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{{Short description|State in eastern India}} | |||
{{Other uses|Bihar (disambiguation)}} | |||
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}} | |||
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2020}} | |||
{{Infobox settlement | {{Infobox settlement | ||
| name = Bihar | | name = Bihar | ||
| Line 4: | Line 8: | ||
| type = [[States and union territories of India|State]] | | type = [[States and union territories of India|State]] | ||
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage | | image_skyline = {{Photomontage | ||
| photo1a = | | photo1a = Aerial view, Patna (314731093).jpg | ||
| photo2a = Rajgir - 028 Bathing Pool at foot of Hill (9245042360).jpg | | photo2a = Rajgir - 028 Bathing Pool at foot of Hill (9245042360).jpg | ||
| photo2b = Nalanda University India ruins.jpg | | photo2b = Nalanda University India ruins.jpg | ||
| photo4a = | | photo3a = Mahabodhi temple.jpg | ||
| spacing = | | photo4a = Bihar Museum Bailey Road 02.jpg | ||
| photo3b = Maa Mundeshwari Devi.jpg | |||
| spacing = 2 | |||
| color_border = white | | color_border = white | ||
| color = | | color = black | ||
| size = 280 | | size = 280 | ||
| foot_montage = Clockwise from top: | | foot_montage = ''Clockwise from top right:'' Aerial view of the capital Patna and River [[Ganges|Ganga]], Ruins of ancient [[Nalanda]] University, Mata [[Mundeshwari Temple]] in [[Kaimur district|Kaimur]], [[Bihar Museum]] in [[Patna]], [[Madhubani/Mithila Painting|Madhubani painting]] from [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]], [[Mahabodhi Temple]] in [[Bodh Gaya]], Brahma Kund [[hot springs]] in [[Rajgir]] | ||
}} | }} | ||
| image_blank_emblem = Seal of Bihar.svg | | image_blank_emblem = Seal of Bihar.svg | ||
| anthem = [[Mere Bharat Ke Kanth Haar]]<br/>(''The Garland of My India'') | |||
| blank_emblem_type = [[Emblem of Bihar|Emblem]] | | blank_emblem_type = [[Emblem of Bihar|Emblem]] | ||
| blank_emblem_size = 100px | | blank_emblem_size = 100px | ||
| image_map = IN-BR.svg | | image_map = IN-BR.svg | ||
| map_alt = | | image_map1 = India Bihar location map.svg | ||
| map_caption = Location of Bihar in | | map_alt = | ||
| map_caption = Location of Bihar in India | |||
| coordinates = {{coord|25.4|85.1|region:IN-BR_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}} | | coordinates = {{coord|25.4|85.1|region:IN-BR_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}} | ||
| coor_pinpoint = Patna | | coor_pinpoint = Patna | ||
| coordinates_footnotes = | | coordinates_footnotes = | ||
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]] | | subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]] | ||
| subdivision_name = | | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | ||
| established_title1 = Formation | | established_title1 = Formation | ||
| established_date1 = | | established_date1 = [[Bihar Diwas|22 March 1912]] | ||
| established_title2 = Statehood | | established_title2 = Statehood | ||
| established_date2 = 26 January 1950 | | established_date2 = [[States and union territories of India|26 January 1950]] | ||
| parts_type = [[List of districts of Bihar|Districts]] | | parts_type = [[List of districts of Bihar|Districts]] | ||
| parts_style = para | | parts_style = para | ||
| Line 39: | Line 44: | ||
| seat1_type = Largest city | | seat1_type = Largest city | ||
| seat1 = [[Patna]] | | seat1 = [[Patna]] | ||
| government_footnotes = | | government_footnotes = | ||
| governing_body = {{nowrap|[[Government of Bihar]]}} | |||
| leader_title = [[Governors of Bihar|Governor]] | | leader_title = [[Governors of Bihar|Governor]] | ||
| leader_name = | | leader_name = {{Bihar governor}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Senior BJP Leader Phagu Chauhan Appointed Governor of Bihar, to Take Over From Lal Ji Tandon |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/senior-bjp-leader-phagu-chauhan-appointed-governor-of-bihar-to-take-over-from-lal-ji-tandon-2238879.html |access-date=25 July 2019 |work=[[News18]] |date=20 July 2019}}</ref> | ||
| leader_title1 = [[Chief Ministers of Bihar|Chief Minister]] | | leader_title1 = [[Chief Ministers of Bihar|Chief Minister]] | ||
| leader_name1 = [[Nitish Kumar]] | | leader_name1 = [[Nitish Kumar]] | ||
| leader_title2 = [[Deputy Chief Minister of Bihar|Deputy Chief Minister]] | | leader_title2 = [[Deputy Chief Minister of Bihar|Deputy Chief Minister]] | ||
| leader_name2 = [[ | | leader_name2 = {{bulleted_list|[[Renu Devi]]<ref name="Deputy">{{cite news |title=Bihar Government Formation Live Update: Nitish Kumar takes oath as CM; Tarkishore Prasad and Renu Devi as Deputy CMs |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/nitish-kumar-oath-taking-new-bihar-deputy-cm-government-formation-live-updates/2129238/ |access-date=16 November 2020 |work=The Financial Express |date=16 November 2020}}</ref>|[[Tarkishore Prasad]]<ref name="Deputy"/>}} | ||
| leader_title3 = [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Legislature]] | | leader_title3 = [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Legislature]] | ||
| leader_name3 = {{unbulleted list|[[Bicameral]]| [[Bihar Legislative Council| | | leader_name3 = {{unbulleted list|[[Bicameral]]| [[Bihar Legislative Council|Council]] (75 seats)|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] ([[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|243 seats]])}} | ||
| leader_title4 = [[ | | leader_title4 = [[Parliament of India|Parliamentary constituencies]] | ||
| leader_name4 = [[ | | leader_name4 = [[Rajya Sabha]] ([[List of Rajya Sabha members from Bihar|16 seats]])<br/>[[Lok Sabha]] ([[List of members of the 17th Lok Sabha#Bihar|40 seats]]) | ||
| unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | ||
| area_footnotes = <ref name=BiharProfile>{{cite web |title=State Profile |url=http://gov.bih.nic.in/Profile/default.htm |website=Government of Bihar |access-date=27 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922043241/http://www.gov.bih.nic.in/Profile/default.htm |archive-date=22 September 2017 |url-status= | | area_footnotes = <ref name=BiharProfile>{{cite web |title=State Profile |url=http://gov.bih.nic.in/Profile/default.htm |website=Government of Bihar |access-date=27 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922043241/http://www.gov.bih.nic.in/Profile/default.htm |archive-date=22 September 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
| area_total_km2 = 94,163 | | area_total_km2 = 94,163 | ||
| area_note = | | area_note = | ||
| area_rank = [[List of states and union territories of India by area|12th]] | | area_rank = [[List of states and union territories of India by area|12th]] | ||
| elevation_footnotes = | | elevation_footnotes = | ||
| elevation_m = | | elevation_m = | ||
| population_footnotes = <ref name=" | | population_footnotes = <ref name="StateProfile"/> | ||
| population_total = | | population_total = 104099452 | ||
| population_as_of = 2011 | | population_as_of = 2011 | ||
| population_rank = [[List of states and union territories of India by population|3rd]] | | population_rank = [[List of states and union territories of India by population|3rd]] | ||
| population_density_km2 = 1,102 | | population_density_km2 = 1,102 | ||
| population_note = | | population_note = | ||
| population_blank1_title = Major Ethnolinguistic Groups | | population_blank1_title = Major Ethnolinguistic Groups | ||
|population_blank1 | | population_blank1 = {{unbulleted list | ||
|[[Bhojpuri people|Bhojpuris]] | |||
|[[Maithils]] | |||
|[[Magahi people|Magahis]] | |||
}} | |||
| population_demonym = [[Biharis|Bihari]] | | population_demonym = [[Biharis|Bihari]] | ||
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] | | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] | ||
| postal_code = | | postal_code = | ||
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | ||
| utc_offset1 = +05:30 | | utc_offset1 = +05:30 | ||
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]] | | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]] | ||
| demographics_type1 = GDP {{nobold|( | | demographics_type1 = GDP {{nobold|(2022–23)}} | ||
| demographics1_footnotes = <ref name=" | | demographics1_footnotes = <ref name="PRS">{{cite web |title=Bihar Budget Analysis 2022-23 |url=https://prsindia.org/budgets/states/bihar-budget-analysis-2022-23 |date=2021 |website=[[PRS Legislative Research]] |access-date=4 April 2022}}</ref> | ||
| demographics1_title1 = [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP|Total]] | | demographics1_title1 = [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP|Total]] | ||
| demographics1_info1 = {{INRConvert| | | demographics1_info1 = {{INRConvert|7.45|lc}} | ||
| demographics1_title2 = [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita|Per capita]] | | demographics1_title2 = [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita|Per capita]] | ||
| demographics1_info2 = {{INRConvert| | | demographics1_info2 = {{INRConvert|46664}} | ||
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] {{nobold|( | | blank_name_sec2 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] {{nobold|(2019)}} | ||
| blank_info_sec2 = {{increase}} 0. | | blank_info_sec2 = {{increase}} 0.574<ref name="snhdi-gdl">{{cite web |title=Sub-national HDI – Area Database |url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |website=Global Data Lab |publisher=Institute for Management Research, Radboud University |access-date=3 July 2021 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |archive-date=23 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> ({{color|#fc0|medium}}) · [[List of Indian states and territories by Human Development Index|36th]] | ||
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]] {{nobold|(2011)}} | | blank1_name_sec2 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]] {{nobold|(2011)}} | ||
| blank1_info_sec2 = 63.82%<ref name="Census2011Literacy">{{cite report |chapter=6 – State of Literacy |title=Provisional Population Totals – India |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter6.pdf |pages=108. 111 |publisher=Censusindia.gov.in |access-date=22 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706191931/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter6.pdf | | | blank1_info_sec2 = 63.82%<ref name="Census2011Literacy">{{cite report |chapter=6 – State of Literacy |title=Provisional Population Totals – India |chapter-url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter6.pdf |pages=108. 111 |publisher=Censusindia.gov.in |access-date=22 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706191931/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter6.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]] {{nobold|(2011)}} | | blank2_name_sec2 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]] {{nobold|(2011)}} | ||
| blank2_info_sec2 = 918 [[females|♀]]/1000 [[males|♂]]<ref name="pc-census2011">{{cite web |title=Census 2011 (Final Data) – Demographic details, Literate Population (Total, Rural & Urban) |url=http://planningcommission.gov.in/data/datatable/data_2312/DatabookDec2014%20307.pdf |website=planningcommission.gov.in |publisher=Planning Commission, Government of India | | | blank2_info_sec2 = 918 [[females|♀]]/1000 [[males|♂]]<ref name="pc-census2011">{{cite web |title=Census 2011 (Final Data) – Demographic details, Literate Population (Total, Rural & Urban) |url=http://planningcommission.gov.in/data/datatable/data_2312/DatabookDec2014%20307.pdf |website=planningcommission.gov.in |publisher=Planning Commission, Government of India |access-date=3 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127163347/http://planningcommission.gov.in/data/datatable/data_2312/DatabookDec2014%20307.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | ||
| demographics_type2 = Languages | | demographics_type2 = Languages | ||
| demographics2_title1 = Official | | demographics2_title1 = Official | ||
| demographics2_info1 = [[Hindi]] | | demographics2_info1 = [[Hindi]]<ref name=CSDOffLang1950 /> | ||
| demographics2_title2 = Additional official | | demographics2_title2 = Additional official | ||
| demographics2_info2 = [[ | | demographics2_info2 = [[Urdu]]<ref name=Benedikter2009 /> | ||
| area_code_type = [[UN/LOCODE]] | | area_code_type = [[UN/LOCODE]] | ||
| area_code = INBR | | area_code = INBR | ||
| registration_plate = BR | | registration_plate = [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#BR.Bihar|BR]] | ||
| website = | | website = [https://bihar.gov.in/ Official Website] | ||
| official_name = | | official_name = | ||
| | | module = {{Infobox place symbols | ||
| embedded = Yes | |||
| region = Bihar | |||
| region_type= state | |||
| country = [[India]] | |||
| flag = | |||
| emblem =[[Emblem of Bihar]] [[File:Seal of Bihar.svg|50px|left]] | |||
| nickname = | |||
| motto = | |||
| anthem = | |||
| song = [[Mere Bharat Ke Kanth Haar]] | |||
(The Garland of My India) | |||
| language = | |||
| foundation_day = | |||
| currency = | |||
| calendar = | |||
| dance = | |||
| instrument = | |||
| mammal = [[Gaur]] (Mithun)[[File:Indian Bison (Gaur) 1 by N. A. Naseer.jpg|50px|left]] | |||
| bird = [[House Sparrow]] (Passer domesticus) [[File:House Sparrow (Passer domesticus)- Female in Kolkata I IMG 3787 (cropped).jpg|50px|left]] | |||
| fish = | |||
| butterfly = <!-- or | insect = --> | |||
| flower = [[Kachnar]] (Phanera variegata)[[File:Bauhinia variegata flower.jpg|50px|left]] | |||
| fruit =[[Mango]] (Mangifera indica) [[File:Mangifera indica (Manguier 4).jpg|50px|left]] | |||
| tree =[[Peepal tree]] (Ficus religiosa) [[File:Ficus religiosa Bo.jpg|50px|left]] | |||
| plant = | |||
| vegetable = | |||
| food = <!-- or | dish = --> | |||
| drink = | |||
| sweet = <!-- or | confectionery = --> | |||
| river = <!-- or | lake = --> | |||
| fossil = | |||
| mineral = | |||
| sport = <!-- or | game = --> | |||
| costume = <!-- or | dress = --> | |||
| colour = <!-- or | color = --> | |||
}} | }} | ||
'''Bihar''' ({{IPAc-en|b|ᵻ|ˈ|h|ɑːr}}; {{IPA-hi|bɪˈɦaːr|-|Bihar.ogg}}) is a state in the [[ | | footnotes = {{unbulleted list|a. Recognized under the [[Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India]]|b. In 15 districts}} | ||
}} | |||
'''Bihar''' ({{IPAc-en|b|ᵻ|ˈ|h|ɑːr}}; {{IPA-hi|bɪˈɦaːr|-|Bihar.ogg}}) is a [[states and union territories of India|state]] in [[eastern India]]. It is the [[list of states and union territories of India by population|third-largest state by population]] and [[list of states and union territories of India by area|twelfth-largest by territory]], with an area of {{convert|94163|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}. Bihar borders [[Uttar Pradesh]] to its west, [[Nepal]] to the north, the northern part of [[West Bengal]] to the east, and with [[Jharkhand]] to the south. The Bihar plain is split by the river [[Ganges]], which flows from west to east.<ref name=GovBiharProfile>{{cite web |title=State Profile |url=http://gov.bih.nic.in/Profile/default.htm |website=Government of Bihar |access-date=17 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922043241/http://www.gov.bih.nic.in/Profile/default.htm |archive-date=22 September 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Bihar is also the [[Administrative division|world's fourth-most populous subnational entity]]. | |||
On 15 November 2000, southern Bihar was ceded to form the new state of [[Jharkhand]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/736533/Jharkhand |title=Jharkhand |last=Dutt |first=Ashok K. |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=18 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308153848/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/736533/Jharkhand |archive-date=8 March 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Only 11.3% of the population of Bihar lives in urban areas, which is the lowest in India after [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/bihar-elections-2015/news/Bihar-election-BJPs-campaign-found-no-resonance-in-villages/articleshow/49742959.cms|title=At 11.3%, it has the lowest urban population among big states and the second lowest if one counts the small mountainous state of Himachal Pradesh (10%). 2011 census|access-date=29 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114074651/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/bihar-elections-2015/news/Bihar-election-BJPs-campaign-found-no-resonance-in-villages/articleshow/49742959.cms|archive-date=14 November 2015|url-status=live|work=The Times of India}}</ref> Additionally, almost 58% of [[Bihari people|Biharis]] are below the age of 25, giving Bihar the highest proportion of young people of any Indian state.<ref name="economic_strangulation">{{cite web |last1=Guruswamy |first1=Mohan |last2=Kaul |first2=Abhishek |title=The Economic Strangulation of Bihar |url=http://cpasindia.org/reports/02-Economic-Strangulation-Bihar.pdf |date=15 December 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090530142819/http://www.cpasindia.org/reports/02-Economic-Strangulation-Bihar.pdf |archive-date=30 May 2009 |location=New Delhi, India |publisher=Centre for Policy Alternatives |page=2 |access-date=17 August 2015}}</ref> The official languages are [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]], although other languages are common, including [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Magahi language|Magahi]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] and other [[Bihari languages]]. | |||
