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===Australia and New Zealand=== | ===Australia and New Zealand=== | ||
{{Expand section|date=August 2021}} | {{Expand section|date=August 2021}} | ||
== Worldwide == | |||
[[File:Clichy sous Bois Chemin des postes.jpg|thumb|Mid-rise [[social housing]] in [[Clichy-sous-Bois]], a [[banlieue]] of Paris ]] | |||
In many parts of the developed world, suburbs can be economically distressed areas, inhabited by higher proportions of recent immigrants, with higher delinquency rates and social problems. Sometimes the notion of suburb may even refer to people in real misery, who are kept at the limit of the city borders for economic, social, and sometimes ethnic reasons. An example in the developed world would be the ''[[banlieue]]s'' of France, or the [[Million Programme|concrete suburbs]] of Sweden, even if the suburbs of these countries also include middle-class and upper-class neighbourhoods that often consist of [[single-family houses]]. Some of the suburbs in most of the developed world are comparable to several [[inner city|inner cities]] of the U.S. | |||
=== Africa === | |||
Following the growth of the middle class due to the industrialization of many African countries, the development of middle-class suburbs has boomed since the beginning of the 1990s, particularly in cities such as [[Cairo]], [[Nairobi]], [[Johannesburg]], and [[Lagos]]. | |||
In an illustrative case of South Africa, [[Reconstruction and Development Programme|RDP]] housing has been built. In much of [[Soweto]], many houses are American in appearance, but are smaller, and often consist of a kitchen and living room, two or three bedrooms, and a bathroom. However, there are more affluent neighborhoods, more comparable to American suburbs, particularly east of the [[Soccer City|FNB Stadium]] and south of the city in areas like Eikenhof, where the “Eye of Africa” planned community exists.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://eyeofafrica.co.za |title=Eye of Africa |website=Eyeofafrica.co.za |date=2021 |access-date=2021-10-09 }}</ref> This master-planned community is nearly indistinguishable from the most amenity-rich resort-style American suburbs in Florida, Arizona, and California, complete with a golf course, resort pool, equestrian centre, 24-hour manned gates, gym, and BMX track, as well as several tennis, basketball, and volleyball courts.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://eyeofafrica.co.za/leisure-facilities |title=Eye of Africa |website=Eyeofafrica.co.za |date=2021 |access-date=2021-10-09 }}</ref> | |||
In Cape Town, there is a distinct European style which is due to the European influence during the mid-1600s when the Dutch settled the Cape. Houses like these are called Cape Dutch Houses and can be found in the affluent suburbs of [[Constantia, Cape Town|Constantia]] and [[Bishopscourt, Cape Town|Bishopscourt]]. | |||
=== Australia === | |||
[[File:Sydney Skyline (5620756401).jpg|thumb|The [[Sydney city centre]] from the city's [[Western Suburbs, Sydney|western suburbs]]]] | |||
The Australian usage came about as outer areas were quickly surrounded in fast-growing cities, but retained the appellation ''suburb''; the term was eventually applied to the original core as well. In Australia, [[Sydney]]'s urban sprawl has occurred predominantly in the [[Greater Western Sydney|Western Suburbs]]. The locality of [[Olympic Park, Sydney|Olympic Park]] was designated an official suburb in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NSW Place and Road Naming Proposals System|url=https://proposals.gnb.nsw.gov.au/public/geonames/56318973-3b24-47d1-91d0-cd6051507bbe|access-date=2022-01-24|website=proposals.gnb.nsw.gov.au}}</ref> | |||
=== Canada === | |||
[[File:Burnaby skyline January 18 2019.jpeg|thumb|Canadian suburbs often feature high density nodes, as seen in [[Burnaby]], British Columbia.]] | |||
[[File:Mississauga skyline Pearson 2013.jpg|thumb|Higher-density development in [[Mississauga]] as seen from Toronto's [[Pearson Airport]]]] | |||
Canada is an urbanized nation where over 80% of the population live in urban areas (loosely defined), and roughly two-thirds live in one of Canada's 33 [[census metropolitan area]]s (CMAs) with a population of over 100,000. However, of this metropolitan population, in 2001 nearly half lived in low-density neighborhoods, with only one in five living in a typical "urban" neighborhood. The percentage living in low-density neighborhoods varied from a high of nearly two-thirds of [[Calgary Region|Calgary CMA]] residents (67%), to a low of about one-third of [[Greater Montreal|Montréal CMA]] residents (34%). | |||
