Jahangir: Difference between revisions

{{short description|4th Mughal Emperor (1569–1627)}}

| name               = Nur-ud-din Muhammad Salim<br />Jahangir<br />{{nq| نور الدین محمد سلیم  جہانگیر}}

| title               =

| image               = Jahangir - Abu al-Hasan.jpeg

| caption             = Jahangir

| succession         = 4th [[Mughal emperors|Mughal Emperor]]

| reign               = 3 November 1605 – 28 October 1627

| coronation         = 24 November 1605

| predecessor         = [[Akbar]]

| successor           = [[Shahryar Mirza]] (''[[de facto]]'') <br> [[Shah Jahan]]

| birth_name         = Nur-ud-din Muhammad Salim

| birth_date         = {{birth date|1569|8|31|df=y}}

| birth_place         = [[Fatehpur Sikri]], [[Mughal Empire]]<ref>Henry Beveridge, ''Akbarnama of Abu'l Fazl Volume II'' (1907), p. 503</ref>

| death_date         = {{death date and age|1627|10|28|1569|8|31|df=yes}}

| death_place         = [[Rajouri]], [[Kashmir]], [[Mughal Empire]] (now [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]])

| burial_place       = [[Tomb of Jahangir]], [[Lahore]]

| spouse             = [[Shah Begum (wife of Jahangir)|Shah Begum]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Emperor of India|first=Jahangir|title=The Jahangirnama : memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India|publisher=Washington, D. C. : Freer Gallery of Art, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution ; New York : Oxford University Press|year=1999|isbn=9780195127188|pages=12|translator-last=Thackston|translator-first=W. M.}}</ref><br />[[Jagat Gosain]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Trimizi|first=S. A. I.|title=Mughal Documents|publisher=Manohar|year=1989|pages=31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Sarkar|first=Jadunath|title=Mughal Administration|publisher=M. C. Sarkar|year=1952|pages=156–57}}</ref> <br />[[Saliha Banu Begum]]<br>[[Nur Jahan]]

| spouse-type        = Consort

| issue              = [[Khusrau Mirza]]<br />[[Parviz Mirza]]<br />[[Shah Jahan]]<br />[[Shahryar Mirza]]<br />Jahandar Mirza<br />Sultan-un-Nissa Begum<br />[[Bahar Banu Begum]]<br />Begum Sultan Begum<br />Iffat Banu Begum<br />Izzat-un-Nissa Begum<br /> Two unnamed daughter

| full name          = Nur-ud-din Muhammad Salim

|regnal name=Jahangir|posthumous name=Jannat Makani (Dwelling in Heaven; [[Persian language|Persian]]: جنت ماکانی)| father              = [[Akbar]]

| mother              = [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]]

| religion            = [[Sunni Islam]]<ref>Andrew J. Newman, ''Twelver Shiism: Unity and Diversity in the Life of Islam 632 to 1722'' (Edinburgh University Press, 2013), online version: p. 48: "Jahangir [was] ... a Sunni."</ref><ref>John F. Richards, ''The Mughal Empire'' (Cambridge University Press, 1995), p. 103</ref>

| house              = [[Mughal dynasty|Mughal]]| spouses             = Malika Shikar Begum<br/>[[Sahib Jamal|Sahib Jamal Begum]] <br /> [[Malika Jahan|Malika Jahan Begum]] <br /> Zohra Begum<br/>Karamsi Begum<br/>Kanwal Rani Begum<br/>[[Nur-un-Nissa Begum (wife of Jahangir)|Nur-un-Nisa Begum]] <br /> [[Khas Mahal|Khas Mahal Begum]] <br /> Koka Kumari Begum

| spouses-type       = Wives

'''Nur-ud-din Muhammad Salim'''<ref name=Singh14>{{cite book |editor-last1=Singh |editor-first1=Pashaura |editor1-link=Pashaura Singh (Sikh scholar) |editor-last2=Fenech |editor-first2=Louis E. |title=The Oxford handbook of Sikh studies |year=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=647 |isbn=978-0-19-969930-8}}</ref> ([[Persian language|Persian]]: {{nq|نورالدین محمد سلیم}}), known by his imperial name,  '''Jahangir''' ([[Persian language|Persian]]: {{nq|جهانگیر}}) (31 August 1569 – 28 October 1627),<ref name=Brit>{{cite web  |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jahangir |title=Jahāngīr |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724183907/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jahangir |archive-date=24 July 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> was the fourth [[Mughal Emperor]], who ruled from 1605 until his death in 1627. His imperial name (in [[Persian language|Persian]]) means 'conqueror of the world', 'world-conqueror' or 'world-seizer' (''Jahan'': world; ''gir'': the root of the Persian verb ''gereftan'': to seize, to grab).