In ancient and classical India, the area that is now Bihar was considered a centre of power, learning, and culture.<ref>''Bihar, Past & Present: souvenir, 13th Annual Congress of Epigraphica'' by P. N. Ojha, Kashi Prasad Jayaswal Research Institute</ref> From Magadha arose India's first empire, the [[Maurya empire]], as well as one of the world's most widely adhered-to religions: [[Buddhism]].<ref>Mishra Pankaj, ''The Problem'', Seminar 450 – February 1997</ref> Magadha empires, notably under the [[Maurya]] and [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] dynasties, unified large parts of South Asia under a central rule.<ref>{{cite web| title=The History of Bihar| publisher=Bihar Government| url=http://gov.bih.nic.in/Profile/history.htm| access-date=15 August 2008| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331063547/http://gov.bih.nic.in/Profile/history.htm| archive-date=31 March 2014| url-status=live| df=dmy-all}}</ref> Another region of Bihar is [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] which was an early centre of learning and the centre of the [[Videha]] kingdom.<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EzPYdQo3vZgC&q=mithila+north+bihar&pg=PA87 | title=Wetlands Management in North Bihar | access-date=8 February 2017 | pages=87| isbn=9788180697074 | last1=Mandal | first1=R. B. | year=2010 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nKqF_AgDd4gC&q=mithila+india+state&pg=PA148 | title=Small States Syndrome in India | access-date=16 February 2017 | pages=146| isbn=9788170226918 | last1=Kumāra | first1=Braja Bihārī | year=1998 }}</ref> | |||
Since the late 1970s, Bihar has lagged far behind other Indian states in terms of social and economic development.<ref name=Bihar_1> | |||
* {{cite news| title = Bihar's 'first' Economic Survey Report tabled| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-03-07/patna/27879796_1_bihar-capita-income-revenue-account| date = 7 March 2007| access-date = 22 August 2008| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130518142032/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-03-07/patna/27879796_1_bihar-capita-income-revenue-account| archive-date = 18 May 2013| url-status = dead| work = [[The Times of India]]| df = dmy-all}} | |||
* {{cite news| title = Biharis an unwanted lot| author = Bal Thackeray| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-2840902,prtpage-1.cms| work = The Times of India| date = 5 March 2008| access-date = 5 March 2008| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080310002737/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-2840902,prtpage-1.cms| archive-date = 10 March 2008| url-status = live| df = dmy-all}} | |||
* {{cite news| last1=Wajihuddin| first1=Mohammed| date=10 August 2008| title='Bihari' has become an abuse| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Review/Bihari_has_become_an_abuse/articleshow/3347091.cms| work=The Times of India| access-date=10 August 2008| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505073105/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Review/Bihari_has_become_an_abuse/articleshow/3347091.cms| archive-date=5 May 2013| url-status=live| df=dmy-all}}</ref> Many economists and social scientists claim that this is a direct result of the policies of the [[Government of India|central government]], such as the [[freight equalisation policy]],<ref>{{cite book | first = Arvind N.| last = Das| title = The Republic of Bihar| place = New Delhi| publisher=Penguin Books| year = 1992| isbn = 978-0-14-012351-7}}</ref><ref name="saibal">{{cite news | last = Goswami| first = Urmi A| date = 16 February 2005| title = 'Bihar Needs an Icon, a person who stands above his caste' (Dr Shaibal Gupta – Rediff Interview) | url = http://www.rediff.com/election/2005/feb/16inter2.htm| publisher=Rediff| access-date = 16 February 2005| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20050220065240/http://www.rediff.com/election/2005/feb/16inter2.htm| archive-date= 20 February 2005 | url-status= live}}</ref> its apathy towards Bihar,<ref name=Bihar_3> | |||
* {{cite web |last1=Guruswamy |first1=Mohan |last2=Baitha |first2=Ramnis Attar |last3=Mohanty |first3=Jeevan Prakash |title=Centrally Planned Inequality: The Tale of Two States – Punjab and Bihar |url=http://cpasindia.org/reports/07-Centrally-Planned-Inequality-Punjab-Bihar.pdf |date=15 June 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326210152/http://cpasindia.org/reports/07-Centrally-Planned-Inequality-Punjab-Bihar.pdf |archive-date=26 March 2009 |location=New Delhi, India |publisher=Centre for Policy Alternatives |access-date=17 August 2015}} | |||
* {{cite web |last1=Guruswamy |first1=Mohan |last2=Mohanty |first2=Jeevan Prakash |title=The De-urbanisation of Bihar |url=http://cpasindia.org/reports/03-De-urbanisation-Bihar.pdf |date=15 February 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326210154/http://cpasindia.org/reports/03-De-urbanisation-Bihar.pdf |archive-date=26 March 2009 |location=New Delhi, India |publisher=Centre for Policy Alternatives |access-date=17 August 2015}}</ref> lack of Bihari sub-nationalism,<ref name=Bihae_4> | |||
* Ahmed Farzand and Mishra Subhash, [https://archive.today/20120710043125/http://indiatoday.digitaltoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&issueid=78&task=view&id=19042§ionid=4&Itemid=1 Leaders of Bihar unite to counter Raj Thackeray], India Today, 31 October 2008 | |||
* {{cite news| last = Gupta| first = Shaibal| title = Bihar: Identity and Development| publisher = Asian Development Research Institute, Patna| url = http://www.bihartimes.com/articles/shaibal/biharidentity.html| access-date = 30 April 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050330161928/http://bihartimes.com/articles/shaibal/biharidentity.html| archive-date = 30 March 2005}}</ref> and the [[Permanent Settlement]] of 1793 by the [[British East India Company]].<ref name="saibal" /> The state government has, however, made significant strides in developing the state.<ref>{{cite news |last=Phadnis |first=Aditi |author-link=Aditi Phadnis |date=26 July 2008 | title=Lalu in the red |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=329655 |newspaper=[[Business Standard]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607173041/http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=329655 |archive-date=7 June 2011 |access-date=22 August 2015}}</ref> Improved governance has led to an economic revival in the state through increased investment in infrastructure,<ref name="bihar_basher">{{cite news| last = Goswami| first = Urmi A| date = 17 June 2008| title = Biharis get work at home, bashers realise their worth| work = The Economic Times| location = India| url = http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Biharis_get_work_at_home_bashers_realise_their_worth/articleshow/3135697.cms| access-date = 17 June 2008| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090213034621/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Biharis_get_work_at_home_bashers_realise_their_worth/articleshow/3135697.cms| archive-date = 13 February 2009| url-status = live| df = dmy-all}}</ref> better healthcare facilities, greater emphasis on education, and a reduction in crime and corruption.<ref name=Bihar_2> | |||
* {{cite news |last1=Dharma |first1=Supriya| last2=Jha |first2=Abhay Mohan |date=15 July 2008 |title=Bihar witnesses a quiet transformation |url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080057141 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080718045447/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080057141 |archive-date=18 July 2008 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=22 August 2015}} | |||
* {{cite news|last=Jha |first=Abhay Mohan |title=English makes inroads in Bihar villages |publisher=NDTV |date=8 March 2008 |url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080043399&ch=3/8/2008%2011:32:00%20AM |access-date=8 March 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309185254/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080043399 |archive-date=9 March 2008 }}</ref> | |||
== Etymology == | |||
The name ''Bihar'' is derived from the [[Sanskrit]] and [[Pali]] word ''[[vihāra]]'' ([[Devanagari]]: विहार), meaning "abode". The region roughly encompassing the present state had many Buddhist vihāras, the abodes of Buddhist monks in the ancient and medieval periods. Medieval writer [[Minhaj al-Siraj Juzjani]] records in the ''[[Tabaqat-i Nasiri]]'' that in 1198 [[Ikhtiyar Uddin Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji|Bakhtiyar Khalji]] committed a massacre in a town identified with the word, later known as [[Bihar Sharif]], about 70 km (43 mi) away from [[Bodh Gaya]].<ref>Minhaj writes that the inhabitants were 100,000 [[Brahmin]]s.--''Bodh Gaya''; by Frederick M. Asher; p. 14</ref><ref>Kartar Singh Duggal ''The Sikh Gurus: their lives and teachings''; p. 4; with shaven heads.{{clarify|date=July 2014}}</ref> | |||
== History == | |||
{{Main|History of Bihar}} | |||
{{See also|Timeline for Bihar|Magadha|Mithila Kingdom|History of Buddhism in India|Decline of Buddhism in India|Mithila, India|List of rulers of Mithila}}{{multiple image | |||
| perrow = 1 | |||
| total_width = | |||
| caption_align = center | |||
| align = left | |||
| image1 = Kundpur seal.jpg | |||
| caption1 = Copy of the seal excavated from Kundpur, [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]]. The Brahmi letters on the seal state: "Kundpur was in Vaishali. Prince Vardhaman ([[Mahavira]]) used this seal after the ''Judgement''." | |||
| image2 = Mahajanapadas (c. 500 BCE).png | |||
| caption2 = [[Magadha]], [[Anga]] and [[Vajji]]an Confederacy of Mithila, {{circa|600 BCE}}. | |||
}} | |||
=== Ancient period === | |||
[[Chirand]], on the northern bank of the [[Ganga River]], in [[Saran district]], has an archaeological record from the [[Neolithic age]] {{nowrap|({{circa|2500–1345 BCE}})}}.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/destinations/bihar_a_quick_guide_to_saran/|title=BIHAR: A QUICK GUIDE TO SARAN|access-date=24 March 2017 |work= Outlook |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323054404/http://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/destinations/bihar_a_quick_guide_to_saran/|archive-date=23 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1100925/jsp/bihar/story_12980021.jsp|title=Oldest hamlet faces extinction threat|access-date=24 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323053759/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1100925/jsp/bihar/story_12980021.jsp|archive-date=23 March 2017|url-status=live|work=The Telegraph}}</ref> Regions of Bihar – such as [[Magadha]], [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] and [[Anga]] – are mentioned in religious texts and epics of [[ancient India]]. | |||
Mithila gained prominence after the establishment of the [[Videha]] Kingdom.<ref name="gov.bih.nic.in">{{cite web|url=http://gov.bih.nic.in/Profile/default.htm|title=State Profile|website=gov.bih.nic.in|access-date=26 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922043241/http://www.gov.bih.nic.in/Profile/default.htm|archive-date=22 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[[Michael Witzel]] (1989), ''Tracing the Vedic dialects in Dialectes dans les litteratures Indo-Aryennes'' ed. Caillat, Paris, pages 13, 17 116–124, 141–143</ref> During the late Vedic period {{nowrap|(c. 1100–500 BCE),}} Videha became one of the major political and cultural centers of South Asia, along with Kuru and Pañcāla. The kings of the Videha Kingdom were called [[Janaka]]s.<ref>[[Michael Witzel]] (1989), ''Tracing the Vedic dialects in Dialectes dans les litteratures Indo-Aryennes'' ed. Caillat, Paris, pages 13, 141–143</ref> [[Sita]], a daughter of one of the Janaks of [[Mithila, India|Mithila]] is mentioned as the consort of [[Rama|Lord Rama]], in the [[Hindu epic]] ''[[Ramayana]]'', written by [[Valmiki]].<ref name="gov.bih.nic.in" /><ref>[[Michael Witzel]] (1989), ''Tracing the Vedic dialects in Dialectes dans les litteratures Indo-Aryennes'' ed. Caillat, Paris</ref>{{page needed|date=January 2019}} The Videha Kingdom later became incorporated into the [[Vajji]] confederacy which had its capital in the city of [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]], which is also in Mithila.<ref>Raychaudhuri Hemchandra (1972), ''Political History of Ancient India'', Calcutta: University of Calcutta, pp. 85–86</ref> Vajji had a republican form of government where the king was elected from the rajas. Based on the information found in texts pertaining to Jainism and Buddhism, Vajji was established as a republic by the 6th century BCE, before the birth of [[Gautama Buddha]] in 563 BCE, making it the first known republic in India. | |||
The [[Haryanka dynasty]], founded in 684 BCE, ruled Magadha from the city of Rajgriha (modern [[Rajgir]]). The two well-known kings from this dynasty were [[Bimbisara]] and his son [[Ajatashatru]], who imprisoned his father to ascend the throne. Ajatashatru founded the city of [[Pataliputra]] which later became the capital of Magadha. He declared war and conquered the [[Vajji]]. The Haryanka dynasty was followed by the [[Shishunaga dynasty]]. Later, the [[Nanda Dynasty]] ruled a vast tract stretching from [[Bengal]] to [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. | |||
The Nanda dynasty was replaced by the [[Maurya Empire]], [[India]]'s first empire. The Maurya Empire and the religion of [[Buddhism]] arose in the region that now makes up modern Bihar. The Mauryan Empire, which originated from Magadha in 325 BCE, was founded by [[Chandragupta Maurya]], who was born in Magadha. It had its capital at [[Pataliputra]] (modern [[Patna]]). Mauryan Emperor [[Ashoka]], who was born in Pataliputra (Patna), is often considered to be among the most accomplished rulers in world history.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Panth |first1=Rabindra |title=India's Perception Through Chinese Travellers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BPdtAAAAMAAJ |year=2007 |page=61 |publisher=Nava Nalanda Mahavihara |isbn=9788188242122 |access-date=6 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151112044300/https://books.google.com/books/about/India_s_Perception_Through_Chinese_Trave.html?id=BPdtAAAAMAAJ |archive-date=12 November 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>''A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms'', by Fa-hsien (chapter27)</ref> | |||
The [[Gupta Empire]], which originated in Magadha in 240 CE, is referred as the Golden Age of India in science, mathematics, astronomy, commerce, religion, and [[Indian philosophy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ushistory.org/civ/8e.asp |title=The Gupta Period of India |publisher=Ushistory.org |access-date=19 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002003624/http://www.ushistory.org/civ/8e.asp |archive-date=2 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Bihar and Bengal were invaded by [[Rajendra Chola I]] of the [[Chola dynasty]] in the 11th century.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ali |first= A. Yusuf |date=1925 |title=The Making of India |publisher=A. & C. Black |page=60}}</ref><ref>''The Cambridge Shorter History of India'', p. 145</ref>[[File:Chandragupt maurya Birla mandir 6 dec 2009 (31) (cropped).JPG|thumb|[[Chandragupta Maurya]], founder of the [[Mauryan dynasty]]|alt=|left|253x253px]] | |||
=== Medieval period === | |||
Buddhism in Magadha went into decline due to the invasion of [[Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji]], during which many of the [[viharas]] were destroyed along with the universities of [[Nalanda]] and [[Vikramashila]]. Some historians believe that thousands of [[Buddhist]] monks were massacred during the 12th century.<ref>The Maha-Bodhi By Maha Bodhi Society, Calcutta (page 8)</ref><ref>Smith V. A., ''Early history of India''</ref><ref>Elliot, History of India, Vol 4</ref><ref name="Scott">{{Cite journal|last=Scott|first=David|title=Buddhism and Islam: Past to Present Encounters and Interfaith Lessons|journal=Numen|volume = 42|issue = 2|pages = 141–155|date = May 1995|doi=10.1163/1568527952598657|jstor=3270172 | |||
