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{{About|a goddess|her divine forms|Incarnations of Nongthang Leima}} | {{About|a goddess|her divine forms|Incarnations of Nongthang Leima}} | ||
{{Infobox deity | |||
| type = Meitei | |||
| name = Nongthang Leima | |||
| deity_of = Goddess of enchantment, seduction, thunder and lightning | |||
| member_of = [[Lairembi]]s | |||
| image = NONGTHANG LEIMA.jpg | |||
| alt = <!-- for alternate text of the title image per [[WP:ALT]] --> | |||
| caption = "Nongthang Leima", the [[Ancient Meitei language|Ancient Meitei]] name of the goddess, written in archaic Meetei Mayek abugida | |||
| other_names = | |||
* Penu Nongthang Leima | |||
* Kajeng Nongthang Leima ({{lang-omp|Kacheng Nongthang Leima}}) | |||
* Nongthang Lairembi ({{lang-omp|Nongthang Lailempi}}) | |||
* Nongthang Lairemma ({{lang-omp|Nongthang Lailemma}}) | |||
* Langmai Sana Chingjaroibi ({{lang-omp|Langmai Sana Chingchaloipi}}) | |||
| hiro = | |||
| Old_Norse = | |||
| script_name = | |||
| script = | |||
| affiliation = [[Meitei mythology]] ([[Manipuri mythology]]) and [[Meitei religion]] ([[Sanamahism]]) | |||
| cult_center = <!-- or | cult_centre = --> | |||
| abode = [[Heaven]] | |||
| planet = <!-- or | world = --> | |||
| weapon = <!-- or | weapons = --> | |||
| battles = | |||
| artifacts = <!-- or | artefacts = --> | |||
| animals = | |||
| symbols = thunder and lightning | |||
| adherents = | |||
| height = | |||
| age = | |||
| tree = | |||
| day = | |||
| color = <!-- or | colour = --> | |||
| number = | |||
| consorts = [[Sanamahi]] and [[Pakhangba]]<ref name=":Chakraborty">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bjkBM3qyZ00C&dq=Nongthang+Leima+wife+both+Sanamahi+Pakhnagba&pg=PA79|title=Society, Politics, and Development in North East India: Essays in Memory of Dr. Basudeb Datta Ray|last1=Ray|first1=Asok Kumar|last2=Chakraborty|first2=Satyabrata|date=2008|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-572-8|pages=79|language=en}}</ref> | |||
| father = [[Salailen]] (or [[Atingkok]]) | |||
| siblings = [[Sanamahi]] and [[Pakhangba]] | |||
| offspring = Laisang Khekwaiba (with [[Sanamahi]]) | |||
| predecessor = | |||
| successor = | |||
| army = | |||
| mount = | |||
| texts = [[Leithak Leikharol]] | |||
| gender = Female | |||
| Greek_equivalent = Astrape and Bronte | |||
| Roman_equivalent = Fulgora | |||
| Etruscan_equivalent = | |||
| Christian_equivalent = | |||
| Slavic_equivalent = | |||
| Hinduism_equivalent = | |||
| Canaanite_equivalent = | |||
| equivalent1_type = | |||
| equivalent1 = | |||
| equivalent2_type = | |||
| equivalent2 = | |||
| region = [[Ancient Kangleipak]] ([[Antique Manipur]]) | |||
| ethnic_group = [[Meitei ethnicity]] | |||
| festivals = [[Lai Haraoba]] | |||
}} | |||
{{Meitei deities}} | |||
'''Nongthang Leima''' ({{lang-mni|ꯅꯣꯡꯊꯥꯡ ꯂꯩꯃ}}) is the goddess of [[seduction]], [[thunder]] and [[lightning]] in [[Meitei mythology]] and [[Meitei religion|religion]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.461915/page/n51/mode/2up?q=Nongthang+Leima|title=A Critical Study Of The Religious Philosophy|last=Singh|first=L. Bhagyachandra|date=1991|pages=51}}</ref><ref>Moirangthem Kirti (1993). Folk Culture of Manipur. Manas Publications. ISBN 978-81-7049-063-0.</ref><ref name="books.google.co.in">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=50BLAAAAYAAJ&q=Nongthang+Leima|title=Folk-lore|date=1991|publisher=Indian Publications|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJUOAQAAMAAJ&q=nongthang+Leima|title=The Anthropologist: International Journal of Contemporary and Applied Studies of Man|date=2003|publisher=Kamla-Raj Enterprises|language=en}}</ref> She was created by [[Atingkok]] (or [[Salailen]]) to attract [[Pakhangba|Haraba (Pakhangba)]].<ref name="books.google.co.in"/><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ljZuAAAAMAAJ&q=nongthang+Leima|title=Proceedings of North East India History Association|last=Session|first=North East India History Association|date=1995|publisher=The Association|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Incarnations of Goddess Nongthang Leima By James Oinam|url=http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Folks.Folk_Tales.Incarnations_of_Goddess_Nongthang_Leima_By_James_Oinam|access-date=2022-03-15|website=www.e-pao.net}}</ref> | |||