The fictional tale of his relationship with the Mughal courtesan, [[Anarkali]], has been widely adapted into the [[Indian literature|literature]], [[Indian art|art]] and [[cinema of India]].

[[File:Bishan Das. The Birth of Prince, ca 1610-15, Page from Jahangirnama, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.jpg|thumb|The birth of Prince Salim, later Jahangir]]

Prince Salim, later Jahangir, was born on 31 August 1569, in [[Fatehpur Sikri]], to [[Akbar]] and one of his wives, [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]], daughter of [[Raja Bharmal]] of [[Jaipur State|Amber]].<ref name=tuzk-e-jahangiri>{{cite book |url=http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D11001080%26ct%3D0 |title=The Tūzuk-i-Jahangīrī Or Memoirs Of Jahāngīr |author=Jahangir |translator1=Alexander Rogers |translator2=Henry Beveridge |access-date=19 November 2017 |page=1 |publisher=Royal Asiatic Society |date=1909–1914 |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305012916/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D11001080%26ct%3D0 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Akbar's previous children had died in infancy and he had sought the blessing of holy men to produce a son. Salim was named for one such man, [[Salim Chishti|Shaikh Salim Chisti]].<ref name=tuzk-e-jahangiri /><ref>{{cite book|last=Eraly|first=Abraham|author-link=Abraham Eraly|title=Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Mughals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=04ellRQx4nMC&pg=PA171|year=2000|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-100143-2|page=171}}</ref>

 

The [[East India Company]] persuaded King James to send Roe as a royal envoy to the [[Agra]] court of Jahangir.<ref name="Anarchy">

</ref> Roe resided at Agra for three years, until 1619.  At the Mughal court, Roe allegedly became a favourite of Jahangir and may have been his drinking partner; certainly he arrived with gifts of "many crates of red wine"<ref name="Anarchy"/>{{rp|16}} and explained to him "''What beere was? How made?''".<ref name="Anarchy"/>{{rp|17}}

In 1623, Emperor Jahangir sent his ''Tahwildar'', Khan Alam, to Safavid [[Persia]], accompanied by 800 sepoys, scribes and scholars, along with ten [[Howdah]]s well decorated in gold and silver, in order to negotiate peace with [[Abbas I of Persia]] after a brief conflict in the region around Kandahar.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} Khan Alam soon returned with valuable gifts and groups of ''Mir Shikar'' (Hunt Masters) from both Safavid Persia and the [[Khanate]]s of Central Asia.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}}

== Marriage ==

[[File:Jahangir's Genealogical Order.jpg|left|thumb|Jahangir's Genealogical Order up to Timur]]

Salim was made a [[Mansabdar]] of ten thousand (Das-Hazari), the highest military rank of the empire (after the emperor). He independently commanded a regiment in the Kabul campaign of 1581 when he was barely twelve{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}. His Mansab was raised to Twelve Thousand, in 1585, at the time of his betrothal to his cousin Rajkumari [[Shah Begum (wife of Jahangir)|Man Bai]], daughter of [[Bhagwant Das]] of [[Amer, India|Amer]]. Bhagwant Das, was the son of Raja [[Bharmal]] and the Salim's maternal uncle through [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Rahman |first=Munibur |encyclopedia=Encyclopédie de l'Islam |title=Salīm, Muḥammad Ḳulī |publisher=BRILL |doi=10.1163/9789004206106_eifo_sim_6549}}</ref>

The marriage with Man Bai took place on 13 February 1585. Jahangir named her Shah Begum and she gave birth to Khusrau Mirza. Thereafter, Salim married, in quick succession, a number of accomplished girls from the aristocratic Mughal and Rajput families. One of his early favourite wives was a Rajput Princess, Jagat Gosain Begum, daughter of [[Udai Singh of Marwar|Raja Udai Singh Rathore]] of Marwar. The marriage was solemnised on 11 January 1586 at the bride's residence.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Dimensions of Indian Womanhood, Volume 3|year=1993|pages=338}}</ref> Jahangir named her [[Taj Bibi Bilqis Makani]] and she gave birth to Prince Khurram, the future Shah Jahan, who was Jahangir's successor to the throne.

