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==Location and demography==
==Location and demography==
Chennai Corporation area is located on the [[Coromandel Coast]] in the central eastern coastal region of the [[Deccan plateau]] and the northern end of the state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. The city stretches along the coast covering about 43&nbsp;km of sandy beach and extending about 19&nbsp;km inland, encompassing an area of 426&nbsp;sq&nbsp;km. The estimated population is about 6.5 million.<ref name="AboutCC"/>
Chennai Corporation area is located on the [[Coromandel Coast]] in the central eastern coastal region of the [[Deccan plateau]] and the northern end of the state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. The city stretches along the coast covering about 43&nbsp;km of sandy beach and extending about 19&nbsp;km inland, encompassing an area of 426&nbsp;sq&nbsp;km. The estimated population is about 6.5 million.<ref name="AboutCC"/>
==Functions==
The corporation maintains roads, streetlights, and flyovers across the city<ref name="brighter">{{cite news|title=Chennai all set to turn brighter |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3207181.ece |date=24 March 2012 |author=ALOYSIUS XAVIER LOPEZ|agency=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai|access-date=2012-12-07}}</ref><ref name="wherewillbe">{{cite news |title=Where will the city's new flyovers be? |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3919332.ece |date= 21 September 2012 |author=ALOYSIUS XAVIER LOPEZ|agency=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai |access-date=2012-12-07}}</ref><ref name="spacebeneath">{{cite news |title=Space beneath 13 flyovers in city all set for makeover  |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3333181.ece|first= 20 April 2012|author=ALOYSIUS XAVIER LOPEZ|agency=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai|access-date=2012-12-07}}</ref> and also the city's cleanliness and hygiene levels.<ref name="masscleanup">{{cite news|title=Corporation to intensify mass cleaning programme |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3675691.ece |date=24 July 2012|agency=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai |access-date=2012-12-07}}</ref> It maintains 1,160 roads measuring a total of 370&nbsp;km and storm water drain measuring 962&nbsp;km and has 213,045 streetlights. Power consumption by the streetlights amounts to 50 megawatts a day, costing {{INR}} 14,00,000. The corporation has 260 parks and maintains 113 community halls for public use. The corporation registers about 400 births and 180 deaths every day.<ref name="AboutCC"/> The corporation also runs an [[abattoir]].<ref name="shiftabattoir">{{cite news|title=Civic body pressed on shifting abattoir |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3792743.ece |date=19 August 2012 |agency=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai|access-date=2012-12-07}}</ref> There are 23,538 staffs working in the corporation.<ref name="AboutCC"/> In 2011–2012, {{INR}} 190 million was allotted by the Tamil Nadu government for the development of the city areas within corporation limits.<ref name= "dailythanthi_City welfare">{{cite news
| title = சென்னை மாநகராட்சி வளர்ச்சிப்பணிகளுக்கு ''தமிழக அரசு ஒரே ஆண்டில் ரூ.1,900 கோடி நிதி ஒதுக்கீடு செய்துள்ளது'' மேயர் சைதை துரைசாமி தகவல்
| newspaper = Daily Thanthi
| location = Chennai
| language = ta
| date = 1 December 2012
| url = http://www.dailythanthi.com/chennai-news
| access-date = 20 December 2012}}</ref> In 2014, the Tamil Nadu Generation and Distribution Corporation (Tangedco) planned to change its 11-kilo volt transformers with 1,784 ring main units (RMUs) that are compact and safe.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Srikanth
| first = R.
