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{{ | {{Infobox deity | ||
| type = Meitei | |||
| name = Nongpok Ningthou <br /> ({{lang-omp|Langmai Ningthou}}) | |||
| deity_of = Guardian God of the Eastern Direction | |||
| member_of = [[Maikei Ngaakpa Lai]]s and [[Umang Lai]]s | |||
| image = NONGPOK NINGTHOU.jpg | |||
| alt = <!-- for alternate text of the title image per [[WP:ALT]] --> | |||
| caption = "Nongpok Ningthou", the name of the God, written in archaic Meetei Mayek abugida | |||
| other_names = Kainou Chingsompa Angoupa Apanpa | |||
| hiro = | |||
| Old_Norse = | |||
| script_name = | |||
| script = | |||
| affiliation = [[Meitei mythology]] ([[Manipuri mythology]]) and [[Meitei religion]] ([[Sanamahism]]) | |||
| cult_center = [[Nongmaiching Hill]] (alias Selloi Langmai Ching)<ref name="archive.org">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/politicssocietyc00brar/page/72/mode/2up?q=Nongpok+Ningthou|title=Politics, society, and cosmology in India's North East|website=archive.org|pages=73}}</ref> | |||
| abode = [[Nongmaiching Hill]] (alias Selloi Langmai Ching)<ref name="archive.org">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/politicssocietyc00brar/page/72/mode/2up?q=Nongpok+Ningthou|title=Politics, society, and cosmology in India's North East|website=archive.org|pages=73}}</ref> | |||
| planet = <!-- or | world = --> | |||
| weapon = spear | |||
| battles = | |||
| artifacts = <!-- or | artefacts = --> | |||
| animals = | |||
| symbol = <!-- or | symbols = --> | |||
| adherents = | |||
| height = | |||
| age = | |||
| tree = | |||
| day = | |||
| color = <!-- or | colour = --> | |||
| number = | |||
| consort = [[Panthoibi]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxovEAAAQBAJ&q=Nongpok+Ningthou%2C+Ruler+of+the+East%2C+and+his+consort+Panthoibi&pg=PT100|title=And That Is Why... Manipuri Myths Retold|last=Roy|first=L. Somi|date=2021-06-21|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=978-93-91149-65-9|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://books.e-pao.net/Heritage_Manipur/epShowChapter.asp?src=Role_of_Women/Panthoibi |title = E-Pao! Books :: Complete e-platform for Manipuris}}</ref> | |||
| parents = | |||
| siblings = | |||
| offspring = <!-- or | children = --> | |||
| predecessor = | |||
| successor = | |||
| army = | |||
| mount = | |||
| texts = [[PuYa]]s | |||
| gender = Male | |||
| Greek_equivalent = | |||
| Roman_equivalent = | |||
| Etruscan_equivalent = | |||
| Christian_equivalent = | |||
| Slavic_equivalent = | |||
| Hinduism_equivalent = | |||
| Canaanite_equivalent = | |||
| equivalent1_type = | |||
| equivalent1 = | |||
| equivalent2_type = | |||
| equivalent2 = | |||
| region = [[Ancient Kangleipak]] ([[Antique Manipur]]) | |||
| ethnic_group = [[Meitei ethnicity]] | |||
| festivals = [[Lai Haraoba]] | |||
}} | |||
{{Meitei deities}} | |||
'''Nongpok Ningthou''' ([[Meitei script|Meitei]]: ꯅꯣꯡꯄꯣꯛ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ) is a deity in [[Meitei mythology]] and [[Meitei religion|religion]] of [[Ancient Kangleipak]] ([[Antique Manipur]]). He is the ruling guardian deity of the eastern direction.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxqeDwAAQBAJ&q=Nongpok+Ningthou+king+of+the+east&pg=PA23|title=Glimpses of Manipuri Culture|last=Devi|first=Dr Yumlembam Gopi|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=978-0-359-72919-7|pages=23|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/politicssocietyc00brar/page/148/mode/2up?q=Nongpok+Ningthou|title=Politics, society, and cosmology in India's North East|website=archive.org|pages=148}}</ref><ref name="Religion Of Manipur">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.108375/page/13/mode/2up?q=Nongpok+Ningthou|title=Religion Of Manipur|website=archive.