On 26 June 1586 he married a daughter of Raja Rai Singh, Maharaja of [[Bikaner]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Akbarnama by Abu'l Fazl ; Volume III|pages=748}}</ref> In July 1586, he married Malika Shikar Begum, daughter of Sultan Abu Said Khan Jagatai, Sultan of Kashghar. In 1586, he married [[Sahib-i-Jamal Begum]], daughter of Khwaja Hassan of Herat, a cousin of Zain Khan Koka. In 1587, he married Malika Jahan Begum, daughter of Bhim Singh, Maharaja of Jaisalmer. He also married the daughter of Raja Darya Malbhas. In October 1590, he married Zohra Begum, daughter of Mirza Sanjar Hazara. He married Karamnasi Begum, daughter of Raja Kesho Das Rathore of Merta.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Mertiyo Rathors of Merta, Rajasthan Vol II|pages=361}}</ref> On 11 January 1592, he married Kanwal Rani, daughter of Ali Sher Khan, by his wife, Gul Khatun. In October 1592, he married a daughter of Husain Chak of Kashmir. In January/March 1593, he married Nur un-nisa Begum, daughter of Ibrahim Husain Mirza, by his wife, Gulrukh Begum, daughter of [[Kamran Mirza]]. In September 1593, he married a daughter of Ali Khan Faruqi, Raja of Khandesh. He also married a daughter of Abdullah Khan Baluch. On 28 June 1596, he married [[Khas Mahal|Khas Mahal Begum]], daughter of Zain Khan Koka, Subadar of Kabul and Lahore. In 1608, he married [[Saliha Banu Begum]], daughter of Qasim Khan, a senior member of the Imperial Household. On 17 June 1608, he married Koka Kumari Begum, eldest daughter of Jagat Singh, Yuvraj of Amber.

Jahangir married the extremely beautiful and intelligent Mehr-un-Nisaa (better known by her subsequent title of [[Nur Jahan]]) on 25 May 1611. She was the widow of [[Sher Afgan]]. Mehr-un-Nisaa became his indisputable chief consort and favourite wife immediately after their marriage. She was witty, intelligent and beautiful, which was what attracted Jahangir to her. Before being awarded the title of Nur Jahan ('Light of the World'), she was called Nur Mahal ('Light of the Palace'). Her abilities are said to range from fashion designing to hunting. There is also a myth that she had once killed four tigers with six bullets.

{{unreferenced section|date=January 2016}}

[[File:Empress Nur Jahan Wellcome V0050552.jpg|thumb|Portrait of [[Nur Jahan]]]]

Mehr-Un-Nisa, or [[Nur Jahan]], occupies an important place in the history of Jahangir. She was the widow of a rebel officer, Sher Afgan, whose actual name was Ali Quli Beg Ist'ajlu. He had earned the title "Sher Afgan" (Tiger tosser) from Emperor Akbar after throwing off a tiger that had leaped to attack Akbar on the top of an elephant in a royal hunt at Bengal and then stabbing the fallen tiger to death. Akbar was greatly affected by the bravery of the young Turkish bodyguard accompanying him and awarded him the captaincy of the Imperial Guard at [[Burdwan]], [[Bengal]]. Sher Afgan had killed in rebellion (after having learned of Jahangir's orders to have him slain to possess his beautiful wife Mehr Un Nisaa as Jahangir yearned for her much earlier than her wedding to Sher Afgan), the governor of Bengal [[Qutubuddin Koka]] who was instructed secretly by Jahangir in his quest and who also was the emperor's foster brother and Sheikh [[Salim Chishti]]'s grandson and consequently had been slain by the guards of the Governor. The widowed Mehr-Un-Nisaa was brought to Agra along with her nine-year-old daughter and placed in—or refused to be placed in—the Royal harem in 1607. Jahangir married her in 1611 and gave her the title of Nur Jahan or "Light of the World". It was rumoured that Jahangir had a hand in the death of her first husband Sher Afghan, albeit there is no recorded evidence to prove that he was guilty of that crime; in fact most travellers' reports say that he met her after Sher Afgan's death. (See Ellison Banks Findly's scholarly biography for a full discussion.)

