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{{Short description|A devotional song popularised by Gandhi}} | |||
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}} | {{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}} | ||
{{Hinduism}} | {{Hinduism}} | ||
"'''Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram'''" (also called '''Ram Dhun''') is a [[bhajan]] (devotional song) widely popularised by [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and set to tune by [[Vishnu Digambar Paluskar]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Dalton|first=Dennis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R6AUDU_54PwC&pg=PA109|title=Mahatma Gandhi: Nonviolent Power in Action|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=1993|isbn=0-231-12237-3|page=109|author-link=Dennis Dalton}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Sinha|first=Manjari|date=2008-08-08|title=Tuned to excellence|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Tuned-to-excellence/article15399563.ece|access-date=2009-04-27|work=The Hindu}}</ref> | "'''Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram'''" (also called '''Ram Dhun''') is a [[bhajan]] (devotional song) widely popularised by [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and set to tune by [[Vishnu Digambar Paluskar]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Lal |first=Vinay |url=https://southasia.ucla.edu/history-politics/gandhi/raghupati-raghav-rajaram/ |title=Experiments with Truth: Gandhi and Images of Nonviolence |publisher=The Menil Collection |year=2014 |editor-last=Helfenstein |editor-first=Josef |location=Houston |pages=244–45 |chapter=Raghupati Raghav Raja Ram |editor-last2=Newland |editor-first2=Joseph N.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Dalton|first=Dennis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R6AUDU_54PwC&pg=PA109|title=Mahatma Gandhi: Nonviolent Power in Action|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=1993|isbn=0-231-12237-3|page=109|author-link=Dennis Dalton}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Sinha|first=Manjari|date=2008-08-08|title=Tuned to excellence|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Tuned-to-excellence/article15399563.ece|access-date=2009-04-27|work=The Hindu}}</ref> | ||
== History == | == History == | ||
The precise origins of the | The precise origins of the Ram Dhun are not entirely clear.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lal|first=Vinay|url=https://southasia.ucla.edu/history-politics/gandhi/raghupati-raghav-rajaram/|title=Experiments with Truth: Gandhi and Images of Nonviolence|publisher=The Menil Collection|year=2014|editor-last=Helfenstein|editor-first=Josef|location=Houston|pages=244–45|chapter=Raghupati Raghav Raja Ram|editor-last2=Newland|editor-first2=Joseph N.}}</ref> It is believed to have been either written by [[Tulsidas]] (or based on his work [[Ramcharitmanas]])<ref>{{Cite book |last=Devi |first=Vindhya Basini |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F45jAAAAMAAJ&q=%22%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE+%E0%A5%A4+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AD+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE+%E0%A5%A4%E0%A5%A4+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8+%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%81+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE+%E0%A5%A4+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A7+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE+%E0%A5%A4%E0%A5%A4+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81+%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%22 |title=Loka-rāmāyaṇa: Śrīmad Gosvāmi Tulasīdāsa jī viracita Śrī Rāmacarita Mānasa para ādhārita |date=1998 |publisher=Madhyapradeśa Tulasī Akādemī |language=hi |author-link=Bindhyabasini Devi}}</ref> or based on a 17th-century sung-prayer by the [[Marathi people|Marathi]] saint-poet [[Samarth Ramdas|Ramdas]].<ref>{{cite thesis |type=PhD |last=Snodgrass |first=Cynthia |date=2007 |title=The Sounds of Satyagraha : Mahatma Gandhi's Use of Sung-Prayers and Ritual |publisher=University of Stirling |url=https://dspace.stir.ac.uk/bitstream/1893/555/1/Sounds%20of%20Satyagraha.pdf |pages=159}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gokhale |first=Namita |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YTknAgAAQBAJ&dq=%22Marathi+saint-poet+Ramdas%22&pg=PT74 |title=In Search Of Sita: Revisiting Mythology |date=2009-10-15 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-93-5118-420-1 |language=en |author-link=Namita Gokhale}}</ref> | ||
