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{{About|the former state|union territory|Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|the former princely state|Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)}}
{{Short description|1954–2019 state administered by India}}
{{About|the former state|the current union territory|Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|the former princely state|Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)}}
{{pp-move-indef|small=yes}}
{{pp-semi|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
{{Infobox former subdivision
| common_name = Jammu and Kashmir
| common_name = Jammu and Kashmir
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| nation = India
| nation = India
| status_text = [[States and union territories of India#Former states|Former state]]
| status_text = [[States and union territories of India#Former states|Former state]]
| capital = [[Srinagar]] (May–October)<br/> [[Jammu]] (November–April)<ref name="Darbar Move">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/what-is-the-darbar-move-in-j-k-all-about/article18409452.ece |title=What is the Darbar Move in J&K all about? |last=Desk |first=The Hindu Net |date=8 May 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=23 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110135648/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/what-is-the-darbar-move-in-j-k-all-about/article18409452.ece |archive-date=10 November 2017 |url-status=live  }}</ref>
| capital = [[Srinagar]] (May–October)<br/> [[Jammu]] (November–April)<ref name="Darbar Move">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/what-is-the-darbar-move-in-j-k-all-about/article18409452.ece |title=What is the Darbar Move in J&K all about? |author=The Hindu Net Desk |date=8 May 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=23 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110135648/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/what-is-the-darbar-move-in-j-k-all-about/article18409452.ece |archive-date=10 November 2017 |url-status=live  }}</ref>
| year_start = 1954
| year_start = 1954
| date_start = 14 May
| date_start = 14 May
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|event_end = [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019|Reorganized]] into [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Ladakh]]
|event_end = [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019|Reorganized]] into [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Ladakh]]
| p1 = Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)
| p1 = Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)
| flag_p1 = Flag of Jammu and Kashmir (1936-1953).gif
| flag_p1 = Jammu-Kashmir-flag-1936-1953.gif
| s1 = Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)
| s1 = Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)
| s2 = Ladakh (union Territory)
| s2 = Ladakh
| flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
| flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
| flag_s2 = Flag of India.svg
| flag_s2 = Flag of India.svg
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| image_map = Kashmir_region_2004.jpg
| image_map = Kashmir_region_2004.jpg
| image_map_caption = Map of Jammu and Kashmir
| image_map_caption = Map of Jammu and Kashmir
| coordinates = {{coord|33.45|76.24|region:IN-JK_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates = {{coord|34.0|76.5|region:IN-JK_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}}
| legislature = [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislature]]
| legislature = [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislature]]
| house1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Council]] (36 seats)
| house1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Council]] (36 seats)
Line 37: Line 42:
| year_deputy1 = 1947–1948 as ''Prime Minister''
| year_deputy1 = 1947–1948 as ''Prime Minister''
| deputy2 = [[Mehbooba Mufti]] (''last'')
| deputy2 = [[Mehbooba Mufti]] (''last'')
| year_deputy2 = 2016–2018<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/bjp-pdp-alliance-ends-in-jammu-and-kashmir-live-updates-modi-govt-did-everything-to-normalise-situation-says-ram-madhav-4542011.html|title=BJP-PDP alliance ends in Jammu and Kashmir LIVE updates: Mehbooba Mufti resigns as chief minister; Governor's Rule in state|work=[[Firstpost]]|accessdate=19 June 2018|date=19 June 2018}}</ref>
| year_deputy2 = 2016–2018<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/bjp-pdp-alliance-ends-in-jammu-and-kashmir-live-updates-modi-govt-did-everything-to-normalise-situation-says-ram-madhav-4542011.html|title=BJP-PDP alliance ends in Jammu and Kashmir LIVE updates: Mehbooba Mufti resigns as chief minister; Governor's Rule in state|work=[[Firstpost]]|access-date=19 June 2018|date=19 June 2018}}</ref>
| footnotes =
| footnotes =
|native_name=|demonym=|today=}}
|native_name=|demonym=|today=}}
'''Jammu and Kashmir''' was the northmost state of India. The state covered {{convert|138200|sqmi|km2|1|lk=on}} and is mostly in the [[Himalaya]]n mountains. Jammu and Kashmir used to be a British protectorate in 1860. Jammu and Kashmir borderd the states of [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[East Punjab|Punjab]] to the south-east and south respectively. The other parts of state are administered by [[Pakistan]] as [[Azad Jammu and Kashmir]] and Gilgit-[[Baltistan]].


Jammu and Kashmir has been a subject of dispute between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] since 1947, and [[China]] since 1962.
<!-- COMMENT: PLEASE DO ''not'' ADD NASTALIQ, DEVANAGARI OR OTHER SCRIPTS TO THE LEAD SECTION. FOR RATIONALE, SEE WP:INDICSCRIPTS // -->
'''Jammu and Kashmir'''{{efn|Pronounced variably as {{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|æ|m|uː}} and {{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|ʌ|m|uː}}; {{IPAc-en|k|æ|ʃ|ˈ|m|ɪər}} and {{IPAc-en|ˌ|k|æ|ʃ|m|ɪər}}.<ref>{{Citation |last=Jones |first=Daniel |author-link= Daniel Jones (phonetician) |title= English Pronouncing Dictionary |editor=Peter Roach |editor2=James Hartmann |editor3=Jane Setter |place=Cambridge |publisher= Cambridge University Press |orig-year=1917 |year=2003 |isbn=978-3-12-539683-8 }}</ref>}} was a region formerly administered by [[India]] as a state from 1954 to 2019, constituting the southern and southeastern portion of the larger [[Kashmir]] region, which has been the subject of a dispute between India, [[Pakistan]] and [[China]] since the mid-20th century.<ref name=britannica-jammu-kashmir>{{citation|last1=Akhtar|first1=Rais|last2=Kirk|first2=William|title=Jammu and Kashmir, State, India|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Jammu-and-Kashmir |accessdate=7 August 2019}} (subscription required) Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir, state of India, located in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent in the vicinity of the Karakoram and westernmost Himalayan mountain ranges. The state is part of the larger region of Kashmir, which has been the subject of dispute between India, Pakistan, and China since the partition of the subcontinent in 1947."</ref><ref name="Jan·Osma鈔czykOsmańczyk2003">{{citation|last1=Jan·Osma鈔czyk|first1=Edmund|last2=Osmańczyk|first2=Edmund Jan|title=Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSIMXHMdfkkC&pg=PA1191|year=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-93922-5|pages=1191–}} Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan.  It has borders with Pakistan and China."</ref> The underlying region of this state were parts of the former [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|princely state of Jammu and Kashmir]], whose western districts, now known as [[Azad Kashmir]], and northern territories, now known as [[Gilgit-Baltistan]], are administered by Pakistan. The [[Aksai Chin]] region in the east, bordering [[Tibet]], has been under Chinese control since 1962.
 
After the Government of India repealed the special status accorded to Jammu and Kashmir under [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India|Article 370]] of the Indian constitution in 2019, the Parliament of India passed the [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act]], which contained provisions that dissolved the state and reorganised it into two [[Union territory|union territories]] – [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in the west and [[Ladakh]] in the east, with effect from 31 October 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/article-370-to-be-scrapped-jk-will-ceases-to-be-a-state-2-union-territories-created/articleshow/70531899.cms|title=Jammu Kashmir Article 370: Govt revokes Article 370 from Jammu and Kashmir, bifurcates state into two Union Territories|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=5 August 2019|agency=PTI|date=5 August 2019|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805100108/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/article-370-to-be-scrapped-jk-will-ceases-to-be-a-state-2-union-territories-created/articleshow/70531899.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> At the time of its dissolution, Jammu and Kashmir was the only state in India with a Muslim-majority population.
 