Often, Canadian suburbs are less automobile-centred and [[public transit]] use is encouraged but can be notably unused.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dependence on cars in urban neighbourhoods|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-008-x/2008001/article/10503-eng.htm#2|website=Statistics Canada|publisher=Government of Canada|access-date=27 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917183546/http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-008-x/2008001/article/10503-eng.htm|archive-date=17 September 2016}}</ref> Throughout Canada, there are comprehensive plans in place to curb sprawl. | |||
[[File:Murrayville 01 roundabout.jpg|thumb|A typical low-density Canadian suburban scene in [[Langley, British Columbia (city)|Langley, British Columbia]]|left]] | |||
Population and income growth in Canadian suburbs had tended to outpace growth in core urban or rural areas, but in many areas this trend has now reversed. The suburban population increased 87% between 1981 and 2001, well ahead of urban growth.<ref>[http://www.planetizen.com/node/20741 The Wealthy Suburbs of Canada]. Planetizen. Retrieved on 22 November 2011.</ref> The majority of recent population growth in Canada's three largest metropolitan areas ([[Greater Toronto]], [[Greater Montreal|Greater Montréal]], and [[Greater Vancouver]]) has occurred in non-core municipalities. This trend is also beginning to take effect in [[Vancouver]], and to a lesser extent, [[Montréal]]. In certain cities, particularly [[Edmonton]] and [[Calgary]], suburban growth takes place within the city boundaries as opposed to in bedroom communities. This is due to annexation and large geographic footprint within the city borders. | |||
Calgary is unusual among Canadian cities because it has developed as a '''unicity''' – it has annexed most of its surrounding towns and large amounts of undeveloped land around the city. As a result, most of the communities that Calgarians refer to as "suburbs" are actually inside the city limits.<ref>{{cite web | title=CALGARY, AB an overview of development trends | url=http://theoryandpractice.planning.dal.ca/_pdf/suburbs/development_trends/calgary_trends.pdf | access-date=15 December 2018 }}</ref> In the 2016 census, the City of Calgary had a population of 1,239,220, whereas the Calgary Metropolitan Area had a population of 1,392,609, indicating the vast majority of people in the Calgary CMA lived within the city limits. The perceived low population density of Calgary largely results from its many internal suburbs and the large amount of undeveloped land within the city. The city actually has a policy of densifying its new developments.<ref>{{cite web | title=THE CITY OF CALGARY Municipal Development Plan | url=http://www.calgary.ca/PDA/pd/Documents/municipal-development-plan/mdp-municipal-development-plan.pdf | access-date=15 December 2018 }}</ref> | |||
=== China === | |||
[[File:Beijing suburb (Original picture enhanced).jpg|thumb|upright=1.8|Apartments in suburban [[Beijing]], China]] | |||
In China, the term suburb is new, although suburbs are already being constructed rapidly. Chinese suburbs mostly consist of rows upon rows of [[apartment block]]s and condos that end abruptly into the countryside.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinaurbandevelopment.com/?p=499|title=(Mis)understanding China's Suburbs|date=23 February 2011|access-date=25 February 2013|publisher=China Urban Development Blog}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/02/is-this-beijings-suburban-future/71017/|title=Is This Beijing's Suburban Future?|date=10 February 2011|access-date=25 February 2013|magazine=The Atlantic}}</ref> Also new town developments are extremely common. Single family suburban homes tend to be similar to their Western equivalents; although primarily outside Beijing and Shanghai, also mimic Spanish and Italian architecture.<ref>Nasser, Haya El. (18 April 2008) [https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-04-15-suburbia_N.htm Modern suburbia not just in America anymore]. Usatoday.com. Retrieved on 22 November 2011.</ref> | |||
==== Hong Kong ==== | |||
In Hong Kong, however, suburbs are mostly government-planned new towns containing numerous public housing estates. New Towns such as [[Tin Shui Wai]] may gain notoriety as a slum. However, other new towns also contain private housing estates and low density developments for the upper classes. | |||
