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{{About|a deity| | {{About|a deity}} | ||
[[ | {{Infobox deity | ||
'''Thangching'''<ref>https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2021/2/5/Dr-Mangangcha-Thoudam-Laiba-Contd-from-previous-issueIt-is-called-Yai-The-place-is-called-Kanglei-Pungmayol-because-of-it-being-the-residence-of-the-two-Supreme-God-and-Goddess-it-is-called-Ma.amp.html</ref> ({{lang-omp|ꯊꯥꯡꯆꯤꯡ | | type = Meitei | ||
| name = Thangjing <br /> ({{lang-omp|Thangching}}) | |||
| deity_of = Progenitor of the Moirang clan | |||
| member_of = [[Lainingthou]]s, [[Maikei Ngaakpa Lai]]s and [[Umang Lai]]s | |||
| image = ꯏꯄꯨꯊꯧ ꯊꯥꯡꯆꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯅꯨꯄꯤ.jpg | |||
| alt = <!-- for alternate text of the title image per [[WP:ALT]] --> | |||
| caption = | |||
| other_names = | |||
| hiro = | |||
| Old_Norse = | |||
| script_name = | |||
| script = | |||
| affiliation = [[Meitei mythology]] ([[Manipuri mythology]]) and [[Meitei religion]] ([[Sanamahism]]) | |||
| cult_center = [[Ancient Moirang]] | |||
| abodes = [[Heaven]] and [[Earth]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxovEAAAQBAJ&q=Thangjing%2C+the+guardian+god+of+Moirang%2C+saw+from+the+heavens+&pg=PT53|title=And That Is Why... Manipuri Myths Retold|last=Roy|first=L. Somi|date=2021-06-21|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=978-93-91149-65-9|language=en}}</ref> | |||
| planet = <!-- or | world = --> | |||
| weapon = Polo stick | |||
| battles = | |||
| artifacts = <!-- or | artefacts = --> | |||
| animals = [[White tiger]] and [[horse]] | |||
| symbol = <!-- or | symbols = --> | |||
| adherents = | |||
| height = | |||
| age = | |||
| tree = | |||
| day = | |||
| color = <!-- or | colour = --> | |||
| number = | |||
| consorts = [[Koiren Leima|Ayangleima Ahal]], [[Koiren Leima|Ayangleima Atompi]] | |||
| parents = | |||
| siblings = | |||
| offspring = <!-- or | children = --> | |||
| predecessor = | |||
| successor = | |||
| army = | |||
| mount = [[White tiger]] and [[horse]] | |||
| texts = [[Moirang Ningthourol Lambuba]] | |||
| gender = Male | |||
| Greek_equivalent = | |||
| Roman_equivalent = | |||
| Etruscan_equivalent = | |||
| Christian_equivalent = | |||
| Slavic_equivalent = | |||
| Hinduism_equivalent = | |||
| Canaanite_equivalent = | |||
| equivalent1_type = | |||
| equivalent1 = | |||
| equivalent2_type = | |||
| equivalent2 = | |||
| region = [[Ancient Moirang]] | |||
| ethnic_group = [[Meitei ethnicity]] | |||
| festivals = [[Lai Haraoba]] | |||
}} | |||
{{Meitei deities}} | |||
'''Thangjing''' ({{lang-mni|ꯊꯥꯡꯖꯤꯡ}}), originally spelt as '''Thangching'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2021/2/5/Dr-Mangangcha-Thoudam-Laiba-Contd-from-previous-issueIt-is-called-Yai-The-place-is-called-Kanglei-Pungmayol-because-of-it-being-the-residence-of-the-two-Supreme-God-and-Goddess-it-is-called-Ma.amp.html|title=The God Lainingthou Thangching Koylellai|website=www.thesangaiexpress.com}}</ref> ({{lang-omp|ꯊꯥꯡꯆꯤꯡ}}), is a primordial deity in [[Meitei mythology]] and [[Meitei religion|religion]] of [[Ancient Kangleipak]] ([[Antique Manipur]]). | |||