==History==
{{For|the pre-1954 history|Kashmir#History}}
 
=== Establishment ===
After the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948]], the princely state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] was divided between India (which controlled the regions of [[Jammu]], [[Kashmir Valley]], and [[Ladakh]]) and Pakistan (which controlled [[Gilgit–Baltistan]] and [[Azad Kashmir]]). The Indian-administered territories elected a [[Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir|constituent assembly]] in 1951, which ratified the accession of the state to India in 1954.<ref name="britannica-kashmir"/><ref name = "Schofield">{{Harvnb|Schofield|2003|p=94}}</ref>
 
In 1956–57, China constructed a road through the disputed [[Aksai Chin]] area of Ladakh. India's belated discovery of this road culminated in the [[Sino-Indian War]] of 1962; China has since administered Aksai Chin.<ref name="britannica-kashmir">{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent|title=Kashmir – region, Indian subcontinent|access-date=16 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005093248/https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent|archive-date=5 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Following the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], India and Pakistan signed the [[Simla Agreement]], recognising a [[Line of Control]] in Kashmir, and committing to a peaceful resolution of the dispute through [[India-Pakistan relations|bilateral negotiations]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kashmir Fast Facts |url=https://edition-m.cnn.com/2013/11/08/world/kashmir-fast-facts/index.html?r=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.co.in%2F |website=CNN |access-date=12 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
 
=== Kashmir insurgency ===
In the late 1980s, discontent over the high-handed policies of the union government and allegations of the rigging of the [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]]<ref name="Schofield_1">{{Harvnb|Schofield|2003|p=137}}</ref> triggered a violent uprising and [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|armed insurgency]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_chapters/1987-1998_detailed.shtml |title=1989 Insurgency |publisher=Kashmirlibrary.org |access-date=6 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150126044335/http://www.kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_chapters/1987-1998_detailed.shtml |archive-date=26 January 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1720/17200800.htm|title=Contours of militancy|access-date=16 November 2016}}</ref> which was backed by Pakistan.<ref name = "Schofield_3">{{Harvnb|Schofield|2003|p=210}}</ref> Pakistan claimed to be giving its "moral and diplomatic" support to the separatist movement.<ref name="bbc2015" /> The [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] of [[Pakistan]] has been accused by [[India]] and the international community of supporting, supplying arms and training [[mujahideen]],<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ali|first1=Mahmud|title=Pakistan's shadowy secret service|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6033383.stm|access-date=22 February 2017|work=[[BBC News]]|date=9 October 2006|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221224921/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6033383.stm|archive-date=21 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="Telegraph.co.uk">{{cite news|last1=Rashid|first1=Ahmed|title=Nato's top brass accuse Pakistan over Taliban aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1530756/Natos-top-brass-accuse-Pakistan-over-Taliban-aid.html|access-date=22 February 2017|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=6 October 2006|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222113552/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1530756/Natos-top-brass-accuse-Pakistan-over-Taliban-aid.html|archive-date=22 February 2017}}</ref> to fight in Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name="Talib">{{cite news|last1=Gall|first1=Carlotta|title=At Border, Signs of Pakistani Role in Taliban Surge|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/21/world/asia/21quetta.html|access-date=21 February 2017|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=21 January 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231131515/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/21/world/asia/21quetta.html|archive-date=31 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="Telegraph.co.uk"/><ref>{{cite news|last1=Jehl|first1=Douglas|last2=Dugger|first2=Celia W.|last3=Barringer|first3=Felicity|title=Death of Reporter Puts Focus On Pakistan Intelligence Unit|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/25/world/nation-challenged-suspects-death-reporter-puts-focus-pakistan-intelligence-unit.html|access-date=21 February 2017|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=25 February 2002|archive-date=2 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502010653/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/25/world/nation-challenged-suspects-death-reporter-puts-focus-pakistan-intelligence-unit.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2015, former [[President of Pakistan]] [[Pervez Musharraf]] admitted that Pakistan had supported and trained insurgent groups in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan supported, trained terror groups: Pervez Musharraf|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/international/pakistan-supported-trained-terror-groups-pervez-musharraf-115102800015_1.html|access-date=21 February 2017|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|date=28 October 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605051514/http://www.business-standard.com/article/international/pakistan-supported-trained-terror-groups-pervez-musharraf-115102800015_1.html|archive-date=5 June 2017}}</ref> India has repeatedly called Pakistan to end its "cross-border terrorism" in Kashmir.<ref name="bbc2015" />
 