}}</ref> [[D. N. Jha]] suggests, instead, that these incidents were the result of Buddhist–Brahmin skirmishes in a fight for supremacy.<ref>{{cite news |last=Jha |first=D. N. |title=Grist to the reactionary mill |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/grist-to-the-reactionary-mill/ |date=9 July 2014 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=3 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203142503/http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/grist-to-the-reactionary-mill/ |archive-date=3 February 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> After the fall of the [[Pala Empire]], the [[Chero dynasty]] ruled some parts of Bihar from the 12th century until [[Mughal Empire|Mughal rule]] in the 16th century.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=399UDwAAQBAJ&q=chero+dynasty&pg=PT71|title=Bihar General Knowledge Digest|isbn=9789352667697|last1=Singh|first1=Pradyuman|date=19 January 2021}}</ref> In 1540, the great [[Pashtun people|Pathan]] chieftain, [[Sher Shah Suri]], took northern India from the Mughals and declared Delhi his capital. | |||
From the 11th century to the 20th century, Mithila was ruled by various indigenous dynasties. The first of these were the [[Karnatas of Mithila|Karnatas]], followed by the [[Oiniwar dynasty]] and [[Raj Darbhanga]].<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0i94Z5C8HMC&q=karnataka,+oinwars&pg=PA55 | title=Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective | access-date=11 December 2016| isbn=9788175330344 | last1=Jha | first1=Makhan | year=1997 }}</ref> | |||
It was during this period that the capital of Mithila was shifted to [[Darbhanga]].<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EzPYdQo3vZgC&q=darbhanga+capital&pg=PA165 | title=Wetlands management in North Bihar | access-date=14 December 2016| isbn=9788180697074 | last1=Mandal | first1=R. B. | year=2010 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0i94Z5C8HMC&q=darbhanga+capital+mithila&pg=PA56 | title=Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective | access-date=14 December 2016| isbn=9788175330344 | last1=Jha | first1=Makhan | year=1997 }}</ref> | |||
The tenth and the last [[Sikh gurus|guru]] of [[Sikhism]], [[Guru Gobind Singh]], was born in Patna in 1666. With political instability in the Mughal Empire following [[Aurangzeb]]'s death in 1707, [[Murshid Quli Khan]] declared Bengal's independence and named himself [[Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad|Nawab of Bengal]].[[File:Dr Rajendra Pd. DR.Anugrah Narayan Sinha.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|(Sitting L to R): [[Rajendra Prasad]] and [[Anugrah Narayan Sinha]] during [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s 1917 [[Champaran Satyagraha]]|left]] | |||
=== Colonial era === | |||
{{See also|1781 revolt in Bihar|Veer Kunwar Singh|Siege of Arrah|Battle of Chatra}}After the [[Battle of Buxar]] (1764), the [[British East India Company]] obtained the diwani rights (rights to administer and collect tax revenue) for Bihar, [[Bengal]] and [[Odisha]]. The rich resources of fertile land, water and skilled labour had attracted the foreign imperialists, particularly the Dutch and British, in the 18th century. A number of agriculture-based industries had been started in Bihar by foreign entrepreneurs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Early Agro based Industries |url=http://www.bihargatha.in/early-agriculture-based-enterprenureships |date=2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910142241/http://www.bihargatha.in/early-agriculture-based-enterprenureships |archive-date=10 September 2011 |website=Bihargatha |access-date=13 August 2015}}</ref> Bihar remained a part of the [[Bengal Presidency]] of [[British India]] until 1912, when [[Bihar and Orissa]] were carved out as a separate province. | |||
=== Pre- and post-Independence === | |||
{{See also|2008 attacks on Uttar Pradeshi and Bihari migrants in Maharashtra}} | |||
Farmers in [[Champaran]] had revolted against [[indigo]] cultivation in 1914 (at [[Pipra]]) and 1916 (Turkaulia). In April 1917, [[Mahatma Gandhi]] visited Champaran, where [[Raj Kumar Shukla]] had drawn his attention to the exploitation of the peasants by European indigo planters. The [[Champaran Satyagraha]] that followed received support from many Bihari nationalists, such as [[Rajendra Prasad]] [[Krishna Sinha]] and [[Anugrah Narayan Sinha]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Judith Margaret |last=Brown |title=Gandhi's Rise to Power, Indian Politics 1915–1922: Indian Politics 1915–1922 |publisher=Cambridge University Press Archive |location=New Delhi |year=1972 |isbn=978-0-521-09873-1 |page=77 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HUo4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA77 |access-date=19 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510195818/https://books.google.com/books?id=HUo4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA77 |archive-date=10 May 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Alpha/DR.A.N.%20SINGH |title=Eminent Gandhian Dr A N Sinha, First Bihar Deputy CM cum Finance Minister |publisher=Indian Post |access-date=20 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202161527/http://www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Alpha/DR.A.N.%20SINGH |archive-date=2 December 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
In the northern and central regions of Bihar, the [[All India Kisan Sabha|Kisan Sabha]] (peasant movement) was an important consequence of the independence movement. It began in 1929 under the leadership of [[Swami Sahajanand Saraswati]] who formed the [[Bihar Provincial Kisan Sabha]] (BPKS), to mobilise peasant grievances against the [[zamindari]] attacks on their occupancy rights. The movement intensified and spread from Bihar across the rest of India, culminating in the formation of the [[All India Kisan Sabha]] (AIKS) at the [[Lucknow]] session of the [[Indian National Congress]] in April 1936, where Saraswati was elected as its first president.<ref>{{cite book |first=Śekhara |last=Bandyopādhyāya |title=From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India | publisher=Orient Longman |year=2004 |isbn=978-81-250-2596-2 |pages=406–407}}</ref> | |||
Following independence, [[Bihari people|Bihari]] migrant workers have faced violence and prejudice in many parts of India, such as [[Maharashtra]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Assam]].<ref>{{cite news| author=Kumod Verma| date=14 February 2008| title=Scared Biharis arrive from Mumbai| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-02-14/patna/27756096_1_mumbai-bound-trains-mns-activists-passenger-trains| access-date=14 February 2008| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022092951/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-02-14/patna/27756096_1_mumbai-bound-trains-mns-activists-passenger-trains| archive-date=22 October 2012| url-status=dead| work=[[The Times of India]]| df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last=Hussain | first=Wasbir | author-link=Wasbir Hussain | date=11 August 2007 | title=30 Killed in Northeast Violence in India | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/11/AR2007081100464_pf.html | newspaper=Washington Post | access-date=25 February 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107005651/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/11/AR2007081100464_pf.html | archive-date=7 November 2012 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> | |||
== Geography and climate == | |||
{{multiple image | |||
| align = right | |||
| direction = vertical | |||
| image1 = Valmikinagar Hydel Project, Bihar.jpg | |||
| image2 = Flooded Bihar.JPG | |||
| footer = | |||
| image3 = Mountain of Ashram.jpg | |||
| caption1 = Forest in [[Valmikinagar]], Bihar | |||
| caption2 = Flooded farmlands in during [[2008 Bihar flood]]. | |||
| caption3 = Mountain of Ashrams, [[Bodh Gaya]] | |||
}} | |||
{{Main|Geography of Bihar|Climate of Bihar}}{{See also|Physiographical Regions of Bihar|Forest in Bihar}}{{Further|Floods in Bihar}}{{climate chart | |||
|<center> [[Climate of Bihar]]</center>|9.3|23.5|11.5 | |||
|11.4|26.3|9.9 | |||
|15.9|32.1|12.0 | |||
|21.3|36.6|23.8 | |||
|24.0|37.0|56.4 | |||
|25.7|35.6|164.6 | |||
|25.4|32.7|324.8 | |||
|25.4|32.5|276.0 | |||
|24.8|32.3|216.9 | |||
|21.4|31.6|83.1 | |||
|15.2|29.0|6.4 | |||
|10.3|24.9|6.0 | |||
|float=left | |||
|source=<ref>{{cite periodical |title=Climate of Bihar |url=https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climate%20of%20Bihar.pdf |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |periodical=Climatological Summaries of States |number=18}}</ref> | |||
|width=200}} | |||
Bihar covers a total area of {{convert|94163|km2|0|abbr=on}}, with an average elevation above sea level of {{convert|173|ft|m}}. It is land locked by [[Nepal]] in the north, [[Jharkhand]] in the south [[West Bengal]] in the east and [[Uttar Pradesh]] to the west.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bihar {{!}} History, Map, Population, Government, & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Bihar|access-date=2021-05-09|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> It has three parts on the basis of physical and structural conditions: the [[Rohtas Plateau|Southern Plateau]], the [[Shivalik Range|Shivalik Region]], and [[Gangetic Plain|Bihar's Gangetic Plain]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=by|date=2017-12-20|title=Geographical location of Bihar|url=https://bihar.pscnotes.com/bihar-geography/geographical-location-of-bihar/|access-date=2021-05-09|website=Bihar PSC Exam Notes|language=en-US}}</ref> Furthermore, the vast stretch of [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|fertile]] [[Gangetic Plain|Bihar Plain]] is divided by the [[Ganges|Ganges River]] into two unequal parts – [[North Bihar]] and South Bihar.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-10|title=Geographical Structure of Bihar: Geology {{!}} Physiology {{!}} Plain {{!}}Plateau|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/geographical-structure-of-bihar-geology-physiology-plain-plateau-1481802502-1|access-date=2021-05-09|website=Jagranjosh.com}}</ref> The Ganges flows west–east and, along with its tributaries, regularly floods parts of the Bihar plain. The main northern tributaries are the [[Gandaki River|Gandak]] and [[Koshi River|Koshi]], which originate in the Nepalese Himalayas, and the [[Bagmati]], which originates in the [[Kathmandu Valley]]. Other tributaries are the Son, [[Budhi Gandak]], Chandan, Orhani and [[Phalgu]]. Bihar has some small hills, such as the [[Rajgir hills]] in center, [[Kaimur Range]] in south-west and [[Sivalik Range|Shivalik Range]] in North. Bihar has notified forest area of 6,764.14 km<sup>2</sup>, which is 7.1 percent of its geographical area.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|title=State Profile|url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/st_bihar.php|publisher=Gov. of India|access-date=}}</ref> The sub-Himalayan foothills of [[Shivalik Range|Shivalik ranges]], primary Someshwar and Dun mountain, in [[West Champaran district]] are clad in a belt of moist deciduous [[forest]]. As well as trees, this consists of scrub, grass and reeds. | |||
Bihar lies completely in the Subtropical region of the Temperate Zone, and its climatic type is [[Humid subtropical climate|humid subtropical]]. Its temperature is subtropical in general, with hot summers and cold winters. Bihar has an average daily high temperature of only 26 °C with a yearly average of 26 °C. The climate is very warm, but has only a very few tropical and humid months. Several months of the year it is warm to hot at temperatures continuously above 25 °C, sometimes up to 29 °C. Due to less rain the best time for traveling is from October to April. The most rainy days occur from May to September.<ref>{{Cite web |title=imdpune.gov.in/ |url=https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climate%20of%20Bihar.pdf |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219043745/http://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climate%20of%20Bihar.pdf |archive-date=19 February 2020 }}</ref> | |||
==Flora and fauna== | |||
{{multiple image | |||
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| direction = vertical | |||
| image1 = Bengal Tiger7.jpg | |||
| image2 = Bauhinia Acuminata.jpg | |||
| footer = | |||
| image3 = The_magnificent_Ganges_River_Dolphin.jpg | |||
| caption1 = [[Bengal Tiger]] is main attraction at [[Valmiki Tiger Reserve]] | |||
| caption2 = [[Bauhinia acuminata]], locally known as '''Kachnaar''' | |||
| caption3 = A dolphin in [[Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary]] | |||
}} | |||
{{Main|Flora of Bihar|Fauna of Bihar}} | |||
{{See also|Protected areas of Bihar}}{{Further|Valmiki National Park|Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary}} | |||
Bihar has [[reserved Forest]] area of {{convert|6845|km2|0|abbr=on}}, which is 7.27% of its geographical area.<ref name="Forest">{{cite web |title=पर्यावरण एवं वन विभाग |url=http://forest.bih.nic.in/BiharatGlance.aspx |website=forest.bih.nic.in |access-date=31 August 2019}}</ref> The sub-Himalayan foothill of Someshwar and the Dun ranges in the Champaran district have belts of moist deciduous forests, mixed with shrubs, grass and reeds. High rainfall (above 1,600 mm [63 in]) promotes forests of Sal (''[[Shorea robusta]]'') in these areas. Other important trees are Sal Cedrela Toona, [[Khair]], and Semal. Deciduous forests also occur in the [[Saharsa]] and [[Purnia]] districts,<ref>{{cite web | title = Forest in Bihar | publisher = Forest Ministry of Bihar | url = http://forest.bih.nic.in/ | access-date = 28 November 2008| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090410052852/http://forest.bih.nic.in/ | archive-date = 10 April 2009| url-status = live | df = dmy-all | |||
}}</ref> with common trees including ''Shorea robusta'' (sal), [[Diospyros melanoxylon]] (kendu), ''[[Boswellia serrata]]'' (salai), ''[[Terminalia elliptica|Terminalia tomentose]]'' (asan), ''[[Terminalia bellirica|Terminalia bellerica]]'' (bahera), ''[[Terminalia arjuna]]'' (arjun), ''[[Pterocarpus marsupium]]'' (paisar), and ''[[Madhuca indica]]'' (mahua). | |||
= | Bihar has [[reserved Forest]] area of {{convert|6845|km2|0|abbr=on}}, which is 7.27% of its geographical area.<ref name="Forest"/> The sub-Himalayan foothill of Someshwar and the Dun ranges in the Champaran district have belts of moist deciduous forests, mixed with shrubs, grass and reeds. High rainfall (above 1,600 mm [63 in]) promotes forests of Sal (''[[Shorea robusta]]'') in these areas. Other important trees are Sal Cedrela Toona, [[Khair]], and Semal. Deciduous forests also occur in the [[Saharsa]] and [[Purnia]] districts,<ref>{{cite web | ||
| title = Forest in Bihar | |||
| publisher = Forest Ministry of Bihar | |||
| url = http://forest.bih.nic.in/ | |||
| access-date = 28 November 2008 | |||
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090410052852/http://forest.bih.nic.in/ | |||
| archive-date = 10 April 2009 | |||
</ | | url-status = live | ||
| df = dmy-all | |||
}}</ref> with common trees including ''Shorea robusta'' (sal), [[Diospyros melanoxylon]] (kendu), ''[[Boswellia serrata]]'' (salai), ''[[Terminalia elliptica|Terminalia tomentose]]'' (asan), ''[[Terminalia bellirica|Terminalia bellerica]]'' (bahera), ''[[Terminalia arjuna]]'' (arjun), ''[[Pterocarpus marsupium]]'' (paisar), and ''[[Madhuca indica]]'' (mahua). | |||
== | [[Valmiki National Park]] covers about {{convert|800|km2|0|abbr=on}} of forest and is the 18th [[Tiger Reserve of India]], ranked fourth in terms of density of tiger population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://projecttiger.nic.in/valmiki.htm|title=VALMIKI|date=27 May 2004|access-date=26 October 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040527185358/http://projecttiger.nic.in/valmiki.htm|archive-date=27 May 2004}}</ref> It has a diverse landscape and biodiversity in addition to sheltering the protected carnivores. [[Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary]] in [[Bhagalpur]] region is a reserve for the endangered [[South Asian river dolphin]].<ref name="Forest"/> Other species in Bihar include [[leopard]], [[bear]], [[hyena]], [[bison]], [[chital]] and [[barking deer]]. [[Gharial|Ghariyal]] (including [[Mugger crocodile|muggers]]) and Gangetic turtles can be found in the river systems. [[Karkatgarh Waterfall]] on [[Karmanasa River]] is a natural habitat of crocodiles. In 2016, the government of Bihar has accepted the proposal of the forest authorities to turn the place into a Crocodile Conservation Reserve (CCR).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Prasun K |title=Bihar's first crocodile conservation reserve near Karkatgarh soon |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/patna/bihar-s-first-crocodile-conservation-reserve-near-karkatgarh-soon/story-GYf0feUPeK33j6IY2EAUCI.html |access-date=1 October 2019 |work=Hindustan Times |date=6 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Other notable wildlife sanctuaries include [[Kaimur Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Bhimbandh Wildlife Sanctuary]] and [[Gautam Buddha Wildlife Sanctuary]]. Many varieties of local and migratory bird species can be seen in natural wetlands of [[Kanwar Lake Bird Sanctuary]], Baraila lake, Kusheshwar Nath Lake, [[Udaypur Wildlife Sanctuary|Udaypur lake]].<ref name="Forest" /> | ||