He is the ruling deity of the [[Moirang dynasty]] of [[Ancient Moirang]].<ref name="Prakash 2007">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wxkC9S2jYCkC&dq=He+ruling+deity+Moirang+dynasty+history+Moirang+woven+around+divine+power+this+deity+citizens+Moirang+Lord+Thangjing+living+God+khamba+thoibi+relation+temple+Loktak+lake+Moirang&pg=PA1557|title=Encyclopaedia of North-East India|last=Prakash|first=Col Ved|date=2007|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-269-0706-9|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-SO7stGa7jQC&q=God+-+Thangjing+ruling+deity+Moirang+&pg=PA107|title=Northeast: Diverse Complexity|last=Chaudhury|first=Dipanjan Roy|date=2008|publisher=Har-Anand Publications Pvt. Limited|isbn=978-81-241-1437-7|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxovEAAAQBAJ&q=Thangjing%2C+the+guardian+god+of+Moirang%2C+saw+from+the+heavens+&pg=PT53|title=And That Is Why... Manipuri Myths Retold|last=Roy|first=L. Somi|date=2021-06-21|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=978-93-91149-65-9|language=en}}</ref> He rules supreme on the banks of the landlocked sea, [[Loktak lake]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qs4BAAAAMAAJ&q=thangjing+loktak+bank|title=Manipur and the Mainstream|last=Singh|first=N. Tombi|date=1975|publisher=Chitrebirentombichand Khorjeirup|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Session 1999">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vDduAAAAMAAJ&q=Lord+Thangjing+made+incarnated+moirang+|title=Proceedings of North East India History Association|last=Session|first=North East India History Association|date=1999|publisher=The Association|language=en}}</ref> He is one of the four cardinal [[Umang Lai]]s.<ref name="Birajit 81">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PgHgCwAAQBAJ&dq=thangjing&pg=PA81|title=Meeyamgi Kholao: Sprout of Consciousness|last=Birajit|first=Soibam|date=2014-12-01|publisher=ARECOM ( Advanced Research Consortium, Manipur)|language=en|pages=81}}</ref> | |||
The guardianship of the south western direction is alluded to Thangjing and the other directions to [[Koubru]] (north west), [[Marjing]] (north east) and [[Wangbren]] (south east).<ref name="Birajit 81"/><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C2Q-DwAAQBAJ&q=guardianship+of+the+four+respective+directions+alluded+to+the+Gods+%E2%80%93+Thangjing+for+south%E2%80%93west&pg=PT355|title=Modern Practices in North East India: History, Culture, Representation|last1=Dzüvichü|first1=Lipokmar|last2=Baruah|first2=Manjeet|date=2017-11-13|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-351-27134-9|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z8xoJo-GQUIC&q=Thangjing+south+-+west&pg=RA13-PA15|title=Socialist India|date=1973|publisher=Indian National Congress. All India Congress Committee.|language=en}}</ref><ref name="archive.org">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/feminismintradit0000chak/page/116/mode/2up?q=Thangjing+southwest+lord+tiger+hunters+moirang+southwestern+khamba+thoibi+temple+thang+jing|title=Feminism in a traditional society : women of the Manipur Valley|website=archive.org|year=1984|pages=116|isbn=9780706919677|last1=Chaki-Sircar|first1=Manjusri}}</ref> | |||
== | Two of his most prominent pantheons are the [[Ebudhou Thangjing Temple|Thangching Temple]] and the [[Thangjing Hill|Thangching Hill (Thangjing Peak)]].<ref name="Singh">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kbu_AwAAQBAJ&q=From+North+to+South%2C+Koubru%2C+Kounu%2C+Loyalakpa%2C+Thangjing+are+four+peaks.+These+four+peaks+are+places+of+worship+of+the+Meitei+race+and+the+names+of+the+peaks+are+given+by+the+names+of+the+gods+whom+the+Meeteis+worship+at+the+peaks.&pg=PA11|title=The Endless Kabaw Valley: British Created Visious Cycle of Manipur, Burma and India|last=Singh|first=Dr Th Suresh|date=2014-06-02|publisher=Quills Ink Publishing|isbn=978-93-84318-00-0|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Manipur_and_Religion.The_God_Lainingthou_Thangching_Koylellai_By_Mangangcha_Thoudam|title=The God Lainingthou Thangching Koylellai|website=e-pao.net}}</ref> | ||