[[Anthony Parel]] writes,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parel |first=Anthony J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MQhz0fW0HZUC |title=Gandhi's Philosophy and the Quest for Harmony |date=2006-08-10 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-86715-3 |pages=167 |language=en}}</ref> | |||
{{Quote|text=[t]he origin of Ramdhun is shrouded in legend. According to the legend that he preferred it was composed by the great Hindu poet Tulsidas (1532-1623). While on a pilgrimage visiting the Vishnu temple of Dakore, Northern India, Tulsidas was moved to bargain with Vishnu. Until Vishnu revealed himself as Rama he would not bow his head in prayer. His wish was promptly granted: Rama appeared in his mind with his wife Sita, and three of their devotees. Hence, explains Gandhi, "Ramdhun, meaning intoxication with God [Ram]|author=|title=}} | |||
There have been many versions of the Ramdhun, and the version that Mahatma Gandhi used had an "ecumenical flavour" to it. Gandhi modified the original bhajan, adding that the ''Ishwar'' of the Hindus and the ''Allah'' of the Muslims were one and the same,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thapar |first=Romesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HoBDAAAAYAAJ&q=Tulsidas |title=Seminar |publisher= |year=1998 |pages= |language= |quote=Rarely do they bother to point to his innovation of adding ''Ishwar Allah Tero Naam'' to the Tulsidas Ram dhun ''Raghupati Raghav Raja Ram''. |author-link=Romesh Thapar}}</ref> to make the song more secular-looking and to spread the message of reconciliation between Hindus and Muslims.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Handoo|first=Jawaharlal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ThbaAAAAMAAJ&q=%22raghupati+raghav+raja+ram%22|title=Folklore in Modern India|date=1998|publisher=Central Institute of Indian Languages|isbn=978-81-7342-053-5|language=en}}</ref> The song was extensively used to project a secular and composite vision of Indian society — it was sung during the [[Salt March|1930 Salt March]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Dandi: Salt March |url=https://southasia.ucla.edu/history-politics/gandhi/dandi-march/ |access-date= |publisher=Lal, Vinay. University of California, Los Angeles}}</ref> | |||
== Lyrics == | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+Lyrics of the Ramdhun | |+Lyrics of the Ramdhun (Gandhi's version) | ||
!Hindi<ref name="Beck2006">{{cite book|author=Guy L. Beck|title=Sacred Sound: Experiencing Music in World Religions|date=17 July 2006|publisher=Wilfrid Laurier University Press|isbn=978-0-88920-421-8|editor=Guy L. Beck|page=137|chapter=Hinduism and music|author-link=Guy Beck|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t-IeHbqAfSsC&pg=FA137}}</ref> | !Hindi<ref name="Beck2006">{{cite book|author=Guy L. Beck|title=Sacred Sound: Experiencing Music in World Religions|date=17 July 2006|publisher=Wilfrid Laurier University Press|isbn=978-0-88920-421-8|editor=Guy L. Beck|page=137|chapter=Hinduism and music|author-link=Guy Beck|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t-IeHbqAfSsC&pg=FA137}}</ref> | ||
!Transliteration ([[IAST]])<ref name="Beck2006" /> | !Transliteration ([[IAST]])<ref name="Beck2006" /> | ||
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:We all request that this eternal wisdom of humankind prevail. | :We all request that this eternal wisdom of humankind prevail. | ||
|} | |} | ||
There is a popular misconception that the song is derived from the Nama Ramayana written by 17th-century [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] poet Lakshmanacharya,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-02 |title=On Gandhi Jayanti 2020, 'Raghupati Raghav Raja Ram' gets a new spin |url=https://zeenews.india.com/music/on-gandhi-jayanti-2020-raghupati-raghav-raja-ram-gets-a-new-spin-2314085.html |access-date=2022-05-07 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Is the Hindu Right's Appropriation of Gandhi Possible? |url=https://thewire.in/history/hindu-rights-gandhi-appropriation |access-date=2022-05-07 |website=The Wire}}</ref> with the original lyrics as "''raghupati rāghava rājā rām, patita pāvana sītārām; sundara vigraha mēghasḥyām, gangā tuḷasi sḥālagrām'' ..." instead of "''raghupati rāghava rājārāma, patita pāvana sītārāma ... īśvara allāha tero nāma saba ko sanmati de bhagavāna'' ..."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Shivakumar|first=K. N.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BgAUEAAAQBAJ&dq=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE&pg=PA67|title=Shlokas and Bhajans: with general knowledge and subhashitams|date=2021-01-14|publisher=Sangeet Bharati|language=en}}</ref> | |||