Since 1989, a prolonged, bloody conflict between the Islamic militant separatists and the [[Indian Army]] took place, both of whom have been accused of widespread [[Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir|human rights abuses]], including abductions, massacres, rapes and armed robbery.{{refn|group=note|Sources that detail human right abuses in Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name = "HRW_military">{{cite web|url=http://hrw.org/reports/2006/india0906/2.htm#_Toc144362271|title=India: "Everyone Lives in Fear": Patterns of Impunity in Jammu and Kashmir: I. Summary|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]|access-date=2 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080522132246/http://hrw.org/reports/2006/india0906/2.htm#_Toc144362271|archive-date=22 May 2008|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatogether.org/peace/kashmir/articles/indhr.htm|title=India and Human Rights in Kashmir&nbsp;– The Myth&nbsp;– India Together|access-date=2 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060509060306/http://indiatogether.org/peace/kashmir/articles/indhr.htm|archive-date=9 May 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name = "Schofield_4">{{Harvnb|Schofield|2003|pp=148, 158}}</ref><ref name = "HRW_militants">{{cite web|url=http://hrw.org/reports/2006/india0906/7.htm#_Toc144362296|title=India: "Everyone Lives in Fear": Patterns of Impunity in Jammu and Kashmir: VI. Militant Abuses|access-date=2 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527144336/http://hrw.org/reports/2006/india0906/7.htm#_Toc144362296|archive-date=27 May 2008|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/south_asia/1940088.stm|title=Kashmir troops held after rape|access-date=2 June 2008|work=BBC News|date=19 April 2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218120041/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/south_asia/1940088.stm|archive-date=18 December 2008|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name = "Shujaat Bukhari">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/03/24/stories/2010032461230900.htm|title=219 Kashmiri Pandits killed by militants since 1989|quote=The Jammu and Kashmir government on Tuesday said 219 Kashmiri Pandits were killed by militants since 1989 while 24,202 families were among the total 38,119 families which migrated out of the Valley due to turmoil|access-date=31 December 2007|location=Chennai, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325203907/http://www.hindu.com/2010/03/24/stories/2010032461230900.htm|archive-date=25 March 2010|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=24 March 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name = "P.L. AIMA">{{cite web|url=http://greaterkashmir.com/news/2010/Nov/12/not-myth-but-the-truth-of-migration-23.asp|title=Not myth, but the truth of migration|quote=The Pandits have preserved the threat letters sent to them. They have the audio and video evidence to show what happened. They have preserved the local newspapers through which they were warned to leave the Valley within 48 hours. This evidence also include still photographs of Pandits killed by militants and the desecrated temples.|access-date=31 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124175152/http://greaterkashmir.com/news/2010/Nov/12/not-myth-but-the-truth-of-migration-23.asp|archive-date=24 November 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name = "Tahir Nadeem Khan">{{cite web|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/pregnant-woman-in-doda-accuses-lashkar-militants-of-gang-raping-her-repeatedly_100151075.html|title=Pregnant woman in Doda accuses Lashkar militants of gang raping her repeatedly|quote=A 31-year-old pregnant Gujjar woman has told police at the Baderwah Police Station in Jammu and Kashmir's Doda District that she was repeatedly gang raped by Lashkar-e-Toiba militants for two months.|publisher=The Indian News|access-date=31 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322101302/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/pregnant-woman-in-doda-accuses-lashkar-militants-of-gang-raping-her-repeatedly_100151075.html|archive-date=22 March 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name = "Kanchan Gupta">{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/jan/19kanch.htm|title=19/01/90: When Kashmiri Pandits fled Islamic terror|quote=Notices are pasted on doors of Pandit houses, peremptorily asking the occupants to leave Kashmir within 24 hours or face death and worse... In the preceding months, 300 Hindu men and women, nearly all of them Kashmiri Pandits, had been slaughtered following the brutal murder of Pandit Tika Lal Taploo, noted lawyer and BJP national executive member, by the JKLF in Srinagar on September 14, 1989. Soon after that, Justice N K Ganju of the Srinagar high court was shot dead. Pandit Sarwanand Premi, 80-year-old poet, and his son were kidnapped, tortured, their eyes gouged out, and hanged to death. A Kashmiri Pandit nurse working at the Soura Medical College Hospital in Srinagar was gang-raped and then beaten to death. Another woman was abducted, raped and sliced into bits and pieces at a sawmill.|publisher=[[Rediff]]|access-date=31 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126101005/http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/jan/19kanch.htm|archive-date=26 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>}} Several new militant groups with radical Islamic views emerged and changed the ideological emphasis of the movement to Islamic. This was facilitated by a large influx of Islamic "Jihadi" fighters (mujahadeen) who had entered the Kashmir valley following the end of the [[Soviet–Afghan War]] in the 1980s.<ref name="bbc2015">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/south_asia/2002/india_pakistan/timeline/1989.stm|title=India Pakistan – Timeline|publisher=BBC News|access-date=10 April 2015|work=BBC News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222035446/http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/south_asia/2002/india_pakistan/timeline/1989.stm|archive-date=22 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
[[File:Police in Kashmir confronting violent protestors December 2018.jpg|thumb|right|Police and protesters confronting each other in Kashmir, 2018]]
Following the [[2008 Kashmir unrest]], secessionist movements in the region were boosted.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/In_Kashmir_theres_azadi_in_the_air/articleshow/3372070.cms|work=Online edition of The Times of India, dated 17 August 2008|title=In Kashmir, there's azadi in air|author=Avijit Ghosh|access-date=28 January 2009|date=17 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103113005/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/In_Kashmir_theres_azadi_in_the_air/articleshow/3372070.cms|archive-date=3 January 2009|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1838586,00.html | magazine=Time | title=Valley of Tears | date=4 September 2008 | access-date=5 May 2010 | first=Jyoti | last=Thottam | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505142414/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C1838586%2C00.html | archive-date=5 May 2010 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref> The [[2016–17 Kashmir unrest]] resulted in the death of over 90 civilians and the injury of over 15,000.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/kashmir-unrest-what-was-the-real-death-toll-in-the-state-in-2016-3183290.html|title=Kashmir unrest: What was the real death toll in the state in 2016?|date=2 January 2017|work=[[Firstpost]]|last1=Yasir|first1=Sameer|access-date=27 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202050228/http://www.firstpost.com/india/kashmir-unrest-what-was-the-real-death-toll-in-the-state-in-2016-3183290.html|archive-date=2 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/front-page/after-15000-injuries-govt-to-train-forces-in-pellet-guns/239453.html|title=After 15000 injuries, Govt to train forces in pellet guns|date=23 January 2017|publisher=[[Greater Kashmir]]|last1=Akmali|first1=Mukeet|access-date=27 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126190856/http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/front-page/after-15000-injuries-govt-to-train-forces-in-pellet-guns/239453.html|archive-date=26 January 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Six policemen, including a sub-inspector were killed in an ambush in Anantnag in June 2017, by trespassing militants of the Pakistan-based [[Lashkar-e-Toiba]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/five-policemen-killed-in-militant-ambush-in-anantnag-jammu-and-kashmir-live-updates-4707495/|work=Online edition of The Indian Express, dated June 16, 2017|title=Six policemen, including sub-inspector, killed in militant ambush in Anantnag, Jammu and Kashmir|author=Express Web Desk|access-date=20 June 2017|date=16 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619142401/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/five-policemen-killed-in-militant-ambush-in-anantnag-jammu-and-kashmir-live-updates-4707495/|archive-date=19 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> An [[2019 Pulwama attack|attack]] on an Indian police convoy in Pulwama, in February 2019, resulted in the deaths of 40 police officers. Responsibility for the attack was claimed by a Pakistan-backed militant group [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]].<ref name="IT everything">[https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pulwama-attack-2019-everything-about-jammu-and-kashmir-terror-attack-on-crpf-by-terrorist-adil-ahmed-dar-jaish-e-mohammad-1457530-2019-02-16 Pulwama Attack 2019, everything about J&K terror attack on CRPF by terrorist Adil Ahmed Dar, Jaish-eMohammad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218104624/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pulwama-attack-2019-everything-about-jammu-and-kashmir-terror-attack-on-crpf-by-terrorist-adil-ahmed-dar-jaish-e-mohammad-1457530-2019-02-16 |date=18 February 2019 }}, India Today, 16 February 2019.</ref>
 
=== Dissolution ===
In August 2019, both houses of the [[Parliament of India]] passed resolutions to [[Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir|amend Article 370]] and extend the [[Constitution of India]] in its entirety to the state, which was implemented as a constitutional order by the [[President of India]].<ref name=Venkataramanan>{{citation |author=K. Venkataramanan |title=How the status of Jammu and Kashmir is being changed |newspaper=The Hindu |date=5 August 2019 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/explained-how-the-status-of-jammu-and-kashmir-is-being-changed/article28822866.ece?homepage=true |access-date=8 August 2019 |archive-date=29 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129154838/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/explained-how-the-status-of-jammu-and-kashmir-is-being-changed/article28822866.ece?homepage=true |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="co272">{{cite web |title=Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part II, Section 3 |url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/210049.pdf |website=The Gazette of India |publisher=Government of India |access-date=6 August 2019 |date=5 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805094806/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/210049.pdf |archive-date=5 August 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> At the same time, the parliament also passed the [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019]], which contained provisions that dissolved the state of Jammu and Kashmir and established two new [[union territories]]: the eponymous union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], and that of [[Ladakh]].<ref name="Indian Express">[https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jammu-kashmir-bifurcation-ladakh-union-territory-key-takeaways-from-reorganisation-bill-article-370-amit-shah-5880177/ Jammu & Kashmir Reorganisation Bill passed by Rajya Sabha: Key takeaways] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805144345/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jammu-kashmir-bifurcation-ladakh-union-territory-key-takeaways-from-reorganisation-bill-article-370-amit-shah-5880177/ |date=5 August 2019 }}, The Indian Express, 5 August 2019.</ref>
 