== | |||
==References== | == Origin == | ||
God Thangjing is a deity of pre-Hindu origin.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b3TwS0WRn5kC&q=Thangjing+God+presiding+pre+-+Hindu+deity&pg=PA17|title=Elections and political dynamics|last=Singh|first=A. Prafullokumar|date=2009|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-8324-279-0|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pth_7qgEN7IC&q=pre+-+Hindu+Thangjing&pg=PA28|title=Indian States At A Glance 2008-09: Performance, Facts And Figures - North-East And Sikkim|last=Laveesh|first=Bhandari|date=2009|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-2348-7|language=en}}</ref><ref name="books.google.com">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7YQ8EAAAQBAJ&q=ancient+temple+of+the+pre-Hindu+deity%2C+Lord+Thangjing+Koirel+Lai+%28sacred+groves+of+Moirang+Thangjng%29+is+situated+here.+In+the+month+of+May%2C+men+and+women%2C+dressed+in+colourful+traditional+costumes+sing+and+dance&pg=PA72|title=Ecotourism Development Ventures in Manipur: Green Skill Development and Livelihood Mission|last=Singh|first=Arambam Sanatomba|date=2021-06-18|publisher=Walnut Publication|isbn=978-93-91145-59-0|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Kohli 2002">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&dq=ancient+temples+pre+-+Hindu+deity+Thangjing+year+month+May+men+women+dressed+colourful+traditional+costumes+sing+dance+Moirang+Lai+Haraoba+ritual&pg=PA183|title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure and Pilgrimage|last=Kohli|first=M. S.|date=2002|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=978-81-7387-135-1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xegDAAAAMBAJ&q=ancient+temple+pre-Hindu+deity%2C+Lord+Thangjing&pg=PT90|title=Pratiyogita Darpan|last=Darpan|first=Pratiyogita|date=2008|publisher=Pratiyogita Darpan|language=en}}</ref> | |||
The [[Moirang Ningthourol Lambuba]] mentioned that [[Ancient Moirang|Moirang]] was the amalgamation of different groups of people with different traditional beliefs. During the reign of King Fang Fang Ponglenhanpa (52 BC- 28 AD), all the diversities were merged into one with God Thangjing as the central figure.<ref name="Birajit 82">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PgHgCwAAQBAJ&dq=thangjing&pg=PA82|title=Meeyamgi Kholao: Sprout of Consciousness|last=Birajit|first=Soibam|date=2014-12-01|publisher=ARECOM ( Advanced Research Consortium, Manipur)|language=en|pages=82}}</ref> | |||
When the cult of God Thangjing was merged into the [[Umang Lai]]sm, the folk deities associated with God Thangjing began to be identified with other [[Umang Lai]]s. One example is that of goddess Ayang Leima Ahal and goddess Ayang Leima Atonpi. These two goddesses were originally associated with fertility and agriculture. This fact is evident in the ritualistic songs praising them. Later, these two female deities were identified as the consorts of God Thangjing.<ref name="Birajit 82"/> | |||
When God Thangjing was identified as an [[Umang Lai]], the identity of the two goddesses was associated with that of goddess [[Panthoibi]]. Thus, the new identity of Goddess Ayang Leima Panthoibi was formed.<ref name="Birajit 82"/> | |||
== Description == | |||