==In popular culture== | ==In popular culture== | ||
* Elements of the chant were included in the song "Utho Utho he Bharat" in the movie ''[[Bharat Milap]]'' (1942),<ref>{{Citation|title=Utho Utho He Bharat Tumhaare - उठो-उठो हे भरत तुम्हारे|url=https://www.hindigeetmala.net/song/utho_utho_he_bharat_tumhaare.htm|language=en|access-date=2020-06-28}}</ref> in songs of ''[[Shri Ram Bhakta Hanuman]]'' (1948), the song "De Dii Hamen Aazaadii" in the movie ''[[Jagriti]]'' (1954),<ref>{{Cite web|title=दे दी हमें आज़ादी बिना खड्ग बिना ढाल - de dii hame.n aazaadii binaa khaD.hg binaa Dhaal / जागृति-(Jaagriti)|url=https://www.lyricsindia.net/songs/2336|access-date=2020-06-28|website=www.lyricsindia.net}}</ref> ''[[Purab Aur Paschim]]'' (1970) and in the film ''[[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]]'' (1998), in the [[Kannada]] film ''[[Gandhinagara]]'' (1968), in the British-Indian movie ''[[Gandhi (movie)|Gandhi]]'' (1982), in the film ''[[Gandhi, My Father]]'' (2007), | * Elements of the chant were included in the song "Utho Utho he Bharat" in the movie ''[[Bharat Milap]]'' (1942),<ref>{{Citation|title=Utho Utho He Bharat Tumhaare - उठो-उठो हे भरत तुम्हारे|url=https://www.hindigeetmala.net/song/utho_utho_he_bharat_tumhaare.htm|language=en|access-date=2020-06-28}}</ref> in songs of ''[[Shri Ram Bhakta Hanuman]]'' (1948), the song "De Dii Hamen Aazaadii" in the movie ''[[Jagriti]]'' (1954),<ref>{{Cite web|title=दे दी हमें आज़ादी बिना खड्ग बिना ढाल - de dii hame.n aazaadii binaa khaD.hg binaa Dhaal / जागृति-(Jaagriti)|url=https://www.lyricsindia.net/songs/2336|access-date=2020-06-28|website=www.lyricsindia.net}}</ref> ''[[Purab Aur Paschim]]'' (1970) and in the film ''[[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]]'' (1998), in the [[Kannada]] film ''[[Gandhinagara]]'' (1968), in the British-Indian movie ''[[Gandhi (movie)|Gandhi]]'' (1982), in the film ''[[Gandhi, My Father]]'' (2007), in [[Satyagraha – Democracy Under Fire|''Satyagraha'']] (2013), and also in ''[[Krrish 3]]'' (2013). | ||
* The song is an important [[Motif (literature)|motif]] in the 2006 [[Bollywood]] film, ''[[Lage Raho Munna Bhai]]'', and is featured in the movie. | |||
* "Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram" was the title of a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] movie produced in 1977. | * "Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram" was the title of a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] movie produced in 1977. | ||
* [[Pete Seeger]] included "Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram" on his album "Strangers and Cousins" (1964) and performed it in Episode 10 of his television series [[Rainbow Quest]]. | * [[Pete Seeger]] included "Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram" on his album "Strangers and Cousins" (1964) and performed it in Episode 10 of his television series [[Rainbow Quest]]. | ||
* [[Sheila Chandra]] recorded a version titled ''Bhajan'' on her 1992 album ''Weaving My Ancestors' Voices''. | * [[Sheila Chandra]] recorded a version titled ''Bhajan'' on her 1992 album ''Weaving My Ancestors' Voices''. | ||
* Many singers such as [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Jagjit Singh]], [[K.S.Chithra]] have recorded the song. | * Many singers such as [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Jagjit Singh]], [[K.S.Chithra]] have recorded the song. | ||
* The game [[Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories]] featured | * The game [[Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories]] featured [[Ananda Shankar]]'s version on one of the in-game radio stations, "Radio del Mundo". | ||
* The arrangement by Jyotishka Dasgupta is an official piece of Grade 2 Electronic Keyboard from [[Trinity College London]], where it is simply named ''Bhajan''. | |||
* The arrangement by Jyotishka Dasgupta is an official piece of Grade 2 Electronic Keyboard from [[Trinity College London]], where it is simply named ''Bhajan''. | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
* [[Vaishnava | * [[Vaishnava Jana To]] | ||
* [[Hari Tuma Haro]] | * [[Hari Tuma Haro]] | ||
* [[Hanuman Chalisa]] | * [[Hanuman Chalisa]] | ||
* [[Shri Ramachandra Kripalu]] | * [[Shri Ramachandra Kripalu]] | ||
* [[Thumak Chalat Ram Chandra]] | * [[Thumak Chalat Ram Chandra]] | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||