The reorganisation act was assented to by the [[President of India]], and came into effect on 31 October 2019.<ref name="Gazette2">{{citation|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/210412.pdf|title=In exercise of the powers conferred by clause a of section 2 of the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act.|date=9 August 2019|access-date=9 August 2019|author=Ministry of Home Affairs|work=[[The Gazette of India]]|archive-date=9 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809153916/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/210412.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Prior to these measures, the union government locked down the [[Kashmir Valley]], increased security forces, imposed [[Section 144]] that prevented assembly, and placed political leaders such as former Jammu and Kashmir chief ministers [[Omar Abdullah]] and [[Mehbooba Mufti]] under house arrest.<ref>[https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/article-370-jammu-and-kashmir-live-updates-resolution-to-revoke-article-370-in-lok-sabha-today-2080833 Article 370 Jammu And Kashmir LIVE Updates: "Abuse Of Executive Power," Rahul Gandhi Tweets On Article 370 Removal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806211931/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/article-370-jammu-and-kashmir-live-updates-resolution-to-revoke-article-370-in-lok-sabha-today-2080833 |date=6 August 2019 }}, NDTV, 6 August 2019.</ref> Internet and phone services were also blocked.<ref name="Ratcliffe">{{cite news |last1=Ratcliffe |first1=Rebecca |title=Kashmir: Pakistan will 'go to any extent' to protect Kashmiris |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/06/india-kashmir-pakistan-will-go-to-any-extent-to-protect-kashmiris-special-status |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=6 August 2019 |date=6 August 2019 |archive-date=13 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813083232/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/06/india-kashmir-pakistan-will-go-to-any-extent-to-protect-kashmiris-special-status |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-49294301 Inside Kashmir's lockdown: 'Even I will pick up a gun'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813132112/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-49294301 |date=13 August 2019 }}, BBC News, 10 August 2019.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=India revokes Kashmir's special status: All the latest updates |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/08/india-revokes-kashmir-special-status-latest-updates-190806134011673.html |website=aljazeera |access-date=10 August 2019 |archive-date=13 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813140034/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/08/india-revokes-kashmir-special-status-latest-updates-190806134011673.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
==Administrative divisions==
[[File:Jammu-Kashmir-Ladakh.svg|thumb|right|The Divisions of Jammu and Kashmir: [[Kashmir Division|Kashmir]] (green), [[Jammu Division|Jammu]] (orange) and [[Ladakh]] (blue)]]
 
The state of Jammu and Kashmir consisted of three [[Divisions of India|divisions]]: the [[Jammu Division]], the [[Kashmir Division]] and [[Ladakh]] which are further divided into 22 districts.<ref name=MHA>{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?Id_Pk=306 |title=Ministry of Home Affairs:: Department of Jammu & Kashmir Affairs |access-date=28 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208212815/http://mha.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?Id_Pk=306 |archive-date=8 December 2008 }}</ref> The [[Siachen Glacier]], while under Indian military control, did not lie under the administration of the state of Jammu and Kashmir. [[Kishtwar district|Kishtwar]], [[Ramban district|Ramban]], [[Reasi district|Reasi]], [[Samba district|Samba]], [[Bandipora district|Bandipora]], [[Ganderbal district|Ganderbal]], [[Kulgam district|Kulgam]] and [[Shopian district|Shopian]] were districts formed in 2008.<ref name=MHA/>
 
===Districts===
 
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-bottom: 0;"
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
!rowspan=2| Division
!rowspan=2| Name
!rowspan=2| Headquarters
!| Before 2007<ref>{{citation |url=https://jk.gov.in/jammukashmir/?q=divisions |title=Divisions & Districts |work=Jamu & Kashmir Official Portal |date=2012 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=6 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206180631/https://jk.gov.in/jammukashmir/?q=divisions |url-status=live }}</ref>
!colspan=5| After 2007
 
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
!| Area <br/>(km<sup>2</sup>)
!| Area <br/>(km<sup>2</sup>)
!| Area <br/>(sq miles)
!| Rural Area <br/>(km<sup>2</sup>)
!| Urban Area <br/>(km<sup>2</sup>)
!| Source <br/>for area
 
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
|rowspan=11|[[Jammu Division|Jammu]]
||[[Kathua district]]
|| [[Kathua]]
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|2651|0}}
| {{convert|2502|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|2458.84|2}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|43.16|2}}
|| <ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0107_PART_A_DCHB_KATHUA.pdf |page=8 |work=Census of India 2011, Part A |title=District Census Handbook Kathua |date=18 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=20 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120172907/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0107_PART_A_DCHB_KATHUA.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Jammu district]]
|| [[Jammu (city)|Jammu]]
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|3097|0}}
| {{convert|2342|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|2089.87|2}} <!-- Part A page 116 says 209810.70 hectares (2,098.1070 km<sup>2</sup>) Part B page 24 says 2,089.87 km<sup>2</sup>-->
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|252.13|2}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0121_PART_A_DCHB_JAMMU.pdf |pages=13, 51, 116 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Jammu, Part A |date=18 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116185556/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0121_PART_A_DCHB_JAMMU.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0121_PART_B_DCHB_JAMMU.pdf |pages=13, 24 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Jammu, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116055111/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0121_PART_B_DCHB_JAMMU.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Samba district]]
|| [[Samba, Jammu|Samba]]
|style="text-align:center;"| new district
| {{convert|904|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|865.24|2}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|38.76|2}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0122_PART_A_DCHB_SAMBA.pdf |pages=9, 34, 36, 100 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Samba, Part A |date=18 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054240/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0122_PART_A_DCHB_SAMBA.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0122_PART_B_DCHB_SAMBA.pdf |pages=10, 12, 22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Samba, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116055129/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0122_PART_B_DCHB_SAMBA.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Udhampur district]]
|| [[Udhampur]]
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|4550|0}}
| {{convert|2637.00|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|2593.28|2}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|43.72|2}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0119_PART_B_DCHB_UDHAMPUR.pdf |pages=12, 22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Udhampur |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116055036/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0119_PART_B_DCHB_UDHAMPUR.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Reasi district]]
|| [[Reasi]]
|style="text-align:center;"| new district
| {{convert|1719|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|1679.99|2}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|39.01|2}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0120_PART_A_DCHB_REASI.pdf |pages=9, 37, 88 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Reasi, Part A |date=18 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054200/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0120_PART_A_DCHB_REASI.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0120_PART_B_DCHB_REASI.pdf |pages=9, 13, 24 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Reasi, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116055054/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0120_PART_B_DCHB_REASI.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Rajouri district]]
|| [[Rajouri]]
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|2630|0}}
| {{convert|2630|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|2608.11|2}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|21.89|2}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0106_PART_A_DCHB_RAJOURI.pdf |pages=11, 107 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Rajouri, Part A |date=18 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116053915/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0106_PART_A_DCHB_RAJOURI.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0106_PART_B_DCHB_RAJOURI.pdf |pages=9, 10, 12, 22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Rajouri, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054900/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0106_PART_B_DCHB_RAJOURI.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Poonch district, Jammu and Kashmir|Poonch district]]
|| [[Poonch (town)|Poonch]]
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|1674|0}}
| {{convert|1674|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|1649.92|2}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|24.08|2}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0105_PART_A_DCHB_PUNCH.pdf |pages=9, 99 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Punch, Part A |date=18 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116053841/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0105_PART_A_DCHB_PUNCH.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0105_PART_B_DCHB_PUNCH.pdf |pages=11, 13, 24 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Punch, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054835/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0105_PART_B_DCHB_PUNCH.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Doda district]]
|| [[Doda, Jammu and Kashmir|Doda]]
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|11691|0}}
| {{convert|8912.00|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|8892.25|2}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|19.75|2}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0116_PART_B_DCHB_DODA.pdf |pages=9, 12, 99 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Doda, Part B |date=18 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054946/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0116_PART_B_DCHB_DODA.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Ramban district]]
|| [[Ramban (Jammu and Kashmir)|Ramban]]
|style="text-align:center"| new district
| {{convert|1329.00|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|1313.92|2}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|15.08|2}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0117_PART_B_DCHB_RAMBAN.pdf |pages=10, 12 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Ramban, Part B |date=18 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116055000/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0117_PART_B_DCHB_RAMBAN.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Kishtwar district]]
|| [[Kishtwar]]
|style="text-align:center;"| new district
| {{convert|1644.00|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|1643.37|2}}<!-- Page 9 says 1643.65, whilst pages 10 and 22 says 1643.37 -->
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|0.63|2}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0118_PART_B_DCHB_KISHTWAR.pdf |pages=9, 10, 22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Kishtwar, Part B |date=18 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116055015/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0118_PART_B_DCHB_KISHTWAR.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>Part B page 9 says the rural area is 1643.65 km<sup>2</sup>, whilst pages 10 and 22 says 1643.37 km<sup>2</sup>.</ref>
 