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.461915/page/n57/mode/2up?q=Nongpok+Ningthou|title=A Critical Study Of The Religious Philosophy|website=archive.org|pages=57}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WEQqAAAAYAAJ&q=nongpok+ningthou|title=The Religion of Manipur: Beliefs, Rituals, and Historical Development|last=Parratt|first=Saroj Nalini|date=1980|publisher=Firma KLM|isbn=978-0-8364-0594-1|language=en}}</ref> Legend says Nongpok Ningthou and [[Panthoibi]] got united in the [[Nongmaiching Hill|Nongmaiching hills (Langmai hills)]].<ref name="Religion Of Manipur"/><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yiBkAAAAMAAJ&q=nongpok+ningthou|title=A History of Manipuri Literature|last=Singh|first=Ch Manihar|date=1996|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-0086-9|language=en}}</ref> Later, they were worshipped as the civilization giving deities in [[Meitei religion]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=74LmAAAAMAAJ&q=nongpok+ningthou|title=Traditional Performing Arts of North-East India|date=1990|publisher=Assam Academy for Cultural Relations|language=en}}</ref> | |||
Nongpok Ningthou is one of the principal [[Umang Lai]]s. He was originally known as "Langmai Ningthou" (lit. Lord of the Langmai people).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PgHgCwAAQBAJ&dq=nongpok+ningthou&pg=PA78|title=Meeyamgi Kholao: Sprout of Consciousness|last=Birajit|first=Soibam|date=2014-12-01|publisher=ARECOM ( Advanced Research Consortium, Manipur)|language=en|pages=78}}</ref> | |||
== | == History == | ||
The [[Nongmaiching Hill]] (also known as Selloi Langmai Hills) was the ancestral territory of the Selloi Langmai people. This zone has the strongest worship of God Langmai Ningthou (Nongpok Ningthou). According to the [[Nongmaiching Chingkoipa]] (AKA [[Nongmaijing Chingoiba]]) text, the mountain in the east and beyond the rivers (Imphal R., Iril R. and Kongba R.) is the abode of God Keinou Chingsompa (another name of Nongpok Ningthou).<ref name="Birajit 79">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PgHgCwAAQBAJ&dq=nongpok+ningthou&pg=PA79|title=Meeyamgi Kholao: Sprout of Consciousness|last=Birajit|first=Soibam|date=2014-12-01|publisher=ARECOM ( Advanced Research Consortium, Manipur)|language=en|pages=79}}</ref> | |||
==References== | According to the [[Thalon]] ([[Tharon]]) text, [[Nongmaiching Hill|Selloi Langmai Hill]] had 5 divisions. Each division was occupied by different ethic groups. Each groups had different ancestral deities. These were later described as the 5 pillars of the Selloi Langmai country.<ref name="Birajit 79"/> | ||
{|class="wikitable" | |||
! Territories | |||
! Latin transliteration (Romanization) | |||
! Deities | |||
! Latin transliteration (Romanization) | |||
|- | |||
| ꯑꯟꯗ꯭ꯔꯣ | |||
| [[Andro]] | |||
| ꯑꯟꯗ꯭ꯔꯣ ꯀꯣꯟꯕ, ꯄꯅꯝ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ | |||
| [[Andro Konba]], [[Panam Ningthou]] (lit.Chief of Panam) | |||
|- | |||
| ꯀꯩꯅꯧ | |||
| [[Keinou]] | |||
| ꯇꯥꯔꯤꯌꯥ, ꯀꯩꯅꯧ ꯂꯥꯛꯄ | |||
| [[Tariya]], the [[Keinou Lakpa]] (lit. Chief of Keinou) | |||
|- | |||
| ꯋꯥꯈꯥ | |||
| [[Wakha]] | |||
| ꯄꯨꯂꯩꯂꯣꯝꯄ (ꯄꯨꯔꯩꯔꯣꯝꯕ), ꯋꯥꯈꯥ ꯂꯥꯛꯄ | |||
| [[Puleilompa]] ([[Pureiromba]]), the [[Wakha Lakpa]] (lit. Chief of Wakha) | |||