Thangjing is described as the Lord of the tiger hunters.<ref name="archive.org"/> The [[Moirang Ningthourol Lambuba]] describes God Thangjing as the Divine Chief of Koireng people, the Progenitor of Kege Clan, the Protector of all the domestic as well as wild animals and the Lord of Mahui tribe.<ref name="Birajit 82"/> | |||
[[File:Khamba_and_Thoibi_(The_Dance_before_the_King).jpg|thumb|300px|center|[[Khuman Khamba]] and [[Moirang Thoibi]] performing a dance before the Thangjing Temple in [[Ancient Moirang]]]] | |||
The history of [[Moirang]] is always associated with the godly powers of Thangjing. Thangjing is a living God to the people of [[Ancient Moirang]]. The epic legend of the [[Khamba Thoibi]] is always related to God Thangjing. The ancient temple dedicated to Thangjing still stands on the banks of [[Loktak lake]] in the present day [[Moirang]].<ref name="Prakash 2007"/><ref name="archive.org"/> | |||
== Mythology == | |||
In the legendary epic [[Khamba Thoibi]], Lord Thangjing always stands for righteousness and as a saviour of [[Khuman Khamba|Khamba]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d8jlWVP4uKsC&q=Looming+large+in+the+background+is+Lord+Thangjing+who+stands+for+righteousness+.+He+serves+as+saviour+of+Khamba+as+Lord+Krishna+did+for+the+Pandavas&pg=PA35|title=Khwairakpam Chaoba Singh|last=Singh|first=Rajkumar Mani|date=2002|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1519-1|language=en}}</ref> | |||
Thangjing sent [[Phouoibi]] to [[Ancient Moirang|Kege Moirang (Keke Moilang)]] to prosper the human world.<ref name="Session 1999"/> | |||
When goddess [[Panthoibi]] was searching for her beloved [[Nongpok Ningthou]], she asked God Thangjing and God [[Wangbren]] about the whereabouts of [[Nongpok Ningthou]]. | |||
To Thangjing, she said: | |||
<blockquote> | |||
O! Thangjing, | |||
Supreme God of Moirang, | |||
Loktak is your mirror, | |||
My beloved Nongpok has gone like a wind, | |||
Like a cattle looking for its herd, | |||
I am looking for my beloved. | |||
Please tell me | |||
Does he come to your country?<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j7E2EAAAQBAJ&dq=thangjing&pg=PA77|title=The Sound of Pena in Manipur|last=Meitei|first=Mayanglambam Mangangsana|date=2021-06-06|publisher=Marjing Mayanglambam|isbn=978-93-5473-655-1|language=en}}</ref> | |||
</blockquote> | |||
== Worship == | |||
[[File:Plate_11-1_Folk-Lore,_vol._24.jpg|thumb|300px|The enticement ceremony of God Thangjing in [[Moirang]], a photograph by Col. John Shakespear before 1913]] | |||
Thangjing had been worshipped since ancient times. Still today, there is an ancient shrine at [[Moirang]]. An annual ritual festival known as [[Lai Haraoba|Thangjing Haraoba]] is held early in summer in honor of the God.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxqeDwAAQBAJ&q=Even+Thangjing+had+been+worshipped+through+the+ages.+Even+to-day+there+is+a+shrine+at+Moirang+where+an+elaborate+ritual+festival+known+as+Thangjing+Haraoba+is+held+annually+early+in+summer&pg=PA20|title=Glimpses of Manipuri Culture|last=Devi|first=Dr Yumlembam Gopi|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=978-0-359-72919-7|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LXj2DwAAQBAJ&q=Moirang+is+also+the+abode+of+Thangjing%2C+the+most+venerated+deity.+Another+colourful+religious+dance%2C+Lai+Haraoba+is+celebrated+in+May+in+honour+of+Thangjing.+The+temple+HEART+OF+MANIPUR+of+Thangjing&pg=PA7|title=AKASHVANI: Vol. XXXII, No.49 ( 3 DECEMBER, 1967 )|last=Delhi|first=All India Radio (AIR), New|date=1967-12-03|publisher=All India Radio (AIR),New Delhi|language=en}}</ref> | |||