|- style="background:lightblue; vertical-align:top;"
||Total for division
|| [[Jammu Division|Jammu]]
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|26293|0}}
| {{convert|26293|km2|sqmi|disp=tablecen|0|adj=ri0}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{round|25794.95|2}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{round|498.05|2}}
|| calculated
 
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
|rowspan=11 |[[Kashmir valley|Kashmir]]
||[[Anantnag district]]
|| [[Anantnag]]
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|3984|0}}
| {{convert|3574|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|3475.76|2}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|98.24|2}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0114_PART_A_DCHB_ANANTNAG.pdf |page=9 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Anantnag, Part A |date=July 2016 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116053354/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0114_PART_A_DCHB_ANANTNAG.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0114_PART_B_DCHB_ANANTNAG.pdf |pages=12, 22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Anantnag, Part B |date=July 2016 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054309/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0114_PART_B_DCHB_ANANTNAG.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Kulgam district]]
|| [[Kulgam]]
|style="text-align:center;"| new district
| {{convert|410|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}} <!-- Part B page 12 says 404 but page 22 says 410. -->
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|360.20|2}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|49.80|2}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0115_PART_A_DCHB_KULGAM.pdf |page=10 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Kulgam, Part A |date=July 2016 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116053742/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0115_PART_A_DCHB_KULGAM.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0115_PART_B_DCHB_KULGAM.pdf |pages=12, 22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Kulgam, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054749/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0115_PART_B_DCHB_KULGAM.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>Part B page 12 says the area of the district is 404 km<sup>2</sup>, but page 22 says 410 km<sup>2</sup>.</ref>
 
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Pulwama district]]
|| [[Pulwama]]
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|1398|0}}
| {{convert|1086.00|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|1047.45|2}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|38.55|2}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0112_PART_B_DCHB_PULWAMA.pdf |pages=12, 22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Pulwama, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054654/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0112_PART_B_DCHB_PULWAMA.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Shopian district]]
|| [[Shopian]]
|style="text-align:center;"| new district
| {{convert|312.00|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}} <!-- Part B pages 12 and 22 say 312.00 km<sup>2</sup>, Part A page 10 says 307.42 km<sup>2</sup>. -->
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|306.56|2}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|5.44|2}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0113_PART_A_DCHB_SHUPIYAN.pdf |page=10 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Shupiyan, Part A |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116053726/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0113_PART_A_DCHB_SHUPIYAN.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0113_PART_B_DCHB_SUPHIYAN.pdf |pages=12, 22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Shupiyan, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054712/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0113_PART_B_DCHB_SUPHIYAN.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>Part B pages 12 and 22 say the district area is 312.00 km<sup>2</sup>, but Part A page 10 says 307.42 km<sup>2</sup>.</ref>
 
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Budgam district]]
|| [[Budgam]]
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|1371|0}}
| {{convert|1361|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}} <!-- Part A says 1371, Part B says 1371 (page 11) and 1361 (pages 12 and) -->
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|1311.95|2}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|49.05|2}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0102_PART_A_DCHB_BADGAM.pdf |pages=10, 46 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Badgam, Part A |date=July 2016 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116053410/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0102_PART_A_DCHB_BADGAM.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0102_PART_B_DCHB_BADGAM.pdf |pages=11, 12, 22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Badgam, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054333/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0102_PART_B_DCHB_BADGAM.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>Part A says the district area is 1371 km<sup>2</sup>, Part B says 1371 km<sup>2</sup> (page 11) and 1361 km<sup>2</sup> (page 12s and 22).</ref>
 
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Srinagar district]]
|| [[Srinagar]]
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|2228|0}}
| {{convert|1978.95|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}} <!-- Part A page 48 shows the district with an area of 2228.0 km<sup>2</sup> in 2001 and 1978.95 km<sup>2</sup> in 2011 -->
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|1684.42|2}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|294.53|2}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0110_PART_A_DCHB_SRINAGAR.pdf |pages=11, 48 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Srinagar, Part A |date=July 2016 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116053602/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0110_PART_A_DCHB_SRINAGAR.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>Part A page 48 says the district area was 2228.0 km<sup>2</sup> in 2001 and 1978.95 km<sup>2</sup> in 2011.</ref>
 
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Ganderbal district]]
|| [[Ganderbal]]
|style="text-align:center;"| new district
| {{convert|259|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}} <!-- Part B page 11 says 393.04 km<sup>2</sup>, pages 12 and 22 say 259.00 km<sup>2</sup> -->
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|233.60|2}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|25.40|2}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0111_PART_B_DCHB_GANDERBAL.pdf |pages=11, 12 and 22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Ganderbal, Part B |date=July 2016 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054514/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0111_PART_B_DCHB_GANDERBAL.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>Part B page 11 says the district area is 393.04 km<sup>2</sup>, but pages 12 and 22 say 259.00 km<sup>2</sup>.</ref>
 
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Bandipora district]]
|| [[Bandipore|Bandipora]]
|style="text-align:center;"| new district
| {{convert|345|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|295.37|2}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|49.63|2}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0109_PART_A_DCHB_BANDIPORE.pdf |pages=10, 47 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Bandipora, Part A |date=July 2016 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116053429/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0109_PART_A_DCHB_BANDIPORE.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0109_PART_B_DCHB_BANDIPORE.pdf |pages=11, 20 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Bandipora, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054400/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0109_PART_B_DCHB_BANDIPORE.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Baramulla district]]
|| [[Baramulla]]
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|4588|0}}
| {{convert|4243|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|4179.44|2}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|63.56|2}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0108_PART_A_DCHB_BARAMULA.pdf |page=11 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Baramulla, Part A |date=July 2016 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116053447/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0108_PART_A_DCHB_BARAMULA.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0108_PART_B_DCHB_BARAMULA.pdf |page=22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Baramulla, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054424/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0108_PART_B_DCHB_BARAMULA.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Kupwara district]]
|| [[Kupwara]]
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|2379|0}}
| {{convert|2379|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|2331.66|2}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|47.34|2}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0101_PART_A_DCHB_KUPWARA.pdf |page=7 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Kupwara, Part A |date=July 2016 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116053817/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0101_PART_A_DCHB_KUPWARA.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0101_PART_B_DCHB_KUPWARA.pdf |pages=11, 12 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Kupwara, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054812/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0101_PART_B_DCHB_KUPWARA.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
|- style="background:lightblue; vertical-align:top;"
||Total for division
|| [[Srinagar]]
|style="text-align:center;"| {{round|15948|0}}
| {{convert|15,948.00|km2|sqmi|disp=tablecen|0|adj=ri0}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{round|15226.41|2}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{round|721.54|2}}
|| calculated
 