|- | |||
| ꯆꯤꯡꯌꯥꯢ | |||
| [[Chingyai]] | |||
| ꯆꯤꯡꯁꯣꯝꯄ (ꯆꯤꯡꯁꯣꯝꯕ), ꯆꯤꯡꯌꯥꯢ ꯂꯥꯛꯄ | |||
| [[Chingsomba]], the [[Chingyai Lakpa]] (lit. Chief of Chingyai) | |||
|- | |||
| ꯆꯤꯡꯁꯥꯡ | |||
| [[Chingshang]] | |||
| ꯄꯥꯜꯂꯨꯡ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ, ꯆꯤꯡꯁꯥꯡ ꯂꯥꯛꯄ | |||
| [[Pallung Ningthou]], the [[Chingshang Lakpa]] (lit. Chief of Chingshang) | |||
|} | |||
Later, in the course of time, these 5 gods belonging to 5 different places of the [[Nongmaiching Hill|Selloi Langmai Hill]] were integrated into a single God with the name "Langmai Ningthou". The personal names became the aliases or various forms of the God. With this, the tribal society of the Selloi Langmai people evolved into a chiefdom. This chiefdom later rose to the [[Angom|Angom dynasty]].<ref name="Birajit 79"/> | |||
[[File:FUSION OF THE 5 DEITIES INTO ONE WITH THE NAME "LANGMAI NINGTHOU".jpg|thumb|300px|center|The five deities venerated in the five divisions of the Selloi Langmai hills gradually merged into one God with the name "Langmai Ningthou" (lit. ''King of the Langmais'').]] | |||
According to the [[Naothingkhong Phambal Kaba]] [[PuYa]], the position of the Langmai Ningthou (lit. ''Langmai King'') rose to the highest level of the [[Umang Lai]] God. He acquired a new title "Nongpok Ningthou". It took place after the uprooting of the Selloi Langmai people by the Meetei King [[Ura Konthouba]] in the 7th century AD. With the end of the ethnic conflict, the Selloi Langmai people merged into the [[Meitei ethnicity]]. Their deity "Langmai Ningthou" got renamed as "Nongpok Ningthou" (lit. ''Sovereign of the East''). The name of the God was given by the Meiteis. The God originally belonged to the Selloi Langmai people. These group of people lived in the East of the [[Kangla]], the capital of the Meitei kingdom.<ref name="Birajit 80">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PgHgCwAAQBAJ&dq=nongpok+ningthou&pg=PA80|title=Meeyamgi Kholao: Sprout of Consciousness|last=Birajit|first=Soibam|date=2014-12-01|publisher=ARECOM ( Advanced Research Consortium, Manipur)|language=en|pages=80}}</ref> | |||
The [[Cheitharol Kumbaba]] mentioned the God for the first time during the reign of King [[Khagemba]] (1597 AD-1652 AD).<ref name="Birajit 80"/> | |||
== Mythology == | |||
God Nongpok Ningthou and Goddess [[Panthoibi]] are true lovers. They first met when the goddess was wandering in the open meadows, bathing and sporting in the cool waters of the running river. She was captivated by the handsome looks and towering personality of Nongpok Ningthou (alias Angoupa Kainou Chingsangsompa). They fell in love at first sight. He proposed her to elope with him. But the already married goddess didn't accept the instant proposal very soon because it was not even five days passed after her wedding. She insisted him to spend some time.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqJVDwAAQBAJ&dq=nongpok+ningthou&pg=PT28|title=A Glimpse of Manipuri Literary Works|last=Devi|first=Nunglekpam Premi|date=2018-04-14|publisher=FSP Media Publications|language=en|pages=28}}</ref> | |||