{{ | |||
{{ | == Demographics == | ||
{{IndiaCensusPop | |||
| title= Population growth | |||
| 1951= 29085000 | |||
| 1961= 34841000 | |||
| 1971= 42126000 | |||
| 1981= 52303000 | |||
| 1991= 64531000 | |||
| 2001= 82999000 | |||
| 2011=104099452 | |||
| estimate= | |||
| estyear= | |||
| estref= | |||
| footnote=Source:Census of India<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref> | |||
| 1901=21243632|1911=21567159|1921=21358905|1931=23438371|1941=26302771 | |||
}}{{bar box|title=Religion in Bihar|titlebar=#F6F6F6|left1=Religion|right1=Percent|float=right|bars={{bar percent|Hinduism|orange|82.69}} | |||
{{bar percent|Islam|green|16.86}} | |||
{{bar percent|other|grey|0.44}}}}{{Main|Demographics of Bihar| Languages of Bihar | Religion in Bihar}} | |||
{{See also|Bihari people|List of cities in Bihar by population}} | |||
{{See also|Bihari Languages|Maithili language|Bhojpuri|Angika|Magahi|Magadhi Prakrit|Hindi in Bihar}} | |||
{{See also|Sikhism in Bihar|Christianity in Bihar|Jainism in Bihar|Islam in Bihar}} | |||
{{bar box|title=[[Languages of Bihar]] (2011)<ref name="Languages2011">{{cite web |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue – Bihar |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1000.XLSX |work=Census of India 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General |access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref>|titlebar=#F6F6F6|left1=[[Bihari Languages]]|right1=Percent|float=right|bars={{bar percent|[[Hindi]]|orange|25.54}} | |||
{{bar percent|[[Bhojpuri]]|blue|24.86}} | |||
{{bar percent|[[Maithili language|Maithili]]|red|12.55}} | |||
{{bar percent|[[Magahi]]|yellow|10.87}} | |||
{{bar percent|[[Urdu]]|green|8.42}} | |||
{{bar percent|other|grey|17.76}}}}At the [[2011 Census of India|2011 Census]], Bihar was the [[List of states and union territories of India by population|third most populous]] [[States and territories of India|state of India]] with a total population of 104,099,452, nearly 89% of it rural. It was also India's most densely populated state, with 1,106 persons per square kilometre. The [[human sex ratio|sex ratio]] was 918 females per 1000 males.<ref name="StateProfile">{{cite web |title=Bihar Profile |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/stock/profiles/en/IND010_Bihar.pdf |website=census.gov.in |access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref> Almost 58% of Bihar's population was below 25 years age, which is the highest in India. At 11.3%, Bihar has the second-lowest urbanisation rate in India after [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiafacts.in/india-census-2011/urban-rural-population-o-india/|title=Urban and Rural Population of India 2011|access-date=29 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315223625/http://indiafacts.in/india-census-2011/urban-rural-population-o-india/|archive-date=15 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> As per [[2011 Census of India|2011 Census]], the [[Hinduism]] is practiced by 82.7% of the population and [[Islam]] was recorded as region of 16.9% to total population. [[Christianity in Bihar|Christianity]] (0.12%), Buddhism (0.02%) and Sikhism (0.02%) is minority in [[religion in Bihar]]. | |||
{{India}} | Most of Bihar's population belongs to Indo-Aryan-speaking ethnic groups. It also attracted [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] Hindu refugees during the [[Partition of India|Partition of British India]] in 1947.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/Religion_WhizMap1/housemap.htm |title=Census GIS HouseHold |publisher=Censusindiamaps.net |access-date=15 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706213221/http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/Religion_WhizMap1/housemap.htm |archive-date=6 July 2010 }}{{dead link|date=February 2016|reason=Cyberbot fix not working|fix-attempted=yes}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Bihar has a total [[literacy rate]] of 63.82% (73.39% for males and 53.33% for females), recording a growth of 20% in female literacy over the preceding decade.<ref name="Census2011Literacy" /> According to the 2011 census, 82.7% of Bihar's population practised [[Hinduism]], while 16.9% followed [[Islam]].<ref name="census2011">{{cite web|title=Population by religion community – 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=Census of India, 2011|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|archive-date=25 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bihar-elections-among-factors-in-religious-data-of-census-2011-release/article7579546.ece|title=Bihar elections among factors in religious data of Census 2011 release|journal=The Hindu|first=Vijaita|last=Singh|date=25 August 2015|access-date=26 October 2017|via=www.TheHindu.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230200448/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bihar-elections-among-factors-in-religious-data-of-census-2011-release/article7579546.ece|archive-date=30 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
[[Hindi]] is the official language of the state and spoken by 25.54% of the total population.<ref name="CSDOffLang1950">{{cite web|url=http://csd.bih.nic.in/Act&rule/Act1english.pdf|title=The Bihar Official Language Act, 1950|date=1950|website=Cabinet Secretariat Department, Government of Bihar|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413072041/http://csd.bih.nic.in/Act%26rule/Act1english.pdf|archive-date=13 April 2015|access-date=9 April 2015}}</ref> At 8.42%, Urdu is the second official language in 15 districts of the state.<ref name="Benedikter2009">{{cite book|last=Benedikter|first=Thomas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vpZv2GHM7VQC&pg=PA89|title=Language Policy and Linguistic Minorities in India: An Appraisal of the Linguistic Rights of Minorities in India|date=2009|publisher=[[LIT Verlag]]|isbn=978-3-643-10231-7|location=Münster|page=89|access-date=10 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019053006/https://books.google.com/books?id=vpZv2GHM7VQC&pg=PA89&lpg=PA89|archive-date=19 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the majority of the people speak one of the [[Languages of Bihar|Bihari languages]], most of which as classified as dialects of Hindi during the census. The major ones are [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] (24.86%), [[Maithili language|Maithili]] (12.55%)and [[Magahi language|Magahi]] (10.87%), but smaller ones such as [[Angika]] and [[Bajjika]] are also spoken by large numbers.<ref name="Chitransh2012">{{cite news|last=Chitransh|first=Anugya|url=http://hillpost.in/2012/09/bhojpuri-is-not-the-only-language-in-bihar/50489/|title=Bhojpuri is not the only language in Bihar|date=1 September 2012|newspaper=Hill Post|access-date=10 April 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228200009/http://hillpost.in/2012/09/bhojpuri-is-not-the-only-language-in-bihar/50489/|archive-date=28 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="Cardona2003">{{cite book|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages|date=11 September 2003|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-77294-5|editor1-last=Cardona|editor1-first=George|editor1-link=George Cardona|series=Routledge Language Family Series|page=500|quote=...the number of speakers of Bihari languages are difficult to indicate because of unreliable sources. In the urban region most educated speakers of the language name Hindi as their language because this is what they use in formal contexts and believe it to be the appropriate response because of lack of awareness. The uneducated and the urban population of the region return Hindi as the generic name for their language.|editor2-last=Jain|editor2-first=Dhanesh}}</ref> Maithili is a recognised regional language of India under the [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India]].<ref name="mha.nic.in">{{Cite web |title=Constitutional provisions relating to Eighth Schedule |url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/EighthSchedule_19052017.pdf |website=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=4 April 2022}}</ref> Proponents have called for [[Bhojpuri]] and [[Magahi]] to receive the same status.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://hindi.firstpost.com/culture/legislators-demand-magahi-and-bhojpuri-language-to-included-in-8th-schedule-of-constitution-sa-19510.html|title=लोकसभा में उठी मगही, भोजपुरी को आठवीं अनुसूची में शामिल करने की मां|date=22 March 2017|access-date=24 February 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328081001/https://hindi.firstpost.com/culture/legislators-demand-magahi-and-bhojpuri-language-to-included-in-8th-schedule-of-constitution-sa-19510.html|archive-date=28 March 2019|language=hi|trans-title=Demand for including Bhojpuri in the Eighth Schedule|website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> However speaker numbers for these languages are limited because the more educated and urban prefer to speak in Hindi (in formal contexts) and so return this answer on the census, and in rural and uneducated areas they simply return their language as "Hindi" on the census. | |||
== Government and administration == | |||
{{multiple image | |||
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| image1 = Patna high court1.jpg | |||
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| header = [[Government of Bihar]] | |||
| header_background = Grey | |||
| caption1 = [[Patna High Court]] | |||
| caption2 = [[Bihar Vidhan Sabha]] | |||
| caption3 = [[Patna Secretariat]] | |||
}} | |||
{{Main|Government of Bihar|Administration in Bihar}} | |||
{{See also|Divisions of Bihar|Districts of Bihar}} | |||
The constitutional head of the government of Bihar is the governor, who is appointed by the [[President of India]]. Executive power rests with the [[chief minister]] and their cabinet. The political party or coalition of political parties having a majority in the Legislative Assembly forms the government. | |||
The head of the bureaucracy of the state is the chief secretary, under whom a hierarchy of officials is drawn from the [[Indian Administrative Service]], [[Indian Police Service]], [[Indian Forest Service]], and different wings of the state civil services. The [[judiciary]] is headed by the Chief Justice. Bihar has a [[Patna High Court|High Court]] which has been functioning since 1916. All the branches of the government are located in the state capital, Patna. | |||
The state is administratively divided into 9 divisions and 38 districts. For the administration of urban areas, Bihar has 12 [[Municipal Corporation (India)|municipal corporations]], 49 [[nagar parishad]]s(city councils), and 80 [[nagar panchayat]]s (town councils).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170330/jsp/bihar/story_143389.jsp#.WNziu7lMTcs|title=Bihar Civic elections likely in May 2017|access-date=30 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331031251/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170330/jsp/bihar/story_143389.jsp#.WNziu7lMTcs|archive-date=31 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Pandey |first=Ashutosh Kumar |title=बिहार : नगर विकास एवं आवास विभाग की पहल, पुनर्गठन से नगर परिषदों की बढ़ जायेगी संख्या |trans-title=Bihar: Initiatives of the Department of Urban Development and Housing, will increase the number of city councils by restructuring |url=http://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/patna/reorganization-will-increase-the-number-of-city-councils/956843.html |date=20 March 2017 |newspaper=[[Prabhat Khabar]] |language=hi |access-date=19 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324174135/http://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/patna/reorganization-will-increase-the-number-of-city-councils/956843.html |archive-date=24 March 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/patna/story/954291.html|title=पहली बार कोई महिला बनेगी पटना नगर निगम की मेयर|trans-title=For the first time, a woman will become the mayor of Patna Municipal Corporation|access-date=24 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324175018/http://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/patna/story/954291.html|archive-date=24 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/ward-delimitation-begins-in-chhapra/articleshow/57299170.cms|title=Ward delimitation begins in Chhapra|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=24 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227073049/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/ward-delimitation-begins-in-chhapra/articleshow/57299170.cms|archive-date=27 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bhaskar.com/news/BIH-PAT-HMU-MAT-latest-patna-news-020501-2002341-NOR.html|title=छपरा को निगम बख्तियारपुर को मिला नगर परिषद का दर्जा|date=14 February 2017|access-date=24 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324181148/http://www.bhaskar.com/news/BIH-PAT-HMU-MAT-latest-patna-news-020501-2002341-NOR.html|archive-date=24 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
=== Politics === | |||
{{Main|Politics of Bihar}} | |||
{{See also|:Category:Political parties in Bihar|Elections in Bihar|List of politicians from Bihar|2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election}} | |||
By 2004, ''[[The Economist]]'' magazine said that "Bihar [had] become a byword for the worst of India, of widespread and inescapable poverty, of corrupt politicians indistinguishable from mafia-dons they patronise, caste-ridden social order that has retained the worst feudal cruelties".<ref>{{cite news |title=Bihar a byword for worst of India: The Economist |url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=28789 |date=25 February 2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010042826/http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=28789 |archive-date=10 October 2012 |newspaper=The Indian Express |agency=Press Trust of India |access-date=9 September 2019}}</ref> In 2005, the [[World Bank]] believed that issues faced by the state were "enormous" because of "persistent poverty, complex social stratification, unsatisfactory infrastructure and weak governance".<ref name="wpbihar">{{cite web |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/624671468035374716/pdf/328190IN0Bihar1reportl1June200501PUBLIC1.pdf |title=Bihar – Towards a Development Strategy |publisher=World Bank |year=2005 |location=Washington, DC |access-date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322000944/http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/624671468035374716/pdf/328190IN0Bihar1reportl1June200501PUBLIC1.pdf |archive-date=22 March 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
{{As of|2014|post=,}} there are two main political formations: the [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA) which comprises [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP, Indian People's Party), [[Lok Janashakti Party]] (LJP) and [[Janata Dal (United)]] (JDU); and a second alliance between [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] (RJD, National People's Party), [[Hindustani Awam Morcha]], [[Rashtriya Lok Samta Party]] and [[Indian National Congress]] (INC). There are many other political formations. The [[Communist Party of India]] had a strong presence in Bihar at one time, which has since weakened.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/17%20-%20State%20wise%20seat%20won%20and%20valid%20votes%20polled%20by%20political%20party.pdf|title=State Wise Seat Won & Valid Votes Polled by Political Parties|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=20 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424233926/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/17%20-%20State%20wise%20seat%20won%20and%20valid%20votes%20polled%20by%20political%20party.pdf|archive-date=24 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] CPI(M) and CPM and [[All India Forward Bloc]] (AIFB) have a minor presence, along with the other extreme leftist parties.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://kafila.org/2011/09/25/the-decline-of-communist-mass-base-in-bihar-jagannath-sarkar/| title= The Decline of Communist Mass Base in Bihar: Jagannath Sardar| date= 25 September 2011| access-date= 20 September 2015| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160106132116/http://kafila.org/2011/09/25/the-decline-of-communist-mass-base-in-bihar-jagannath-sarkar/| archive-date= 6 January 2016| url-status= live| df= dmy-all}}</ref> | |||
