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'''Nagaland''' is a northeastern state in the [[Republic of India]]. It has an area of {{convert|6,401|mi2}}. It is bigger than [[East Timor]] but smaller than [[Eswatini]]. In traditional Indian geography it falls under the [[North-east India]]n zone.
{{Short description|State in Northeastern India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                            = Nagaland
| native_name                    =
| native_name_lang                =
| image_skyline                  =
{{Photomontage
| photo1a                        = Way o Kohima,Nagaland India.jpg
| photo2a                        = Kapamodzu.jpg
| photo3a                        = Hornbill Festival.jpg
| size                            = 280
| spacing                        = 1
| position                        = centre
| border                          = 0
| color                          = black
}}
| image_caption                  = From Top: Way to Kohima, Kapamodzü peak, [[Phek district]], [[Hornbill Festival]]
| type                            = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| image_blank_emblem              = Seal of Nagaland.svg
| blank_emblem_size              = 100px
| blank_emblem_type              = [[Emblem of Nagaland|Seal of the Government of Nagaland]]
| image_flag                      = <!-- Do not add a flag until it has been officially adopted -->
| image_map                      = IN-NL.svg
| map_caption                    = {{map caption |location_color=red |state={{nobold|Nagaland}} |region=[[India]] |region_color=dark grey}}
| map_alt                        =
| coordinates                    = {{coord|25.67|94.12|region:IN-NL_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint                  = Kohima
| coordinates_footnotes          =
| motto                          = Unity
| subdivision_type                = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name                = {{flagu|India}}
| established_title              = Statehood
| established_date                = 1 December 1963{{ref|cap|†}}
| parts_type                      = [[List of Indian districts|Districts]]
| parts_style                    = para                          = [[List of districts of Nagaland|12]]
| seat_type                      = Capital
| seat                            = [[Kohima]]
| seat1_type                      = Largest city
| seat1                          = [[Dimapur]]
| government_footnotes            =
| leader_title                    = [[List of Governors of Nagaland|Governor]]
| leader_name                    = [[Jagdish Mukhi]] ''(additional charge)''
| leader_title1                  = [[Chief Ministers of Nagaland|Chief&nbsp;Minister]]
| leader_name1                    = [[Neiphiu Rio]] ([[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party|NDPP]])<ref>{{cite news|title=Neiphiu Rio sworn in as Nagaland Chief Minister, becomes 1st Nagaland leader to take oath outside Raj Bhavan|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/mar/08/neiphiu-rio-sworn-in-as-nagaland-chief-minister-becomes-1st-nagaland-leader-to-take-oath-outside-ra-1783953.html|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=8 March 2018|access-date=8 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308231906/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/mar/08/neiphiu-rio-sworn-in-as-nagaland-chief-minister-becomes-1st-nagaland-leader-to-take-oath-outside-ra-1783953.html|archive-date=8 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
| leader_title2                  = [[Deputy Chief Minister]]s
| leader_name2                    = [[Yanthungo Patton]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])<ref>{{cite news|title=BJP to get deputy CM post in Nagaland|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bjp-to-get-deputy-cm-post-in-nagaland/articleshow/63179941.cms|work=[[Times of India]]|date=6 March 2018|access-date=6 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306181012/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bjp-to-get-deputy-cm-post-in-nagaland/articleshow/63179941.cms|archive-date=6 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
| leader_title3                  = [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Legislature]]
| leader_name3                    = [[Unicameral]] (60 seats)
| leader_title4                  = [[14th Lok Sabha|Parliamentary constituency]]
| leader_name4                    = [[Rajya Sabha]] 1<br />[[Lok Sabha]] 1
| unit_pref                      = Metric<!-- or US or UK -->
| area_footnotes                  =
| area_total_km2                  = 16579
| area_note                      =
| area_rank                      = [[List of states and territories of India by area|25th]]
| elevation_footnotes            =
| elevation_m                    =
| elevation_max_footnotes        = <ref>{{cite web |title=Mt. Saramati |url=https://kiphire.nic.in/tourist-place/mount-saramati/ |website=kiphire.nic.in |access-date=13 August 2019}}</ref>
| elevation_max_m                = 3,826
| elevation_max_ft                =
| elevation_max_point            = <!-- for denoting the measurement point --> [[Mount Saramati]]
| elevation_max_rank              =
| elevation_min_footnotes        =
| elevation_min_m                =
| elevation_min_ft                =
| elevation_min_point            =
| elevation_min_rank              =
| population_footnotes            =
| population_total                = 1,980,602
| population_as_of                = 2011
| population_rank                = [[List of states and union territories of India by population|25th]]
| population_density_km2          = 119
| population_note                =
| postal_code_type                = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code                    = 797001–798627<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of Posts, Ministry of Communications, Government of India |title=Village/Locality based Pin mapping as on 16th March 2017 |url=https://data.gov.in/resources/villagelocality-based-pin-mapping-16th-march-2017 |website=data.gov.in |access-date=24 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411110424/https://data.gov.in/resources/villagelocality-based-pin-mapping-16th-march-2017 |archive-date=11 April 2019 |url-status=live  |date=16 March 2017 }}</ref>
| timezone1                      = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1                    = +05:30
| iso_code                        = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-NL]]
| blank_name_sec1                = [[Human Development Index|HDI]]
| blank_info_sec1                = {{increase}} 0.676 (<span style="color:orange">medium</span>)
| blank1_name_sec1                = HDI rank
| blank1_info_sec1                = 20th (2017)
| blank_name_sec2                = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| blank_info_sec2                = 80.11% (15th)
| blank1_name_sec2                = [[Official language]]
| blank1_info_sec2                = [[Indian English|English]]<ref name="langoff"/>
| website                        = [https://www.nagaland.gov.in nagaland.gov.in]
| footnotes                      = {{note|cap|†}}It was carved out from the state of [[Assam]] by the State of Nagaland Act, 1962
| module                          = {{Infobox place symbols| embedded=yes
| region = Nagaland
| country = India
| emblem = [[File:Seal of Nagaland.svg|50px|left]] [[Emblem of Nagaland]]
| motto = [[File:Unity movement logo.png|50px|left]] Unity
| bird = [[File:Tragopan blythii01.jpg|50px|left]] [[Blyth's tragopan]] (''Tragopan blythii'')
| mammal = [[File:Mithun.jpg|50px|left]] [[Gayal|Mithun]]
| flower = [[File:Manaslu-Circuit Rhododendron.jpg|50px|left]] [[Rhododendron]]
| tree = [[File:Alnus nepalensis.JPG|50px|left]] [[Alder]]
| language=
| fish = [[Neolissochilus hexagonolepis|Chocolate mahseer]] (''Neolissochilus hexagonolepis'')<ref>{{cite web|title=State Fishes of India|url=http://nfdb.gov.in/PDF/Fish%20&%20Fisheries%20of%20India/2.State%20Fishes%20of%20India.pdf|publisher=National Fisheries Development Board, Government of India|access-date=25 December 2020}}</ref>
}}
| official_name                  =
}}


==Provincial symbols of Nagaland==
'''Nagaland''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|ɑː|ɡ|ə|l|æ|n|d}}) is a [[States and union territories of India|state]] in [[northeast India|northeastern India]]. It is bordered by the state of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] to the north, [[Assam]] to the west, [[Manipur]] to the south and the [[Sagaing Region]] of [[Myanmar]] to the east. Its capital city is [[Kohima]] and its largest city is [[Dimapur]]. It has an area of {{convert|16,579|km2}} with a population of 1,980,602 per the [[2011 Census of India]], making it one of India's smallest states.<ref name=coiprov>[http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/nagaland/8-fig_naga-9.pdf Census of India 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207011822/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/nagaland/8-fig_naga-9.pdf |date=7 February 2013 }} Govt of India</ref>
<gallery>
Image:Indian state flag of Nagaland (proposed).png|Provincial flag of Nagaland
Image:Tragopan blythii01.jpg|Provincial bird of Nagaland
Image:Gayal Thrissur Zoo.jpg|Provincial animal of Nagaland
Image:Alnus incana rugosa leaves.jpg|Provincial tree of Nagaland
Image:Rhododendron-by-eiffel-public-domain-20040617.jpg|Provincial flower of Nagaland
</gallery>


{{commonscat}}
Nagaland became the 16th state of India on 1 December 1963. It has experienced [[Naga nationalism|insurgency]] and inter-ethnic conflict since the 1950s, limiting its economic development.<ref name=cc1>Charles Chasie (2005), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23006032 Nagaland in Transition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501143009/http://www.jstor.org/stable/23006032 |date=1 May 2016 }}, ''India International Centre Quarterly'', Vol. 32, No. 2/3, Where the Sun Rises When Shadows Fall: The North-east (Monsoon-Winter 2005), pp. 253-264</ref><ref name=cc2>Charles Chasie, [http://www.ide.go.jp/English/Publish/Download/Jrp/pdf/133_9.pdf Nagaland] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219065555/http://www.ide.go.jp/English/Publish/Download/Jrp/pdf/133_9.pdf |date=19 February 2014 }}, Institute of Developing Economies (2008)</ref>


{{India}}
Agriculture is its most important economic activity, accounting for over 70% of its economy. Other significant activities include [[forestry]], tourism, insurance, real estate, and miscellaneous [[Cottage industry|cottage industries]].


It lies between the parallels of 98 and 96 degrees east longitude and 26.6 and 27.4 degrees latitude north. It is home to a rich variety of flora and fauna.