| title = Chennai's transformers to become compact, safe
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 21 February 2014
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennais-transformers-to-become-compact-safe/article5710640.ece
| access-date = 22 February 2014}}</ref>
===Roads===
The corporation maintains a total of 1,160 [[macadam]]ised bus routes running to a total length of 353.94&nbsp;km. The Total length of interior roads measures about 5,563.06&nbsp;km. Total length of cement concrete roads maintained by the Corporation in the bus routes measures 3.68&nbsp;km and the length of cement concrete interior roads measures 1,292.54&nbsp;km.<ref name="CC_HealthInfrastructure"/>
The newly expanded region of the corporation alone has 2,752&nbsp;km of roads, along which there is a 682.4&nbsp;km network of storm water drains.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Chennai's extended areas may get temporary storm water drains
| location = Chennai
| date = 18 December 2012
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-18/chennai/35889370_1_storm-water-drains-mega-city-development-mission-areas
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130126052003/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-18/chennai/35889370_1_storm-water-drains-mega-city-development-mission-areas
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 26 January 2013
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 19 December 2012}}</ref>
Street lamps in the city were introduced in 1785. Until the introduction of electric street lighting, the street lighting was done by oil lights. Till 1857, there were only 200 oil light lamps. By the year 1910, this was increased to 6,500. In 1910, electric street lighting was introduced. By 1924–1925, all the oil lights in the streets of the city were completely replaced by electric lights. The corporation also maintains 264 high-mast lights and 133 8-meter and 12-meter lamp posts with cluster lights at important junctions. The Corporation owns 22 hydraulic vehicles for attending maintenance work to streetlights.<ref name="CC_ElectricalDepartment">{{cite web
| title = Electrical—History
| publisher = Corporation of Chennai
| url = http://www.chennaicorporation.gov.in/departments/electrical/index.htm
| access-date = 29 December 2012}}</ref> In 2012, the Corporation started installing 60,000 streetlights in the newly included zones, in addition to replacing about 88,000 old streetlights in these zones.<ref name="LEDlights">{{cite news
| title = Added zones to get 60,000 LED streetlights
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 20 December 2012
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/added-zones-to-get-60000-led-streetlights/article4218663.ece
| access-date = 24 December 2012}}</ref> Per the norm of the corporation, the minimum distance between two adjacent streetlights is 25&nbsp;metre.<ref name="LEDlights"/>
As on 2012, the corporation maintains 262 bridges, road-overbridges and road-underbridges, including 65 high-level bridges, 31 box culverts, 81 slab culverts, 11 rail-overbridges, 14 rail-underbridges, 6 pedestrian subways, 6 causeways, 35 footbridges and 13 grade separators.<ref name="CC_Bridges_AboutDept">{{cite web
| title = Departments—Bridges
| publisher = Corporation of Chennai
| url = http://www.chennaicorporation.gov.in/departments/bridges/aboutBridges.htm
| access-date = 29 December 2012}}</ref>
In 2013, the corporation acquired a Road Measurement Data Acquisition System (ROMDAS) to check the quality of newly laid roads.<ref name="aqmachine">{{cite news|title=Chennai Corporation acquires machine to check quality of newly laid roads|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Chennai-Corporation-acquires-machine-to-check-quality-of-newly-laid-roads/articleshow/24647475.cms|first=Pratiksha|last=Ramkumar|date=24 October 2013|work=[[Times of India]]|location=Chennai|access-date=2013-10-24}}</ref>
===Parks and open green spaces===
{{see also|Parks in Chennai}}
[[File:Anna park at AU.JPG|thumb|left|Anna Park maintained by [[Anna University]]]]
Chennai has one of the lowest per capita green space in the country. As of 2012, It has only about 0.46 square metres per city dweller. According to the development rules, when plots measuring more than 10,000 square metres are developed, 10% of the area must be reserved as open space and gifted to the local bodies, and in plots measuring between 3,000 and 10,000 square metres, if gifting of 10% of the area as open space is not possible, cash equivalent can be paid. The money thus collected is utilized to develop the landscaping in the city.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3223739.ece |title=Where is our patch of green, Mr. Mayor? |work=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 March 2012 |access-date=7 December 2012|last=A.|first=Srivathsan}}</ref>
