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[[Building code]]s and other regulations dovetail with urban planning by governing how cities are constructed and used from the individual level.<ref>''Codes, rules, and standards are part of a matrix of relations that influence the practice of urban planning and design. These forms of regulation provide an important and inescapable framework for development, from the laying out of subdivisions to the control of stormwater runoff. The subject of regulations leads to the source of how communities are designed and constructed—defining how they can and can't be built—and how codes, rules, and standards continue to shape the physical space where we live and work.'' {{Cite book|last=Ben-Joseph |first=Eran |year=2012 |chapter=Codes and Standards in Urban Planning and Design | editor1-last=Weber |editor1-first=Rachel |editor2-last=Crane |editor2-first=Randall |title=The Oxford Handbook of Urban Planning |location=Oxford, England |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=352–370 |isbn=978-0-19-537499-5}}</ref> Enforcement methodologies include governmental [[zoning]], [[planning permission]]s, and [[building code]]s,<ref name="WIUP" /> as well as private [[easements]] and [[restrictive covenant]]s.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Smit|first1=Anneke|title=Public Interest, Private Property: Law and Planning Policy in Canada|last2=Valiante|first2=Marcia|publisher=[[University of British Columbia Press]]|year=2015|isbn=978-0-7748-2931-1|editor1-last=Smit|editor1-first=Anneke|location=Vancouver, British Columbia|pages=1–36, page 10|chapter=Introduction|editor2-last=Valiante|editor2-first=Marcia}}</ref> | [[Building code]]s and other regulations dovetail with urban planning by governing how cities are constructed and used from the individual level.<ref>''Codes, rules, and standards are part of a matrix of relations that influence the practice of urban planning and design. These forms of regulation provide an important and inescapable framework for development, from the laying out of subdivisions to the control of stormwater runoff. The subject of regulations leads to the source of how communities are designed and constructed—defining how they can and can't be built—and how codes, rules, and standards continue to shape the physical space where we live and work.'' {{Cite book|last=Ben-Joseph |first=Eran |year=2012 |chapter=Codes and Standards in Urban Planning and Design | editor1-last=Weber |editor1-first=Rachel |editor2-last=Crane |editor2-first=Randall |title=The Oxford Handbook of Urban Planning |location=Oxford, England |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=352–370 |isbn=978-0-19-537499-5}}</ref> Enforcement methodologies include governmental [[zoning]], [[planning permission]]s, and [[building code]]s,<ref name="WIUP" /> as well as private [[easements]] and [[restrictive covenant]]s.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Smit|first1=Anneke|title=Public Interest, Private Property: Law and Planning Policy in Canada|last2=Valiante|first2=Marcia|publisher=[[University of British Columbia Press]]|year=2015|isbn=978-0-7748-2931-1|editor1-last=Smit|editor1-first=Anneke|location=Vancouver, British Columbia|pages=1–36, page 10|chapter=Introduction|editor2-last=Valiante|editor2-first=Marcia}}</ref> | ||
==Urban planners== | |||
{{Further|Urban planner|}} | |||
An urban planner is a professional who works in the field of urban planning for the purpose of optimizing the effectiveness of a community's land use and infrastructure. They formulate plans for the development and management of urban and suburban areas, typically analyzing land use compatibility as well as economic, environmental and social trends. In developing any plan for a community (whether commercial, residential, agricultural, natural or recreational), urban planners must consider a wide array of issues including [[urban sustainability|sustainability]], existing and potential [[pollution]], [[transport]] including potential [[traffic congestion|congestion]], [[crime]], land values, economic development, social equity, [[zoning]] codes, and other legislation. | |||
The importance of the urban planner is increasing in the 21st century, as modern society begins to face issues of increased population growth, climate change and unsustainable development.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Heidari|first1=Hadi|last2=Arabi|first2=Mazdak|last3=Warziniack|first3=Travis|last4=Sharvelle|first4=Sybil|date=2021|title=Effects of Urban Development Patterns on Municipal Water Shortage|journal=Frontiers in Water|volume=3|page=694817|language=English|doi=10.3389/frwa.2021.694817|bibcode=2021FrW.....394817H|issn=2624-9375|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Heidari|first1=Hadi|last2=Arabi|first2=Mazdak|last3=Warziniack|first3=Travis|last4=Kao|first4=Shih-Chieh|date=June 2021|title=Shifts in hydroclimatology of US megaregions in response to climate change|journal=Environmental Research Communications|language=en|volume=3|issue=6|pages=065002|doi=10.1088/2515-7620/ac0617|bibcode=2021ERCom...3f5002H|issn=2515-7620|doi-access=free}}</ref> An urban planner could be considered a [[Green-collar worker|green collar]] professional.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kamenetz|first1=Anya|title=Ten Best Green Jobs for the Next Decade|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/1129671/ten-best-green-jobs-next-decade|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826065655/https://www.fastcompany.com/1129671/ten-best-green-jobs-next-decade|archive-date=26 August 2012|access-date=14 January 2009|website=fastcompany|date=14 January 2009|publisher=Fast Company}}</ref> | |||
Some researchers suggest that urban planners around the world work in different "[[planning cultures]]", adapted to their local cities and cultures.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Friedman |first=John |year=2012 |chapter=Varieties of Planning Experience: Toward a Globalized Planning Culture? | editor1-last=Weber |editor1-first=Rachel |editor2-last=Crane |editor2-first=Randall |title=The Oxford Handbook of Urban Planning |location=Oxford, England |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=87–98 |isbn=978-0-19-537499-5}}</ref> However, professionals have identified skills, abilities and basic knowledge sets that are common to urban planners across national and regional boundaries.<ref>{{cite web|title=American Institutes of Certified Planners Certification|url=https://www.planning.org/aicp/|website=American Planning Association|publisher=American Planning Association|access-date=20 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Professional standards|url=http://www.rtpi.org.uk/membership/professional-standards/|website=Royal Institute of Town Planners|publisher=Royal Town Planning Institute|access-date=20 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=About ISOCARP|url=https://isocarp.org/about-isocarp/|publisher=International Society of City and Regional Planners|access-date=20 July 2017}}</ref> |