She mastered [[thunder]] and [[lightning]] in the [[:wikt:chaos|chaos]] in the early world. She predicted the first [[rain]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/who-is-a-hindu-hindu-revivalist-views-of-animism-buddhism-sikhism-and-other-offshoots-of-hinduism/page/n165/mode/2up?q=Nongthang+Leima+Meitei|title=Who is a Hindu? Hindu Revivalist Views of Animism, Buddhism, Sikhism and Other Offshoots of Hinduism|last=Koenraad Elst|date=2002|pages=165}}</ref> | |||
She is known for limiting the chaos and permitting the creation.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=2PjsAAAAMAAJ&q=nongthangleima&dq=nongthangleima&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwijpq3Dqer2AhW0RWwGHeulBpYQ6AF6BAgGEAM|title=A Just Right: Women's Ownership of Natural Resources and Livelihood Security|last=Rao|first=Nitya|last2=Rürup|first2=Luise|date=1997|publisher=Friedrich Ebert Stiftung|isbn=978-81-7440-044-4|pages=175|language=en}}</ref> | |||
== Etymology == | |||
The female given name "Nongthang Leima" (ꯅꯣꯡꯊꯥꯡ ꯂꯩꯃ) is made up of two [[Meitei language]] words, "Nongthang" (ꯅꯣꯡꯊꯥꯡ, /noŋ.tʰáŋ/) and "Leima" (ꯂꯩꯃ, /lə́i.ma/). In [[Meitei language]] ([[Manipuri language]]), "Nongthang" (ꯅꯣꯡꯊꯥꯡ, /noŋ.tʰáŋ/) means [[lightning]]. The word "Nongthang" (ꯅꯣꯡꯊꯥꯡ, /noŋ.tʰáŋ/) | |||
itself is also made up of two words, "Nong" (ꯅꯣꯡ, /noŋ/) and "Thāng" (ꯊꯥꯡ, /tʰáŋ/). "Nong" (ꯅꯣꯡ, /noŋ/) means [[rain]] and "Thāng" (ꯊꯥꯡ, /tʰáŋ/) means [[sword]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=H. Surmangol|date=2006|title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary.Nongthang|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=nongthang&matchtype=default|access-date=2022-03-28|website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref> | |||
In [[Meitei language]] ([[Manipuri language]]), "Leima" (ꯂꯩꯃ, /lə́i.ma/) means [[queen]]. The word "Leima" (ꯂꯩꯃ, /lə́i.ma/) itself is made up of two words "Lei" (ꯂꯩ, /lə́i/) and "Ma" (ꯃ, /ma/). "Lei" (ꯂꯩ, /lə́i/) means [[land]] and "Ma" (ꯃ, /ma/) means [[mother]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=H. Surmangol|date=2006|title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary.Leima|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A9%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A5&searchhws=yes|access-date=2022-03-28|website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref> | |||
==Related | == Description == | ||
Nongthang Leima is a pre-historical [[maibi]]. She is the first goddess [[maibi]] to compose a dance form. Later, her dance form was reposessed by other goddesses.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4h4rBwAAQBAJ&dq=nongthang+leima&pg=PA116|title=Academic Days of Timişoara: Social Sciences Today|last1=Palicica|first1=Maria|last2=Raţă|first2=Georgeta|date=2011-09-22|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-3401-8|pages=116|language=en}}</ref> | |||
== Mythology == | |||
=== Birth === | |||