{{Asia-stub}}
==History==
{{main|History of the Nagas}}
{{See also|Naga people}}
{{Cleanup|section|reason=too long|date=August 2019}}
 
===Antiquity===
[[File:Angami Naga 1875.JPG|thumb|200px|right|A sketch of Angami Naga tribesman from 1875.]]
The ancient history of the Nagas is unclear. Tribes migrated at different times, each settling in the northeastern part of present India and establishing their respective sovereign mountain terrains and village-states. There are no records of whether they came from the northern Mongolian region, southeast Asia or southwest China, except that their origins are from the east of India and that historical records show the present-day [[Naga people]] settled before the arrival of the [[Ahom kingdom|Ahoms]] in 1228 CE.<ref name=cc1/><ref name=undp/>
 
The origin of the word 'Naga' is also unclear.<ref name=undp/> A popularly accepted, but controversial, view is that it originated from the Burmese word ''Na-Ka''<ref>{{Cite book|last=SEMA|first=HOKISHE|title=EMERGENCE OF NAGALAND: Socio-Economic and Political Transformation and the Future|publisher=VIVEK PUBLISHING HOUSE PVT LTD, DELHI|year=1986|isbn=0-7069-3031-2|location=INDIA|pages=3}}</ref>' or 'naga', meaning "people with earrings." Others suggest it means pierced noses.<ref name="Inato_cultural">{{cite book|title = A re-discovery and re-building of Naga cultural values|author = Inato Yekheto Shikhu|publisher = Daya Books|year = 2007|isbn = 978-81-89233-55-6|page = 4}}</ref> Both naka and naga are pronounced the same way in Burmese.<ref name="Burmese sounds">{{cite book|title = Myanmar (Burma)|author=Robert Reid, Michael Grosberg|publisher = Lonely Planet|year = 2005|page= 380}}</ref>
 
Before the arrival of European colonialism in South Asia, there had been many wars, persecution and raids from [[Burma]] on [[Naga people|Naga tribes]], [[Meitei people]] and others in India's northeast. The invaders came for "head hunting" and to seek wealth and captives from these tribes and ethnic groups. When the British inquired Burmese guides about the people living in the northern Himalayas, they were told 'Naka'. This was recorded as 'Naga' and has been in use thereafter.<ref name=cc2/><ref name=undp/>
 
===British India===
[[File:British India 1940 Assam Bihar Sikkim Arunachal Pradesh Mizoram Nagaland Tripura Burma Bhutan Map.jpg|thumb|left|A British India 1940 map showing Nagaland and Kohima City as part of Assam.]]
With the arrival of the [[British East India Company]] in the early 19th century, followed by the [[British Raj]], Britain expanded its domain over the whole of South Asia, including the [[Naga Hills District, British India|Naga Hills]]. The first [[Europe|Europeans]] to enter the hills were Captains Jenkins and Pemberton in 1832. The early contact with the Naga tribes was characterized by suspicion and conflict. The colonial interests in Assam, such as tea estates and other trading posts fought raids from tribes who were known for their bravery and "head hunting" practices. To put an end to these raids, the British troops recorded 10 military expeditions between 1839 and 1850.<ref name=undp/> In February 1851, at the bloody battle at Kikrüma, people died on both the British side and the Kikrüma (Naga tribe) side; in days after the battle, intertribal warfare followed that led to more bloodshed. After that war, the British adopted a policy of caution and non-interference with Naga tribes.
 
Despite this, British colonizers continued to invade Naga peoples' territory. Between 1851 and 1865, Naga tribes continued to raid the British in Assam. The British India Government took over the holdings of the East Indian Company following the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. The failings and atrocities of the East Indian Company led the British Crown to review its governance structure throughout South Asia including its northeastern region. In 1866, the British India administration established a post at Samaguting with the explicit goal of ending intertribal warfare and tribal raids on property and personnel.<ref name=cc1/><ref name=cc2/> In 1869, Captain Butler was appointed to lead and consolidate the British presence in the Nagaland Hills. In 1878, the headquarters were transferred to Kohima — creating a city that remains an important center of administration, commerce, and culture for Nagaland.<ref name=undp/>
 
On 4 October 1879, British political agent G.H. Damant went to Khonoma with troops, where he was shot dead with 35 of his team.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/india-tour/nagaland/khonoma-a-naga-village-remembered/|title=Maps of India website – photograph of GH Damant grave headstone|access-date=1 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101044027/http://www.mapsofindia.com/india-tour/nagaland/khonoma-a-naga-village-remembered/|archive-date=1 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Kohima was subsequently attacked and the stockade looted. This violence led to a determined effort by the British Raj to return and respond. The subsequent defeat of Khonoma marked the end of serious and persistent ultimatums in the Naga Hills.<ref name=undp/>
 
Between 1880 and 1922, the British administration consolidated their position over a large area of the Naga Hills and integrated it into its Assam operations. The British administration enforced the rupee as the currency for economic activity and a system of structured tribal government that was very different than historic social governance practices.<ref name=cc1/> These developments triggered profound social changes among the Naga people. In 1926, it became a part of [[Pakokku]] Hill Tracts Districts of [[Burma]] until 4 January 1948.
 
In parallel, since the mid-19th century, [[Christian mission]]aries from the United States and Europe, stationed in India,<ref name="autogenerated1974">Gordon Pruett, Christianity, history, and culture in Nagaland, ''Indian Sociology'' January 1974 vol. 8 no. 1 51-65</ref> reached into Nagaland and neighbouring states, converting Nagaland's Naga tribes from [[animism]] to Christianity.<ref name=cc1/><ref>Tezenlo Thong, "'Thy Kingdom Come': The Impact of Colonization and Proselytization on Religion among the Nagas," ''Journal of Asian and African Studies'', no. 45, 6: 595–609</ref>
 
====World War II====
[[File:Kohima War Cemetery, Kohima, Nagaland (89).jpeg|thumb|Kohima War Cemetery, Kohima, Nagaland]]
{{main|Battle of Kohima}}
{{See also|Battle of the Tennis Court}}
In 1944 during [[World War II]], the Japanese Army, with the help of the [[Indian National Army]] led by [[Netaji Subhashchandra Bose]], invaded through Burma and attempted to take India through Kohima. The population was evacuated. [[British Indian Army|British India]] soldiers [[Battle of Kohima|defended the area of Kohima]] and having lost many of their original force were relieved by British in June 1944.
Together the British and Indian troops successfully repelled the Japanese troops.<ref>Bert Sim, Mosstodloch, Aberdeenshire, Scotland: Pipe Major of the Gordon Highlanders at Kohima: his home is named "Kohima." – RJWilliams, Slingerlands, NY/USA</ref>
The battle was fought from 4 April to 22 June 1944 from the town of Kohima, coordinated with [[Battle of Imphal|action at Imphal]], Manipur.<ref>{{cite book|first=Martin J.|last=Dougherty|title=Land Warfare|publisher=Thunder Bay Press|page=159}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first1=Peter|last1=Dennis|first2=Robert|last2=Lyman|title=Kohima 1944: The Battle That Saved India|publisher=Osprey|year=2010}}</ref> The Indian National Army lost half their numbers, many through starvation, and were forced to withdraw through Burma.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dougherty |first=Martin J. |year=2008|title=Land Warfare |publisher=Thunder Bay Press |isbn= 9781592238293 |page=159}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Dennis |first1=Peter |last2=Lyman |first2=Robert |year=2010 |title=Kohima 1944: The Battle That Saved India|publisher=Osprey|page={{page needed|date=October 2013}} }}.</ref>
 
There is the World War II Cemetery, and the War Museum, in honour of those who lost their lives during World War II during the fighting between the British Empire and Japanese troops. Nearly 4,000 British Empire troops lost their lives, along with 3,000 Japanese. Many of those who lost their lives were Naga people, particularly of Angami tribe. Near the memorial is the [[Mary Help of Christians Cathedral|Kohima Cathedral]], on Aradura hill, built with funds from the families and friends of deceased Japanese soldiers. Prayers are held in Kohima for peace and in memory of the fallen of both sides of the battle.<ref>[http://kunzum.com/2010/01/19/the-world-war-ii-cemetery-in-kohima-nagaland-a-moving-experience/ The World War II Cemetery in Kohima, Nagaland: A Moving Experience] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129043153/http://kunzum.com/2010/01/19/the-world-war-ii-cemetery-in-kohima-nagaland-a-moving-experience/ |date=29 November 2014 }} Kunzum, Ajay Jain (2010)</ref><ref>Vibha Joshi, A Matter of Belief: Christian Conversion and Healing in North-East India, {{ISBN|978-0857455956}}, page 221</ref>
 
====Naga national awakening====
<!-- During [[World War I]], the British recruited 900 Nagas and sent them to France to work as aides at the [[Front (military)|front]]. While in Europe, the Nagas, who had always been fractured by tribal differences, began to unify under the banner of nationalism.{{cn}} On their return to their homeland in 1918, they organised themselves in the light of oneness and political solution, and this eventually led to the formation of the [[Naga National Council|Naga Nationalist Movement]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.combatlaw.org/information.php?article_id=7&issue_id=1 |title=The Naga Story – Then and Now |access-date=14 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007115418/http://www.combatlaw.org/information.php?article_id=7&issue_id=1 |archive-date=7 October 2007 |url-status=live  }}</ref>{{Verify credibility|certain=y|reason=The website admits that the authors are activist; see [[WP:SOAP]] and [[WP:WWIN]]}} -->
In 1929, a memorandum was submitted to the Simon Statutory Commission, requesting that the Nagas be exempt from reforms and new taxes proposed in British India, should be left alone to determine their own future.<ref>A.M. Toshi Jamir, 'A Handbook of General Knowledge on Nagaland' (2013, 10th Edition) pg. 10</ref> This Naga Memorandum stated,
 
From 1929 to 1935, the understanding of sovereignty by Nagas was 'self-rule' based on the traditional territorial definition. From 1935 to 1945, Nagas were merely asking for autonomy within Assam. In response to the Naga memorandum to [[Simon Commission]], the British House of Commons decreed that the Naga Hills ought to be kept outside the purview of the New Constitution; the Government of India Act, 1935 and ordered Naga areas as Excluded Area; meaning outside the administration of British India government. Thereafter from 1 April 1937, it was brought under the direct administration of the Crown through Her Majesty's representative; the Governor of Assam province.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}}
 
The Naga Memorandum submitted by the Naga Club (which later became the Naga National Council) to the Simon Commission explicitly stated, 'to leave us alone to determine ourselves as in ancient times.'<ref name=sks>SK Sharma (2006), [https://books.google.com/books?id=_-YixIgJbSAC&pg=PA33&lpg=PA33#v=onepage&q&f=false Naga Memorandum to the Simon Commission (1929)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729032016/https://books.google.com/books?id=_-YixIgJbSAC&pg=PA33&lpg=PA33#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=29 July 2016 }}, Mittal Publications, New Delhi India</ref> In February 1946, the Naga Club officially took shape into a unified Naga National Council in Wokha. In June 1946, the Naga National Council submitted a four-point memorandum to officials discussing the independence of India from British colonial rule. The memorandum strongly protested against the grouping of Assam with Bengal and asserted that Naga Hills should be constitutionally included in an autonomous Assam, in a free India, with local autonomy, due safeguards and separate electorate for the Naga tribes.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}}
 
[[Jawaharlal Nehru]] replied to the memorandum and welcomed the Nagas to join the Union of India promising local autonomy and safeguards. On 9 April 1946, the Naga National Council (NNC) submitted a memorandum to the British Cabinet Mission during its visit to Delhi. The crux of the memorandum stated that: "Naga future would not be bound by any arbitrary decision of the British Government and no recommendation would be accepted without consultation".{{citation needed|date=November 2014}}
 
In June 1946, the NNC submitted a four-point memorandum signed by T. Sakhrie; the then Secretary of NNC, to the still-visiting British Cabinet Mission. The memorandum stated that:{{citation needed|date=November 2014}}
1. The NNC stands for the solidarity of all Naga tribes, including those in un-administered areas;
2. The Council protests against the grouping of Assam with Bengal;
3. The Naga Hills should be constitutionally included in an autonomous Assam, in a free India, with local autonomy and due safeguards for the interests of the Nagas;
4. The Naga tribes should have a separate electorate.
 