Since 1976, the Chennai Corporation has been collecting OSR charges and taking possession of land under the open space reservation rules. But so far it has not revealed what the total amount of land and cash collected. Data shows that since 2002, about 1.85 million square feet of land has been acquired.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/pdfs/osr/english/chennai_corporation.pdf|title=List of OSR Sites Handed Over to Chennai Corporation}}</ref>
The corporation maintains 260 public parks, 154 traffic islands, and 103 centre medians on major roads. Since the formation of the corporation until 1947, the corporation had maintained 18 public play fields. As of 2012, the corporation maintains 228 play fields, 234 gymnasiums, 4 shuttles indoor stadium, 1 basketball indoor stadium, and 2 swimming pools. Of the 228 play fields, about 14 have been designated as star play ground with facilities such as courts for football, tennis, volleyball, ball badminton, and basketball. The gymnasiums are used by about 50 to 100 people every day. Indoor shuttle courts are located in [[Mandaiveli]], R. R. Colony in [[Jafferkhanpet]], Karpagam Avenue in [[Mylapore]], and [[Nungambakkam]]. A basketball indoor stadium is located in Kilpauk Gardens. Swimming pools are located in Marina Beach and My Lady's Park. Skating rinks are located in [[Anna Nagar]], [[Shenoy Nagar]], Nungambakkam, [[Marina Beach]], [[K. K. Nagar (Chennai)|K. K. Nagar]] and [[T. Nagar]].<ref name="CC_Parks">{{cite web
| title = Parks
| publisher = Corporation of Chennai
| url = http://www.chennaicorporation.gov.in/departments/parks/index.htm
| access-date = 16 December 2012}}</ref> The corporation also maintains [[beach]]es within the city.<ref name="beautifybeaches">{{cite news|title=Chennai Corpn to beautify beaches|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-19/chennai/35911491_1_beach-goers-chennai-corpn-civic-body|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130128132553/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-19/chennai/35911491_1_beach-goers-chennai-corpn-civic-body|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 January 2013|date=19 December 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|location=Chennai|access-date=2012-12-19}}</ref>
There are about 13,787 lights installed and maintained in the park and play fields by the corporation.<ref name="CC_ElectricalDepartment"/>
===Education===
There are 322 schools run by the corporation, with a total student count of 130,000.<ref name="CC_HealthInfrastructure"/> As per 2012–2013 corporation budget, 30 new English medium primary and middle schools will be started.<ref name="2012-13 budget"/> The civic body has also planned to construct 64 additional buildings on existing school campuses that require more classrooms. In addition, libraries and a career guidance centre would be set up in all corporation high and higher secondary schools.<ref name="2012-13 budget">{{cite news|title= Chennai corporation budget focuses on education, health|url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-12/chennai/31152604_1_new-english-medium-spoken-english-classes-chennai-corporation-budget|archive-url= https://archive.today/20130126095704/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-12/chennai/31152604_1_new-english-medium-spoken-english-classes-chennai-corporation-budget|url-status= dead|archive-date= 26 January 2013|date=12 May 2012 |authors= Pratiksha Ramkumar|work=[[The Times of India]]|location=Chennai|access-date=2012-12-16}}</ref>
===Health===
The corporation maintains 75 dispensaries, 36 malaria clinics, 42 tuberculosis microscopic centres, and 1 centre each for communicable diseases, NGO-run malaria clinic, filaria clinic, and filaria lymphodema management clinic. The corporation maintains three slaughterhouses in [[Perambur]], [[Villivakkam]], and [[Saidapet]], where an average of 1,500 sheep and 150 cattle are slaughtered every day.<ref name="CC_HealthInfrastructure"/> As per 2012–2013 corporation budget, 11 new dental clinics will be set up in addition to the existing ones to ensure that every zone has a clinic.<ref name="2012-13 budget"/> A new hospital will be set up with a specialised leprosy centre and Mandambakkam to benefit the residents of South Chennai.<ref name="2012-13 budget"/> In 2007, it was reported that mosquitoes were the biggest menace in the city.<ref name="mosquitoproblem">{{cite news |title=Mosquitoes, not water, Chennai's Problem No.1 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/06/stories/2007030616240400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070308093527/http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/06/stories/2007030616240400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 March 2007|date=6 March 2007 |location=Chennai |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2012-12-18}}</ref> In 2012, the corporation announced that it was planning to breed sterile male mosquitoes to bring down the population of female mosquitoes.<ref name="growmosquitokillmosquito">{{cite news|title=Chennai Corporation's new plan: grow mosquitoes to kill mosquitoes |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-corporations-new-plan-grow-mosquitoes-to-kill-mosquitoes/article4210756.ece |date=18 December 2012|last=Lopez |first=Aloysius Xavier|agency=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai|access-date=2012-12-18}}</ref>