[[Nitish Kumar]] has been chief minister of Bihar for 13 years between 2005 and 2020. In contrast to prior governments, which emphasised divisions of caste and religion, his political platform was based on economic development, reduction of crime and corruption, and greater social equality. Since 2010, the government confiscated the properties of corrupt officials and redeployed them as school buildings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theweekendleader.com/page.php?cy=Causes&id=420&title=Perfect-justice|title=Nitish Kumar government orders corrupt official's home to be made into school|access-date=27 February 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504115107/http://www.theweekendleader.com/page.php?cy=Causes&id=420&title=Perfect-justice|archive-date=4 May 2015}}</ref> They also introduced Bihar Special Court Act to curb crime.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newkerala.com/news/world/fullnews-154170.html |title=Court upholds Bihar Special Court Act |access-date=27 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105230129/http://www.newkerala.com/news/world/fullnews-154170.html |archive-date=5 January 2012}}</ref> It also legislated a two-hour lunch break on Fridays, to enable [[Muslim]] employees to pray and thereby reduce absenteeism.<ref>{{cite news| title= Bihar fixes time for Friday prayers by its employees| url= http://www.indianexpress.com/news/bihar-fixes-time-for-friday-prayers-by-its-employees/978842/| newspaper= The Indian Express| date= 25 July 2012| access-date= 25 July 2012| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130220095905/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/bihar-fixes-time-for-friday-prayers-by-its-employees/978842| archive-date= 20 February 2013| url-status= live| df= dmy-all}}</ref> The government has prohibited the sale and consumption of alcohol in the state since March 2016,<ref>{{cite news |title=Bihar Brings New Law on Alcohol Ban After HC Quashed Old One |url=http://thewire.in/70591/bihar-brings-new-law-alcohol-ban-hc-quashed-old-one/ |date=4 October 2016 |newspaper=The Wire |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |access-date=3 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109115342/https://thewire.in/70591/bihar-brings-new-law-alcohol-ban-hc-quashed-old-one/ |archive-date=9 January 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> which has been linked to a drop in tourism<ref>{{cite web |title=Bihar witnesses serious drop in tourism after liquor ban |url=http://english.pradesh18.com/news/bihar/bihar-witnesses-serious-drop-in-tourism-after-liquor-ban-912876.html |date=3 September 2016 |website=Pradesh18 |access-date=3 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202101123/http://english.pradesh18.com/news/bihar/bihar-witnesses-serious-drop-in-tourism-after-liquor-ban-912876.html |archive-date=2 December 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> and a rise in substance abuse.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chaudhary |first1=Amit Kumar |last2=Jha |first2=Sujeet |last3=Mishra |first3=Himanshu |title=Udta Bihar: Huge spike in substance abuse, alcohol bootlegging year after ban |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-today-exclusive-investigation-udta-bihar-black-marketing-alcohol-drugs-ban-980475-2017-06-01 |access-date=14 January 2020 |work=India Today |date=1 June 2017 |language=en}}</ref> | |||
== Public health == | |||
Bihar generally ranks weakest in health outcomes in comparison to other Indian states.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1"/> While the [[National Health Mission]], the [[Clinical Establishments (Registration and Regulation) Act, 2010|Clinical Establishments Act of 2010]], and the formation of the Empowered Action Group (EAG)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Arokiasamy |first1=Perianayagam |last2=Gautam |first2=Abhishek |title=Neonatal mortality in the empowered action group states of India: trends and determinants |journal=Journal of Biosocial Science |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=183–201 |doi=10.1017/S0021932007002623 |pmid=18093346 |issn=0021-9320|year=2008 |s2cid=1775511 }}</ref> provide federal funds to expand and improve healthcare services, Bihar's ability to fully utilise this funding is lacking.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Berman|first1=P|last2=Bhawalkar|first2=M|last3=Jha|first3=R|date=2017|title=Tracking financial resources for primary health care in BIHAR, India. A report of the Resource Tracking and Management Project.|url=https://cdn1.sph.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2031/2017/01/Tracking-financial-resources-for-primary-health-care-in-BIHAR-India.pdf|journal=Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health|access-date=20 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720195130/https://cdn1.sph.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2031/2017/01/Tracking-financial-resources-for-primary-health-care-in-BIHAR-India.pdf|archive-date=20 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://swasth.btast.oneworld.net/knowledge-bank/case-studies/quality-improvement-efforts-public-health-facilities-bihar|title=Quality improvement efforts in public health facilities of Bihar – Some general findings, Sector Wide Approach to Strengthening Health (SWASTH) in Bihar, Government of Bihar Initiative Supported by Department for International Development (DFID)|date=2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720194950/http://swasth.btast.oneworld.net/knowledge-bank/case-studies/quality-improvement-efforts-public-health-facilities-bihar|archive-date=20 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
Research indicates that Bihar relies on privatised hospitals to provide healthcare to the masses, with the second-highest ratio among Indian states for private to public spending and high levels of corruption.<ref name=":0" /> These factors are associated with slower healthcare delivery and steep healthcare costs.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Karvande|first1=Shilpa|last2=Sonawane|first2=Devendra|last3=Chavan|first3=Sandeep|last4=Mistry|first4=Nerges|date=20 February 2016|title=What does quality of care mean for maternal health providers from two vulnerable states of India? Case study of Bihar and Jharkhand|journal=Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition|language=En|volume=35|issue=1|pages=6|doi=10.1186/s41043-016-0043-3|issn=2072-1315|pmc=5025984|pmid=26897522}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Quintussi|first1=Marta|last2=Van de Poel|first2=Ellen|last3=Panda|first3=Pradeep|last4=Rutten|first4=Frans|date=26 April 2015|title=Economic consequences of ill-health for households in northern rural India|journal=BMC Health Services Research|language=En|volume=15|issue=1|pages=179|doi=10.1186/s12913-015-0833-0|issn=1472-6963|pmc=4419476|pmid=25928097}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Raza|first1=Wameq A.|last2=van de Poel|first2=Ellen|last3=Bedi|first3=Arjun|last4=Rutten|first4=Frans|date=28 December 2015|title=Impact of Community-based Health Insurance on Access and Financial Protection: Evidence from Three Randomized Control Trials in Rural India|journal=Health Economics|language=en|volume=25|issue=6|pages=675–687|doi=10.1002/hec.3307|pmid=26708298|issn=1057-9230}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author1=Ramani, K. V. |author2=Mavalankar, Dileep |author3=Govil, Dipti |title=Strategic issues and challenges in health management |date=2008 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Sage |isbn=978-8132100201 |oclc=316005200}}</ref> Corruption is enabled as Bihar lacks continuity and transparency of health reporting as required by the Clinical Establishments Act of 2010. In turn, this prevents the government from making evidence-based conclusions about policy changes and hospital effectiveness, resulting in patterns of ill-informed spending and inconsistent hiring. | |||
When comparing Bihar to [[Kerala]], the number of healthcare professionals (including registered nurses, auxiliary nurses, physicians and health supervisors) at each hospital are significantly lower, and remain constant over time while they steadily increase in number in Kerala.<ref name=":2">Government of India- Ministry of Health & Family Welfare- Health and Family Welfare Census Data, 2008–2015</ref> According to Ministry of Health statistics, the greatest shortfalls are for physicians and specialists at 75%.<ref name=":0" /> Bihar has only 50% of the sub-health centres, 60% of the primary health centres, and 9% of the community health centres required by the national supply-to-population standards. The number of public hospital beds in Bihar decreased between 2008 and 2015.<ref name=":2" /> Given the high population density of the state, Bihar is significantly behind in the number of healthcare professionals that should be employed.<ref>"Census of India: Provisional Population Totals India: Paper1: Census 2011". Censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 16 August 2014.</ref><ref name=":2" /> Despite these shortcomings, Bihar has shown gradual signs of improvement for female health workers,<ref name=":0" /> death rate, and infant, neo-natal, child and maternal morality rates.<ref name=":0" /> | |||
== Economy == | |||
{{Main|Economy of Bihar}} | |||
{| class="mw-collapsible autocollapse" | align="left" | width="150" | |||
|+'''Gross State Domestic Product''' | |||
! Year !! Millions of rupees<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mospi.nic.in/mospi_nad_main.htm |title=National Accounts Division : Press release & Statements |publisher=Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation |access-date=16 August 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060413232217/http://mospi.nic.in/mospi_nad_main.htm |archive-date=13 April 2006 }}</ref> | |||
| rowspan="9" | | |||
|- | |||
| '''1980'''|| <div class="centre">73,530</div> | |||
|- | |||
| '''1985'''|| <div class="centre"> 142,950</div> | |||
|- | |||
| '''1990'''|| <div class="centre"> 264,290</div> | |||
|- | |||
| '''1995'''|| <div class="centre"> 244,830</div> | |||
|- | |||
| '''2000'''|| <div class="centre"> 469,430</div> | |||
|- | |||
| '''2005'''|| <div class="centre"> 710,060<ref>{{cite web |url=http://specials.rediff.com/money/2009/mar/31slide5-indias-top-ten-debt-ridden-states.htm |title=Bihar's economy climbs to $12b by 2005 |publisher=Specials.rediff.com |date=31 March 2009 |access-date=15 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805030206/http://specials.rediff.com/money/2009/mar/31slide5-indias-top-ten-debt-ridden-states.htm |archive-date=5 August 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref></div> | |||
|- | |||
| '''2010'''|| <div class="centre"> 2,042,890 {{citation needed|date=March 2019}}</div> | |||
|- | |||
| '''2015'''|| <div class="centre"> 3,694,690 {{citation needed|date=March 2019}}</div> | |||
|} | |||
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| image1 = Vikramshila Agrovet 2 Langra Mango farm, Mathurapur, Bhagalpur Bihar.JPG | |||
| image2 = Lychee.jpg | |||
| footer = | |||
| caption1 = [[Langra mango]] from a farm in [[Shivnarayanpur]], [[Bhagalpur]], Bihar | |||
| caption2 = Bihar accounts for 71% of India's annual [[litchi]] production.<ref>{{cite news |last=Das |first=Anand ST |title=Distressed Delicacy |url=http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main39.asp?filename=Bu050708distresseddelicacy.asp |date=5 July 2008 |journal=[[Tehelka]] |volume=5 |issue=26 |access-date=14 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214203408/http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main39.asp?filename=Bu050708distresseddelicacy.asp |archive-date=14 February 2015 }}</ref> | |||
}} | |||
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| caption1 = [[Barauni Refinery|Barauni Petrolium Oil Refinery]] in [[Begusarai]] | |||
| caption2 = | |||
}} | |||
Bihar's gross state domestic product (GSDP) for the fiscal year (FY) 2013–14 was around {{currency|3683.37|INR}} billion. By sectors, its composition is 22% agriculture, 5% industry and 73% services.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}} Bihar has the fastest-growing state economy in terms of GSDP, with a growth rate of 17.06% in FY 2014–15.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bihar fastest growing state, Maharashtra tops in economic size: Report |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-bihar-fastest-growing-state-maharashtra-tops-in-economic-size-report-2151335 |newspaper=dna |date=2 December 2015 |access-date=22 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715131816/http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-bihar-fastest-growing-state-maharashtra-tops-in-economic-size-report-2151335 |archive-date=15 July 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> The economy of Bihar was projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 13.4% during 2012–2017 (the 12th [[Five-Year Plans of India|Five-Year Plan]]). Bihar has experienced strong growth in per capita net state domestic product (NSDP). At current prices, per capita NSDP of the state grew at a CAGR of 12.91% from 2004 to 2005 to 2014–15.<ref name="ibef.org">{{cite web |title=Industrial Development & Economic Growth in Bihar |url=http://www.ibef.org/states/bihar-presentation |date=September 2018 |website=[[India Brand Equity Foundation]] |access-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510195819/https://www.ibef.org/states/bihar-presentation |archive-date=10 May 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Bihar's per capita income went up by 40.6% in FY 2014–15.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bihar posts avg GDP growth rate of 10.5% last decade |url=http://wap.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/bihar-posts-avg-gdp-growth-rate-of-10-5-last-decade-116022501020_1.html |newspaper=Business Standard |date=25 February 2016 |access-date=22 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705051200/http://wap.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/bihar-posts-avg-gdp-growth-rate-of-10-5-last-decade-116022501020_1.html |archive-date=5 July 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> The state's debt was estimated at 77% of GDP by 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://specials.rediff.com/money/2009/mar/31slide5-indias-top-ten-debt-ridden-states.htm |title=Bihar's debt soars to 77% of GDP |publisher=Specials.rediff.com |date=31 March 2009 |access-date=15 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805030206/http://specials.rediff.com/money/2009/mar/31slide5-indias-top-ten-debt-ridden-states.htm |archive-date=5 August 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
=== Agriculture === | |||
{{Main|Agriculture in Bihar}}Among the states of India, Bihar is the fourth-largest producer of vegetables and the eighth-largest producer of fruits. About 80% of the state's population is employed in agriculture, which is above the national average.<ref name="ibef.org" /> The main agricultural products are litchi, guava, mango, pineapple, brinjal, lady's finger, cauliflower, cabbage, rice, wheat, sugarcane, and sunflower. Though good soil and favourable climatic conditions favour agriculture, this can be hampered by floods and soil erosion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iloveindia.com/states/bihar/economy.html|title=Economy Of Bihar|website=www.ILoveIndia.com|access-date=26 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026111407/http://www.iloveindia.com/states/bihar/economy.html|archive-date=26 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The southern parts of the state endure annual droughts, which affect crops such as paddy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.igovernment.in/articles/20591/26-bihar-districts-declared-drought-hit|title=26 Bihar districts declared drought-hit – igovernment.in|website=www.iGovernment.in|access-date=26 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026110735/http://www.igovernment.in/articles/20591/26-bihar-districts-declared-drought-hit|archive-date=26 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