On 1 August 1946, Nehru, President of the [[Indian National Congress Party]] in his reply to the memorandum, appealed to the Nagas to join the Union of India promising local autonomy and safeguards in a wide-ranging area of administration.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}} It was after 1946 only that the Nagas had asserted their inalienable right to be a separate nation and an absolute right to live independently.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}}
 
===Since Indian independence===
After the [[Indian independence movement|independence of India]] in 1947, the area remained a part of the province of Assam. Nationalist activities arose amongst a section of the Nagas. [[Angami Zapu Phizo|Phizo]]-led [[Naga National Council]] demanded a political union of their ancestral and native groups. The movement led to [[Ethnic conflict in Nagaland|a series of violent incidents]], that damaged government and civil infrastructure, attacked government officials and civilians. The central government sent the [[Indian Army]] in 1955, to restore order. In 1957, an agreement was reached between Naga leaders and the Indian government, creating a single separate region of the Naga Hills. The Tuensang frontier was united with this single political region, Naga Hills Tuensang Area (NHTA),<ref name="Nagaland Legislative Assembly">{{cite news |title= Naga Hills Tuensang Area Act, 1957 |url= http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/727141/ |access-date= 11 November 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131224111658/http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/727141/ |archive-date= 24 December 2013 |url-status= live |df= dmy-all }}</ref> and it became an [[union territory]] directly administered by the central government with a large degree of autonomy. This was not satisfactory to the tribes, however, and agitation with violence increased across the state – including attacks on army and government institutions, banks, as well as non-payment of taxes. In July 1960, following discussion between [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] Nehru and the leaders of the Naga People Convention (NPC), a 16-point agreement was arrived at whereby the Government of India recognised the formation of Nagaland as a full-fledged state within the Union of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/nagaland/documents/papers/nagaland_16point.htm|title=The 16-point Agreement arrived at between the Government of India and the Naga People's Convention, July 1960|access-date=1 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150808003425/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/nagaland/documents/papers/nagaland_16point.htm|archive-date=8 August 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
====Nagaland statehood====
[[File:Kohima Cemetery.jpeg|left|thumb|Kohima War Cemetery]]
 
Accordingly, the territory was placed under the Nagaland Transitional Provisions Regulation, 1961<ref>{{cite book | title = Documents on North-East India: Nagaland | author = Suresh K. Sharma | publisher = Mittal Publications | year = 2006 | isbn = 9788183240956 | pages = 225–228 }}</ref> which provided for an Interim body consisting of 45 members to be elected by tribes according to the customs, traditions and usage of the respective tribes. Subsequently, Nagaland attained statehood with the enactment of the state of Nagaland Act in 1962<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/1490539/|title=The State Of Nagaland Act, 1962|access-date=1 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101044253/http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/1490539/|archive-date=1 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> by the [[Parliament of India|Parliament]]. The interim body was dissolved on 30 November 1963 and the state of Nagaland was formally inaugurated on 1 December 1963 and [[Kohima]] was declared as the state capital. After elections in January 1964, the first democratically elected [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly]] was constituted on 11 February 1964.<ref name="Nagaland Legislative Assembly"/><ref>{{cite web|last=Ovung|first=Albert|title=The Birth of Ceasefire in Nagaland|url=http://nagaland.net/spotlight_detail.php?id=1|access-date=30 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728150315/http://nagaland.net/spotlight_detail.php?id=1|archive-date=28 July 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi at the Hornbill Festival, at Kohima, in Nagaland on December 01, 2014. The Chief Minister of Nagaland, Shri T.R. Zeliang is also seen.jpg|thumb|Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] with [[Naga people]] in Nagaland, December 2014]]
The rebel activity continued in many Naga inhabited areas both in India and Burma. Cease-fires were announced and negotiations continued, but this did little to stop the violence. In March 1975, a direct presidential rule was imposed by the then Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] on the state. In November 1975, some leaders of largest rebellion groups agreed to lay down their arms and accept the [[Indian constitution]], a small group did not agree and continued their insurgent activity.<ref>Nagaland, Encyclopædia Britannica (2011)</ref> The [[Nagaland Baptist Church Council]] played an important role by initiating peace efforts in the 1960s.<ref name=undp/> This took concrete and positive shape during its Convention in early 1964. It formed the Nagaland Peace Council in 1972. However, these efforts have not completely ended the inter-factional violence. In 2012, the state's leaders approached Indian central government to seek a political means for a sense of lasting peace within the state.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/other-states/article3739081.ece |title=All MLAs ready to sacrifice positions for Naga peace |date=8 August 2012 |access-date=8 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120810031645/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/other-states/article3739081.ece |archive-date=10 August 2012 |url-status=live  |newspaper=The Hindu |last1=Joshi |first1=Sandeep }}</ref>
 
Over the 5-year period of 2009 to 2013, between 0 and 11 civilians died per year in Nagaland from rebellion related activity (or less than 1 death per 100,000 people), and between 3 and 55 militants deaths per year in inter-factional killings (or between 0 and 3 deaths per 100,000 people).<ref>[http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/database/index.html Nagaland Violence Statistics, India Fatalities 1994-2014] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110529084134/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/database/index.html |date=29 May 2011 }} SATP (2014)</ref>
 
The most recent Nagaland Legislative Assembly election took place on 27 February 2018 to elect the Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) in 59 out of the 60 Assembly Constituencies in the state. The scheduled election in [[Northern Angami-II (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Northern Angami II]] constituency did not take place as only incumbent MLA [[Neiphiu Rio]] was nominated and was therefore declared elected unopposed. A voter turnout of 75% was observed in the 2018 election.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/75-voter-turnout-in-meghalaya-and-nagaland/articleshow/63101616.cms|title=75% voter turnout in Meghalaya and Nagaland|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|date=28 February 2018|access-date=10 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729045345/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/75-voter-turnout-in-meghalaya-and-nagaland/articleshow/63101616.cms|archive-date=29 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
==Geography==
{{Annotated image | image = Forest_around_Pangti_Village_and_Doyang_Dam_region_Nagaland_JEG4768.JPG | image-width = 700| image-left = | image-top = -50| width = 700| height = 300 | float = center | annotations = | caption = Forest around Pangti Village and Doyang Dam region}}
Nagaland lies between 93°20'E and 95°15'E longitude and between 25°6'N and 27°4'N latitude. It is largely a mountainous state. The [[Naga Hills]] rise from the [[Brahmaputra Valley]] in Assam to about {{convert|2000|ft|order=flip}} and rise further to the southeast, as high as {{convert|6000|ft|order=flip}}. Mount Saramati at an elevation of {{convert|12602|ft|order=flip}} is the state's highest peak; this is where the Naga Hills merge with the [[Patkai Range]] in which form the boundary with Burma. Rivers such as the Doyang and Diphu to the north, the [[Barak river]] in the southwest, dissect the entire state. Twenty percent of the total land area of the state is covered with wooded forest, a haven for flora and fauna. The evergreen tropical and subtropical forests are found in strategic pockets in the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/nagaland/|title=Geography of Nagaland|access-date=1 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028102037/http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/nagaland/|archive-date=28 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
===Climate===
Nagaland has a largely monsoon climate with high humidity levels. Annual rainfall averages around {{convert|70|-|100|in|mm|order=flip}}, concentrated in the months of May to September. Temperatures range from {{convert|70|to|104|F|C|order=flip}}. In winter, temperatures do not generally drop below {{convert|39|F|C|order=flip}}, but frost is common at high elevations. Summer is the shortest season in the state, lasting for only a few months. The temperature during the summer season remains between {{convert|16|to|31|C|F}}. Winter often arrives early, with bitter cold and dry weather striking certain regions of the state. The maximum average temperature recorded in the winter season is {{convert|24|C|F}}. Strong northwest winds blow across the state during the months of February and March.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/nagaland/geography.html|title=Climate of Nagaland|access-date=1 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101044142/http://www.mapsofindia.com/nagaland/geography.html|archive-date=1 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Snowfall happens in the higher elevations, but it is rare and most of the state does not witness any snow.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}
 