The corporation maintains electric furnace units at the burial grounds at Villivakkam, Nungambakkam, GKM colony, and Arumbakkam. It also maintains gassifier furnace units at Moolakothalam, Kannammapet, Besant Nagar Mylapore, Kasimedu, Vyasarpadi, Otteri, Thangal, Velangadu, Krishnampet, Saidapet, and Besant Nagar burial grounds.<ref name="CC_ElectricalDepartment"/>
===Solid waste management===
[[File:Chennai Corporation's Mechanical Sweeper in action at the Beach Road.jpg|thumb|left|Chennai Corporation's Mechanical Sweeper in action at the Beach Road]]
Headed by a Superintendent Engineer, the corporation is responsible for removal of solid waste within city limits. Every day, 4,500&nbsp;metric tons of garbage is collected and removed from the city. Night conservancy is being carried out in all important roads and commercial areas of the city. In addition, door-to-door collection of garbage is followed in all zones in the city.<ref name=CMDA_site>{{cite web|url=http://www.chennaicorporation.gov.in/departments/solid-waste-management/index.htm|title=Welcome to Greater Chennai Corporation|website=www.chennaicorporation.gov.in}}</ref> The waste is transported by 966 conservancy vehicles.<ref name="AboutCC"/> The corporation maintains dumping grounds at Kodungaiyur and Perungudi for dumping solid waste.<ref name="AboutCC"/>
Chennai is hit by shortage of sanitary workers. To counter this, the corporation is to appoint 4,000 sanitary inspectors, junior engineers and assistant executive engineers in 2012.<ref name= sanitary-inspector>{{Cite news |last=Ram |first=Arun |title=Chennai Corporation to recruit 4,000 inspectors and engineers |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-20/chennai/32763974_1_chennai-corporation-sanitary-inspectors-engineers |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126192031/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-20/chennai/32763974_1_chennai-corporation-sanitary-inspectors-engineers |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 January 2013 |access-date=9 December 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 July 2012}}</ref>
Garbage in most zones was previously handled by JBM Fanalca Environment Management, a private company, and by the Chennai Corporation in the other zones. Solid waste management in several parts of the city was subsequently handed over to ''Chennai Municipal Solid Waste Pvt. Ltd'' a [[special purpose vehicle]] run by the [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]-based Ramky Group for a period of seven years starting January 2012;<ref name="wastedisposalhaywire">{{cite news|title=Waste disposal goes haywire |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/waste-disposal-goes-haywire/article3536528.ece |first=Nivedita|last=Varadarajan |date=16 June 2012|agency=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai |access-date=2012-12-18}}</ref> elsewhere, Ramky Enviro Engineers Limited is described as a private company.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article2773817.ece|title=New firm to begin conservancy work next week|access-date=6 February 2012|work=The Hindu|date=4 January 2012}}</ref> The company is reportedly running at a loss and the corporation was alleged to have paid only {{INR}} 32.5&nbsp;million of the {{INR}} 65&nbsp;million bill.<ref name="resumeafterflashstrike">{{cite news|title=Ramky staff resume work after flash strike |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/ramky-staff-resume-work-after-flash-strike/article4028654.ece |date=25 October 2012|agency=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai|access-date=2012-12-18}}</ref> The company handles the three zones of [[Kodambakkam]], [[Teynampet]], and [[Adyar, Chennai|Adyar]], also runs a [[toll free number|toll-free telephone number]] to answer queries relating to waste management.<ref name="broomsweepclean">{{cite news|title=Will the new broom sweep clean? |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3445756.ece |date=23 May 2012|author=Lalithasai |agency=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai |access-date=2012-12-18}}</ref> The company also performed [[street theatre|street plays]] to spread awareness on keeping the city clean.<ref name="cleancitycampaign">{{cite news |title=Clean city campaign to reach out to residents |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article2815043.ece |date=20 January 2012|agency=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai|access-date=2012-12-18}}</ref> The Corporation later decided to take penal action against the private agency for not keeping up its end of the deal.