=== Italy === | |||
In the illustrative case of [[Rome]], Italy, in the 1920s and 1930s, suburbs were intentionally created ''ex novo'' to give lower classes a destination, in consideration of the actual and foreseen massive arrival of poor people from other areas of the country. Many critics have seen in this development pattern (which was circularly distributed in every direction) also a quick solution to a problem of [[public order]] (keeping the unwelcome poorest classes together with the criminals, in this way better controlled, comfortably remote from the elegant "official" town). On the other hand, the expected huge expansion of the town soon effectively covered the distance from the central town, and now those suburbs are completely engulfed by the main territory of the town. Other newer suburbs (called [[exurbs]]) were created at a further distance from them.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}} | |||
=== Japan === | |||
In Japan, the construction of suburbs has boomed since the end of World War II and many cities are experiencing the [[urban sprawl]] effect. | |||
=== Latin America === | |||
{{unreferenced section|date=December 2021}} | |||
In Mexico, suburbs are generally similar to their United States counterparts. Houses are made in many different architectural styles which may be of European, American and International architecture and which vary in size. Suburbs can be found in [[Guadalajara]], Mexico City, [[Monterrey]], and most major cities. [[Lomas de Chapultepec]] is an example of an affluent suburb, although it is located inside the city and by no means is today a suburb in the strict sense of the word. In other countries, the situation is similar to that of Mexico, with many suburbs being built, most notably in Peru and Chile, which have experienced a boom in the construction of suburbs since the late 1970s and early 80s. As the growth of middle-class and upper-class suburbs increased, low-class squatter areas have increased, most notably [[Shanty town#Examples|"lost cities"]] in Mexico, [[Campamento (Chile)|campamentos]] in Chile, [[Pueblos jóvenes|barriadas]] in Peru, [[villa miseria]]s in Argentina, [[asentamiento]]s in Guatemala and [[favela]]s of Brazil. | |||
Brazilian affluent suburbs are generally denser, more vertical and mixed in use [[inner suburb]]s. They concentrate infrastructure, investment and attention from the municipal seat and the best offer of mass transit. True sprawling towards neighboring municipalities is typically empoverished – {{lang|pt|periferia}} (''the periphery'', in the sense of it dealing with [[Spatial planning|spatial]] [[Social exclusion|marginalization]]) –, with a very noticeable example being the rail suburbs of [[Rio de Janeiro]] – the North Zone, the [[Baixada Fluminense]], the part of the West Zone associated with SuperVia's Ramal de Santa Cruz. These, in comparison with the inner suburbs, often prove to be remote, violent [[food desert]]s with inadequate sewer structure coverage, saturated mass transit, more precarious running water, electricity and communication services, and lack of urban planning and landscaping, while also not necessarily qualifying as actual {{lang|pt|favelas}} or slums. They often are former agricultural land or wild areas settled through squatting, and grew in amount particularly due to mass [[rural exodus]] during the years of the military dictatorship. This is particularly true to [[São Paulo]], Rio de Janeiro and [[Brasília]], which grew with migration from more distant and impoverished parts of the country and dealt with overpopulation as a result. | |||
=== Malaysia === | |||
[[File:Bangsar.JPG|thumb|[[Bangsar]], a suburb outside of downtown [[Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia]]]] | |||
In Malaysia, suburbs are common, especially in areas surrounding the [[Klang Valley]], which is the largest [[conurbation]] in the country.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}} These suburbs also serve as major housing areas and [[commuter town]]s. [[Terraced house#In Malaysia and Singapore|Terraced houses]], [[Semi-detached]] houses and [[shophouse]]s are common concepts in suburbs. In certain areas such as [[Klang, Malaysia|Klang]], [[Subang Jaya]] and [[Petaling Jaya]], suburbs form the core of these places. The latter one has been turned into a [[Satellite town|satellite city]] of [[Kuala Lumpur]]. Suburbs are also evident in other major conurbations in the country including [[Penang]] (e.g. [[Pulau Tikus]]), [[Ipoh]] (e.g. [[Bercham]]), [[Johor Bahru]] (e.g. [[Tebrau]]), [[Kota Kinabalu]] (e.g. [[Likas]]), [[Kuching]] (e.g. [[Stampin]]), [[Melaka City]] (e.g. [[Batu Berendam]]) and [[Alor Setar]] (e.g. [[Anak Bukit]]). | |||