During the annual [[Lai Haraoba|Thangjing Lai Haraoba]] festival, traditional dances and sports are performed as rituals. The performers follow the ancient customs of wearing the traditional attires of the royal lords and ladies.<ref name="books.google.com"/><ref name="Kohli 2002"/><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kMNiDwAAQBAJ&q=Every+year%2C+festivals+of+traditional+dances+and+sports+are+performed+as+rituals+during+Thangjing+Lai+Haraoba%2C+the+ancient+customs+of+the+royal+lords+and+ladies+wearing+traditional+attire+occupied+their+seats%2C+a+remnant+of+the+legend+of+Moirang+Leibak+Kingdom&pg=PT85|title=Apology|last=Singh|first=T. S. P.|date=2018-05-31|publisher=Partridge Publishing|isbn=978-1-5437-0188-3|language=en}}</ref> The festival is celebrated during the [[Meitei calendar|Meitei lunar month]] of Kalen. It continues for a week.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QQWMc7_qj4kC&dq=Moirang+Lai+-+Haraoba+celebrated+honour+Lord+Thangjing+month+kalen+continues+week&pg=PA167|title=History, Religion and Culture of India|last=Gajrani|first=S.|date=2004|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-8205-065-5|language=en}}</ref> [[Meitei people|Meitei]]s from all over [[Manipur]] visit the [[Ebudhou Thangjing Temple|Thangjing Temple]] in [[Moirang]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=enE9kdIKqCQC&q=Meitheis+from+all+over+Manipur+visit+Moirang+because+of+all+important+Thangjing+temple&pg=PA75|title=Water of India: (quality and Quantity)|last=Ghosh|first=G. K.|date=2002|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7648-294-3|language=en}}</ref> | |||
== Namesakes == | |||
=== In flora === | |||
[[File:Euryale_ferox.jpg|thumb|300px|Thangjing plant (''Euryale ferox'')]] | |||
The [[Euryale ferox|Thangjing plant (''Euryale ferox'')]] is an aquatic plant that bears edible seeds. Its seeds are called "foxnuts" and are one of the most popular food items in [[Meitei cuisine]] of [[Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medicinalplants.co.in/thangjing/|title=Thangjing|website=medicinalplants.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=education.Science_and_Technology.Thangjing_A_potential_aquatic_cash_crop_in_Manipur_By_N_Irabanta|title=Thangjing – A potential aquatic cash crop in Manipur|website=e-pao.net}}</ref> | |||
=== In geography === | |||
The [[Thangjing Hill|Thangjing Peak (Thangjing Hill)]] is one of the four peaks, the others being the Koubru, the Kounu and the Loyalakpa. These peaks are the holy places of worship of the [[Meitei ethnicity]]. Their names are derived from the names of the deities whom the [[Meitei people|Meitei]]s worship at the peaks.<ref name="Singh"/> | |||
== Related pages == | |||
* [[Koubru]] - north west protector | |||
* [[Marjing]] - north east protector | |||
* [[Wangbren]] - south east protector | |||
== References == | |||
{{Reflist}} | {{Reflist}} | ||
== Other websites == | |||
* [https://en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?search=Thangjing&title=Special%3ASearch&profile=default&fulltext=1&ns0=1&ns100=1&ns102=1&ns106=1&ns114=1 Thangjing_English Wikisource] | |||
* [https://archive.org/search.php?query=Thangjing&sin=TXT Thangjing_archive.org] | |||
* [http://e-pao.net/epSearchResults.asp?cx=partner-pub-3342616103029311%3A3788634109&cof=FORID%3A10&ie=UTF-8&q=Thangjing&sa.x=20&sa.y=15 Thangjing_e-pao.net] | |||
[[Category:Meitei gods and goddesses]] | [[Category:Meitei gods and goddesses]] | ||
{{simple-Wikipedia}} | {{simple-Wikipedia}} | ||