=== Flora and fauna ===
[[File:FalcoAmurensisGould.jpg|180px|thumb|left|About a million [[Amur falcon]]s roost in Nagaland.<ref name="amur2">[http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=nov2613/oth06 Nagaland declared 'Falcon capital of the World'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407215940/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=nov2613%2Foth06 |date=7 April 2014 }} ''Assam Tribune'' (26 November 2013)</ref> That is about 50 falcons per square kilometre.]]
[[File:Rhynchostylis retusa infloresence closeup.jpg|thumb|''Kopou phool'' (Rhynchostylis retusa), a type of orchid, in bloom.]]
About one-sixth of Nagaland is covered by tropical and sub-tropical evergreen forests—including palms, bamboo, rattan as well as timber and [[mahogany]] forests. While some forest areas have been cleared for [[jhum cultivation]], many scrub forests, high grass, and reeds. [[Ntangki National Park]], [[Pulie Badze Wildlife Sanctuary]], Fakim Wildlife Sanctuary and Rangapahar Reserve Forest are some natural reserves in Nagaland. Some noteworthy mammals found in Nagaland include the [[slow loris]], [[Assamese macaque]], [[pig-tailed macaque]], [[stump-tailed macaque]], [[rhesus macaque]], [[capped langur]], [[hoolock gibbon]], [[Himalayan black bear]], [[dhole]], occasional [[Bengal tiger]], [[Indian leopard]], [[clouded leopard]], [[marbled cat]], [[Asian golden cat|golden cat]], [[Indian elephant]]s, [[gaur]], [[red serow]], [[Sambar deer|sambar]], [[Chinese pangolin]], [[Malayan porcupine]], [[Asiatic brush-tailed porcupine]], and [[Hoary bamboo rat]]s<ref name="Choudhury2013">.{{cite book|author=A. U. Choudhury|title=The mammals of North east India. Gibbon Books, and The Rhino Foundation for nature in NE India, with support from Forestry Bureau (COA), Taiwan. Guwahati, India. 432pp. ISBN 978-93-80652-02-3.|year=2013}}</ref>
 
Nagaland has a rich birdlife with more than 490 species.<ref name="Choudhury2003">.{{cite book|author=A. U. Choudhury|title=A pocket guide to the birds of Nagaland. Gibbon Books & The Rhino Foundation for Nature in North East India, Guwahati, India. 48pp. ISBN 81-900866-4-2.|year=2003}}</ref> The [[great Indian hornbill]] has a place in Naga culture. [[Tragopan blythii|Blyth's tragopan]], a [[vulnerable species]] of galliform, is the state bird of Nagaland. It is sighted in [[Mount Japfü]] and [[Dzüko Valley]] of Kohima District, Satoi range in [[Zünheboto district|Zünheboto District]] and [[Pfütsero]] in [[Phek district|Phek District]].<ref>[http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100705/jsp/northeast/story_12646762.jsp Nagaland struggles to save state bird] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218080222/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100705/jsp/northeast/story_12646762.jsp |date=18 February 2013 }} – The Telegraph Calcutta Monday, 5 July 2010</ref> The state is also known as the "falcon capital of the world."<ref name="amur2"/>
 
[[Gayal|Mithun]] (a semi-domesticated [[gaur]]) is the state animal of Nagaland and has been adopted as the official seal of the [[Government of Nagaland]]. It is ritually the most valued species in the state. To conserve and protect this animal in the northeast, the National Research Centre on Mithun (NRCM) was established by the [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]] (ICAR) in 1988.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nrcmithun.res.in/|title=NRCM Nagaland|access-date=1 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218183629/http://nrcmithun.res.in/|archive-date=18 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
[[File:Tragopan blythii01.jpg|thumbnail|Blyth's tragopan or the grey-bellied tragopan]]
[[File:Great-Hornbill.jpg|thumbnail|Great hornbill]]
Nagaland is home to 396 species of orchids, belonging to 92 genera of which 54 having horticultural and medicinal economic importance.<ref name=crd>{{cite journal |first=Chitta Ranjan |last=Deb |year=2013 |title=Orchids of Nagaland, propagation, conservation and sustainable utilization: a review |journal=Pleione |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=52–58 |url=http://pleione.ehsst.org/journals/Pleione71/008%20Propagation%20conservation%20and%20utilization%20of%20Nagaland%20orchids.pdf }}</ref> ''Kopou'' (pictured right) is also used for festive [[Chignon (hairstyle)|hairstyle]] decoration by women in India's northeast.
[[Rhododendron]] is the state flower. The state has at least four species which is endemic to the state.
 
===Geology===
Several preliminary studies indicate significant recoverable reserves of petroleum and natural gas. Limestone, marble and other decorative stone reserves are plentiful, and other as yet unexploited minerals include iron, nickel, chromium, and cobalt.<ref name=pn/>
 
===Urbanisation===
The Nagaland population is largely rural with 71.14% living in rural regions in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nagaland Population Sex Ratio in Nagaland Literacy rate data|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/nagaland.html|website=www.census2011.co.in|access-date=2 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023234854/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/nagaland.html|archive-date=23 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Census reports up to 1951 listed just one settlement in Nagaland as a town, the capital Kohima. The next two settlements, [[Dimapur]] and [[Mokokchung]] were listed as towns from 1961. Four more towns appeared in 1981, [[Tuensang]], [[Wokha]], [[Mon, India|Mon]] and [[Zünheboto]].<ref name="Yadav">{{cite book|last1=Yadav|first1=C. S.|title=Comparative Urbanization: City Growth and Change|date=1986|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|location=New Delhi|page=378|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xd5qIZi2BHwC|language=en|access-date=12 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719115012/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Xd5qIZi2BHwC|archive-date=19 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
The relatively slow rate of urbanisation in Nagaland was described in the 1980s as being an effect of (a) the largely administrative roles of the towns, except for Dimapur which had a more diversified economy, and (b) a low level of mobility among the tribes of Nagaland, scheduled tribes constituting nearly 90% of the population.<ref name="Yadav"/>
 
==Demographics==
 
===Population===
[[File:Mokokchung.jpg|thumb|[[Mokokchung]] is one of the most populated places in the northern part of Nagaland]]
{{IndiaCensusPop
| title= Population change
| 1951= 213000
| 1961= 369000
| 1971= 516000
| 1981= 775000
| 1991= 1210000
| 2001= 1990000
| 2011= 1980602
| estimate=
| estyear=
| estref=
| footnote=Source:Census of India<ref name="Census Population">{{cite web|url=http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006-07/chapt2007/tab97.pdf|title=Census Population|work=Census of India|publisher=Ministry of Finance India|access-date=18 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812042806/http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006-07/chapt2007/tab97.pdf|archive-date=12 August 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}
The population of Nagaland consists of almost 1.9 million people, of which 1.04 million are males and 0.95 million females.<ref name=undp/> Among its districts, Dimapur has the largest population (379,769), followed by Kohima (270,063). The least populated district is Longleng (50,593). 75% of the population lives in the rural areas. As of 2013, about 10% of rural population is below the poverty line; among the people living in urban areas 4.3% of them are below the poverty line.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=15283 | title=Table 162, Number and Percentage of Population Below Poverty Line | publisher=Reserve Bank of India, Government of India | year=2013 | access-date=20 April 2014 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407102043/http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=15283 | archive-date=7 April 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
 
The state showed a population drop between 2001 census to 2011 census, the only state to show a population drop in the census. This has been attributed, by scholars,<ref>Agarwal and Kumar, [http://www.iegindia.org/workpap/wp316.pdf An Investigation into Changes in Nagaland's Population between 1971 and 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925093632/http://www.iegindia.org/workpap/wp316.pdf |date=25 September 2015 }} Paper 316, Institute of Economic Growth (2012)</ref> to incorrect counting in past censuses; the 2011 census in Nagaland is considered most reliable so far.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/ST.html |title=A-11 Individual Scheduled Tribe Primary Census Abstract Data and its Appendix |access-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907212310/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/ST.html |archive-date=7 September 2015 |url-status=live  }}</ref>
 
The largest urban agglomerations are centred upon [[Dimapur]] (122,834) and [[Kohima]] (115,283).
Other major towns (and 2011 census populations) are [[Tuensang]] (36,774), [[Mokokchung]] (35,913), [[Wokha]] (35,004), [[Mon, India|Mon]] (26,328), [[Chümoukedima]] (25,885), [[Zünheboto]] (22,633), [[Kiphire, India|Kiphire]] (16,487), Kuda (16,108), [[Kohima|Kohima Village]] (15,734), [[Phek]] (14,204), [[Pfutsero]] (10,371) and Diphupar 'A' (10,246).<!-- Not listing towns with fewer than 10,000 --><ref>{{cite web|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A4.html|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=9 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110005204/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A4.html|archive-date=10 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=A -4 Towns And Urban Agglomerations Classified By Population Size Class In 2011 With Variation Since 1901 - Class - I Population of 100,000 and Above|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/CLASS%20I.xlsx|publisher=Census of India|access-date=9 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110114541/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/CLASS%20I.xlsx|archive-date=10 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=A -4 Towns And Urban Agglomerations Classified By Population Size Class In 2011 With Variation Since 1901 - Class - II Population of 50,000 and 99,999|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/CLASS%20II.xlsx|publisher=Census of India|access-date=9 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110005239/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/CLASS%20II.xlsx|archive-date=10 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=A -4 Towns And Urban Agglomerations Classified By Population Size Class In 2011 With Variation Since 1901 - Class - III Population of 20,000 and 49,999|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/CLASS%20III.xlsx|publisher=Census of India|access-date=9 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110005048/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/CLASS%20III.xlsx|archive-date=10 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=A -4 Towns And Urban Agglomerations Classified By Population Size Class In 2011 With Variation Since 1901 - Class - IV Population of 10,000 and 19,999|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/CLASS%20IV.xlsx|publisher=Census of India|access-date=9 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110114502/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/CLASS%20IV.xlsx|archive-date=10 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
===Ethnic groups===
The state is home to 17 major tribes — [[Angami Naga|Angami]], [[Ao Naga|Ao]], [[Chakhesang Naga|Chakhesang]], [[Chang Naga|Chang]], [[Bodo-Kachari people|Kachari]], [[Khiamniungan people|Khiamniungan]], [[Konyak people|Konyak]], [[Kuki people|Kuki]], [[Lotha Naga|Lotha]], [[Phom people|Phom]], [[Pochury Naga|Pochury]], [[Rengma Naga|Rengma]], [[Sangtam Naga|Sangtam]], [[Sumi Naga|Sumi]], [[Tikhir Naga|Tikhir]], [[Yimkhiung Naga|Yimkhiung]] and [[Zeme Naga|Zeme]]-[[Liangmai Naga|Liangmai]] (Zeliang).<ref name=pn/><ref name=undp>[http://cq-publish.dev.undp.org/content/dam/india/docs/state_human_develop_report_nagaland_full_report_2008.pdf Nagaland – State Human Development Report] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821073819/http://cq-publish.dev.undp.org/content/dam/india/docs/state_human_develop_report_nagaland_full_report_2008.pdf |date=21 August 2014 }} United Nations Development Programme (2005)</ref>
 
Some other minor tribes or subtribes are [[Garo people|Garo]], [[Karbi people|Mikir]], [[Chirr Naga|Chirr]], [[Makury Naga|Makury]], and [[Rongmei Naga|Rongmei]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Individual Scheduled Tribe Primary Census Abstract Data |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/ST.html |website=Census India |publisher=Govt of India |access-date=23 May 2020}}</ref>
 
There are also sizable populations of non-tribal communities like [[Bengalis]], [[Marwari people|Marwari]]s, [[Nepali people|Nepali]]s, [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]]s and others living mostly around [[Dimapur City]].
 