[[Sanamahi]] (Ashiba) was creating the earth. But he was frequently disturbed by his younger brother, [[Pakhangba]] (Haraba). Unable to do any work, Sanamahi complained about the matter to their father, [[Salailen]] (or [[Atingkok]] according to different versions of stories). Salailen produced a divine feminine being. He released her into the great [[Outer space|space]] ([[Outer space|void]]) of the [[universe]] ([[cosmos]]). In the vast emptiness of the great space (void), the divine feminine being became a beautiful and radiant goddess. She was named "Nongthang Leima", the Queen of [[Lightning]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxovEAAAQBAJ&dq=nongthang+leima&pg=PT11|title=And That Is Why... Manipuri Myths Retold|last=Roy|first=L. Somi|date=2021-06-21|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=978-93-91149-65-9|pages=11|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NkMwAQAAIAAJ&q=nongthang+leima|title=Politics, Society, and Cosmology in India's North East|last=Brara|first=N. Vijaylakshmi|date=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-564331-2|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> | |||
In another version of the story, Sidaba ordered [[Leimarel Sidabi|Sidabi]] to produce "Nongthang Leima", the divine female being to lure the destroyer from the cosmic creation.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.language.1356/page/n215/mode/2up?q=Nongthang+Leima|title=Oral Narratives of Manipur|last=Dr. Chirom Rajketan Singh|date=2016|pages=215}}</ref> | |||
=== Seduction (Attraction) === | |||
Nongthang Leima, the Queen of [[Lightning]], filled the empty [[Outer space|space]] ([[Outer space|void]]) with an intensely shining light. Seeing her, [[Pakhangba]] (Haraba) fell in love with her. He forgot about disturbing his elder brother in the creation of the earth. Nongthang Leima attracted him. Haraba made his way towards her in the great space. During that time, [[Sanamahi]] (Ashiba) completed his creation of the [[earth]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxovEAAAQBAJ&dq=nongthang+leima&pg=PT12|title=And That Is Why... Manipuri Myths Retold|last=Roy|first=L. Somi|date=2021-06-21|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=978-93-91149-65-9|pages=12|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name="books.google.co.in"/><ref name=":0" /><ref>Narayan, Shovana (2005). Indian Classical Dance. Shubhi Publications. p. 85. ISBN 978-81-8290-023-3.</ref> | |||
=== Family === | |||
When [[Sanamahi|Ashiba (Sanamahi)]] saw Nongthang Leima, he changed wanted to marry her.<ref>E. Ishwarjit (2005). Manipur, a Tourist Paradise. B.R. Publishing Corporation. p. 82. ISBN 978-81-7646-506-9.</ref> Thus, they united. | |||
So, Nongthang Leima was the wife of both [[Sanamahi]] (Ashiba) and [[Pakhangba]] (Haraba).<ref name=":Chakraborty" /> | |||
Nongthang Leima is said to be also known as ''Langmai Sana Chingjaroibi'' ({{lang-omp|Langmai Sana Chingchaloipi}}). With the union of Chingjaroibi and Sanamahi, a son named Laisang Khekwaiba was born.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=BjNuAAAAMAAJ&q=nongthangleima&dq=nongthangleima&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjzpIHLqer2AhXIRmwGHUgxBIk4ChDoAXoECAsQAw|title=Journal of the Assam Research Society|last=Samiti|first=Kāmarūpa Anusandhāna|date=2005|publisher=Kāmarūpa Anusandhān Samiti|pages=145|language=en}}</ref> | |||
=== Two divine forms === | |||
According to "Politics, society, and cosmology in India's North East" written by N. Vijaylakshmi, goddess Nongthang Leima (Nongthang Lairembi) took two divine forms after the completion of the creation of the [[earth]]. One form is [[Panthoibi]]. This form lives in the home of gods. Another form is "Apanthoibi". This form lives among the living beings.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/politicssocietyc00brar/page/150/mode/2up?q=Nongthang+Lairembi|title=Politics, society, and cosmology in India's North East|last=Brara|first=N. Vijaylakshmi|date=1998|publisher=Delhi ; New York : Oxford University Press|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-19-564331-2|pages=150}}</ref><ref>Pani, Jiwan (2000). Celebration of Life: Indian Folk Dances. Publications Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Government of India. p. 129. ISBN 978-81-230-0790-8.</ref> | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