[[File:Silver rupee coin of Jahangir, Ahmedabad mint.jpg|thumb|left|Heavy rupee of Jahangir]]

The loss of Kandahar was due to Prince Khurram's refusal to obey her orders. When the Persians besieged Kandahar, Nur Jahan was at the helm of affairs. She ordered Prince Khurram to march for Kandahar, but he refused to do so. There is no doubt that his refusal was due to her behaviour towards him, as she was favouring her son-in-law, Shahryar, at the expense of Khurram. Khurram suspected that in his absence, Shahryar might be given promotion and that he might die on the battlefield. This fear forced Khurram to rebel against his father rather than fight against the [[Safavid dynasty|Persians]], and thereby Kandahar was lost to the Persians. Nur Jahan struck coins in her own name during the last years of Jahangir's reign when he was taken ill.

Under Jahangir, the empire continued to be a war state attuned to conquest and expansion. Jahangir's most irksome foe was the Rana of Mewar, Amar Singh, who finally surrendered in 1613 to Khurram's forces. In the northeast, the Mughals clashed with the Ahoms of Assam, whose guerilla tactics gave the Mughals a hard time. In Northern India, Jahangir's forces under Khurram defeated their other principal adversary, the Raja of Kangra, in 1615; in the Deccan, his victories further consolidated the empire. But in 1620, Jahangir fell sick, and so ensued the familiar quest for power. Nur Jahan married her daughter to Shahryar, Jahangir's youngest son from his other queen, in the hope of having a living male heir to the throne when Jahangir died.

In the year 1594, Jahangir was dispatched by his father, the Emperor [[Akbar]], alongside [[Abu'l-Hasan Asaf Khan]], also known as Mirza Jafar Beg son of [[Mirza Ghiyas Beg|Mirza Ghiyas Beg Isfahani]] and brother of [[Nur Jahan]], and [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak]], to defeat the renegade [[Vir Singh Deo]] of [[Bundela]] and capture the city of [[Orchha]], which was considered the centre of the revolt. Jahangir arrived with a force of 12,000 after many ferocious encounters and finally subdued the Bundela and ordered Vir Singh Deo to surrender. After tremendous casualties and the start of negotiations between the two, Vir Singh Deo handed over 5000 Bundela infantry and 1000 cavalry, but he feared Mughal retaliation and remained a fugitive until his death. The victorious Jahangir, at 26 years of age, ordered the completion of the [[Jahangir Mahal]] a famous Mughal citadel in Orchha to commemorate and honour his victory.

In 1613,<ref>{{cite book |author=Sekhara Bandyopadhyaya |year=2004 |title=From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India |publisher=Orient Blackswan |page=37 |isbn=978-81-250-2596-2}}</ref> the Portuguese seized the Mughal ship ''Rahimi'', which had set out from [[Surat]] on its way with a large cargo of 100,000 rupees and Pilgrims, who were on their way to [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]] in order to attend the annual [[Hajj]]. The ''Rahimi'' was owned by [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]], mother of Jahangir and Akbar's Rajput wife. She was referred to as Queen mother of [[Hindustan]] during his reign. ''Rahimi'' was the largest Indian ship sailing in the [[Red Sea]] and was known to the Europeans as the "great pilgrimage ship". When the Portuguese officially refused to return the ship and the passengers, the outcry at the Mughal court was unusually severe. The outrage was compounded by the fact that the owner and the patron of the ship was none other than the revered mother of the current emperor. Jahangir himself was outraged and ordered the seizure of the Portuguese town Daman. He ordered the apprehension of all Portuguese within the Mughal Empire; he further confiscated churches that belonged to the [[Jesuit]]s. This episode is considered to be an example of the struggle for wealth that would later ensue and lead to colonisation of the Indian sub-continent.