=== Industry === | |||
[[Hajipur]], [[Dalmianagar]] and [[Barauni]] are the major industrial cities in Bihar<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hajipuronline.in/city-guide/about-hajipur#|title=About Hajipur, General Information on Hajipur, Hajipur Profile|website=www.HajipurOnline.in|access-date=26 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019053006/http://www.hajipuronline.in/city-guide/about-hajipur|archive-date=19 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The capital city, Patna, is one of the better-off cities in India when measured by per capita income.{{relevance inline|date=January 2020}}<ref name="patna_prosperity">{{cite news | |||
| last = Nigam | |||
| first = Aditi | |||
| title = For Bihar, P stands for Patna and prosperity | |||
| url = http://www.financialexpress.com/news/For-Bihar-P-stands-for-Patna-and-prosperity/293289/ | |||
| date = 27 April 2008 | |||
| newspaper = [[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] | |||
| access-date = 14 February 2015 | |||
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140421095706/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/For-Bihar-P-stands-for-Patna-and-prosperity/293289 | |||
| archive-date = 21 April 2014 | |||
| url-status = live | |||
| df = dmy-all | |||
}}</ref>{{note|1}} | |||
<!-- Previous table used: | |||
{| class="wikitable" |align="left" | |||
|- | |||
! All India | |||
! Patna(patna) | |||
! Bengaluru | |||
! Greater Mumbai | |||
! Delhi | |||
! Kolkata | |||
! Hyderabad | |||
|- | |||
| Rs 22,946<ref name="patna_prosperity" /> | |||
| '''Rs 31,441'''<ref name="patna_prosperity" /> | |||
| Rs 29,394<ref name="Deccan_Herald" /> | |||
| Rs 40,768<ref name="Deccan_Herald" /> | |||
| Rs 43,155<ref name="Deccan_Herald" /> | |||
| Rs 27,868<ref name="Deccan_Herald" /> | |||
| Rs 28,768<ref name="Deccan_Herald" /> | |||
|} | |||
--> | |||
The Finance Ministry has sought to create investment opportunities for big industrial houses like [[Reliance Industries]]. Further developments have taken place in the growth of small industries, improvements in IT infrastructure, a software park in Patna, Darbhanga, Bhagalpur,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://digitalindia.gov.in/writereaddata/files/ggd/deity/11%20Announcement%20of%20Setting%20up%20of%20New%20STPI%20Centres.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221131835/http://www.digitalindia.gov.in/writereaddata/files/ggd/deity/11%20Announcement%20of%20Setting%20up%20of%20New%20STPI%20Centres.pdf|title=STPI New Centres|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 December 2016}}</ref> and the completion of the expressway from the Purvanchal border through Bihar to Jharkhand. In August 2008, a Patna-registered company called the [[Security and Intelligence Services (India)|Security and Intelligence Services]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sisindia.com/history.htm |title=History |publisher=Sisindia.com |date=29 July 1993 |access-date=15 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228202249/http://sisindia.com/history.htm |archive-date=28 February 2009 }}</ref> took over the Australian guard and mobile patrol services business of American conglomerate, [[United Technologies Corporation]] (UTC). SIS is registered and taxed in Bihar.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ahmad |first=Faizan |title=Bihar security firm sets foot in Australia |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-08-25/patna/27903419_1_sis-security-concerns-private-security-industry |date=25 August 2008 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=14 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518131811/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-08-25/patna/27903419_1_sis-security-concerns-private-security-industry |archive-date=18 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{relevance inline|date=January 2020}} | |||
Prior to [[Alcohol prohibition in India#Bihar|prohibition]], Bihar emerged as a brewery hub with numerous production units.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/cons-products/liquor/bihar-emerging-as-brewery-hub/articleshow/11509175.cms|title=Bihar emerging as brewery hub|publisher=Economic Times|access-date=16 January 2012|date=16 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140524125923/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/cons-products/liquor/bihar-emerging-as-brewery-hub/articleshow/11509175.cms|archive-date=24 May 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2018, [[United Breweries Limited]] announced it would begin production of non-alcoholic beer at its previously defunct brewery in Bihar.<ref>{{cite news |title=Prohibition forces United Breweries out of Bihar |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/MmiH7FRa8a8De60k9e9CgM/Prohibition-forces-United-Breweries-out-of-Bihar.html |access-date=27 January 2019 |work=livemint.com |date=11 May 2017 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128082815/https://www.livemint.com/Companies/MmiH7FRa8a8De60k9e9CgM/Prohibition-forces-United-Breweries-out-of-Bihar.html |archive-date=28 January 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kulkarni |first1=Mahesh |title=UB to launch non-alcoholic beer |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/business/ub-launch-non-alcoholic-beer-689490.html |access-date=27 January 2019 |work=Deccan Herald |date=26 August 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128082934/https://www.deccanherald.com/business/ub-launch-non-alcoholic-beer-689490.html |archive-date=28 January 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
=== Income distribution === | |||
In terms of income, the districts of [[Patna district|Patna]], [[Munger district|Munger]], and [[Begusarai district|Begusarai]] placed highest among the 38 districts in the state, recording the highest per capita gross district [[Gross domestic product|domestic product]] of {{INR}}31,441, {{INR}}10,087 and {{INR}}9,312, respectively, in FY 2004–05.<ref name="patna_prosperity" /> | |||
== Culture == | |||
{{Main|Culture of Bihar}} | |||
=== Paintings === | |||
{{multiple image | |||
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<br />'' [[Tikuli Painting]] and [[Manjusha Painting]] are two other form of [[Painting in Bihar]] | |||
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{{See also|Mithila painting|Tikuli Painting|Patna Qualam|Manjusha Painting}}[[File:Sharmila Sharma et Rajendra Kumar Gangani 2.jpg|300px|thumb|[[Kathak]] classical dance form, from Bhojpur region]]There are several traditional styles of painting practised in Bihar. One is [[Mithila painting]], a style used in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of Bihar. Traditionally, this form was practised mainly by women, passed down generation to generation. Painting was usually done on walls during festivals, religious events, births, marriages, and other cultural milestones.<ref name="Carolyn Brown Heinz 2006, pp. 5-33">Carolyn Brown Heinz, 2006, "Documenting the Image in Mithila Art," Visual Anthropology Review, Vol. 22, Issue 2, pp. 5–33</ref> It was traditionally done on the plastered walls of mud huts, and is also done on cloth, handmade paper and canvas. Famous Mithila painters include Smt Bharti Dayal, [[Mahasundari Devi]], the late [[Ganga Devi (painter)|Ganga Devi]], and Sita Devi. | |||
Mithila painting is also called [[Madhubani art]]. It mostly depicts human beings and their association with nature. Common scenes illustrate deities and [[Saraswati]] from ancient epics, celestial objects, and religious plants like [[Tulsi]], and scenes from the royal court and social events. Generally, no space is left empty.<ref name="Carolyn Brown Heinz 2006, pp. 5-33" /> | |||
The [[Patna School of Painting]] (''Patna Kalam''), sometimes called "Company Painting", flourished in Bihar during the early 18th to mid-20th centuries. It was an offshoot of the [[Mughal painting|Mughal]] Miniature School of Painting. Those who practised this art form were descendants of Hindu artisans of Mughal painting. Facing persecution from the Mughal Emperor, [[Aurangzeb]], these artisans found refuge, via [[Murshidabad]], in [[Patna]] during the late 18th century. Their art shared the characteristics of the Mughal painters, expanded subject matter from court scenes to [[bazaar]] scenes, daily life and ceremonies. They used [[watercolour]]s on paper and on [[mica]]. This school of painting formed the basis for the formation of the [[College of Arts and Crafts Patna|Patna Art School]] under the leadership of Shri Radha Mohan. The school is an important centre of the [[fine arts]] in Bihar. | |||
=== Performing arts === | |||
{{See also|Music of Bihar}} | |||
Bihar has produced musicians like [[Bharat Ratna]], [[Ustad Bismillah Khan]] and [[dhrupad]] singers like the Malliks ([[Darbhanga Gharana]]) and the Mishras ([[Bettiah]] Gharana), along with poets like [[Vidyapati]] Thakur who contributed to [[Maithili music]]. The classical music in Bihar is a form of [[Hindustani classical music]].{{citation needed|date=January 2020}} | |||
[[Gaya (India)|Gaya]] is another centre of classical music, particularly of the [[Tappa]] and [[Thumri]] varieties. [[Pandit]] Govardhan Mishra – son of the Ram Prasad Mishra, himself an accomplished singer – is perhaps the finest living exponent of Tappa singing in India, according to [[Padma Shri]] Gajendra Narayan Singh, founding secretary of the [[Sangeet Natak Academi]] of Bihar{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}. | |||
Gajendra Narayan Singh also writes, in his memoir, that Champanagar, [[Banaili]], was another major centre of classical music. [[Rajkumar Shyamanand Sinha]] of Champanagar, Banaili princely state, was a great patron of music and was himself one of the finest exponents of classical vocal music in Bihar in his time.<ref name=Singh2008>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Gajendra Narayan |title=Surile Logon Ki Sangat |year=2008 |orig-year=2002 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Kanishka Publishers & Distributors |isbn=9788184570724}}</ref> Singh, in another book on Indian classical music, wrote that "Kumar Shyamanand Singh of Banaili estate had such expertise in singing that many great singers including [[Kesarbai Kerkar]] acknowledged his ability. After listening to [[bandish]]es from Kumar Sahib, [[Pandit Jasraj]] was moved to tears and lamented that, alas, he did not have such ability himself." [free translation of Hindi text].<ref name=Singh1999>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Gajendra Narayan |title=Swargangh |year=1999}}</ref><ref name=SinghWeb>{{cite web|title=Collections |url=http://www.padmashrigajendranarayansingh.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7&Itemid=8 |website=Padma Shri Gajendra Narayan Singh |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811004503/http://www.padmashrigajendranarayansingh.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7&Itemid=8 |archive-date=11 August 2014 }}</ref> | |||
During the 19th century, many Biharis emigrated as indentured labourers to the [[West Indies]], [[Fiji]], and [[Mauritius]]. During this time many sad plays and songs called ''birha'' became popular in the [[Bhojpuri region|Bhojpur region]], as ''Bhojpuri Birha''. Dramas incorporating this theme continue to be popular in the theatres of [[Patna]].<ref name=Jugnu2013>{{cite AV media |last=Jugnu |first=Haidar Ali |title=Sati Sulochana – Bhojpuri Birha By Haidar Ali- Jugnu |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T3vGrihYfX4 |publisher=hamaarbhojpuri |website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=25 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522222404/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T3vGrihYfX4 |archive-date=22 May 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{better source needed|date=April 2016}} | |||
=== Cinema === | |||
{{Main|Cinema of Bihar}} | |||
{{See also|Bhojpuri Film Industry|List of Bhojpuri films}} | |||
Bihar has a robust [[Bhojpuri]]-language film industry. There is also a smaller production of [[Magadhi]]-, [[Maithili language|Maithili]]- and [[Angika]]-language films. The first film with Bhojpuri dialogue was ''[[Ganga Jamuna]]'', released in 1961.<ref>[[Ganga Maiyya Tohe Piyari Charaihbo]] – [https://us.imdb.com/title/tt0054910/ First Bhojpuri language film] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070315165512/http://us.imdb.com/title/tt0054910/ |date=15 March 2007 }}</ref> | |||
[[Bhaiyaa]], the first [[Magadhi]] film, was released in 1961.<ref>[[Bhaiyaa]] – [https://archive.today/20121206041801/http://us.imdb.com/title/tt0236021/ First Magadhi language film]</ref> | |||
The first [[Maithili language|Maithili]] movie was ''[[Kanyadan film|Kanyadan]]'' released in 1965.<ref>[[Kanyadan film|Kanyadan]] – [https://archive.today/20130103075100/http://us.imdb.com/title/tt0236358/ First Maithili language film]</ref> | |||
Maithili film ''[[Mithila Makhaan]]'' won the | |||
[[National Film Awards|National Film Award]] for Best Maithili Film in 2016.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/63rd-national-film-awards-complete-list-of-winners/ |title=National Awards 2016: Here is the complete List of Winners |journal=[[The Indian Express]] |date=29 March 2016 |access-date=16 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328071802/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/63rd-national-film-awards-complete-list-of-winners/ |archive-date=28 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
The history of films entirely in Bhojpuri begins in 1962 with the well-received film ''[[Ganga Maiyya Tohe Piyari Chadhaibo]]'' ("Mother Ganges, I will offer you a yellow sari"), which was directed by Kundan Kumar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0233774/|title=Ganga Maiyya Tohe Piyari Chadhaibo (1962)|work=IMDb|access-date=27 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130920030553/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0233774/|archive-date=20 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
1963's ''[[Lagi nahin chute ram]]'' was the all-time hit Bhojpuri film, and had higher attendance than ''[[Mughal-e-Azam]]'' in the eastern and northern regions of India. [[Bollywood]]'s ''[[Nadiya Ke Paar (1982 film)|Nadiya Ke Paar]]'' is another well-known Bhojpuri-language movie. Films such as ''[[Bidesiya (film)|Bidesiya]]'' ("Foreigner", 1963, directed by S. N. Tripathi) and ''[[Ganga (1965 film)|Ganga]]'' ("Ganges", 1965, directed by Kundan Kumar) were profitable and popular, but in general Bhojpuri films were not commonly produced in the 1960s and 1970s. | |||
In the 1980s, enough Bhojpuri films were produced to support a dedicated industry. Films such as ''Mai'' ("Mom", 1989, directed by Rajkumar Sharma) and ''Hamar Bhauji'' ("My Brother's Wife", 1983, directed by Kalpataru) had success at the box office. However, this trend faded during the 1990s.<ref>Tripathy, Ratnakar (2007) 'Bhojpuri Cinema', South Asian Popular Culture, 5:2, 145–165</ref> | |||
In 2001, Bhojpuri films regained popularity with ''Saiyyan Hamar'' ("My Sweetheart", directed by Mohan Prasad), which raised actor [[Ravi Kishan]] to prominence.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060414/asp/etc/story_6075200.asp |title=For my female audiences, I'll wear a really flimsy dhoti |work=The Telegraph |location=Kolkota, India |date=14 April 2006 |access-date=15 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021111613/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060414/asp/etc/story_6075200.asp |archive-date=21 October 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Several other commercially successful films followed, including ''Panditji Batai Na Biyah Kab Hoi'' ("Priest, tell me when I will marry", 2005, directed by Mohan Prasad) and ''Sasura Bada Paisa Wala'' ("My father-in-law, the rich guy", 2005). These films did much better business in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar than mainstream Bollywood hits at the time, and were both made on extremely tight budgets.<ref>{{cite news |title=Move over Bollywood, Here's Bhojpuri |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/1/hi/world/south_asia/4512812.stm |work=BBC News}}</ref> ''Sasura Bada Paisa Wala'' also introduced [[Manoj Tiwari (politician)|Manoj Tiwari]], formerly a well-loved folk singer, to the wider audiences of [[Bhojpuri cinema]]. The success of Ravi Kishan and Manoj Tiwari's films led to a revival in Bhojpuri cinema, and the industry began to support an awards show<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bhojpurifilmaward.com/ |title=Home |publisher=Bhojpuri Film Award |access-date=15 October 2009| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091102163552/http://www.bhojpurifilmaward.com/| archive-date= 2 November 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref> and trade magazine ''Bhojpuri City''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bhojpuricity.com/ |title=bhojpuricity.com |publisher=bhojpuricity.com |access-date=15 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090904183654/http://www.bhojpuricity.com/ |archive-date=4 September 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> The industry produces over one hundred films per year.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}} | |||
