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Planning practices have incorporated policy changes to help address anthropocentric global [[climate change]]. London began to charge a congestion charge for cars trying to access already crowded places in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congestion Charge (Official)|url=https://www.tfl.gov.uk/modes/driving/congestion-charge|access-date=2020-09-25|website=Transport for London }}</ref> Cities are also prioritising public transit and cycling by adopting such policies. | Planning practices have incorporated policy changes to help address anthropocentric global [[climate change]]. London began to charge a congestion charge for cars trying to access already crowded places in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congestion Charge (Official)|url=https://www.tfl.gov.uk/modes/driving/congestion-charge|access-date=2020-09-25|website=Transport for London }}</ref> Cities are also prioritising public transit and cycling by adopting such policies. | ||
==Theories== | |||
{{Further|Theories of urban planning|}} | |||
{{See also|Planning cultures}} | |||
[[File:Street Hierarchy and Accessibility.png|thumb|Street Hierarchy and Accessibility]] | |||
Planning theory is the body of scientific concepts, definitions, behavioral relationships, and assumptions that define the body of knowledge of urban planning. There are eight procedural theories of planning that remain the principal theories of planning procedure today: the rational-comprehensive approach, the incremental approach, the transactive approach, the communicative approach, the advocacy approach, the equity approach, the radical approach, and the humanist or phenomenological approach.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Whittmore |first=Andrew |date=2 February 2015 |title=How Planners Use Planning Theory |publisher=Planetizen | url = http://www.planetizen.com/node/73570/how-planners-use-planning-theory | access-date =24 April 2015}} ''citing'' {{Cite journal|last=Whittemore |first=Andrew H. |year=2014 |title=Practitioners Theorize, Too Reaffirming Planning Theory in a Survey of Practitioners' Theories |journal=Journal of Planning Education and Research |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=76–85 |doi=10.1177/0739456X14563144|s2cid=144888493 }})</ref> Some other conceptual planning theories include [[Ebenezer Howard]]'s The Three Magnets theory that he envisioned for the future of British settlement, also his [[Garden Cities of To-morrow|Garden Cities]], the Concentric Model Zone also called the Burgess Model by sociologist [[Ernest Burgess]], the Radburn Superblock that encourages pedestrian movement, the Sector Model and the Multiple Nuclei Model among others.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mohd Nazim Saifi|date=2017-03-04|title=Town planning theories concept and models|url=https://www.slideshare.net/archndzyn/town-planning-theories-concept-and-models}}</ref> | |||