Jahangir posted [[Islam Khan I]] to subdue [[Musa Khan (Bengal Ruler)|Musa Khan]], an Afghan rebel in Bengal, in 1608. Jahangir also  captured [[Kangra Fort]] in 1615, whose rulers came under mughal vassalship during the reign of Akbar. Consequently, a siege was laid and the fort was taken in 1620, which "resulted in the submission of the Raja of Chamba who was the greatest of all the rajas in the region." The district of Kistwar, in the state of Kashmir, was also conquered.

Jahangir died on the journey from Kashmir to Lahore, near Sarai Saadabad in [[Bhimber]] in 1627.<ref name="Allan 1958 p. 311">{{cite book |last=Allan |first=J. |title=Muslim India |publisher=S. Chand |series=The Cambridge Shorter History of India |year=1958 |url={{Google books|UyAhAAAAMAAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |language=de |access-date=3 September 2018 |page=311}}</ref> To embalm and preserve his body, the entrails were removed; these were buried inside [[Baghsar Fort]] near Bhimber in Kashmir. The body was then conveyed by palanquin to [[Lahore]] and was buried in [[Shahdara Bagh]], a suburb of that city. The [[Tomb of Jahangir|elegant mausoleum]] is today a popular tourist attraction site.

* [[Parviz Mirza]] (2 October 1589 – 28 October 1626)  — with [[Sahib Jamal|Sahib Jamal Begum]], daughter of Khwaja Hasan.

* Jahandar Mirza (born {{Circa|1605}}) — with a concubine.  

* [[Shahryar Mirza]] (16 January 1605 – 23 January 1628) — with a concubine.  

* Sultan-un-nissa Begum (25 April 1586 – 5 September 1646) — with [[Shah Begum (wife of Jahangir)|Shah Begum]], daughter of [[Bhagwant Das|Raja Bhagwant Das]] of [[Amer, India|Amber]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Akbarnama Of Abul Fazl; Volume III|pages=746}}</ref>

* [[Bahar Banu Begum]] (15 September 1590 – 8 September 1653) — with Karamsi Begum, daughter of Keshav Das Rathore of Mertia.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Akbarnama Of Abul Fazl; Volume III|pages=880}}</ref>

* Begum Sultan Begum (born 15 September 1590) — with [[Jagat Gosain|Bilqis Makani Begum]], daughter of [[Udai Singh of Marwar|Udai Singh]] Of [[Marwar]].<ref name=":1" />

* Izzat-un-Nissa Begum (born September 1597) — with [[Jagat Gosain|Bilqis Makani Begum]], daughter of [[Udai Singh of Marwar|Udai Singh]] Of [[Marwar]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Akbarnama Of Abul Fazl; Volume III|pages=1094}}</ref>

 

[[File:Portrait of Emperor Jahangir Praying.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Mughal Emperor Jahangir's making a [[Dua]]]]

[[File:Jahangir Praying in the Eid.png|thumb|300px|Jahangir offering the Eid prayers]]

Many contemporary chroniclers were not sure how to describe Jahangir's personal belief structure. Roe labelled him an [[atheist]], and although most others shied away from that term, they did not feel as though they could call him an orthodox [[Sunni]]. Roe believed Jahangir's religion to be of his own making, "for he envies [the Prophet] Mohammed, and wisely sees no reason why he should not be as great a prophet as he and therefore professed himself so... he hath found many disciples that flatter or follow him."{{citation needed|date=January 2017}} At this time, one of those disciples happened to be the current English ambassador, though his initiation into Jahangir's inner circle was devoid of religious significance for Roe, as he did not understand the full extent of what he was doing. Jahangir hung "a picture of himself set in gold hanging at a wire gold chain" around Roe's neck. Roe thought it "an special favour, for all the great men that wear the King's image (which none may do but to whom it is given) receive no other than a medal of gold as big as six pence."<ref>

 