===Languages===
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Languages of Nagaland in 2011<ref name="Census of India">{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/parta.htm |title=Distribution of the 22 Scheduled Languages |work=Census of India |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |year=2001 |access-date=4 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207163538/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/parta.htm |archive-date=7 February 2013 |url-status=live  }}</ref><ref name="censusindia.gov.in">{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/A_Series/Total_population.htm |title=Census Reference Tables, A-Series – Total Population |work=Census of India |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |year=2001 |access-date=4 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113154514/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/A_Series/Total_population.htm |archive-date=13 November 2013 |url-status=live  }}</ref><ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/partb.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811065050/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/partb.htm |date=11 August 2016 }} Census 2011 Non scheduled languages</ref>
| label1 = [[Konyak language|Konyak]]| value1 = 12.33| color1 = red
| label2 = [[Ao language|Ao]]| value2 = 11.67| color2 = royalblue
| label3 = [[Lotha language|Lotha]]| value3 = 8.96| color3 = powderblue
| label4 = [[Angami language|Angami]]
| value4 = 7.67
| color4 = purple
| label5 = [[Chokri language|Chokri]]| value5 = 4.60| color5 = orchid
| label6 = [[Sangtam language|Sangtam]]| value6 = 3.83| color6 = mediumblue
| label7 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| value7 = 3.77
| color7 = Moccasin
| label8 = [[Yimkhiungrü language|Yimkhiungrü]]
| value8 = 3.74
| color8 = navy
| label9 = [[Chang language|Chang]]
| value9 = 3.31
| color9 = firebrick
| label10 = [[Khiamniungan language|Khiamniungan]]
| value10 = 3.12
| color10 = tomato
| label11 = [[Rengma language|Rengma]]
| value11 = 3.11
| color11 = Maroon
| label12 = [[Zemeic languages|Zeliang]]
| value12 = 3.05
| color12 = aquamarine
| label13 = [[Phom language|Phom]]
| value13 = 2.71
| color13 = crimson
| label14 = [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
| value14 = 2.71
| color14 = sandybrown
| label15 = [[Kheza language|Khezha]]
| value15 = 1.73
| color15 = darkslateblue
| label16 = [[Hindi]]
| value16 = 1.59
| color16 = orange
| label17 = [[Pochuri language|Pochury]]
| value17 = 1.08
| color17 = indigo
}}
[[Naga people]] form the majority of the population. According to the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] there are 2 million people living in Nagaland. The [[Naga people]] number around 1.8 million in the state, constituting over 90% of the population. These belong mostly to the [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan language family]].<ref>Matisoff, J. A. (1980). Stars, moon, and spirits: bright beings of the night in Sino-Tibetan, Gengo Kenkyu, 77(1), 45</ref> Shafer came up with his own classification system for languages found in and around Nagaland.<ref name=bbk>Braj Bihari Kumar (2005), Naga Identity, {{ISBN|978-8180691928}}, Chapter 6</ref> Each tribe has one or more dialects that are unintelligible to others.
 
In 1967, the Nagaland Assembly proclaimed [[Indian English]] as the official language of Nagaland and it is the medium for education in Nagaland.<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR LINGUISTIC MINORITIES IN INDIA|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=26 July 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref> Other than English, [[Nagamese]], a [[creole language]] based on [[Assamese language|Assamese]], is widely spoken.<ref>Khubchandani, L. M. (1997), Bilingual education for indigenous people in India. In Encyclopedia of Language and Education Volume 5, pp 67-76, Springer Netherlands</ref>
 
The major languages spoken as per the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] are [[Konyak language|Konyak]] (244,135), [[Ao language|Ao]] (231,084), [[Lotha language|Lotha]] (177,488), [[Angami language|Angami]] (151,883), [[Chokri language|Chokri]] (91,010), [[Sangtam language|Sangtam]] (75,841), [[bengali language|Bengali]] (74,753), [[Zeme language|Zeme]] (71,954; covering [[Zemeic languages|Zeliang]], 60,399 and [[Zeme language|Zemi]], 11,165), [[Yimkhiungrü language|Yimkhiungrü]] (74,156), [[Chang language|Chang]] (65,632), [[Khiamniungan language|Khiamniungan]] (61,906), [[Rengma language|Rengma]] (61,537), [[Phom language|Phom]] (53,674), [[Nepalis|Nepali]] (43,481), [[Kheza language|Kheza]] (34,218), [[Pochuri language|Pochury]] (21,446), [[Kuki language|Kuki]] (18,391), [[Chakhesang language|Chakhesang]] (17,919), [[Assamese language|Assamese]] (17,201), [[Boro language (India)|Bodo]] (12,243; covering Bodo 7,372 and [[Dimasa language|Dimasa]] 4,871), [[Manipuri language|Manipuri]] (9,511), [[Sema language|Sema]] (8,268), etc.<ref>{{cite web |title=population by mother tongue |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html |website=Census India |access-date=23 May 2020}}</ref>
 
=== Religion ===
{{see also|Christianity in Nagaland|Nagaland Baptist Church Council}}
[[File:KOHIMA CATHEDRAL.jpg|thumb|left|The Catholic Cathedral in Kohima City. About 80% of Nagaland people are [[Baptists]].]]
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Nagaland (2011)<ref name="census2011">{{cite web|title=Population by religion community – 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=Census of India, 2011|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|archive-date=25 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/nagaland.html |title=Nagaland Population 2011 Census |access-date=2 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023234854/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/nagaland.html |archive-date=23 October 2015 |url-status=live  }}</ref>
 
|label1 = [[Christianity]]
|color1 = Blue
|value1 = 88.1
|label2 = [[Hinduism]]
|color2 = darkorange
|value2 = 8.74
|label3 = [[Islam]]
|color3 = Green
|value3 = 2.44
|label4 = [[Buddhism]]
|color4 = Yellow
|value4 = 0.34
|label5 = [[Jainism]]
|color5 = Brown
|value5 = 0.13
|label6 = [[Sikhism]]
|color6 = DarkKhaki
|value6 = 0.1
|value7 = 0.14
|label7 = Naga folk religion
|color7 = grey
|value8 = 0.1
|label8 = not religious
|color8 = black
}}
 
The state's population is 1.978 million, out of which 88% are Christians.<ref name="Indian Census">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|title=2011 Census|access-date=30 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|archive-date=13 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=vj>Vibha Joshia, The Birth of Christian Enthusiasm among the Angami of Nagaland, Journal of South Asian Studies, Volume 30, Issue 3, 2007, pages 541-557</ref> The census of 2011 recorded the state's Christian population at 1,739,651, making it one of the three Christian-majority states in India along with [[Meghalaya]] and [[Mizoram]]. The state has a very high church attendance rate in both urban and rural areas. Huge churches dominate the skylines of [[Kohima]], [[Chümoukedima]], [[Dimapur]], [[Wokha]] and [[Mokokchung]].
 
Nagaland is known as "the only predominantly Baptist state in the world" and "the most Baptist state in the world."<ref>Olson, C. Gordon. ''What in the World Is God Doing''. Global Gospel Publishers: Cedar Knolls, NJ. 2003.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uwukCwAAQBAJ|title=Arise! Shine!: For Your Light Is Come and the Glory of the Lord Is Risen Upon You|last=Gillaspie|first=Gloria|date=5 April 2016|publisher=[[Charisma (magazine)|Charisma Media]]|isbn=9781629985046|page=208|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WgnPCwAAQBAJ|title=Progress and Its Impact on the Nagas: A Clash of Worldviews|last=Thong|first=Tezenlo|date=23 March 2016|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=9781317075318|page=128|language=en}}</ref> [[Catholics]], [[Christian revival|Revivalists]], [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostals]] and [[Seventh-day Adventist Church|Seventh-day Adventist]] are the other [[Christian denomination]]s. Catholics are found in significant numbers in parts of Phek district, Wokha district and Kohima district as well as in the urban areas of Kohima and Dimapur.
 
Christianity arrived in Nagaland in the early 19th century. The American Baptist Naga mission grew out of the Assam mission in 1836. [[Miles Bronson]], [[Nathan Brown (missionary)|Nathan Brown]] and other Christian missionaries working out of [[Jaipur]] to bring Christianity to the [[Indian subcontinent]], saw the opportunity for gaining converts since many parts of [[Northeast India|India's northeast]] was principally [[animist]] and folk religion-driven. Along with other tribal regions of the northeast, the people of Nagaland converted to Christianity.<ref name="autogenerated1974"/> However, the conversions have been marked by high rates of re-denomination ever since. After having converted to Christianity, people do not feel bound to any one sect and tend to switch affiliation between denominations.
 