!Basis | |||
!Panthoibi | |||
!Apanthoibi | |||
|- | |||
| Existence of representations or manifestations in the universe | |||
| {{No}} | |||
| {{Yes}} | |||
|- | |||
| Existence of particular forms | |||
| {{No}} | |||
| {{Yes}} | |||
|- | |||
| Existence of forms as animate as well as inanimate objects | |||
| {{No}} | |||
| {{Yes}} | |||
|- | |||
| Representations in all virtues and beauty | |||
| {{Yes}} | |||
| {{No}} | |||
|- | |||
| Supreme creator (mother) of all the seven salais (clans) | |||
| {{No}} | |||
| {{Yes}} | |||
|} | |||
== Music == | |||
Among the nine forms of musical rhythms (''Seisak''s) of [[Pena (musical instrument)]], Nongthang Leima Seisak is one.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=j7E2EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA34&dq=nongthangleima&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwijpq3Dqer2AhW0RWwGHeulBpYQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q=nongthangleima&f=false|title=The Sound of Pena in Manipur|last=Meitei|first=Mayanglambam Mangangsana|date=2021-06-06|publisher=Marjing Mayanglambam|isbn=978-93-5473-655-1|pages=34|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=3rJ3DQAAQBAJ&pg=PT169&dq=nongthangleima&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwijpq3Dqer2AhW0RWwGHeulBpYQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q=nongthangleima&f=false|title=Orality: the Quest for Meanings|last=Khiangte|first=Zothanchhingi|date=2016-10-28|publisher=Partridge Publishing|isbn=978-1-4828-8671-9|pages=169|language=en}}</ref> All these rhythms are categorised into three movements, slow rhythm, medium rhythm and fast rhythm. Nongthang Leima song belongs to the fast rhythm.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxqeDwAAQBAJ&dq=nongthang+leima&pg=PA81|title=Glimpses of Manipuri Culture|last=Devi|first=Dr Yumlembam Gopi|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=978-0-359-72919-7|pages=81|language=en}}</ref> | |||
== Festival == | |||
During the [[Lai Haraoba]] festival, devotees dance to please various deities. Among them, male dancers act after the styles of [[Pakhangba|Haraba (alias Pakhangba)]] and female dancers act after the styles of goddess Nongthang Leima. Goddess Nongthang Leima represents the lightning.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxqeDwAAQBAJ&dq=nongthang+leima&pg=PA58|title=Glimpses of Manipuri Culture|last=Devi|first=Dr Yumlembam Gopi|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=978-0-359-72919-7|pages=58|language=en}}</ref> | |||
== Identification with other deities == | |||
{{See|Incarnations of Leimarel Sidabi|Incarnations of Nongthang Leima}} | |||
Goddess Nongthang Leima is often identified as [[Leimarel Sidabi]]. The former is considered as an incarnation of the latter.<ref>Kaushal, Molly; Arts, Indira Gandhi National Centre for the (2001). Chanted Narratives: The Living "katha-vachana" Tradition. Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts. p. 250. ISBN 978-81-246-0182-2.</ref> | |||
== Related pages == | |||
* [[Incarnations of Nongthang Leima]] | |||
* [[Incarnations of Leimarel Sidabi]] | * [[Incarnations of Leimarel Sidabi]] | ||
==References== | |||
== References == | |||
{{Reflist}} | {{Reflist}} | ||
== Other websites == | |||
* [http://e-pao.net/epSearchResults.asp?cx=partner-pub-3342616103029311%3A3788634109&cof=FORID%3A10&ie=UTF-8&q=Nongthang+Leima&sa.x=0&sa.y=0 E-PAO, Nongthang Leima] | |||
* [https://archive.org/search.php?query=Nongthang%20Leima&sin=TXT INTERNET ARCHIVE, Nongthang Leima] | |||
[[Category:Meitei gods and goddesses]] | |||
[[Category:Thunder deities]] | |||
[[mni:ꯅꯣꯡꯊꯥꯡ ꯂꯩꯃ]] | [[mni:ꯅꯣꯡꯊꯥꯡ ꯂꯩꯃ]] | ||
{{simple-Wikipedia}} | {{simple-Wikipedia}} | ||