This should not imply that the multi-confessional state appealed to all, or that all [[Muslims]] were happy with the situation in India. In a book written on statecraft for Jahangir{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}, the author advised him to direct "all his energies to understanding the counsel of the sages and to comprehending the intimations of the '[[ulama]].'" At the start of his regime many staunch Sunnis were hopeful, because he seemed less tolerant of other faiths than his father had been. At the time of his accession and the elimination of Abu'l Fazl, his father's chief minister and the architect of his eclectic religious stance, a powerful group of orthodox noblemen had gained increased power in the Mughal court. This included nobles especially like Shaykh Farid, Jahangir's trusted Mir Bakhshi, who held firmly the citadel of orthodoxy in Muslim India.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://www.google.ca/books/edition/History_of_India_and_Pakistan/OgpuAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=highest%20post%20in%20mughal%20government%20is%20mir%20bakhshi |title= History of India and Pakistan: pt. 1. Great Mughals |page= 342 |author= Muhammad Tariq Awan |publisher= University of Michigan |date= 1994 }}</ref>

 

Muqarrab Khan sent to Jahangir "a European curtain (tapestry) the like of which in beauty no other work of the Frank [European] painters has ever been seen." One of his audience halls was "adorned with European screens." Christian themes attracted Jahangir, and even merited a mention in the Tuzuk. One of his slaves gave him a piece of ivory into which had been carved four scenes. In the last scene "there is a tree, below which the figure of the revered (hazrat) Jesus is shown. One person has placed his head at Jesus' feet, and an old man is conversing with Jesus and four others are standing by." Though Jahangir believed it to be the work of the slave who presented it to him, Sayyid Ahmad and Henry Beveridge suggest that it was of European origin and possibly showed the [[Transfiguration of Jesus|Transfiguration]]. Wherever it came from, and whatever it represented, it was clear that a European style had come to influence Mughal art, otherwise the slave would not have claimed it as his own design, nor would he have been believed by Jahangir.

Jahangir was fascinated with art and architecture. In his autobiography, the [[Jahangir-nama|Jahangirnama]], Jahangir recorded events that occurred during his reign, descriptions of flora and fauna that he encountered, and other aspects of daily life, and commissioned court painters such as [[Ustad Mansur]] to paint detailed pieces that would accompany his vivid prose.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cleveland Beach|first=Milo|title=Mughal and Rajput Painting|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1992|location=Cambridge|pages=90}}</ref> For example, in 1619, he put pen to paper in awe of a royal falcon delivered to his court from the ruler of Iran: “What can I write of the beauty of this bird’s color? It had black markings, and every feather on its wings, back, and sides was extremely beautiful,” and then recorded his command that Ustad Mansur paint a portrait of it after it perished.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jahangir|title=The Jahangirnama: Memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India|url=https://archive.org/details/jahangirnamamemo00jaha|publisher=Freer Gallery of Art, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery in Association with Oxford University Press|year=1999|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/jahangirnamamemo00jaha/page/314 314]|translator-last=Thackston|translator-first=W.M.}}</ref> Jahangir bound and displayed much of the art that he commissioned in elaborate albums of hundreds of images, sometimes organized around a theme such as zoology.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cleveland Beach|first=Milo|title=Mughal and Rajput Painting|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1992|location=Cambridge|pages=82}}</ref>