[[Hinduism]] is the second largest religion in Nagaland. Hindus are concentrated mainly in [[Dimapur district]] (28.75%) and [[Kohima district]] (9.51%).<ref name="census2011" /> [[Dimapur Kalibari]] is a famous temple in Nagaland.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dimapur Kalibari Observes Golden Jubilee|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1137175111.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301100318/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1137175111.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 March 2016|access-date=5 September 2012|newspaper=Hindustan Times,Delhi{{Subscription required|via=[[HighBeam Research]]}}|date=28 September 2006}}</ref>
 
There are also folk religions practiced by some Nagas, specially among the [[Zeliangrong]]s ([[Zeme Naga|Zeme]]s and [[Rongmei Naga|Rongmei]]s) but few among other Naga tribes.<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 January 2018|title=In Christian Nagaland, indigenous religion of pre-Christian Nagas withstands test of time|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/nagaland/in-christian-nagaland-indigenous-religion-of-pre-christian-nagas-withstand-test-of-time-5010777/|access-date=15 March 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
 
==Government==
{{Main|Government of Nagaland}}
The governor is the constitutional head of state, representative of the [[President of India]]. He possesses largely ceremonial responsibilities apart from law and order responsibilities.{{citation needed|date=February 2015}}
 
The [[Legislative Assembly of Nagaland]] ([[Vidhan Sabha]]) is the real executive and legislative body of the state. The 60-member Vidhan Sabha – all elected members of the legislature – forms the government executive and is led by the [[Chief Minister of Nagaland|Chief minister]]. Nagaland has been granted a great degree of state autonomy, like other Indian States as well as special powers and autonomy for Naga tribes to conduct their own affairs. Each tribe has a hierarchy of councils at the village, range, and tribal levels dealing with local disputes.{{citation needed|date=February 2015}}
 
===Districts===
{{Main|List of districts of Nagaland}}
 
{{Nagaland Districts}}
 
When created in 1963 the state of Nagaland was divided into just three districts, [[Kohima district|Kohima District]], [[Mokokchung district|Mokokchung District]] and [[Tuensang district|Tuensang District]]. By a process of subdivision that number increased to seven in 1973, to eleven by 2004, and the most recent districts to be created, [[Chümoukedima district|Chümoukedima District]], [[Niuland district|Niuland District]] and [[Tseminyü district|Tseminyü District]] in 2021 and [[Shamator district|Shamator District]] in 2022, brought the total number to sixteen districts. The most populous and the most urbanized is [[Dimapur district|Dimapur District]], with seven times the inhabitants of [[Longleng district|Longleng District]], the least populous. [[Noklak district|Noklak District]] is considered entirely rural. Dimapur District is also at the lowest elevation, [[Zünheboto district|Zünheboto District]] being highest in the mountains.
 
===Elections===
{{see also|Political Parties in Nagaland}}
The [[Democratic Alliance of Nagaland]] (DAN) is a state level coalition of political parties. It headed the government with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) and [[Janata Dal (United)]] (JDU). It was formed in 2003 after the Nagaland Legislative Assembly election, with the [[Naga People's Front]] (NPF), and the BJP.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/election/2003/mar/02naga.htm |title=DAN to stake claim in Nagaland |work=Rediff.com |date=2 March 2003 |access-date=21 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924123237/http://www.rediff.com/election/2003/mar/02naga.htm |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=live  }}</ref> The alliance was in power in Nagaland from 2003–2018.<ref name="India Today">{{cite news |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/nagaland-counting-on-february-28-chief-minister-neiphiu-rio/1/251990.html |title=Naga People's Front secures absolute majority in Assembly polls, set to form third consecutive government |agency=PTI |publisher=India Today |date=28 February 2013 |access-date=21 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207045225/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/nagaland-counting-on-february-28-chief-minister-neiphiu-rio/1/251990.html |archive-date=7 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 
The [[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party|NDPP]]-[[BJP]][[Naga People's Front|-NPF]] alliance led UDA government has won the majority in [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]] and has been in power since then.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nagaland Election Results: Full List of All Winning Candidates (MLAs) |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/nagaland-election-results-full-list-of-all-winning-candidates-mlas-1677541.html |access-date=22 November 2019 |work=News18 |date=3 March 2018}}</ref>
 
==Economy==
The Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) of Nagaland was about {{INRConvert|12065|c}} in 2011–12.<ref>[http://pbplanning.gov.in/pdf/Statewise%20GSDP%20PCI%20and%20G.R.pdf State wise : Population, GSDP, Per Capita Income and Growth Rate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111062118/http://pbplanning.gov.in/pdf/Statewise%20GSDP%20PCI%20and%20G.R.pdf|date=11 November 2013}} Planning Commission, Govt of India; See third table 2011-2012 fiscal year, 19th row</ref> Nagaland's GSDP grew at 9.9% compounded annually for a decade, thus more than doubling the per capita income.<ref name=ibef>[http://www.ibef.org/pages/32467 Nagaland Economy Report, 2011-2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714191607/http://www.ibef.org/pages/32467 |date=14 July 2014 }} IBEF, India</ref>
 
Nagaland has a high literacy rate of 80.1 percent. The majority of the population in the state speaks English, which is the official language of the state. The state offers technical and medical education.<ref name=ibef/> Nevertheless, agriculture and forestry contribute a majority of Nagaland's Gross Domestic Product. The state is rich in mineral resources such as coal, limestone, iron, nickel, cobalt, chromium, and marble.<ref>Anowar Hussain, Economy of North Eastern Region of India, Vol.1, Issue XII / June 2012, pp.1-4</ref> Nagaland has a recoverable reserve of limestone of 1,000 million tonnes plus a largely untapped resource of marble and handicraft stone.
 
Most of the state's population, about 68 percent, depends on rural cultivation. The main crops are rice, millet, maize, and pulses. Cash crops, like sugarcane and potato, are also grown in some parts.
 
[[File:Terrace cultivation, Pfutsero, Nagaland (6328134243).jpg|thumb|left|Terrace farming at [[Pfutsero]]]]
Plantation crops such as premium coffee, cardamom, and tea are grown in hilly areas in small quantities with large growth potential. Most people cultivate rice as it is the main staple diet of the people. About 80% of the cropped area is dedicated to rice. Oilseeds is another, higher income crop gaining ground in Nagaland. The farm productivity for all crops is low, compared to other Indian states, suggesting a significant opportunity for farmer income increase. Currently, the Jhum to Terraced cultivation ratio is 4:3; where Jhum is the local name for cut-and-burn shift farming. Jhum farming is ancient, causes a lot of pollution and soil damage, yet accounts for the majority of the farmed area. The state does not produce enough food and depends on the trade of food from other states of India.<ref name=pn>Purusottam Nayak, [http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/51851/ Some Facts and Figures on Development Attainments in Nagaland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630025310/http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/51851/ |date=30 June 2014 }}, Munich Personal RePEc Archive, MPRA Paper No. 51851, October 2013</ref>
 
Forestry is also an important source of income. Cottage industries such as weaving, woodwork, and pottery are an important source of revenue.
 
Tourism has a lot of potentials but was largely limited due to insurgency and concern of violence over the last five decades. More recently, a number of Small Medium Enterprises and private sector companies have actively promoted Nagaland tourism, helping initiate a growing tourism market. Tourism experts contend that the state's uniqueness and strategic location in northeast India give Nagaland an advantage in tapping into the tourism sector for economic growth.<ref name="' A window to the northeast'">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/A-window-to-the-North-East/article14626697.ece |title= A window to the northeast |newspaper=The Hindu |date=1 November 2016 |access-date=21 March 2017|last1= Ghosh |first1= Saptaparno }}</ref>
 
Nagaland's gross state domestic product for 2004 is estimated at $1.4 billion in current prices.
 
The state generates 87.98 MU compared to a demand for 242.88 MU. This deficit requires Nagaland to buy power. The state has significant hydroelectric potential, which if realised could make the state a power surplus state. In terms of power distribution, every village and town, and almost every household has an electricity connection; but, this infrastructure is not effective given the power shortage in the state.<ref name=pn/>
 
===Tourism===
[[File:Hornbill Festival 2018.jpg|thumb|[[Hornbill Festival]]]]
{{main|Tourism in North East India}}
Tourism experts contend that the state's uniqueness and strategic location in northeast India give Nagaland an advantage in tapping into the tourism sector for economic growth.<ref name="' A window to the northeast'"/> The state has been extremely successful in promoting the great [[Hornbill Festival]], which attracts Indian and foreign tourists alike.
The key thrusts of Nagaland's tourism are its rich culture, showcasing of history and wildlife. Tourism infrastructure is rapidly improving and experts contend this is no longer an issue as was in the past.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Ignore-the-potholes-enjoy-the-ride/article14021341.ece |title=Ignore the potholes, enjoy the ride |newspaper=The Hindu |date=22 January 2016 |access-date=17 January 2017|last1=Abraham |first1=Rohan K. }}</ref> Local initiatives and tourism pioneers are now beginning to promote a socially [[sustainable tourism|responsible tourism]] model involving the participation of the councils, village elders, the church and the youth.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.idiva.com/opinion-entertainment/rohan-abraham-chief-traveller-india-trail-is-blazing-the-north-east-trails-of-india/15111052|title=This Trail Blazer is Helping Indians Discover The North East Like Never Before |publisher=iDiva |date=11 November 2015|access-date=14 February 2017}}</ref>
 
===Natural resources===
After a gap of almost 20 years, Nagaland state Chief Minister, T. R. Zeliang launched the resumption of oil exploration in Changpang and Tsori areas, under Wokha district in July 2014. The exploration will be carried out by the Metropolitan Oil & Gas Pvt. Ltd. Zeliang has alleged failures and disputed payments made to the statement made by the previous explorer, the state-owned [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]] (ONGC).<ref>Oil exploration resumes in Nagaland, (21 July 2014) Accessed from http://www.morungexpress.com/frontpage/119064.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018180203/http://www.morungexpress.com/frontpage/119064.html |date=18 October 2014 }} on 18 October 2014</ref>
 
===Festivals===
[[File:Sumi Martyrs' Day.jpg|thumb|300px|Sumi Martyrs' Day observed for Sumi Warriors who died during Mukali Siege.]]
{{multiple image
| direction = horizontal
| align = right
| width = 146
| footer = A Naga man with his spear, from a tribe, dressed for the war-fest=Ao tribesman at his village for festival celebration Nagaland India.jpg
| image2 =
}}
Nagaland is known in India as the land of festivals.<ref>[http://nagaland.nic.in/profile/festivals/introduction.htm Nagaland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628095751/http://nagaland.nic.in/profile/festivals/introduction.htm |date=28 June 2014 }} Government of Nagaland (2009)</ref> The diversity of people and tribes, each with their own culture and heritage, creates a year-long atmosphere of celebrations. In addition, the state celebrates all the Christian festivities. Traditional tribe-related festivals revolve round agriculture, as a vast majority of the population of Nagaland is directly dependent on agriculture. Some of the significant festivals for each major tribe are:<ref name=undp/>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! style="text-align:center;"| Tribe
 