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
|rowspan=3| [[Ladakh]]
||[[Kargil district]]
|| [[Kargil town|Kargil]]
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|14036|0}}
| {{convert|14036|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|14033.86|2}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|2.14|2}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0104_PART_A_DCHB_KARGIL.pdf |page=10 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Kargil, Part A |date=July 2016 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116053632/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0104_PART_A_DCHB_KARGIL.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0104_PART_B_DCHB_KARGIL.pdf |pages=11, 12, 22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Kargil, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054607/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0104_PART_B_DCHB_KARGIL.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Leh district]]
|| [[Leh]]
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|45110|0}}
| {{convert|45110.0|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|45085.99|2}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|24.01|2}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0103_PART_B_DCHB_LEH%20(LADAKH).pdf |page=22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Leh, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054453/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0103_PART_B_DCHB_LEH%20(LADAKH).pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
|- style="background:lightblue; vertical-align:top;"
||Total for division
|| [[Leh]] and [[Kargil]]
|style="text-align:center;"| {{round|59146.00|0}}
| {{convert|59,146.00|km2|sqmi|disp=tablecen|0|adj=ri0}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{round|59119.85|2}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{round|26.15|2}}
|| calculated
 
|-class=sortbottom
|colspan=3| Total
|style="text-align:center;"| {{round|101387|0}}
| {{convert|101387.00|km2|sqmi|disp=tablecen|0|adj=ri0}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{round|100141.21|2}}
|style="text-align:center;"| {{round|1245.74|2}}
|| calculated
|}


==Demographics==
==Demographics==
[[File:Kashmir map.svg|thumb|300px|right|Indian-controlled part is shown in blue; Pakistan-controlled part is shown in green; China controlled part is Yellow.]]
{{India census population
Jammu and Kashmir has a Muslim majority population. Though [[Islam]] is practiced by about 67% of the population of the state and by 97% of the population of the [[Kashmir valley]],<ref>Calculated from the [http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/Basic_Data_Sheet.aspx 2001 Census India District Profiles]</ref> the state has large communities of Buddhists, Hindus (inclusive of Meghwal and [[Sikh]]s).<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm 2001 Census India: Data by Religious Communities]</ref>
| title= Historical populations
| align = right
| state =     
| 1961 = 3560976   
| 1971 = 4616632   
| 1981 = 5987389   
| 1991 = 7837051 
| 2001 = 10143700 
| 2011 = 12541302 
| footnote=source: Census of India<ref name="censusindia1">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html |title=A-2 Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901 |publisher=Censusindia.gov.in |access-date=9 August 2019 |archive-date=8 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808131957/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />† 1951 and 1991 populations are estimated
}}
{{Pie chart
|thumb = left
| caption=Jammu & Kashmir: mother-tongue of population, according to the [[2011 Census of India]].<ref name="census2011-C16">{{cite report |title = C-16 Population By Mother Tongue – Jammu & Kashmir |url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0100.XLSX |publisher = Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date = 18 July 2020 |date =  |archive-date = 12 January 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200112015559/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0100.XLSX |url-status = live }}</ref>
|label1 = Dogri |value1 = 20.04 |color1 = Indigo
|label2 = Bhadrawahi |value2 = 0.78 |color2 = Tomato
|label3 = Gojri |value3 = 9.05 |color3 = MediumVioletRed
|label4 = Hindi |value4 = 2.43 |color4 = Yellow
|label5 = Pahari |value5 = 7.80 |color5 = Salmon
|label6 = Kashmiri |value6 = 51.72 |color6 = LightGreen
|label7 = Siraji |value7 = 0.62 |color7 = Cyan
|label8 = Punjabi |value8 = 1.75 |color8 = DarkGoldenrod
|label9 = Bauti |value9 = 0.80 |color9 = DarkSlateBlue
|label10 = Purkhi |value10 = 0.74 |color10 = DarkGreen
|label11 = Others |value11 = 4.27 |color11 = Black
}}
 
Jammu and Kashmir was the only state in India with a [[Muslim]]-majority population.<ref>Larson, Gerald James. "India's Agony Over Religion", 1995, page 245</ref> In the [[Census of India]] held in 1961, the first to be conducted after the formation of the state, [[Islam]] was practised by 68.31% of the population, while 28.45% followed [[Hinduism]]. The proportion of population that practised Islam fell to 64.19% by 1981 but recovered afterward.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/share-of-muslims-and-hindus-in-jk-population-same-in-1961-2011-censuses/|title=Share of Muslims and Hindus in J&K population same in 1961, 2011 Censuses|date=29 December 2016|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105841/http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/share-of-muslims-and-hindus-in-jk-population-same-in-1961-2011-censuses/|archive-date=30 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the 2011 census, the last to be conducted in the state, Islam was practised by about 68.3% of the state population, while 28.4% followed Hinduism and small minorities followed [[Sikhism]] (1.9%), [[Buddhism]] (0.9%) and [[Christianity]] (0.3%).<ref name="2011census">{{Cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |title=C-1 Population By Religious Community |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], [[Government of India]] |year=2011 |access-date=21 August 2019 |archive-date=13 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
The state's official language was [[Urdu]], which occupied a central space in media, education, religious and political discourses and the legislature of Jammu and Kashmir; the language functioned as a symbol of identity among Muslims of South Asia.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bhat|first1=M. Ashraf|title=Emergence of the Urdu Discourses in Kashmir|date=9 September 2011|publisher=LANGUAGE IN INDIA|edition=11}}</ref> The first language of less than 1% of the population, it was regarded as a "neutral" and non-native language of the multilingual region, and broadly accepted by Kashmiri Muslims.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Farouqi|first1=Ather|title=Redefining Urdu Politics in India|date=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref name="Pandharipande"/> The dominant position of Urdu has been criticised for rendering Kashmiri into a functional "minority language," effectively restricting its use to households and family.<ref name="Pandharipande">{{citation |last=Pandharipande |first=Rajeshwari |title=Minority Matters: Issues in Minority Languages in India |url=http://www.unesco.org/most/vl4n2pandhari.pdf |journal=International Journal on Multicultural Societies |volume=4 |number=2 |year=2002 |pages=3–4 |access-date=21 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615133850/http://www.unesco.org/most/vl4n2pandhari.pdf |archive-date=15 June 2016 |url-status=live  }}</ref><ref name="KachruKachru2008">{{citation|last1=Kachru|first1=Braj B.|last2=Kachru|first2=Yamuna|last3=Sridhar|first3=S. N.|title=Language in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O2n4sFGDEMYC&pg=PA132|date=27 March 2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-46550-2|pages=132–}}</ref>
 