=== Russia === | |||
In Russia, until recently, the term suburb refers to high-rise residential apartments which usually consist of two bedrooms, one bathroom, a kitchen and a living room. However, since the beginning of the 21st century in Russia there has been a "cottage boom", as a result of which a huge number of cottage villages appeared in almost every city of the country (including Moscow), no different from the suburbs in western countries.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}} | |||
=== United Kingdom === | |||
In the United Kingdom suburbs are located between the [[exurb]]s and [[city centre]]s of a [[metropolitan area]]. The growth in the use of trains, and later automobiles and highways, increased the ease with which workers could have a job in the city while [[commuting]] in from the suburbs. In the United Kingdom, as mentioned above, railways stimulated the first mass exodus to the suburbs. The [[Metropolitan Railway]], for example, was active in building and promoting its own housing estates in the north-west of London, consisting mostly of detached houses on large plots, which it then marketed as "[[Metro-land]]".<ref>[http://www.transportdiversions.com/publicationshow.asp?pubid=5800 London's metroland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016074321/http://transportdiversions.com/publicationshow.asp?pubid=5800 |date=16 October 2007 }}. Transportdiversions.com. Retrieved on 22 November 2011.</ref> In the UK, the government is seeking to impose minimum densities on newly approved housing schemes in parts of [[South East England]]. The goal is to "build sustainable communities" rather than housing estates. However, commercial concerns tend to delay the opening of services until a large number of residents have occupied the new neighbourhood. | |||
=== United States === | |||
[[File:Jefferson Parish Suburbs of New Orleans.jpg|thumb|[[Big-box store|Big box]] [[shopping centers]] in suburban [[New Orleans]], Louisiana]]In the 20th century, many suburban areas, especially those not within the political boundaries of the city containing the central business area, began to see independence from the central city as an asset. In some cases, suburbanites saw self-government as a means to keep out people who could not afford the added suburban property maintenance costs not needed in city living. Federal [[subsidies]] for suburban development accelerated this process as did the practice of [[redlining]] by banks and other lending institutions.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0813339529 Comeback Cities: A Blueprint for Urban Neighborhood Revival] By Paul S. Grogan, Tony Proscio. {{ISBN|0-8133-3952-9}}. Published 2002. Page 142. "Perhaps suburbanization was a 'natural' phenomenon—rising incomes allowing formerly huddled masses in city neighborhoods to breathe free on green lawn and leafy culs-de-sac. But, we will never know how natural it was, because of the massive federal subsidy that eased and accelerated it, in the form of tax, transportation and housing policies."</ref> In some cities such as Miami and San Francisco, the main city is much smaller than the surrounding suburban areas, leaving the city proper with a small portion of the metro area's population and land area. | |||
[[Mesa, Arizona]], and [[Virginia Beach, Virginia]], the two most populous suburbs in the United States, are actually more populous than many core cities, including [[Miami]], [[Minneapolis]], [[New Orleans]], [[Cleveland]], [[Tampa, Florida|Tampa]], [[St. Louis]], [[Pittsburgh]], [[Cincinnati]], and others. Virginia Beach is now the largest city in all of Virginia, having long since exceeded the population of its neighboring primary city, [[Norfolk, Virginia|Norfolk]]. While Virginia Beach has slowly been taking on the characteristics of an urban city, it will not likely achieve the population density and urban characteristics of Norfolk. It is generally assumed that the population of [[Chesapeake, Virginia|Chesapeake]], another Hampton Roads city, will also exceed that of Norfolk in 2018 if its current growth rate continues at its same pace. | |||