 
! style="text-align:center;"| Festival
! style="text-align:center;"| Celebrated in
|-
|Angami || Sekrenyi || February
|-
|Ao || Moatsu, Tsungremong || May, August
|-
|Chakhesang || Tsukhenyie, Sekrenyi || April/May, January
|-
|Chang||Kundanglem, Nuknyu Lem||April, July
|-
|Dimasa Kachari||Bushu Jiba, ||January, April
|-
|Khiamniungan||Miu Festival, Tsokum||May, October
|-
|Konyak||Aoleang Monyu, Lao-ong Mo||April, September
|-
|Kuki||Mimkut, Chavang kut||January, November
|-
|Lotha||Tokhü Emong||November
|-
|Phom||Monyu, Moha, Bongvum||April, May, October
|-
|Pochury||Yemshe||October
|-
|Rengma||Ngadah||November
|-
|Sangtam||Amongmong||September
|-
|Rongmei||Gaan-ngai||January
|-
|Sumi||Ahuna, Tuluni||November, July
|-
|Yimchungru||Metumniu, Tsungkamniu||August, January
|-
|Zeliang||Hega, Langsimyi/Chaga Gadi, and Mileinyi||February, October, March
|}
 
====Hornbill Festival of Nagaland====
{{main|Hornbill Festival}}
{{see also|Tourism in North East India}}
[[File:Hornbill Festival, Pix by Vikramjit Kakati.jpg|thumb|Hornbill Festival, Kohima]]
 
Hornbill Festival<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hornbillfestival.com/|title=Hornbill Festival official website|access-date=1 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101040550/http://www.hornbillfestival.com/|archive-date=1 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> was launched by the [[Government of Nagaland]] in December 2000 to encourage inter-tribal interaction and to promote cultural heritage of the state. Organized by the State Tourism Department and Art & Culture Department. Hornbill Festival showcases a mélange of cultural displays under one roof. This festival takes place between 1 and 10 December every year.
 
It is held at Naga Heritage Village, Kisama which is about 12&nbsp; km from Kohima. All the tribes of Nagaland take part in this festival. The aim of the festival is to revive and protect the rich culture of Nagaland and display its history, culture and traditions.<ref>[http://www.festivalsofindia.in/hornbill/ Hornbill Festival] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208163137/http://www.festivalsofindia.in/hornbill/ |date=8 December 2011 }} www.festivalsofindia.in</ref>
 
The festival is named after the [[great Indian hornbill|hornbill]] bird, which is displayed in folklores in most of the state's tribes. The week-long festival unites Nagaland and people enjoy the colourful performances, crafts, sports, food fairs, games, and ceremonies. Traditional arts which include paintings, wood carvings, and sculptures are on display. Festival highlights include traditional Naga Morungs exhibition and sale of arts and crafts, food stalls, herbal medicine stalls, shows and sales, cultural medley – songs and dances, fashion shows, beauty contest, traditional archery, naga wrestling, indigenous games, and musical concerts. Additional attractions include the Konyak fire eating demonstration, pork-fat eating competitions, the Hornbill Literature Festival (including the Hutton Lectures), Hornbill Global Film Fest, Hornbill Ball, Choral Panorama, North East India Drum Ensemble, Naga king chilli eating competition, Hornbill National Rock Contest,<ref>[http://www.hornbillmusic.com/ Hornbill National Rock Contest] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110207231157/http://hornbillmusic.com/ |date=7 February 2011 }} official website</ref> Hornbill International Motor Rally and WW-II Vintage Car Rally.<ref>[http://www.nagalandpost.com/ChannelNews/State/StateNews.aspx?news=TkVXUzEwMDAwOTc3NA%3D%3D-1dcVCWhUBdM%3D 2 crore 7-day Hornbill Festival to enthrall] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407124307/http://www.nagalandpost.com/ChannelNews/State/StateNews.aspx?news=TkVXUzEwMDAwOTc3NA==-1dcVCWhUBdM= |date=7 April 2012 }} nagalandpost.com Retrieved 3 December 2011</ref><ref>[http://www.nagalandpost.com/ChannelNews/Sports/SportsNews.aspx?news=TkVXUzEwMDAwOTg4Mw%3d%3d-wWhyNwKSFz0%3d Hornbill International Motor Rally starts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407124351/http://www.nagalandpost.com/ChannelNews/Sports/SportsNews.aspx?news=TkVXUzEwMDAwOTg4Mw==-wWhyNwKSFz0= |date=7 April 2012 }} nagalandpost.com Retrieved 3 December 2011</ref>
 
==Transportation==
Nagaland's rugged and mountainous landscape presents a major challenge to the infrastructural development of transport. Roads are the backbone of Nagaland's transportation network. The state has over 15,000&nbsp;km of surfaced roads, but these are not satisfactorily maintained given the weather damage. Yet, in terms of population served for each kilometre of surfaced road, Nagaland is the second best state in the region after Arunachal Pradesh.<ref name=pn/>
 
===Roadways===
====International highways passing through Nagaland====
[[File:Parakhowa forest.jpg|thumb|The National Highway passing through the Parakhowa forest]]
* [[File:Tabliczka AH1.svg|30px]] [[Asian Highway 1]]
* [[File:Tabliczka AH2.svg|30px]] [[Asian Highway 2]]
 
====[[National highways of India|National highways]] in Nagaland====
* {{jct|country=IND|NH|2}} : [[Dibrugarh]]–[[Tuli, India|Tuli]]–[[Changtongya]]–[[Mokokchung]]–[[Wokha]]–[[Tseminyü]]–Kohima–[[Viswema]]–[[Imphal]]
* {{jct|country=IND|NH|29}} : [[Dabaka]]–Dimapur–Kohima–[[Kigwema]]–Chizami–[[Jessami]]
* {{jct|country=IND|NH|129}} : Dimapur–[[Numaligarh]]
* {{jct|country=IND|NH|129A}} : Dimapur–Rüzaphema–Pimla–[[Jalukie]]–[[Peren (town)|Peren]]–Maram
* {{jct|country=IND|NH|202}} : Mokokchung–[[Tuensang]]–Meluri–Jessami–Imphal
* {{jct|country=IND|NH|702}} : Changtongya–[[Longleng]]–[[Mon, Nagaland|Mon]]–[[Tizit]]–Sapekhati
* {{jct|country=IND|NH|702B}} : Longleng–Tuensang
 
====State highways in Nagaland====
There are {{convert|680.1|mi|km|order=flip}} of state highways in the state.
* Dimapur–Mokokchung–[[Chozuba]]–[[Zunheboto]]
* Kohima–Meluri via Chakhabama
* Mokokchung–[[Mariani, Jorhat|Mariani]]
* Mokokchung–Tuensang
* Namtola–Mon
* Tuensang–Mon–[[Naginimora]]
* Tuensang–[[Kiphire]]–Meluri
* Wokha–[[Merapani]] Road
 
===Airways===
[[File:Dimapur airport.jpg|thumb|Dimapur airport departures]]
[[Dimapur Airport]], is the sole airport in Nagaland with scheduled commercial services to [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]],
[[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport|Guwahati]], [[Imphal Airport|Imphal]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://centreforaviation.com/news/alliance-air-confirms-plans-to-commence-guwahati-dimapur-imphal-service-in-dec-2019-959869|title=Alliance Air confirms plans to commence Guwahati-Dimapur-Imphal service in Dec-2019|work=CAPA|access-date=4 December 2019}}</ref> and [[Dibrugarh Airport|Dibrugarh]]. It is located {{convert|7|km|mi}} from Dimapur, and {{convert|70|km|mi}} from Kohima. The airport's asphalt runway is 7513 feet long, at an elevation of 487 feet.<ref>[http://worldaerodata.com/wad.cgi?id=IN12091&sch=VEMR Dimapur airport] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018230601/http://worldaerodata.com/wad.cgi?id=IN12091&sch=VEMR |date=18 October 2015 }} World Aero Data (2012)</ref> Alongside Dimapur Airport another airport is planned.
 
===Railway===
[[File:Dimapur railway station.jpg|thumb|left|[[Dimapur railway station]]]]
Nagaland was first connected to the railway line in 1903 when the 1,000&nbsp;mm (3&nbsp;ft 3 3⁄8 in) wide metre-gauge railway track earlier laid by [[Assam Bengal Railway]] from Chittagong to Lumding was extended to Tinsukia on the Dibru–Sadiya line.
 
The railway network in the state is minimal with the [[Dimapur railway station]] on the [[Lumding–Dibrugarh section|Lumding–Dibrugarh rail section]] as the only railway station in Nagaland. Broad-gauge lines run {{convert|7.98|mi|km|order=flip}}, National Highway roads {{convert|227.0|mi|km|order=flip}}, and state roads {{convert|680.1|mi|km|order=flip}}.
 
As part of the [[Indian Railways]]' ambitious plan to connect all the capitals of the north-eastern states by [[Broad-gauge railway|broad-gauge]] rail link, railway minister [[Suresh Prabhu]] laid the foundation stone of the 88-km rail line to bring [[Kohima]] ([[Dhansiri–Zubza line]]), the capital of Nagaland, on the railway map of India. The project will be executed in three phases.
* The first phase involves the construction of Dhansiri to Shokhuvi (16&nbsp;km) line.
* The second phase involves Shokhuvi to Khaibong (30&nbsp;km).
* The third phase involves Khaibong to [[Zubza]] (45&nbsp;km).
 
The entire phase of the project is targeted for completion by 2026.
 
==Education==
{{See also|List of institutions of higher education in Nagaland}}
Nagaland's schools are run by the state and central government or by a private organisation. Instruction is mainly in [[English language|English]] — the official language of Nagaland. Under the 10+2+3 plan, after passing the Higher Secondary Examination (the grade 12 examination), students may enroll in general or professional degree programs.
 