The two lovers met secretly but regularly many times. [[Panthoibi]]'s behavior causes her in-laws to have suspicion over her. Her mortal husband, Khaba Sokchrongba, tried to win her heart with many tricks. But these were useless to the goddess. Nongpok Ningthou eloped with Goddess [[Panthoibi]], his true lover, wearing the attires of the [[Tangkhul Naga|Tangkhuls]].<ref name="Devi 29">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqJVDwAAQBAJ&dq=nongpok+ningthou&pg=PT29|title=A Glimpse of Manipuri Literary Works|last=Devi|first=Nunglekpam Premi|date=2018-04-14|publisher=FSP Media Publications|language=en|pages=29}}</ref><ref name="Devi 119">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxqeDwAAQBAJ&dq=nongpok+ningthou&pg=PA119|title=Glimpses of Manipuri Culture|last=Devi|first=Dr Yumlembam Gopi|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=978-0-359-72919-7|language=en|pages=119}}</ref> | |||
Nongpok Ningthou and Panthoibi, the two divine lovers, united on the [[Nongmaiching Hill]]s. Their joyous union was celebrated with dances and music by the divine beings. These celebration gave birth to the [[Lai Haraoba]] festival.<ref name="Devi 29"/><ref name="Devi 119"/> | |||
In another version of the story, Nongpok Ningthou met goddess [[Panthoibi]] for the first time when she was helping her father at [[Slash-and-burn|jhum cultivation (Slash-and-burn)]]. They fell in love at first sight without no conversation. But Panthoibi was married to another man against her will. She left her husband's house to search for her true beloved. Nongpok Ningthou also left his home for the same purpose. The lovers met at the [[Kangla]]. Kangla became the place of their divine union. So, it is considered to be an auspicious place of coronation of the Meitei kings.<ref name="archive.org">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/politicssocietyc00brar/page/72/mode/2up?q=Nongpok+Ningthou|title=Politics, society, and cosmology in India's North East|website=archive.org|pages=73}}</ref> | |||
== Cults and shrines == | |||
Most of the surviving cults and shrines dedicated to God Langmai Ningthou (Nongpok Ningthou) are located in the [[Nongmaiching Hill]] ([[Nongmaiching Hill|Selloi Langmai Hill]]) and its nearby areas.<ref name="Birajit 80"/> | |||
A few of the most prominent shrines include: (1) Nongpok at Yairipok, (2) Panam Ningthou at Andro, (3) Nongpok Ningthou at Khoirom, (4) Pureiromba at Lamlai, (5) Nongpok Ningthou at Engourok (Ingourok), (6) Pureiromba at Naharup, (7) Nongpok Ningthou at Takhel, (8) Pureiromba at Bamon Kampu, (9) Nongpok Ningthou at Charangpat Maning, (10) Waroi Ching Malang Lamhuiba at Waroi Ching, (11) Nongpok at Chandrakhong.<ref name="Birajit 80"/> | |||
These shrines are under the institution of the [[Umang Lai]]sm. However, there are many shrines of God Langmai Ningthou independent from the [[Umang Lai]]sm. Examples include Chingyai, Kharong, Isingchaibi, Nungpak Khul, Chingoi, etc. Due to the independence from the [[Umang Lai]]sm, these shrines were absorbed into [[Hinduism]] during the post-[[Charairongba]] era in [[Manipur]]. One notable instance is the shrine of Chingyai. The shrine of Chingyai was converted into the cult of Hindu God [[Shiva|Shiva Mahadeva]] during the reign of King Chandrakirti (1850 AD-1886 AD).<ref name="Birajit 80"/> | |||
[[Khwairakpa Erel]] is the most famous sacred site dedicated to Nongpok Ningthou (alias Khwairakpa) in [[Assam]]. It is an island in the middle of the Barak River.<ref name="Sangai Express">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2020/1/5/Jirimukh-Jan-5-Thousands-of-devotees-especially-from-Assam-and-Manipur-thronged-Khwairakpa-Erel-Umanglai-Nongpok-Ningthou-Khuvam-formerly-known-as-Narandhore-Baba-to-worship-at-the-sacred-shri.amp.html|title=Thousands throng sacred shrine at Barak River|website=www.thesangaiexpress.com}}</ref><ref name="Imphal Times">{{Cite web|url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/item/19687-devotees-offer-prayers-at-sacred-shrine-of-khwairakpa-erel-umanglai|title=Devotees offer prayers at sacred shrine of Khwairakpa Erel|website=www.imphaltimes.com}}</ref> | |||