<ref name="findingwayout">{{cite news|title=Finding a way out of the mess |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3498219.ece |date=7 June 2012 |author=Aloysius Xavier Lopez|agency=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai|access-date=2012-12-18}}</ref> In September, a [[Order to show cause|show cause notice]] for termination of the contract was served, which was further upheld by the [[Madras High Court]].<ref name="HCdismiss">{{cite news|title=HC dismisses Ramky's plea against termination notice|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/hc-dismisses-ramkys-plea-against-termination-notice/article4210754.ece|date=18 December 2012 |agency=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai|access-date=2012-12-18}}</ref>
In other zones, the Corporation looks after the removal and processing of solid waste in the others,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article2835108.ece|title=New garbage collection, street cleaning mechanism|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=29 February 2012|date=27 January 2012}}</ref> with a superintendent engineer managing the channels. As of 2011, 8 transfer stations exist within the city for treating the waste.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chennaicorporation.gov.in/gcc/department/solid-waste-management/ |title=Solid Waste Management|publisher=Corporation of Chennai|access-date=29 February 2012}}</ref> Garbage is dumped in two dump-yards in the city—One in [[Kodungaiyur]] and another in [[Perungudi]], with a major portion of the latter covering the [[Pallikaranai]] marshland.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-07/chennai/31304388_1_dump-yards-perungudi-garbage|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514105047/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-07/chennai/31304388_1_dump-yards-perungudi-garbage|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 May 2013|title=Cluster-based solid waste mgmt may ease pressure on dump yards|date=7 April 2012|last=Madhavan|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|first=D.}}</ref> In market areas, the conservancy work is done during the night.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article2829329.ece|title=SMS fillip for garbage collection|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=29 February 2012|first=Deepa H|last=Ramakrishnan|date=25 January 2012}}</ref> Water supply and sewage treatment are handled by the Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewage Board, popularly referred to as ''Metro Water''. Electricity is supplied by the Tamil Nadu Electricity Board.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://chennai.nic.in/emergency.htm
| title = Emergency and Utility Services Contact Details at Chennai
| access-date = 2007-09-07
| publisher = Govt. of Tamil Nadu
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070930014904/http://chennai.nic.in/emergency.htm
| archive-date = 30 September 2007
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> Fire services are handled by the Tamil Nadu Fire and Rescue Service.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tnfrs.tn.nic.in/contact.htm|title=Contact us|publisher=Tamil Nadu Fire and Rescue Service|access-date=1 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423055359/http://www.tnfrs.tn.nic.in/contact.htm|archive-date=23 April 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> The city, along with the suburbs, has 33 operating fire stations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tnfrs.tn.nic.in/stns.htm|title=List of fire stations|publisher=Tamil Nadu Fire and Rescue Service|access-date=1 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424123232/http://www.tnfrs.tn.nic.in/stns.htm|archive-date=24 April 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
===Telecommunication===
The city's telephone service is provided by three landline companies: [[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited]] (BSNL), [[Reliance Jio]] and [[Bharti Airtel]].<ref>{{cite news
| url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2002/09/05/stories/2002090502151700.htm
| title = Touchtel arrives in Coimbatore
| access-date = 2007-09-07
| newspaper = The Hindu Business Line| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070927231926/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2002/09/05/stories/2002090502151700.htm| archive-date= 27 September 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref> There are four mobile phone companies: BSNL, [[Vodafone Idea]], Bharti Airtel and [[Reliance Jio]], which offers [[GSM services]]. Broadband Internet access is provided by BSNL, [[Hathway]], Bharti Airtel,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airtelchennai.in/|title=Airtel Broadband Chennai -Ph:9840022123 -Airtel V Fiber Connection|first=Airtel Broadband|last=Chennai}}</ref> You Broadband, [[Reliance Jio]] and [[ACT Broadband]].