The most widely spoken language is [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], the mother tongue of {{sigfig|53.27|2}}% of the population according to the 2011 census. Other major languages include [[Dogri]] ({{sigfig|20.04|2}}%), [[Gojri language|Gojri]] ({{sigfig|9.05|2}}%), [[Pahari language (Kashmir)|Pahari]] ({{sigfig|7.8|2}}%), [[Hindi]] ({{sigfig|2.43|2}}%), [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] ({{sigfig|1.75|2}}%),<ref name="census2011-C16"/> [[Balti language|Balti]], [[Bateri language|Bateri]], [[Bhadarwahi language|Bhadarwahi]], [[Brokskat]], [[Changthang]], [[Ladakhi language|Ladakhi]], [[Purik language|Purik]], [[Sheikhgal]], [[Spiti Bhoti language|Spiti Bhoti]], and [[Zangskari language|Zangskari]]. Additionally, several other languages, predominantly found in neighbouring regions, are also spoken by communities within Jammu and Kashmir: [[Bhattiyali language|Bhattiyali]], [[Chambeali language|Chambeali]], [[Churahi language|Churahi]], [[Gaddi language|Gaddi]], [[Hindko]], [[Lahul Lohar language|Lahul Lohar]], [[Pangwali language|Pangwali]], [[Pattani language|Pattani]], [[Sansi language|Sansi]], and [[Shina language|Shina]].<ref>{{Ethnologue21}}<!--Khowar not included: [[Talk:Khowar_language#Khowar_in_India]]; Domari not included: see https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/doma1258 inter alia; Sheikhgal and Hindko not listed by ethnologue but see refs in the respective wikipedia articles--></ref>
 
==Government==
Jammu and Kashmir was the only state in India which had special autonomy under [[Article 370]] of the [[Constitution of India]], according to which no law enacted by the [[Parliament of India]], except for those in the field of defence, communication and foreign policy, would be extendable in Jammu and Kashmir unless it was ratified by the state legislature of Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiatodaygroup.com/itoday/20000703/states.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021020626/http://www.indiatodaygroup.com/itoday/20000703/states.html|url-status=dead|title=States: Jammu & Kashmir: Repeating History:By Harinder Baweja (3 July 2000)India Today|archive-date=21 October 2007}}</ref> The state was able to define the [[Permanent residents (Jammu and Kashmir)|permanent residents]] of the state who alone had the privilege to vote in state elections, the right to seek government jobs and the ability to own land or property in the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/oldstory.php?storyid=46240 |title=Sorry |publisher=Indianexpress.com |access-date=18 July 2010 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
 
Jammu and Kashmir was the only Indian state to have its own official [[Flag of Jammu and Kashmir|state flag]], along with India's [[Flag of India|national flag]],<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news|title=Under BJP pressure, J&K withdraws flag order|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/maintain-sanctity-of-state-flag-says-jk-govt/article6990160.ece|access-date=28 April 2015|newspaper=The Hindu|date=14 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904052545/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/maintain-sanctity-of-state-flag-says-jk-govt/article6990160.ece|archive-date=4 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> in addition to a separate constitution. Designed by the then ruling National Conference, the flag of Jammu and Kashmir featured a [[plough]] on a red background symbolising labour; it replaced the Maharaja's state flag. The three stripes represented the three distinct administrative divisions of the state, namely Jammu, Valley of Kashmir, and Ladakh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jkgad.nic.in/statutory/Rules-Costitution-of-J&K.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507200338/http://jkgad.nic.in/statutory/Rules-Costitution-of-J%26K.pdf|url-status=dead|title=The Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir|archive-date=7 May 2012}}</ref>


{{bar box
Like all the states of India, Jammu and Kashmir had a multi-party democratic system of governance and had a bicameral legislature. At the time of drafting the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir, 100 seats were earmarked for direct elections from territorial constituencies. Of these, 25 seats were reserved for the areas of Jammu and Kashmir state that came under Pakistani control; this was reduced to 24 after the 12th amendment of the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kashmir-information.com/LegalDocs/140.html |title=Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir Section 4 Read with Section 48(a) |publisher=Kashmir-information.com |access-date=16 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507120652/http://www.kashmir-information.com/LegalDocs/140.html |archive-date= 7 May 2013 }}</ref> After a [[delimitation]] in 1988, the total number of seats increased to 111, of which 87 were within Indian-administered territory.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2002/10/24/stories/2002102403261300.htm|title=The vacant seats|author=Luv Puri|access-date=9 April 2009|location=Chennai, India|date=24 October 2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106233528/http://www.hindu.com/2002/10/24/stories/2002102403261300.htm|archive-date=6 November 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Jammu and Kashmir Assembly had a 6-year term, in contrast to the norm of a 5-year term followed in every other state assemblies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/10/27/stories/2005102700451000.htm |work=The Hindu Businessline |date=27 October 2005 |title=It is introspection time for Congress in J&K |author=Rasheeda Bhagat |access-date=9 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060106150533/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/10/27/stories/2005102700451000.htm |archive-date=6 January 2006}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|This anomaly arose because Jammu and Kashmir accepted the provision in the [[Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India]] but did not accept its repeal in the [[Forty-Fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India|Forty-fourth Amendment]].<ref>[https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/no-need-for-constitutional-amendment-to-bring-jk-under-one-nation-one-election-bjp/ No need for constitutional amendment to bring J&K under 'one nation, one election': BJP] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920133756/https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/no-need-for-constitutional-amendment-to-bring-jk-under-one-nation-one-election-bjp/ |date=20 September 2019 }}, Greater Kashmir, 22 June 2019.</ref><ref>Meenakshi Lekhi, [https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/Chargesheet/why-isn-t-kashmir-secular-cong-ncp-must-answer/ Why isn’t Kashmir ‘secular’, Cong & NC must answer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920130750/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/Chargesheet/why-isn-t-kashmir-secular-cong-ncp-must-answer/ |date=20 September 2019 }}, The Economic Times blog, 9 January 2014.</ref>}} In 2005, it was reported that the [[Indian National Congress]]-led government in the state intended to amend the term to bring parity with the other states.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20051119/j&k.htm#3|work=The Tribune|date=19 November 2005|title=Govt plans to reduce J&K Assembly's term to 5 years|access-date=28 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210095444/http://tribuneindia.com/2005/20051119/j%26k.htm#3|archive-date=10 February 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|title=Religion in the Indian part of Kashmir
|titlebar=#Fcd11
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|67.10}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|orange|29.07}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|red|2.08}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhism]]|blue|1.07}}
{{bar percent|Others†|black|0.68}}
|caption=Distribution of religions<br />
† <small>Includes [[Christians]] and [[Jainism|Jains]].</small>
}}


Jammu and Kashmir consisted of three divisions: [[Jammu region]], [[Kashmir Valley]], and the [[Ladakh region]]. [[Srinagar]] is the summer capital, and [[Jammu]] its winter capital. The Kashmir valley, often called ''paradise on Earth'',<ref>[http://www.nysun.com/article/63944 Paradise on Earth - October 4, 2007 - The New York Sun]</ref> is famous for its beautiful mountainous landscape. Jammu's numerous holy shrines attracts millions of [[Hindu]] [[pilgrim]]s every year from all over the India. Ladakh, also known as "Little [[Tibet]]", is renowned for its remote mountain beauty and [[Buddhist]] culture.
=== Central provisions ===
In 1990, an [[Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act]] of India, which gave special powers to the Indian security forces, including the detaining of individuals for up to two years without presenting charges, was enforced in Jammu and Kashmir,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150904052546/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/pdf/Armedforces%20_J%26K_%20Splpowersact1990.pdf The Armed Forces (Jammu and Kashmir) Special Powers Act, 1990"] Indian Ministry of Law and Justice Published by the Authority of New Deli</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Huey |first=Caitlin |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2011/03/28/amnesty-international-cites-human-rights-abuse-in-kashmir |title=Amnesty International Cites Human Rights Abuse in Kashmir |work=U.S. News & World Report |date=28 March 2011 |access-date=6 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430022351/http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2011/03/28/amnesty-international-cites-human-rights-abuse-in-kashmir |archive-date=30 April 2013 |url-status=live  }}</ref> a decision which drew criticism from [[Human Rights Watch]] and Amnesty International for violating human rights.<ref>[http://hrw.org/english/docs/2008/08/18/india19628.htm "India: Repeal Armed Forces Special Powers Act] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911131209/http://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2008/08/18/india19628.htm |date=11 September 2008 }} [[Human Rights Watch]]. Retrieved 11 September 2008.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2015/07/india-accountability-still-missing-for-human-rights-violations-in-jammu-and-kashmir/|title=India: Accountability still missing for human rights violations in Jammu and Kashmir|date=July 2015|publisher=Amnesty International|access-date=16 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110032240/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2015/07/india-accountability-still-missing-for-human-rights-violations-in-jammu-and-kashmir/|archive-date=10 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Security forces claimed that many missing people were not detained, but had crossed into Pakistan-administered Kashmir to engage in militancy.<ref name=BBC>{{cite news|title=Kashmir graves: Human Rights Watch calls for inquiry|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-14660253|access-date=30 July 2012|work=BBC News|date=25 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110825172700/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-14660253|archive-date=25 August 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>