== In art == | |||
=== Dance === | |||
[[Panthoibi Jagoi]] is a duet dance form that is accompanied by a romantic song sung by a [[maibi]] and a penakhongba ([[Pena (musical instrument)|pena player]]). It has reference to the love of Nongpok Ningthou for his consort [[Panthoibi]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6d-IyINtk4C&q=Panthoibi+Jagoi+duet+dance+portraying+romantic+affairs+Nongpok+Ningthou+Panthoibi&pg=PA621|title=Encyclopaedia Of Manipur (3 Vol.)|last=Lisam|first=Khomdan Singh|date=2011|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-864-2|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c276DwAAQBAJ&dq=nongpok+ningthou&pg=PT233|title=The Cultural Heritage of Manipur|last1=Meitei|first1=Sanjenbam Yaiphaba|last2=Chaudhuri|first2=Sarit K.|last3=Arunkumar|first3=M. C.|date=2020-11-25|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-000-29637-2|language=en|pages=233}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c276DwAAQBAJ&dq=nongpok+ningthou&pg=PT234|title=The Cultural Heritage of Manipur|last1=Meitei|first1=Sanjenbam Yaiphaba|last2=Chaudhuri|first2=Sarit K.|last3=Arunkumar|first3=M. C.|date=2020-11-25|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-000-29637-2|language=en|pages=234}}</ref> | |||
The '''Tangkhul Nurabi Loutaba''' is an enactment of the repartee between Tangkhul Pakhang (an incarnation of Nongpok Ningthou) and Tangkhul Nurabi (an incarnation of [[Panthoibi]]). The two players dress up in Tangkhul attires of farming in the field. This is performed on the last night of the [[Kanglei Haraoba]] (a form of [[Lai Haraoba]]).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OzjbCgAAQBAJ&dq=nongpok+ningthou&pg=PA129|title=Colonialism and Resistance: Society and State in Manipur|last1=Noni|first1=Arambam|last2=Sanatomba|first2=Kangujam|date=2015-10-16|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-27066-9|language=en}}</ref> | |||
== Related pages == | |||
* [[Koubru]] - north west protector | |||
* [[Marjing]] - north east protector | |||
* [[Thangjing]] - south west protector | |||
* [[Wangbren]] - south east protector | |||
== References == | |||
{{Reflist}} | {{Reflist}} | ||
== Bibliography == | |||
* A History of Manipuri Literature - Page 62 - Ch Manihar Singh · 1996 | |||
* Manipur, Maid of the Mountains - Page 159 - R. Constantine · 1981 | |||
* Noṃpok, Pānthoibī - Moirangthem Chandra Singh · 1965 | |||
* Religion and Culture of Manipur - Page 168 - Moirangthem Kirti Singh · 1988 | |||
* The Meitheis - Page 222 - Thomas Callan Hodson · 1908 | |||
== Other websites == | |||
* [https://en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?search=Nongpok+Ningthau+chief+of+the+East++&title=Special%3ASearch&profile=default&fulltext=1&ns0=1&ns100=1&ns102=1&ns106=1&ns114=1 Nongpok Ningthou_English Wikisource] | |||
* [https://archive.org/search.php?query=Nongpok+Ningthou&sin=TXT Nongpok Ningthou_archive.org] | |||
* [http://e-pao.net/epSearchResults.asp?cx=partner-pub-3342616103029311%3A3788634109&cof=FORID%3A10&ie=UTF-8&q=Nongpok+Ningthou&sa.x=22&sa.y=12 Nongpok Ningthou_e-pao.net] | |||
{{authority control}} | |||
[[Category:Meitei gods and goddesses]] | [[Category:Meitei gods and goddesses]] | ||
{{simple-Wikipedia}} | {{simple-Wikipedia}} | ||