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Kallanai Dam: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Dam in Tamil Nadu , India}} | |||
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}} | ||
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}} | {{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}} | ||
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| country = India | | country = India | ||
| image = Grand Anicut, Kallanai (11876067114).jpg | | image = Grand Anicut, Kallanai (11876067114).jpg | ||
| construction_began = | | construction_began = c.150 AD | ||
| location = [[Thanjavur | | location = [[Thanjavur district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]] | ||
| image_caption = Kallanai Dam with its floodgates open | | image_caption = Kallanai Dam with its floodgates open | ||
| purpose = [[Irrigation]] | | purpose = [[Irrigation]] | ||
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}} | }} | ||
'''Kallanai''' (also known as the '''Grand Anicut''') is an ancient [[dam]]. It is built (in running water) across the [[Kaveri]] river flowing from [[Tiruchirapalli District]] to [[Thanjavur district]]. The dam located in [[ | '''Kallanai''' (also known as the '''Grand Anicut''') is an ancient [[dam]]. It is built (in running water) across the [[Kaveri]] river flowing from [[Tiruchirapalli District]] to [[Thanjavur district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. The dam located in [[Thanjavur District|Thanjavur | ||
district]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Flowing waters for fertile fields|url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/kids/article2408778.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=29 August 2011|location=India}}</ref><ref name="kallanai_googlebook">{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Vijay P.|author2=Ram Narayan Yadava|title=Water Resources System Operation: Proceedings of the International Conference on Water and Environment|publisher=Allied Publishers|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bge-0XX6ip8C&dq=kallanai&pg=PA508|isbn=81-7764-548-X|page=508}}</ref> Located at a distance of 15 km from [[Tiruchirapalli]], 45 km from [[Tanjavur]], the dam was originally constructed during the reign of [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] king [[Karikala|Karikalan]] in c.150 AD.<ref name="Saqaf" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/incredible-india-2000-year-old-functional-dam-india-today-175057-2013-08-26|title=Incredible India! A 2,000-year-old functional dam|date=August 26, 2013 |magazine=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-02-15}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/Karikalan-cholan-memorial-inaugurated/articleshow/30300318.cms|title=Karikalan cholan memorial inaugurated - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2019-02-15}}</ref> It is the fourth oldest water diversion or water-regulator structures in the world and the oldest in India that is still in use.<ref name="Hill2008">{{cite book|author=Christopher V. Hill|title=South Asia: An Environmental History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f9D4Ob1YcJgC&pg=PA33|year=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-925-2|pages=33–}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kallanai Dam {{!}}{{!}} Thanjavur Tourism |url=http://www.thanjavurtourism.com/kallanai-dam.html |website=www.thanjavurtourism.com |access-date=2 November 2018}}</ref> Because of its spectacular architecture, it is one of the prime tourist spots in Tamil Nadu. | |||
==History== | ==History== | ||
The dam was originally built by King [[Karikalan]] of the Chola Dynasty in {{Circa|100 | The dam was originally built by King [[Karikalan]] of the Chola Dynasty in {{Circa|100 AD |150 AD}}. It is located on the River in [[Thanjavur district]], exactly 14km from the city of [[Tiruchirappalli]] and 45km from the city of Tanjavur. The idea behind the construction of the dam was to divert the river to the [[Cauvery Delta|delta districts]] thereby boosting irrigation.<ref name="Saqaf">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/a-rock-solid-dam-that-has-survived-1800-years/article4494161.ece|title=A rock solid dam that has survived 2000 years|author=Syed Muthahar Saqaf|date=10 March 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=13 November 2013}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> This dam was re-modeled by the [[British Raj|British]] during the 19th century. In 1804, Captain Caldwell, a military engineer, was appointed by the British to make a study on the Kaveri river and promote irrigation for the delta region.{{Sfn|Skempton|2002|p=114}} He found that a large amount of water passed onto the Kollidam leaving behind a small volume for irrigation purposes.{{Sfn|Skempton|2002|p=114}} Caldwell initially proposed a solution by raising the dam and hence raised the dam stones to a height of {{convert|69|cm|in}}, thus increasing the capacity of the dam.<ref name=Saqaf /> Following this, Major Sim proposed the idea of [[Sluice|undersluices]] across the river with outlets leading to the [[Kollidam River]] (Coleroon) thus preventing formation of silt.<ref name=Saqaf /> The [[Lower Anaicut]] built by [[Sir Arthur Cotton]] in the 19th century across Coleroon, the major tributary of Cauvery is said to be a replicated structure of Kallanai.<ref name=Saqaf /> | ||
==Geography== | ==Geography== | ||
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{{refbegin}} | {{refbegin}} | ||
*{{cite book|last=Skempton|first=A. W.|title=A Biographical Dictionary of Civil Engineers in Great Britain and Ireland: 1500-1830|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jeOMfpYMOtYC|year=2002|publisher=Thomas Telford|isbn=978-0-7277-2939-2}} | *{{cite book|last=Skempton|first=A. W.|title=A Biographical Dictionary of Civil Engineers in Great Britain and Ireland: 1500-1830|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jeOMfpYMOtYC|year=2002|publisher=Thomas Telford|isbn=978-0-7277-2939-2}} | ||
*{{cite book|author=Rita|title=Inventive Indians|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKssaSLqBBsC|year=2011|publisher=Westland|isbn=978-93-80658-03-2 | *{{cite book|author=Rita|title=Inventive Indians|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKssaSLqBBsC|year=2011|publisher=Westland|isbn=978-93-80658-03-2}} | ||
{{refend}} | {{refend}} | ||