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==Transportation== | |||
{{Main|Transport in Tamil Nadu|Road network in Tamil Nadu}} | |||
[[File:Chennai Kathipara bridge.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Kathipara Junction in Chennai]] | |||
[[File:Chennai Cargo Terminal.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Three 747s at Chennai Cargo Terminal. Chennai cargo terminal is the second busiest in India]] | |||
[[File:Madras Port In 1996.jpg|200px|right|thumb|The [[Madras Port]], the second biggest port in South Asia]] | |||
Tamil Nadu has a well established transportation system that connects all parts of the state. This is partly responsible for the investment in the state. Though the present transportation system is substantial, it needs to be developed further to keep pace with the rapid increase in use.<ref name="tnhighnotes">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/policynotes/highways_1.htm|title=Tamil Nadu Infrastructure Development}}</ref> Tamil Nadu is served by an extensive road network in terms of its spread and quality, providing links between urban centres, agricultural market-places and rural habitations in the countryside. | |||
===Road=== | |||
There are 28 national highways in the state, covering a total distance of {{convert|5036|km|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.morth.nic.in/statedetailsmain.asp | title=National Highways in Tamil Nadu | publisher=Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, Govt. of India | access-date=24 January 2012}}</ref> The state is also a terminus for [[National Highway 44 (India)|North-South Corridor Road]] (NH44) and the [[Golden Quadrilateral]] project that is 99.2% completed as of 31 July 2010.<ref name="gldnquad">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nhai.org/gqmain_english.htm |title=National Highway Authority of India |access-date=25 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304034111/http://www.nhai.org/gqmain_english.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus]] is the largest bus terminal in [[Tamil Nadu]]. The state has a total road length of 167,000 km, of which 60,628 km are maintained by Highways Department. This is nearly 2.5 times higher than the density of all-India road network.<ref name="tnroads">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tnhighways.org|title=Official site for Tamil Nadu Highways}}</ref> It ranks second with a share of over 20% in total road projects under operation in the public-private partnership model.<ref>{{cite web|author=Business Standard |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/tamil-nadu-ranks-2nd-in-road-projects-under-ppp/198092/on |title=Tamil Nadu ranks 2nd in road projects under PPP |publisher=Business-standard.com |date=19 November 2012 |access-date=3 December 2012}}</ref> It is currently working on upgrading its road network, though the pace of work is considered slow.<ref name="tnupgrade">[http://www.blonnet.com/2006/08/11/stories/2006081103171900.htm Highways, roads to be upgraded in Tamil Nadu]</ref> | |||
===Railway=== | |||
Tamil Nadu has a well-developed rail network as part of [[Southern Railway (India)|Southern Railway]]. Headquartered at Chennai, the present [[Southern Railway (India)|Southern Railway]] network extends over a large area of India's Southern Peninsula, covering the states of Tamil Nadu, [[Kerala]], Puducherry, minor portions of [[Karnataka]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]]. Tamil Nadu has a total railway track length of 6,693 km and there are 690 railway stations in the state. The system connects it with most major cities in [[India]]. Main rail junctions in the state include Chennai, Coimbatore, [[Erode]], [[Dindugul]], [[Katpadi]],[[Thanjavur Junction railway station|Thanjavur]], [[Madurai]], [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], [[Tiruchirapalli]] and [[Tirunelveli]]. Chennai has a well-established [[Transport in Chennai|Suburban Railway]] network, a [[Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System|Mass Rapid Transport System]] and is currently developing a [[Chennai Metro|Metro]] system, with its first underground stretch operational since May 2017.<ref>{{cite web|author=The Hindu BusinessLine |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/chennai-metros-1st-underground-line-opens/article9697789.ece |title=Chennai metro's 1st underground line opens |publisher=thehindubusinessline.com |date=14 May 2017 |access-date=27 December 2017}}</ref> | |||
===Air=== | |||
Tamil Nadu has a major international airport, [[Chennai International Airport]], that is connected with 27 countries with more than 500 direct flights every day. Other international airports in Tamil Nadu include [[Tiruchirapalli International Airport]], [[Coimbatore International Airport]], [[Madurai Airport]] and [[Tiruchirappalli International Airport|Tiruchirapalli Airport]]. Chennai International Airport is currently the fourth largest international airport in India after [[Delhi]], Mumbai, and [[Bangalore]] has a passenger growth of 18%. It also has domestic airports at [[Salem Airport (India)|Salem]], [[Tuticorin Airport|Thoothukudi]] making several parts of the state easily accessible. Increased industrial activity has given rise to an increase in passenger traffic as well as freight movement which has been growing at over 21.3 per cent per year.<ref name="tntransport">[http://www.indiainbusiness.nic.in/indian-states/tamilnadu/EconoInfra.htm Transportation in Tamil Nadu] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070225103911/http://www.indiainbusiness.nic.in/indian-states/tamilnadu/EconoInfra.htm |date=25 February 2007 }}</ref> | |||
===Ports=== | |||
Tamil Nadu has four major ports at [[Chennai Port|Chennai]], [[Ennore Port|Ennore]], [[Kattupalli Shipyard|Kattupalli]] and [[Tuticorin]], as well as one intermediate port, [[Nagapattinam]], and seven minor ports, [[Rameswaram]], [[Kanyakumari (town)|Kanyakumari]], [[Cuddalore]], [[Colachel]], [[Karaikal]], [[Pamban]] and [[Valinokkam]] of which are currently capable of handling over 73 million metric tonnes of cargo annually (24 per cent share of India). All the minor ports are managed by the Tamil Nadu Maritime Board.<ref name="tnmariboard">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/per-budget-1999-2001/hrw-pb-e-3.htm|title=Creation of the Tamil Nadu Maritime Board}}</ref> Chennai Port is an artificial harbour situated on the Coromandel Coast in South-East India and it is the second principal port in the country for handling containers. It is currently being upgraded to have a dedicated terminal for cars capable of handling 400,000 vehicles by 2009 to be used by Hyundai, Ford and Nissan Renault.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibef.org/news/16235|title=Dedicated ports new craze in autoville | IBEF|website=www.ibef.org}}</ref> [[Ennore Port]] was recently converted from an intermediate port to a major port and handles all the coal and ore traffic in Tamil Nadu. The volume of cargo in the ports grew by 13 per cent over 2005.<ref name="ennoreport">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ennoreport.gov.in/content/|title=Kamarajar Port Limited|website=www.ennoreport.gov.in}}</ref><ref name="tutiport">[http://www.tuticorinport.gov.in/ Official website for Tuticorin Port] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080731210325/http://www.tuticorinport.gov.in/ |date=31 July 2008 }}</ref> The Tuticorin Port is expanding its facilities at the cost of US$1.6 billion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/070620/54/6h6wr.html|title=Expansion of Tuticorin Port}}</ref> The [[Sethusamudram Shipping Canal Project]] will transform the [[Tuticorin]] port into a [[transshipment]] hub similar to those in Singapore and [[Colombo]]. The ports are in need of improvement and some of them have container terminals privatised. | |||