In 2019, Maithili film ''[[Mithila Makhaan]]'' won Best Maithili Film in the 63rd National Film Awards.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dedhia |first1=Soni |title=Neetu Chandra's 'Mithila Makhaan' wins 'Best Maithili Film' National Award! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Neetu-Chandras-Mithila-Makhaan-wins-Best-Maithili-Film-National-Award/articleshow/51614931.cms |access-date=19 April 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=Jan 28, 2017}}</ref> | |||
=== Mass media === | |||
{{Main|Media in Bihar}} | |||
''Biharbandhu'' was the first [[Hindi]] newspaper published in Bihar. It was started in 1872 by Madan Mohan Bhatta, a [[Marathi people|Marathi]] [[Brahman]] who settled in [[Bihar-E-Sharif|Bihar Sharif]].<ref name="journalism">{{cite book |editor1-last=Ahmad |editor1-first=Qeyamuddin |title=Patna Through the Ages: Glimpses of History, Society and Economy |date=1988 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Commonwealth Publishers}}</ref> Hindi journalism often failed<ref>Rajendra Abhinandan Granth, ''"Nagri Pracharini Sabha"'', Arrah, 3 March 1950, pp. 353</ref> until it became an official language in the state. Hindi was introduced in the law courts in Bihar in 1880.<ref name="journalism" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Kumar |first=Nagendra |title=Journalism in Bihar: A Supplement to Bihar State Gazette |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ku1AAQAAIAAJ |date=1971 |publisher=Government of Bihar, Gazetteers Branch |page=28 |access-date=17 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123134121/https://books.google.com/books/about/Journalism_in_Bihar.html?id=Ku1AAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=23 November 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
Urdu journalism and poetry have a long history in Bihar, with many poets such as Shaad Azimabadi, Kaif Azimabadi, Kalim Ajiz and [[Bismil Azimabadi]]. Bihar publishes many Urdu dailies, such as ''Qomi Tanzim'' and ''Sahara'', and the monthly ''Voice of Bihar''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bihar Urdu Academy|url=http://biharurduacademy.in/|access-date=2 June 2020|website=biharurduacademy.in}}</ref> | |||
The beginning of the 20th century was marked by a number of notable new publications. A monthly magazine named ''Bharat Ratna'' was started in [[Patna]], in 1901. It was followed by ''Ksahtriya Hitaishi'', ''Aryavarta from Dinapure'', ''Udyoga'', and ''Chaitanya Chandrika''.<ref>''Bihar ki Sahityik Pragati'', Bihar Hindi Sahitya Sammelan, Patna 1956, p. 73</ref> ''Udyog'' was edited by Vijyaanand Tripathy, a famous poet of the time, and ''Chaitanya Chandrika'' by Krishna Chaitanya Goswami, a literary figure of that time. The literary activity was not confined to [[Patna]] alone but to other districts of Bihar.<ref name="journalism" /><ref>''Jayanti Smarak Granth'', pp. 583–585</ref> | |||
== Tourism == | |||
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| footer = [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] of [[Mahabodhi Temple]] and [[Nalanda]], [[Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary]], [[Bihar Museum]], [[Tomb of Sher Shah Suri]], [[Ghora Katora]] | |||
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}}{{Main|Tourism in Bihar}} | |||
Bihar is visited by many tourists from around the world,<ref name="tourism">[http://www.tourism.gov.in/survey/BIHAR%20TOURISM%20ANNUAL%20STATISTICS%20%20REPORT%20Final.pdf Statistics] on [[Tourism in Bihar]] on [[Indian Government]]'s website {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222105539/http://www.tourism.gov.in/survey/BIHAR%20TOURISM%20ANNUAL%20STATISTICS%20%20REPORT%20Final.pdf |date=22 December 2010 }}</ref> In 2019 Total 33 million of tourists visited Bihar which includes more than 1 million foreign tourist.<ref>{{Cite web|title=jcreview|url=http://www.jcreview.com/fulltext/197-1587482899.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126192942/https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2020-08/Figures.pdf |archive-date=2021-01-26 }} {{Cite web|title=tourism.gov.in|url=https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2020-08/Figures.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126192942/https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2020-08/Figures.pdf |archive-date=2021-01-26 }}</ref> Bihar is home of two [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]. The culture and heritage of Bihar can be observed from the large number of [[ancient]] [[monument]]s spread throughout the state. The [[Mahabodhi Temple]] (literally: "Great Awakening Temple"), a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]], is an ancient, but much rebuilt and restored, [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] temple in [[Bodh Gaya]], marking the location where the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] is said to have attained [[Enlightenment (Buddhism)|enlightenment]]. Bodh Gaya (in [[Gaya district]]) is about 96 km (60 mi) from [[Patna]], Bihar state, [[India]]. [[Nalanda|Nalanda Mahavihara]], a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]], is an worlds oldest university situated in [[Nalanda district|Nalanda]], Bihar. It comprises the archaeological remains of a monastic and scholastic institution dating from the 3rd century BCE to the 13th century CE. It includes stupas, shrines, viharas (residential and educational buildings) and important art works in stucco, stone and metal. Nalanda stands out as the most ancient university of the Indian Subcontinent. [[Archaeological Survey of India]] has recognized 72 [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Bihar|monuments in Bihar]] as [[Monument of National Importance|Monuments of National Importance]]. Furthermore, [[Archaeological Survey of India]] has recognized 30 additional monument as [[List of State Protected Monuments in Bihar|protected monuments]] in Bihar. | |||
Bihar has many places for ecotourism, which includes [[Valmiki National Park]] is famous [[National park of India|national park]] and [[Tiger reserves of India|tiger reserve]]. [[Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary|Vikramshila Dolphin Sanctuary]] is home of endangered [[Gangetic dolphin|Gangetic Dolphin]]. Bihar has many wildlife sanctuary such [[Bhimbandh Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Gautam Buddha Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Kaimur Wildlife Sanctuary|Kaimur Sanctuary]], [[Udaypur Wildlife Sanctuary]] and [[Pant Wildlife Sanctuary]]. Bihar invites many species of migratory birds at bird sanctuary like [[Kanwar Lake Bird Sanctuary]] and [[Nagi Dam Bird Sanctuary]]. | |||
Many tourists visit Bihar because of religious significance of the Bihar. [[Hindu]] [[Goddess]] [[Sita]], the consort of [[Rama|Lord Rama]], is believed to have been born in [[Sitamarhi district|Sitamarhi]] in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of modern-day Bihar.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sitamarhi|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/546790/Sitamarhi|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427100105/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/546790/Sitamarhi|archive-date=27 April 2015|access-date=30 January 2015|publisher=Britannica|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=History of Sitamarhi|url=http://sitamarhi.bih.nic.in/profile/index.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220171523/http://sitamarhi.bih.nic.in/profile/index.htm|archive-date=20 December 2014|access-date=30 January 2015|publisher=Official site of Sitamarhi district|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Gautama Buddha]] attained [[Bodhi|Enlightenment]] at [[Bodh Gaya]], a town located in the modern day district of [[Gaya District|Gaya]] in Bihar. [[Vasupujya]], the 12th Jain [[Tirthankara]] was born in [[Champapuri]], [[Bhagalpur]]. [[Mahavira]], the 24th and last [[Tirthankara]] of [[Jainism]], was born in [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]] around the 6th century BC.<ref>Pathak Prabhu Nath,''Society and Culture in Early Bihar'', Commonwealth Publishers, 1988, p. 140</ref> [[Śrāddha]] ritual performed in [[Pitru Paksha]] period considered as fruitful in the holy city of [[Gaya, India|Gaya]], which is seen as a special place to perform the rite, and hosts a fair during the Pitri Paksha period.<ref name="vidya">{{cite book|last=Vidyarathi|first=L P|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S4FidiusPr0C&q=mahalaya&pg=PA34|title=The Sacred Complex in Hindu Gaya|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=1978|pages=13,15,33,81,110}}</ref> | |||
== Transport == | |||
{{Main|Transport in Bihar}} | |||
[[File:Patna river port1.JPG|thumb|[[Patna]] river port on national inland waterways-1 at Gai Ghat]] | |||
=== Airways === | |||
{{main|List of airports in Bihar}} | |||
Bihar has a total of three operational airports as of 2020: [[Lok Nayak Jayaprakash Airport]] in Patna, [[Gaya Airport]] in Gaya, and [[Darbhanga Airport]] in Darbhanga. All three airports have scheduled flights to major cities around India. [[Gaya Airport]] is the only international airport in Bihar, having seasonal flights to countries like [[Thailand]], [[Bhutan]], and [[Myanmar]]. | |||
=== State highways === | |||
{{Main|List of state highways in Bihar}} | |||
Bihar has state highways with total length of 4,006 km (2,489 mi) and [[National Highways in Bihar|national highways]] with total length of 5,358 km (3,329 mi). | |||
=== Inland Waterways === | |||
The [[Ganges]] is navigable throughout the year, and was the principal river highway across the vast [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]]. Vessels capable of accommodating five hundred merchants were known to ply this river in the ancient period, when it served as a conduit for overseas trade. The role of the Ganges as a channel for trade was enhanced by its natural links to major rivers and streams in north and south Bihar.<ref>{{cite book|last=Yang|first=Anand A|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D5lQutvzAp4C&q=Bazaar+India|title=Bazaar India: Markets, Society, and the Colonial State in Gangetic Bihar|date=1998|isbn=978-0-520-21100-1|access-date=15 October 2009}}</ref> | |||
== Education == | |||
{{Main|Education in Bihar| Literacy in Bihar}} | |||
{{See also|List of educational institutions in Bihar}} | |||
[[File:Front view of administrative building of IIT Patna.jpg|thumb|Front view of administrative building of IIT Patna]][[File:NITPMainBuilding.jpg|thumb|NIT Patna main building]]Historically, Bihar has been a major centre of learning, home to the [[Ancient Universities of India|ancient universities]] of [[Nalanda]] (<abbr>est.</abbr> 450 CE), [[Jagaddala|Odantapurā]] (est. 550 CE) and [[Vikramashila]] (est. 783 CE). [[Nalanda]] and [[Vikramshila]] universities were destroyed by Islamic invader [[Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji|Bakhtiyar Khilji]] in 1200 CE.<ref>Altekar, Anant Sadashiv (1965). ''Education in Ancient India'', Sixth, Varanasi: Nand Kishore & Bros.</ref> Bihar saw a revival of its education system during the later part of the [[British raj|British rule]], when [[Patna University]], the seventh oldest university of the Indian subcontinent, was established in 1917.<ref>{{cite web|title=Profile of Patna University|url=http://www.patnauniversity.ac.in/profile.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410030522/http://www.patnauniversity.ac.in/profile.html|archive-date=10 April 2015|access-date=14 April 2015|publisher=[[Patna University]]}}</ref> Some other centres of high learning established under British rule are [[Patna College]] (est. 1839), Bihar School of Engineering (est. 1900; now known as [[National Institute of Technology, Patna]]), Prince of Wales Medical College (est. 1925; now [[Patna Medical College and Hospital]]), [[Science College, Patna]] (est. 1928), [[Patna Women's College]], [[Bihar Veterinary College]] (est. 1927), and Imperial Agriculture Research Institute (est. 1905; now [[Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agriculture University|Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agriculture University, Pusa]]). The [[Patna University]], one of the oldest universities in Bihar, was established in 1917, and is the 7th oldest university of the Indian subcontinent. Second oldest [[engineering college]] of [[India]] known as [[National Institute of Technology, Patna|NIT Patna]] was established as survey training school in 1886 and later renamed as [[Bihar College of Engineering]] in 1932. | |||
Today, Bihar is home of 7 [[Institutes of National Importance]]: [[Indian Institute of Technology Patna|IIT Patna]], [[Indian Institute of Management Bodh Gaya|IIM Bodh Gaya]], [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna|AIIMS, Patna]], [[National Institute of Technology, Patna|NIT Patna]], [[Indian Institute of Information Technology, Bhagalpur|IIIT Bhagalpur]], [[National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur|NIPER Hajipur]] and [[Nalanda University|Nalanda International University]]. In 2008, [[Indian Institutes of Technology Patna]] was inaugurated with students from all over India<ref>{{Cite news|last=Jha|first=Abhay Mohan|date=4 August 2008|title=Brand new IIT in Patna impresses all|publisher=NDTV|url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080059982|url-status=dead|access-date=4 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080807051714/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080059982|archive-date=7 August 2008}}</ref> and same year [[National Institute of Fashion Technology Patna]] was established as the ninth such institute in India.<ref>{{cite web|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=12 August 2008|title=NIFT starts classes in Patna with 60 students|url=http://twocircles.net/2008aug12/nift_starts_classes_patna_60_students.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322085633/http://twocircles.net/2008aug12/nift_starts_classes_patna_60_students.html|archive-date=22 March 2019|access-date=21 March 2019|website=TwoCircles.net}}</ref> The [[Indian Institute of Management Bodh Gaya]] was established in 2015. In March 2019, the government of Bihar has sent a proposal to centre Government to upgrade [[Darbhanga Medical College and Hospital]] into an [[AIIMS]]-like institution.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kumar|first1=Madan|date=3 March 2019|title=DMCH will be upgraded to AIIMS-like institution: Minister {{!}} Patna News – Times of India|language=en|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/dmch-will-be-upgraded-to-aiims-like-institution-minister/articleshow/68236419.cms?from=mdr|access-date=16 August 2019}}</ref> Bihar is home of four [[Central university (India)|Central universities]] which includes [[Central University of South Bihar]], [[Mahatma Gandhi Central University]], [[Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agriculture University]] and [[Nalanda University]]. In 2015, the central government had proposed re-establishment of [[Vikramshila]] in [[Bhagalpur]] and had designated {{INR}}500 crores ({{INR}}5 billion) for it.<ref>{{cite news|date=26 June 2017|title=Bihar drags feet on Central varsity in Bhagalpur; district identifies three chunks of land|language=en|work=Hindustan Times|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bihar-drags-feet-on-central-varsity-in-bhagalpur-district-identifies-three-chunks-of-land/story-69nNH8slT5wuXMKd08h8JP.html|access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref> Bihar also has the [[National Institute of Fashion Technology Patna]], [[Chanakya National Law University|National Law University, Patna]] [[Institute of Hotel Management, Hajipur|Institute of Hotel Management]] (IHM), [[Footwear Design and Development Institute|Footwear Design and Development Institute, Bihta]] and [[Central Institute of Plastics Engineering & Technology, Hajipur|Central Institute of Plastic Engineering & Technology]] (CIPET) Center. [[Central Institute of Plastics Engineering & Technology, Hajipur|CIPET]] (and [[Institute of Hotel Management, Hajipur|IHM]] was established in [[Hajipur]] in 1994 and 1998 respectively. [[Aryabhatta Knowledge University]] was established under ''Aryabhatta Knowledge University Act, 2008 of'' [[Government of Bihar|Bihar Government]]<ref>{{cite web|date=2008|title=The Aryabhatta Knowledge University Act, 2008|url=http://akubihar.ac.in/Administration/Docs/AKU_Act_2008(English).pdf|access-date=3 August 2017|publisher=[[Government of Bihar]]}}</ref> with purpose of the development and management of educational infrastructure related to technical education, medical, management and allied professional education in Bihar.