===Waste management===
The city generates 4,500 tonnes of garbage every day. The city has three dumpyards, one each at [[Perungudi]], [[Kodungaiyur]], and [[Pallikaranai]]. The corporation has planned to close these yards and create four new dumpyards at Malaipattu, [[Minjur]], [[Vallur]], and Kuthambakkam villages, ranging in size from 20 acres to 100 acres.<ref>{{cite news
| title = City to finally be free of garbage dumps
| location = Chennai
| date = 30 October 2012
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-30/chennai/34816216_1_dump-yards-perungudi-dump-kuthambakkam
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130514051634/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-30/chennai/34816216_1_dump-yards-perungudi-dump-kuthambakkam
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 14 May 2013
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 30 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| title = Corpn plans to move dump yards; residents breathe easy
| newspaper = The Times of India
| location = Chennai
| publisher = The Times Group
| date = 30 October 2012
| url = http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH/2012/10/30&PageLabel=5&EntityId=Ar00500&ViewMode=HTML
| access-date = 30 October 2012}}</ref> According to studies by the civic body, green waste and wood account for 39 percent of the city's garbage and [[food waste]] around 8 percent. The civic body also spends {{INR Convert|4|b}} a year on solid waste management.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Philip
| first = Christin Mathew
| title = Don't dump waste on others: Experts
| location = Chennai
| date = 3 November 2012
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-03/chennai/34892706_1_door-to-door-garbage-collection-source-segregation-civic-body
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130513230003/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-03/chennai/34892706_1_door-to-door-garbage-collection-source-segregation-civic-body
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 13 May 2013
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 3 November 2012}}</ref> The corporation is planning to create a 200-acre park at the 269-acre Kodungaiyur dump yard and a 150-acre park at the 200-acre Perungudi dumpsite.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Ramkumar
| first = Pratiksha
| title = Garbage to make way for green spaces
| location = Chennai
| date = 3 November 2012
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-03/chennai/34893312_1_kodungaiyur-dump-dump-yard-dumpsite
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121106102227/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-03/chennai/34893312_1_kodungaiyur-dump-dump-yard-dumpsite
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 6 November 2012
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 3 November 2012}}</ref>
===Water===
Historically, Chennai has relied on annual [[monsoon]] rains to replenish water [[reservoir]]s, as no major rivers flow through the area. Steadily growing in population, the city has faced [[water supply]] [[Water crisis|shortages]], and its ground water levels have been depleted. Many residents buy water for drinking as well as other daily uses. An earlier [[Veeranam|Veeranam Lake project]] failed to solve the city's water problems, but the New Veeranam project, which became operational in September 2004, has greatly reduced dependency on distant sources.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chennai Water Supply |work=Management of water supply during acute water scarcity in 2003 & 2004 |publisher=Chennai Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewage Board (CMWSSB) |url=http://www.chennaimetrowater.com/engg/operationmaintenance/cmwdrw04.htm |access-date=2007-03-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070812071544/http://www.chennaimetrowater.com/engg/operationmaintenance/cmwdrw04.htm |archive-date=2007-08-12 }}</ref> In recent years, heavy and consistent monsoon rains and [[rainwater harvesting]] (RWH) by Chennai Metrowater at its [[Anna Nagar]] Rain Centre have significantly reduced water shortages. The Metrowater methods have become a model of RWH technology for other cities.<ref name=hindu1>{{cite news
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/03/stories/2007080360510500.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071001015212/http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/03/stories/2007080360510500.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 2007-10-01
| title = Bangalore team visits RWH structures in city
| date = 2007-08-03
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| access-date = 2007-08-11}}</ref> Moreover, newer projects like the [[Telugu Ganga project]] that bring water from water-surplus rivers like the [[Krishna River]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]] have eased water shortages. The city is constructing sea water [[desalination]] plants to further increase the water supply.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/08/12/stories/2005081202820300.htm
|date=2005-08-12
|access-date=2007-09-18
|newspaper=The Hindu
|title=IVRCL to set up desalination plant near Chennai
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011174937/http://thehindubusinessline.com/2005/08/12/stories/2005081202820300.htm
|archive-date=11 October 2007
|url-status=dead
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/04/stories/2007090460440400.htm