== References ==
==Economy==
{{reflist}}
The economy of Jammu and Kashmir was predominantly dependent on agriculture and related activities.<ref name="SDR3A">{{cite web|url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_jandk/sdr_jkch3a.pdf|title=CHAPTER III : Socio-Economic and Administrative Development|work=Jammu & Kashmir Development Report|publisher=State Plan Division, Planning Commission, Government of India|access-date=5 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130192441/http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_jandk/sdr_jkch3a.pdf|archive-date=30 November 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Horticulture played a vital role in the economic development of the state; produce included apples, apricots, cherries, pears, plums, almonds and walnuts.<ref name="SDR4">{{cite web|url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_jandk/sdr_jkch4.pdf|title=CHAPTER IV : Potential Sectors of State Economy|work=Jammu & Kashmir Development Report|publisher=State Plan Division, Planning Commission, Government of India|access-date=5 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902133139/http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_jandk/sdr_jkch4.pdf|archive-date=2 September 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Doda district]], rich in high-grade [[sapphire]], had active mines until the 1989 insurgency; in 1998, the government discovered that smugglers had occupied these mines and stolen much of the resource.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2008/06/20/stories/2008062050010100.htm |title=Sapphire-rich Kashmir |author=Haroon Mirani |newspaper=The Hindu Business Line |date=20 June 2008 |access-date=5 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091102130509/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2008/06/20/stories/2008062050010100.htm |archive-date=2 November 2009 }}</ref> Industrial development was constrained by the extreme mountainous landscape and power shortage.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.rediff.com/money/2008/apr/02power.htm | title = Power shortage to hit India Inc | date = 2 April 2008 | publisher = Rediff News | access-date = 25 January 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121026013942/http://www.rediff.com/money/2008/apr/02power.htm | archive-date = 26 October 2012 | url-status=live | df = dmy-all }}</ref>


== External links ==
Jammu and Kashmir was one of the largest recipients of grants from India; in 2004, this amounted to US$812&nbsp;million.<ref name="Eco">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/18/world/border-tension-a-growth-industry-for-kashmir.html|title=Border Tension a Growth Industry for Kashmir|author=Amy Waldman|newspaper=The New York Times|date=18 October 2002|access-date=5 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830093410/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/18/world/border-tension-a-growth-industry-for-kashmir.html|archive-date=30 August 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> Tourism, which was integral to the economy, witnessed a decline owing to the insurgency, but foreign tourism later rebounded, and in 2009, the state was one among the top tourist destinations in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/004200903181221.htm|work=Online edition of The Hindu, dated 18 March 2009|title=Foreign tourists flock Kashmir|access-date=18 March 2009|location=Chennai, India|date=18 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109091716/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/004200903181221.htm|archive-date=9 November 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> The economy was also benefited by [[Hindu]] pilgrims who visited the shrines of [[Vaishno Devi]] and [[Amarnath Temple]] annually.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/002200709130350.htm |work=Online edition of The Hindu, dated 13 September 2007 |title=Amarnath Board to study yatra impact on Kashmir economy |access-date=6 June 2009 |location=Chennai, India |date=13 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109091413/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/002200709130350.htm |archive-date=9 November 2012 |url-status=live  }}</ref> The British government had reiterated its advise against all travel to Jammu and Kashmir in 2013, with certain exceptions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/asia-oceania/india |title=India travel advice&nbsp;– GOV.UK |publisher=Fco.gov.uk |date=9 April 2013 |access-date=16 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325081359/http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/asia-oceania/india |archive-date=25 March 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>


* {{dmoz|Regional/Asia/India/Jammu_and_Kashmir/}}
==See also==
* [http://jammukashmir.nic.in/ Government of Jammu and Kashmir, India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915154945/http://jammukashmir.nic.in/ |date=2017-09-15 }}
{{Portal|Geography|Asia|India}}
* [[Indian White Paper on Jammu and Kashmir]]


{{commons|Jammu and Kashmir}}
==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}
{{Notelist}}


==References==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|30em}}


{{geo-stub}}
=== Sources ===
* {{citation |last=Korbel |first=Josef |author-link=Josef Korbel |title=The Kashmir dispute after six years |journal=[[International Organization]] |volume=7 |pages=498–510 |number=4 |year=1953 |doi=10.1017/S0020818300007256 }}
* {{citation |last=Korbel |first=Josef |author-link=Josef Korbel |title=Danger in Kashmir |publisher=Princeton University Press |edition=second |year=1966 |orig-year=first published 1954 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Q7WCgAAQBAJ |ref={{sfnref|Korbel, Danger in Kashmir|1966}}|isbn=9781400875238 }}
* {{citation
| last      = Schofield
| first      = Victoria
| year      = 2003
| title      = Kashmir in Conflict
| publisher  = I.B.Tauris
| isbn      = 978-1-86064-898-4
| url        = https://books.google.com/books?id=rkTetMfI6QkC
}}
* {{citation |last1=Snedden |first1=Christopher |date=2003 |title=Kashmir: The Untold Story |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DGO0qkqA2X0C |location=New Delhi |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers |isbn=9780143030874}}
* {{citation |last=Varshney |first=Ashutosh |author-link=Ashutosh Varshney |chapter=Three Compromised Nationalisms: Why Kashmir has been a Problem |editor=Raju G. C. Thomas |title=Perspectives on Kashmir: the roots of conflict in South Asia |year=1992 |publisher=Westview Press |isbn=978-0-8133-8343-9 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/perspectivesonka00thom/page/191 191–234] |chapter-url=https://apps.cndls.georgetown.edu/courses/rudolph/g238/files/Varshney-_1992-Why-Kashmir.pdf |url=https://archive.org/details/perspectivesonka00thom/page/191 }}


[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir| ]]
==Further reading==
[[Category:Territorial disputes of India| ]]
* {{citation |first=Sumantra |last=Bose |author-link=Sumantra Bose |title=Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-674-01173-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/00book939526581 }}
[[Category:Territorial disputes of Pakistan| ]]
* {{citation |title=Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects: Islam, Rights, and the History of Kashmir |first=Mridu |last=Rai | publisher=C. Hurst & Co |year=2004 |isbn=978-1850656616}}


{{Jammu and Kashmir topics}}
{{Authority control}}


{{simple-Wikipedia}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jammu And Kashmir}}
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:1954 establishments in India]]
[[Category:2019 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Disputed territories in Asia]]
[[Category:History of the Republic of India]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1954]]
[[Category:Territorial disputes of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Former states and territories of India]]
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