<ref name="campus">{{cite news|date=January 3, 2015|title=Tech cradles fail to shift to permanent campus|work=The Times of India|agency=Times News Network|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Tech-cradles-fail-to-shift-to-permanent-campus/articleshow/45737175.cms|access-date=3 August 2017}}</ref> Based on 2020–21 data, [[Aryabhatta Knowledge University]] has 56 [[Engineering education|Engineering]] and [[Pharmacy]] colleges, 15 [[Medical college]]s, 33 Educational colleges, 8 [[community college]]s, 36 [[Nursing]] colleges and 11 [[Vocational university|Vocational colleges]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=.:Official Website : Aryabhatta Knowledge University, Patna:.|url=http://akubihar.ac.in/Colleges/Engineering.aspx|access-date=2020-02-01|website=akubihar.ac.in}}</ref> [[Chanakya National Law University]] and [[Chandragupt Institute of Management]] were established in the later half of 2008 and now attracts students from not just within Bihar but also students from far flung states. [[Nalanda University|Nalanda International University]] is established in 2014 with active investment from countries such as Japan, Korea, and China. The A.N. Sinha Institute of Social Studies is a premier research institute in the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=Premier Research Institute: ANSISS|url=http://www.ansiss.org/AboutUs.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100513005424/http://www.ansiss.org/AboutUs.aspx|archive-date=13 May 2010|publisher=Official website}}</ref> Bihar has eight medical colleges which are funded by the government, namely [[Patna Medical College and Hospital]], [[Nalanda Medical College and Hospital]], [[Vardhman Institute of Medical Sciences]], [[Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences]], [[Darbhanga Medical College and Hospital]], [[Anugrah Narayan Magadh Medical College and Hospital]] [[Gaya, India|Gaya]], [[Sri Krishna Medical College and Hospital]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Bhagalpur]], Government Medical College, Bettiah and five private medical colleges<ref>{{cite news|date=18 August 2013|title=First brick for new hospital|language=en|work=www.telegraphindia.com|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/bihar/first-brick-for-new-hospital/cid/266659|access-date=2 September 2019}}</ref> | |||
[[Bihta]], a suburb of state capital [[Patna]], is home of institutes like [[Indian Institute of Technology Patna|IIT Patna]], [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna|AIIMS, Patna]], [[Birla Institute of Technology, Patna|BIT, Patna]] and is now emerging as an education hub.<ref>{{cite web|title=Netaji Subhash Institute of Technology (Nsit), Netaji Subhash Institute of Technology (Nsit) Address, Admission, Netaji Subhash Institute of Technology (Nsit) Courses, Ranking, Contact Details.|url=http://www.studyguideindia.com/Colleges/Engineering/netaji-subhash-institute-of-technology-nsit.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111040018/http://www.studyguideindia.com/Colleges/Engineering/netaji-subhash-institute-of-technology-nsit.html|archive-date=11 November 2016|access-date=26 October 2017|website=www.StudyGuideIndia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Welcome to Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology – Bihta, Patna|url=http://nsit.in/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215023840/http://nsit.in/|archive-date=15 February 2015|access-date=27 February 2015}}</ref> With institute like [[Super 30]], Patna has emerged as a major center for [[engineering]] and [[Civil Services Examination|civil services]] coaching. The major private [[Joint Entrance Examination – Advanced|IIT-JEE]] coaching institutes have opened up their branches in Bihar and this has reduced the number of students who go to, for example, [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]] and [[Delhi]] for engineering/medical coaching. | |||
Bihar e-Governance Services & Technologies (BeST) and the [[government of Bihar]] have initiated a unique program to establish a centre of excellence called Bihar Knowledge Center, a finishing school to equip students with the latest skills and customised short-term training programs at an affordable cost. The centre aims to attract the youth of the state to improve their technical, professional, and soft skills, to meet the current requirements of the industrial job market.<ref>{{cite web|date=2008|title=Bihar Knowledge Center|url=http://www.biharonline.gov.in/Site/BKC/Default.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090428045325/http://www.biharonline.gov.in/Site/BKC/Default.aspx|archive-date=28 April 2009|access-date=3 August 2016}}</ref> The National Employability Report of Engineering Graduates, 2014,<ref>{{cite web|title=National Employability Report – Engineers, Annual Report 2014|url=http://www.aspiringminds.com/sites/default/files/National%20Employability%20Report%20-%20Engineers,%20Annual%20Report%202014.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012093454/http://www.aspiringminds.com/sites/default/files/National%20Employability%20Report%20-%20Engineers,%20Annual%20Report%202014.pdf|archive-date=12 October 2016|access-date=2 September 2016|website=www.aspiringminds.com|publisher=www.aspiringminds.com|page=22}}</ref> puts graduates from Bihar in the top 25 percent of the country, and rates Bihar as one of the three top states at producing engineering graduates in terms of quality and employability.<ref>{{cite news|title=Delhi, Bihar produce top engineers in India: Report|work=The Times Of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Delhi-Bihar-produce-top-engineers-in-India-Report/articleshow/29664924.cms|url-status=live|access-date=1 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201151525/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Delhi-Bihar-produce-top-engineers-in-India-Report/articleshow/29664924.cms|archive-date=1 February 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | |||
== See also == | |||
{{interwiki|code=bh|Bhojpuri}} | |||
{{interwiki|code=mai|Maithili}} | |||
* [[Bihar Diwas]] | |||
* [[Outline of Bihar]] | |||
* [[Timeline of Bihar]] | |||
* [[Bihari culture]] | |||
* [[Cuisine of Bihar]] | |||
* [[Bihari languages]] | |||
* [[Bihari people]] | |||
* [[List of people from Bihar]] | |||
== References == | |||
<!--Please DO ''not'' use a scroll template or form/table for the reflink, please read warning on the scroll template page [[Template:Scroll box#Warning]].--> | |||
{{Reflist|30em}} | |||
== Further reading == | |||
{{Refbegin|2}} | |||
* ''[[Swami Sahajanand Saraswati]] Rachnawali (Selected works of Swami Sahajanand Saraswati), Prakashan Sansthan, [[Delhi]], 2003''. | |||
* [[Christopher Alan Bayly]], ''Rulers, Townsmen, and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770–1870'', [[Cambridge University Press]], 1983. | |||
* Anand A. Yang, ''Bazaar India: Markets, Society, and the Colonial State in Bihar'', [[University of California Press]], 1999. | |||
* Acharya ''[[Hazari Prasad Dwivedi]] Rachnawali'', [[Rajkamal Prakashan]], [[Delhi]]. | |||
* ''Swami Sahajanand and the Peasants of Jharkhand: A View from 1941'' translated and edited by [[Walter Hauser]] along with the unedited Hindi original (Manohar Publishers, paperback, 2005). | |||
* ''Sahajanand on Agricultural Labour and the Rural Poor'' translated and edited by [[Walter Hauser]] (Manohar Publishers, paperback, 2005). | |||
* ''Religion, Politics, and the Peasants: A Memoir of India's Freedom Movement'' translated and edited by [[Walter Hauser]] (Manohar Publishers, hardbound, 2003). | |||
* [[Pandit Yadunandan (Jadunandan) Sharma]], 1947, ''Bakasht Mahamari Aur Uska Achook Ilaaz'' (Bakasht Epidemic and its Infalliable Remedy) in Hindi, Allahabad. | |||
* Jagannath Sarkar, "Many Streams" Selected Essays by Jagannath Sarkar and Reminiscing Sketches" Compiled by Gautam Sarkar Edited by Mitali Sarkar, First Published May 2010, Navakarnataka Publications Private Limited, Bangalore. | |||
* [[Indradeep Sinha]], 1969, ''Sathi ke Kisanon ka Aitihasic Sangharsha'' (Historic Struggle of Sathi Peasants), in Hindi, Patna. | |||
* [[Indradeep Sinha]], ''Real face of JP's total revolution'', [[Communist Party of India]] (1974). | |||
* [[Indradeep Sinha]], ''Some features of current agrarian situation in India'', [[All India Kisan Sabha]], (1987). | |||
* [[Indradeep Sinha]], ''The changing agrarian scene: Problems and tasks'', Peoples Publishing House (1980). | |||
* [[Indradeep Sinha]], ''Some questions concerning Marxism and the peasantry'', [[Communist Party of India]] (1982). | |||
* {{cite book |last1=Sinha |first1=Udai Prakash |last2=Kumar |first2=Swargesh |title=Bihar Tourism: Retrospect and Prospect |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dSZ987-0Fb8C |date=2012 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=9788180697999 |access-date=18 April 2015}} | |||
* Nand Kishore Shukla, ''The Trial of Baikunth Sukul: A Revolutionary Patriot'', Har-Anand, 1999, 403 pages, {{ISBN|81-241-0143-4}}. | |||
* ''Shramikon Ke Hitaishi Neta, Itihas Purush: Basawon Singh'' published by the Bihar Hindi Granth Academy (1st Edition, April 2000). | |||
* Ramchandra Prasad, Ashok Kumar Sinha, ''Sri Krishna Singh'' in ''Adhunik Bharat ke Nirmata Series'', Publications Division, [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]], [[Government of India]]. | |||
* [[Walter Hauser]], 1961, ''Peasant Organisation in India: A Case Study of the Bihar Kisan Sabha, 1929–1942'', Ph.D. Thesis, [[University of Chicago]], (Forthcoming publication). | |||
* Rai, Algu, 1946, ''A Move for the Formation of an All-Indian Organisation for the Kisans'', Azamgrah. | |||
* [[N. G. Ranga]], 1949, ''Revolutionary Peasants'', New Delhi. | |||
* [[N. G. Ranga]], 1968, ''Fight For Freedom'', New Delhi. | |||
* [[Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan]], 1943, ''Naye Bharet ke Naye Neta (New Leaders of New India)'', in Hindi, Allahabad. | |||
* [[Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan]], 1957, ''Dimagi Gulami (Mental Slavery)'', in Hindi, Allahabad. | |||
* [[Manmath Nath Gupta]], ''Apane samaya ka surya Dinkar'', Alekha Prakasana (1981). | |||
* [[Khagendra Thakur]], ''Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar': Vyaktitva aur Krititva'', Publications Division, 2008 [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]], [[Government of India]]. | |||
* [[Vijendra Narayan Singh]], ''Bharatiya Sahitya ke Nirmata: Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar'', [[Sahitya Akademi]], New Delhi, 2005, {{ISBN|81-260-2142-X}}. | |||
* Kumar Vimal, ''Ramdhari Singh Dinkar Rachna – Sanchayan'', [[Sahitya Akademi]], New Delhi, 2008, {{ISBN|978-81-260-2627-2}}. | |||
* Mishra Shree Govind, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-tO1AAAAIAAJ&q=History+Of+Bihar+1740-1772&dq=History+Of+Bihar+1740-1772&pgis=1 ''History Of Bihar 1740–1772''], [[Munshiram Manoharlal]], 1970 | |||
* Verma B S, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZVtGQAACAAJ&dq=Socio-religious+Economic+And+Literary+Condition+Of+Bihar ''Socio-religious Economic And Literary Condition Of Bihar (From ca. 319 A.D. to 1000 A.D.)''], Munshiram Manoharlal, 1962 | |||
* Maitra A,[https://books.google.com/books?id=d5ceAAAAMAAJ&q=History+Of+Magadh&dq=History+Of+Magadh&pgis=1 ''Magahi Culture''], Cosmo Publications, New Delhi, 1983 | |||
* Naipaul V S, ''India: A Wounded Civilization'', Picador, 1977 | |||
* Trevithick Alan, ''The Revival Of Buddhist Pilgrimage At Bodh Gaya (1811–1949): Anagarika Dharmapala And The Mahabodhi Temple'' | |||
* Jannuzi F. Tomasson, [https://archive.org/details/agrariancrisisin0000jann <!-- quote=Agrarian Crisis in India: the Case of Bihar. --> ''Agrarian Crisis In India: The Case Of Bihar''], University of Texas Press, 1974, {{ISBN|0-292-76414-6}}, {{ISBN|978-0-292-76414-9}} | |||
* Omalley L S S, ''History of Magadh'', Veena Publication, 2005, {{ISBN|81-89224-01-8}} | |||
* Shukla Prabhat Kumar, [https://books.google.com/books?id=AooQAgAACAAJ&dq=Indigo+And+The+Raj:+Peasant+Protests+In+Bihar+1780-1917 ''Indigo And The Raj: Peasant Protests In Bihar 1780–1917''], Pragati Publications, 1993, {{ISBN|81-7307-004-0}} | |||
* Ahmad Qeyamuddin, [https://books.google.com/books?id=W_J-HgAACAAJ&dq=Patna+Through+The+Ages ''Patna Through The Ages: Glimpses of History, Society & Economy''], Commonwealth Publishers, 1988 | |||
* Jain B D, ''Ardha Magadhi Reader'', Sri Satguru Publications, Lahore, 1923 | |||
* Patra C, ''Life in Ancient India: As Depicted In The Digha Nikaya'', Punthi Pustak, 1996, {{ISBN|81-85094-93-4}} | |||
* Hazra Kanai Lal, ''Buddhism in India As Described by the Chinese Pilgrims AD 399–689'', Munshiram Manoharlal, 1983, {{ISBN|81-215-0132-6}} | |||
* McCrindle John W., ''Ancient India As Described By Megasthenes And Arrian'', Munshiram Manoharlal | |||
* McCrindle John W., [https://books.google.com/books?id=A3UIAAAAQAAJ&q=Ancient+India+As+Described+By+Ptolemy&dq=Ancient+India+As+Described+By+Ptolemy&pgis=1 ''Ancient India As Described By Ptolemy''], Munshiram Manoharlal, 1927, {{ISBN|81-215-0945-9}} | |||
* Sastry Harprasad, ''Magadhan Literature'', Sri Satguru Publications, Calcutta, 1923 | |||
* Rai Alok, ''Hindi Nationalism'', Orient Longman, 2000, {{ISBN|81-250-1979-0}} | |||
* Waddell Austine L., ''Report on the Excavations at Pataliputra (Patna) – The Palibothra of the Greeks'', Asian Publicational Services, Calcutta, 1903 | |||
* Das Arvind N., ''The State of Bihar: an economic history without footnotes'', Amsterdam: VU University Press, 1992 | |||
* Brass Paul R., ''The politics of India since Independence'', Cambridge University Press, 1990 | |||
* Askari S. H., ''Mediaeval Bihar: Sultante and Mughal Period'', Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library, Patna, 1990 | |||
* Tayler William, ''Three Months at Patna during the Insurrection of 1857'', Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library, Patna, 2007 | |||
* Taylor P.J.O., ''"What really happened during the Mutiny: A day by day account of the major events of 1857–1859 in India"'', Oxford University Press, 1997, {{ISBN|0-19-564182-5}} | |||
* Pathak Prabhu Nath, [https://books.google.com/books?id=sUMdAAAAIAAJ&q=Socio-religious+Economic+And+Literary+Condition+Of+Bihar&dq=Socio-religious+Economic+And+Literary+Condition+Of+Bihar&pgis=1 ''Society and Culture in Early Bihar (C.A.D. 200 – 600)''], Commonwealth Publishers, 1988 | |||
* Basham A. L., ''The Wonder that was India'', Picador, 1954, {{ISBN|0-330-43909-X}} | |||
* Nambisan Vijay, ''Bihar in the eye of the beholder'', Penguin Books, 2000, {{ISBN|978-0-14-029449-1}} | |||
* Pathak Mohan, ''Flood plains and Agricultural occupance'', Deep & Deep Publication, 1991, {{ISBN|81-7100-289-7}} | |||
* D'Souza Rohan, ''Drowned and Dammed:Colonial Capitalism and Flood Control in Eastern India'', Oxford University Press, 2006, | |||
* Radhakanta Barik – ''Land & Caste Politics in Bihar'' (Shipra Publications, Delhi, 2006) | |||
{{Refend}} | |||
== External links == | |||
{{Sister project links|voy=Bihar}} | |||
; Government | |||
* [http://gov.bih.nic.in/ Official site of Bihar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615165115/http://gov.bih.nic.in/ |date=15 June 2011 }} | |||
* [http://bstdc.bih.nic.in/ Bihar State Tourism Development Corporation] | |||
; General information | |||
* {{curlie|Regional/Asia/India/Bihar|Bihar}} | |||
* {{osmrelation-inline|1958982}} | |||
{{Geographic location | |||
|Centre = Bihar | |||
|North = {{flagicon|Nepal}} [[Province No. 2]] | |||
|Northeast ={{flagicon|Nepal}}[[Province No. 1]] | |||
|East = [[West Bengal]] | |||
|Southeast = | |||
|South = [[Jharkhand]] | |||
|Southwest = | |||
|West = [[Uttar Pradesh]] | |||
|Northwest ={{flagicon|Nepal}}[[Bagmati Province]] | |||
}} | |||
{{ | {{Bihar}} | ||
{{states and territories of India}} | |||
{{Authority control}} | |||
[[Category:Bihar| ]] | [[Category:Bihar| ]] | ||
[[Category:1912 establishments in India]] | |||
[[Category:Hindi-speaking countries and territories]] | |||
[[Category:States and territories established in 1912]] | |||
[[Category:States and union territories of India]] | |||
[[Category:Urdu-speaking countries and territories]] | |||