  |editor1-last=Sharma |editor1-first=M  

  |editor2-last=Kaimal |editor2-first=P  

Jahangir is widely considered to have been a weak and incapable ruler.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lach |first1=Donald F. |last2=Kley |first2=Edwin J. Van |title=Asia in the Making of Europe Vol. III, Bk. 2: A Century of Advance, South Asia |date=1998 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |isbn=978-0-226-46767-2 |page=629 |edition=Pbk.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Flores |first1=Jorge |title=The Mughal Padshah: A Jesuit Treatise on Emperor Jahangir's Court and Household |date=2015 |publisher=Brill|isbn=978-9004307537 |page=9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Robinson |first1=Annemarie Schimmel ; translated by Corinne Attwood ; edited by Burzine K. Waghmar ; with a foreword by Francis |title=The empire of the Great Mughals : history, art and culture |date=2005 |publisher=Sang-E-Meel Pub. |location=Lahore |isbn=978-1-86189-185-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne/page/45 45] |edition=Revised |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne/page/45 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hansen |first1=Valerie |last2=Curtis |first2=Ken |title=Voyages in World History, Volume 1 to 1600 |date=2013 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-1-285-41512-3 |page=446 |language=en}}</ref> Orientalist [[Henry Beveridge (orientalist)|Henry Beveridge]] (editor of the ''[[Tuzk-e-Jahangiri]]'') compares Jahangir to the Roman emperor [[Claudius]], for both were "weak men... in their wrong places as rulers... [and had] Jahangir been head of a Natural History Museum,... [he] would have been [a] better and happier man."<ref name="Findly pg 311">{{cite book |last1=Findly |first1=Ellison Banks |title=Nur Jahan, empress of Mughal India |url=https://archive.org/details/nurjahanempressm00find |url-access=limited |date=1993 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-536060-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/nurjahanempressm00find/page/n323 311]}}</ref> [[Sir William Hawkins]], who visited Jahangir's court in 1609, said: "In such short that what this man's father, called Ecber Padasha [Badshah Akbar], got of the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccans]], this king, Selim Sha [Jahangir] beginneth to lose."<ref name="Findly pg 311" /> Italian writer and traveller, [[Niccolao Manucci]], who worked under Jahangir's grandson, [[Dara Shikoh]], began his discussion of Jahangir by saying: "It is a truth tested by experience that sons dissipate what their fathers gained in the sweat of their brow."<ref name="Findly pg 311" />

* In the 1979 Telugu film ''[[Akbar Salim Anarkali]]'', he was portrayed by [[Nandamuri Balakrishna|Balakrishna]]

* In the 2018 [[Colors TV]] series  [[Dastaan-E-Mohabbat Salim Anarkali]], he is portrayed by [[Shaheer Sheikh]]

* In the 2020 Indian comedy television show ''[[Akbar Ka Bal Birbal]]'', the role of the prince was again essayed by Pawan Singh.

* Jahangir is a principal character in Indu Sundaresan's award winning historical novel ''The Twentieth Wife'' (2002)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sundaresan|first=Indu|url=https://archive.org/details/twentiethwife00sund_0/page/11|title=Twentieth wife : a novel|publisher=Washington Square Press|isbn=9780743428187|edition=Paperback|location=New York|year=2002}}</ref> as well as in its sequel ''The Feast of Roses'' (2003)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sundaresan|first=Indu|title=The Feast of Roses: A Novel|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=9780743481960|year=2003}}</ref>

*Jahangir is a principal character in Alex Rutherford's novel ''Ruler of the World'' (2011)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rutherford|first=Alex|title=Ruler of the World|publisher=Hachette UK|year=2011|isbn=978-0-755-34758-2}}</ref> as well as in its sequel ''The Tainted Throne'' (2012)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rutherford|first=Alex|title=The Tainted Throne|publisher=Hachette UK|year=2012|isbn=978-0-755-34761-2}}</ref> of the series ''[[Empire of the Moghul]]''.

*Jahangir is a character in novel Nur Jahan's Daughter (2005) written by Tanushree Poddar.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Podder|first=Tanushree|title=Nur Jahan's Daughter|publisher=Rupa & Co.|year=2005|isbn=9788129107220|location=New Delhi}}</ref>

*Jahangir is a character in the novel ''Beloved Empress Mumtaz Mahal: A Historical Novel'' by Nina Consuelo Epton.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Epton|first=Nina Consuelo|title=Beloved Empress Mumtaz Mahal: A Historical Novel|publisher=Roli Books|year=1996}}</ref>  

*Jahangir is a principal character in the novel ''Nurjahan: A historical novel'' by Jyoti Jafa.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jafa|first=Jyoti|title=Nurjahan: A Historical Novel|publisher=Writers Workshop|year=1978|location=India}}</ref>  

*Jahangir is a character in the novel ''Taj, a Story of Mughal India'' by Timeri Murari.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Murari|first=Timeri|title=Taj, a Story of Mughal India|publisher=Penguin|year=2004}}</ref>

 

*{{Cite book|last1=Gascoigne|first1=Bamber|title=The Great Moghuls|last2=Gascoigne|first2=Christina|publisher=Constable|year=1998|location=London|pages=130–179|oclc=39270860|orig-year=1971}}

[[Category:16th-century men]]