|access-date=30 May 2015}}</ref> | |<ref name="articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.indiatoday.in/story/tripura-meghalaya-to-ban-gutka-and-pan-masala/1/267258.html|title=Tripura, Meghalaya take initiative to ban gutka and pan masala|access-date=30 May 2015}}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Mizoram]] || 2012 || | | [[Mizoram]] || 18 October 2012 || | ||
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/mizoram-bans-gutkha-products/1018691 |title=Mizoram bans gutkha products |work=Indian Express|date=18 October 2012 |access-date=16 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/health/health-news/mizoram-bans-gutkha-products_19272.html |title=Mizoram bans gutkha products |publisher=Zee News |date=18 October 2012 |access-date=16 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/mizoram-bans-gutkha-products-112101800580_1.html|title=Mizoram bans gutkha products|author=Press Trust of India|date=18 October 2012|access-date=30 May 2015|newspaper=Business Standard India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=sep0912/city07 |title=Call to replicate Mizoram ban in State |publisher=The Assam Tribune |date=9 September 2012 |access-date=16 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514035638/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=sep0912%2Fcity07 |archive-date=14 May 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> | |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/mizoram-bans-gutkha-products/1018691 |title=Mizoram bans gutkha products |work=Indian Express|date=18 October 2012 |access-date=16 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/health/health-news/mizoram-bans-gutkha-products_19272.html |title=Mizoram bans gutkha products |publisher=Zee News |date=18 October 2012 |access-date=16 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/mizoram-bans-gutkha-products-112101800580_1.html|title=Mizoram bans gutkha products|author=Press Trust of India|date=18 October 2012|access-date=30 May 2015|newspaper=Business Standard India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=sep0912/city07 |title=Call to replicate Mizoram ban in State |publisher=The Assam Tribune |date=9 September 2012 |access-date=16 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514035638/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=sep0912%2Fcity07 |archive-date=14 May 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 123: | Line 124: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[West Bengal]] || 1 May 2013 || | | [[West Bengal]] || 1 May 2013 || | ||
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-25/kolkata/38816134_1_pan-masala-gutka-10-tax-hike |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618040620/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-25/kolkata/38816134_1_pan-masala-gutka-10-tax-hike |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 June 2013 |title=Finally, state orders ban on gutka |date=25 April 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=16 August 2013}}</ref><ref>http://www.wbhealth.gov.in/go/cfs146.pdf</ref> | |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-25/kolkata/38816134_1_pan-masala-gutka-10-tax-hike |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618040620/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-25/kolkata/38816134_1_pan-masala-gutka-10-tax-hike |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 June 2013 |title=Finally, state orders ban on gutka |date=25 April 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=16 August 2013}}</ref><ref>http://www.wbhealth.gov.in/go/cfs146.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> | ||
|} | |} | ||
| Line 148: | Line 149: | ||
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/289976.stm Health: Children Buy Cancerous Sweets], ''[[BBC News]]'', 3 March 1999 | * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/289976.stm Health: Children Buy Cancerous Sweets], ''[[BBC News]]'', 3 March 1999 | ||
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150517015526/http://www.cpaaindia.org/activities/projects.htm#gutkha Anti Gutkha Campaign], [[Cancer Patients Aid Association]] | * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150517015526/http://www.cpaaindia.org/activities/projects.htm#gutkha Anti Gutkha Campaign], [[Cancer Patients Aid Association]] | ||
* [http://ruaab.in Ruaab Pan Masala], '' | * [http://ruaab.in Ruaab Pan Masala], ''Gutka'', 16 July 2018 | ||
{{Prostitution in India}} | |||
{{Social issues in India}} | |||
[[Category:Chewing tobacco brands]] | [[Category:Chewing tobacco brands]] | ||
| Line 157: | Line 160: | ||
[[Category:Desi culture]] | [[Category:Desi culture]] | ||
[[Category:Masticatories]] | [[Category:Masticatories]] | ||
[[Category:IARC Group 1 carcinogens]] | |||