| date = 2007-09-04
| access-date = 2007-09-18
| title = Preliminary work on desalination plant to be completed by December-end| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071012002902/http://hindu.com/2007/09/04/stories/2007090460440400.htm| archive-date= 12 October 2007 | newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| url-status= dead}}</ref>
The city's water supply and sewage treatment are managed by the [[Chennai MetroWater Supply and Sewage Board]]. Water is drawn from [[Red Hills Lake]] and [[Chembarambakkam Lake]], the primary water reservoirs of the city,<ref>{{cite book|title=Second Master Plan|publisher=Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority|pages=157–159|url=http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/Volume3_English_PDF/Vol3_Chapter07_Infrasructure.pdf}}</ref> and treated at water treatment plants located at Kilpauk, Puzhal, Chembarambakkam<ref name="Metro Water">{{cite web|title=Water Supply System |url=http://www.chennaimetrowater.tn.nic.in/departments/operation/developwss.htm |publisher=Chennai Metro Water |access-date=16 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015122930/http://www.chennaimetrowater.tn.nic.in/departments/operation/developwss.htm |archive-date=2013-10-15 }}</ref> and supplied to the city through 27 water distribution stations.<ref>{{cite book|title=Second Master Plan|publisher=Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority|page=163|url=http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/Volume3_English_PDF/Vol3_Chapter07_Infrasructure.pdf}}</ref> The city receives 530 million litres per day (MLD) of water from [[Krishna River]] through [[Telugu Ganga project]], 180 MLD of water from the [[Veeranam]] lake project<ref name="Metro Water"/> and 100 MLD of water from the Minjur desalination plant, the country's largest sea water [[desalination]] plant.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-s-biggest-desalination-plant-opens-in-Chennai/Article1-580562.aspx |title=India's biggest desalination plant opens in Chennai |work=[[The Hindustan Times]] |date=1 August 2010 |access-date=11 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100803150810/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-s-biggest-desalination-plant-opens-in-Chennai/Article1-580562.aspx |archive-date=2010-08-03 }}</ref><ref name=HinduDesalinationPlant>{{cite news|title=IVRCL to set up desalination plant near Chennai |work=The Hindu |date=12 August 2005 |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/08/12/stories/2005081202820300.htm |access-date=18 September 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213183507/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/08/12/stories/2005081202820300.htm |archive-date=2009-02-13 }}</ref><ref name=HinduDesalinationPlant2>{{cite news|last=Radhakrishnan|first=R.K.|title=Preliminary work on desalination plant to be completed by December-end|date=4 September 2007|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/04/stories/2007090460440400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012002902/http://hindu.com/2007/09/04/stories/2007090460440400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 October 2007|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=18 September 2007}}</ref> However, Chennai is predicted to face a huge deficit of 713 MLD in 2026 as the demand is projected at 2,248 MLD and supply estimated at only 1,535 MLD.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/chennai/chennai-worst-saving-water-782 |title=Chennai worst in saving water |work=Deccan Chronicle|date=6 May 2011 |access-date=11 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011034707/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/chennai/chennai-worst-saving-water-782 |archive-date=2012-10-11 }}</ref> There are 714 public toilets in the city managed by the city corporation,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-24/chennai/34060800_1_public-toilets-toilet-complexes-sulabh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429193601/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-24/chennai/34060800_1_public-toilets-toilet-complexes-sulabh|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 April 2013|title=No response from firms to build toilets|date=24 September 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=29 September 2012}}</ref> and 2,000 more has been planned by the corporation.<ref>{{cite news
| title = From 24 Feb, use public toilets for free, says mayor
| location = Chennai
| date = 31 October 2012
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-31/chennai/34836742_1_public-toilets-public-conveniences-civic-body
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130429231954/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-31/chennai/34836742_1_public-toilets-public-conveniences-civic-body
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 29 April 2013
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 2 November 2012}}</ref> The corporation also owns 52 community halls across the city.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Residents to soon have free use of community halls
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 31 October 2012
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/residents-to-soon-have-free-use-of-community-halls/article4048482.ece
| access-date = 2 November 2012}}</ref>


== References ==
== References ==
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