Nagaland has three autonomous colleges:
* [[St. Joseph's College, Jakhama|St. Joseph's College]], [[Jakhama]]
* [[Kohima Science College]], [[Jotsoma]]
* [[Patkai Christian College]], [[Chümoukedima]]
 
Along with one central university–([[Nagaland University]]), one engineering college—([[National Institute of Technology Nagaland]]), one College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry in Jalukie<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://morungexpress.com/jalukie-veterinary-college-to-start-functioning-from-the-current-academic-session-2016-17/|title=Jalukie Veterinary College to start functioning from the current academic session 2016-17 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161212003143/http://morungexpress.com/jalukie-veterinary-college-to-start-functioning-from-the-current-academic-session-2016-17/|archive-date=12 December 2016|access-date=23 August 2017|work=morungexpress.com|date=13 April 2016}}</ref> and three private Universities—[[St. Joseph University, Nagaland]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://morungexpress.com/st-joseph-university-focus-higher-technical-edu/ |title=St. Joseph University |work=morungexpress.com |access-date=23 August 2017}}</ref> [[Northeast Christian University]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://necu.ac.in/ | title=NECU Official Website}}</ref> and Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India University ([[ICFAI University, Nagaland]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=ICFAI University Nagaland {{!}} Full-time Campus Programs in Dimapur Nagaland |url=https://www.iunagaland.edu.in/ |website=www.iunagaland.edu.in |access-date=15 February 2021}}</ref>
 
==Culture==
[[File:Embroidered textile from Nagaland, Honolulu Museum of Art 13688.1.JPG|thumb|left|Embroidered textile of Nagaland]]
[[File:A couple in traditional attire.jpg|thumb|A couple posing for a photograph during the festival in their traditional attire]]
{{See also|Music of Nagaland|List of Naga tribes}}
The 17 main tribes of Nagaland are [[Angami Naga|Angami]], [[Ao (people)|Ao]], [[Chakhesang]], [[Chang Naga|Chang]], Dimasa Kachari, [[Khiamniungan people|Khiamniungan]], [[Konyak people|Konyak]], [[Kuki people|Kuki]], [[Lotha Naga|Lotha]], [[Phom Naga|Phom]], Pochury, [[Rengma]], [[Sangtam Naga|Sangtam]], [[Sümi Naga|Sümi]], [[Yimkhiung Naga|Yimkhiung]], [[Tikhir Naga]] and [[Zeliangrong|Zeliang]]. The Angamis, Aos, Konyaks, Lothas, and Sümis are the largest Naga ethnic groups; there are several smaller tribes as well.
 
Tribe and clan traditions and loyalties play an important part in the life of Nagas. Weaving is a traditional art handed down through generations in Nagaland. Each of the tribe has unique designs and colours, producing [[Naga shawl|shawls]], shoulder bags, decorative spears, table mats, wood carvings, and bamboo works. Among many tribes, the design of the shawl denotes the social status of the wearer. Some of the more known shawls include ''Tsungkotepsu'' and ''Rongsu'' of the Ao tribe; ''Sutam, Ethasu, Longpensu'' of the Lothas; ''Supong'' of the Sangtams, ''Rongkhim'' and ''Tsungrem Khim'' of the Yimkhiungs; the Angami ''Lohe'' shawls with thick embroidered animal motifs etc.
 
Folk songs and dances are essential ingredients of the traditional Naga culture. The oral tradition is kept alive through folk tales and songs. Naga folk songs are both romantic and historical, with songs narrating entire stories of famous ancestors and incidents. There are also seasonal songs which describe activities done in an agricultural season. Tribal dances of the Nagas give an insight into the inborn Naga reticence of the people. War dances and other dances belonging to distinctive Naga tribes are a major art form in Nagaland.
 
=== Traditional sports ===
{{seealso|List of traditional Naga games and sports}}
'''Kene'''
{{further|Kene (Naga wrestling)}}
''Kene'' or ''Naga wrestling'' is a [[folk wrestling]] style and traditional [[sport]] of the [[Naga people|Nagas]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2017/09/16/nagaland-governor-calls-to-preserve-naga-indigenous-games/|title=Nagaland Governor calls to preserve Naga indigenous games|date=16 September 2017|website=[[The Shillong Times]]|access-date=3 March 2022}}</ref> The objective of the sport is to bring any part of the opponent's body above the knee to the ground.
 
'''Aki Kiti'''
{{further|Aki Kiti}}
''Aki Kiti'' or ''Sümi kick fighting'' is a traditional [[combat sport]] originating from and was practiced by the [[Sümi Naga]]s. It is characterized by [[kicking]] and [[Blocking (martial arts)|blocking]] solely using the [[Sole (foot)|soles]] of the feet. The sporting event served the purpose of righting wrongs, restoring honour, or "settling scores" between tribes and tribesmen without resorting to violence. It was practiced during tribal ceremonies.<ref name="ChrisCrudelli">{{cite book|last=Crudelli|first=Chris|author-link=Chris Crudelli|title=The Way of the Warrior|date=October 2008|publisher=[[DK (publisher)|Dorling Kindersley Limited]]|isbn=978-1-4053-3750-2 |page=23|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Way_of_the_Warrior/QlI0fxSm1vgC?hl=en}}</ref>
 
===Cuisine===
[[File:Bhoot Jolokia ( Ghost Chili pepper ).jpg|thumb|[[Bhut jolokia]]]]
Nagaland is home to the [[bhut jolokia]] or ghost pepper, one of the hottest chilis in the world at 855,000 SHU on the [[Scoville scale]]. All the tribes of Nagaland have their own cuisine, and they use a lot of meat, fish, and fermented products in their dishes. However, the state dish is smoked pork cooked with fermented [[soya bean]]. Naga dishes use a lot of locally grown herbs, ghost peppers, ginger, and garlic. Famous dishes include snails cooked with pork and silkworm larvae, which is an expensive delicacy of the state. ''[[Galho]]'' is a vegetarian porridge cooked with rice, leaves, and condiments. Drinks include ''[[Zutho]]'' and ''Thutse'', beers made with sticky rice.
 
===Historical rituals===
====Feasts of Merit====
In Naga society, individuals were expected to find their place in the social hierarchy, and prestige was the key to maintaining or increasing social status. To achieve these goals a man, whatever his ascendancy, had to be a headhunter or great warrior, have many sexual conquests among women, or complete a series of merit feasts.<ref>Drouyer, A. Isabel, René Drouyer, THE NAGAS: MEMORIES OF HEADHUNTERS- Indo-Burmese Borderlands- Volume 1", White Lotus, 2016, p.168.</ref>
 
The Feasts of Merit reflected the splendor and celebration of Naga life.<ref name=cc1/> Only married men could give such Feasts, and his wife took a prominent and honoured place during the ritual which emphasised male-female co-operation and interdependence. His wife brewed the beer which he offered to the guests. The event displayed ceremonies and festivities organised by the sponsor. The Feast given by a wealthier tribes person would be more extravagant.<ref>C. R. Stonor (1950), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40450827 The Feasts of Merit among the Northern Sangtam Tribe of Assam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917143448/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40450827 |date=17 September 2018 }}, Anthropos, Bd. 45, H. 1./3. (Jan.–Jun. 1950), pp. 1-12; ''Note'': Nagaland was part of Assam in before 1963; this paper was published in 1950.</ref> He would typically invite everyone from the tribe. This event bestowed honour to the couple from the tribe. After the Feast, the tribe would give the couple rights to ornaments equally.<ref name=cc1/><ref>Mills, J. P. (1935), The Effect of Ritual Upon Industries and Arts in the Naga Hills, Man, 132-135</ref>
 
==See also==
{{Portal|Geography|Asia|India}}
* [[Nagaland (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
* [[Naga Self-Administered Zone]] in Myanmar
* [[Outline of Nagaland]]
* [[Index of Nagaland-related articles]]
* [[List of Naga languages]]
* [[List of Naga people]]
 
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
 
==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|40em}}
* Drouyer, A. Isabel, René Drouyer, "THE NAGAS: MEMORIES OF HEADHUNTERS- Indo-Burmese Borderlands-vol. 1", White lotus, 2016, {{ISBN|978-2-9545112-2-1}}.
* Glancey, Jonathan. 2011. ''Nagaland: a Journey to India's Forgotten Frontier''. London: [[Faber and Faber|Faber]]
* Hattaway, Paul. 2006. 'From Head Hunters To Church Planters'. Authentic Publishing
* Hutton, J. 1986. 'Report on Naga Hills' Delhi: Mittal Publication.
* Kunz, Richard & Vibha Joshi. 2008. ''Naga&nbsp;– A Forgotten Mountain Region Rediscovered''. Basel: Merian.
* Oppitz, Michael, Thomas Kaiser, Alban von Stockhausen & Marion Wettstein. 2008. ''Naga Identities: Changing Local Cultures in the Northeast of India''. Gent: Snoeck Publishers.
* Stirn, Aglaja & Peter van Ham. ''The Hidden world of the Naga: Living Traditions in Northeast India''. London: Prestel.
* von Stockhausen, Alban. 2014. ''Imag(in)ing the Nagas: The Pictorial Ethnography of Hans-Eberhard Kauffmann and Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf''. Arnoldsche, Stuttgart, {{ISBN|978-3-89790-412-5}}.
{{Refend}}
 
==External links==
{{Wikivoyage}}
{{Commons category}}
'''Government'''
* {{official website}}
* [http://tourismnagaland.com/ Official Tourism Site of Nagaland]
* [https://dopn.co.in Department of Power Nagaland]
 
'''General information'''
* [https://www.britannica.com/place/Nagaland Nagaland] ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' entry
* [http://ezeedigi.com/knowledgebase/nagaland-quiz/ Nagaland Quiz] ''Nagaland Quiz'' entry
* {{curlie|Regional/Asia/India/Nagaland|Nagaland}}
* {{osmrelation-inline|2027973}}
 
{{Geographic Location
| Centre    = Nagaland
| North    = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| Northeast =
| East      = {{flag|Sagaing Region}}, {{flag|Myanmar}}
| Southeast =
| South    = [[Manipur]]
| Southwest =
| West      = [[Assam]]
| Northwest =
}}
{{Districts of Nagaland}}
{{North East India|state=collapsed}}
{{States and territories of India}}
{{UNPO}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Nagaland| ]]
[[Category:Nagaland| ]]
[[Category:1963 establishments in India]]
[[Category:English-speaking countries and territories]]
[[Category:Northeast India]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1963]]
[[Category:States and union territories of India]]
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