[[Cleveland]], Ohio, is typical of many American central cities; its municipal borders have changed little since 1922, even though the Cleveland urbanized area has grown many times over.{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} Several layers of suburban municipalities now surround cities like [[Boston]], [[Cleveland]], Chicago, Detroit, Los Angeles, [[Dallas]], [[Denver]], [[Houston]], New York City, San Francisco, [[Sacramento, California|Sacramento]], [[Atlanta]], Miami, [[Baltimore]], [[Milwaukee]], [[Pittsburgh]], [[Philadelphia]], [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]], [[Roanoke, Virginia|Roanoke]], [[St. Louis]], [[Salt Lake City]], [[Las Vegas]], [[Minneapolis]], and Washington, D.C.. | |||
Suburbs in the United States have a prevalence of usually [[Detached house|detached]]<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=uULJlcYkJ1oC Land Development Calculations] 2001 Walter Martin Hosack. "single-family detached housing" = "suburb houses" p133</ref> [[Single-family house|single-family]] homes.<ref>[http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs/recs2005/hc2005_tables/hc1housingunit/pdf/tablehc2.1.pdf "Housing Unit Characteristics by Type of Housing Unit, 2005"] Energy Information Association</ref> | |||
They are characterized by: | |||
* Lower [[urban density|densities]] than central cities, dominated by single-family homes on small [[Land lot|plots of land]] – anywhere from 0.1 acres<ref name="cite crabgrass">{{harvnb|Jackson|1985}}.</ref> and up – surrounded at close quarters by very similar dwellings. | |||
* [[Zoning]] patterns that separate residential and commercial development, as well as different intensities and densities of development. Daily needs are not within walking distance of most homes. | |||
* A greater percentage of [[White Americans|whites]] (both [[Non-Hispanic whites|non-Hispanic]] and, in some areas, [[White Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic]]) and lesser percentage of citizens of [[ethnic groups in the United States|other ethnic groups]] than in urban areas. However, [[African Americans|black]] suburbanization grew between 1970 and 1980 by 2.6% as a result of central city neighborhoods expanding into older neighborhoods vacated by whites.<ref>{{Cite book| last=Barlow | first=Andrew L. | title=Between fear and hope: globalization and race in the United States | year=2003 | publisher=Rowman & Littlefield | location=Lanham, Maryland (Prince George's County) | isbn=0-7425-1619-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2gJhgr0BrooC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| last=Noguera | first=Pedro| title=City schools and the American dream: reclaiming the promise of public education | year=2003 | publisher=Teachers College Press | location=New York | isbn=0-8077-4381-X | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bfuFosKIPeEC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| last=Naylor | first=Larry L. | title=Problems and issues of diversity in the United States | year=1999 | publisher=Bergin & Garvey | location=Westport, Conn. | isbn=0-89789-615-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y7-EyumYyCUC}}</ref> | |||
* [[Subdivision (land)|Subdivisions]] carved from previously rural land into multiple-home developments built by a single [[Real estate developer|real estate company]]. These subdivisions are often [[Racial segregation in the United States|segregated]] by minute differences in home value, creating entire communities where family incomes and demographics are almost completely homogeneous.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}. | |||
* Shopping malls and [[strip mall]]s behind large parking lots instead of a classic downtown [[shopping district]]. | |||
* A road network designed to conform to a [[street hierarchy|hierarchy]], including [[Dead end (street)|culs-de-sac]], leading to larger residential streets, in turn leading to large collector roads, in place of the [[grid pattern]] common to most central cities and pre-World War II suburbs. | |||
* A greater percentage of one-[[storey|story]] administrative buildings than in urban areas. | |||
* Compared to rural areas, suburbs usually have greater population density, higher standards of living, more complex road systems, more franchised stores and restaurants, and less farmland and wildlife. | |||
By 2010, suburbs increasingly gained people in racial minority groups, as many members of minority groups gained better access to education and sought more favorable living conditions compared to inner city areas. | |||
Conversely, many white Americans also moved back to city centers. Nearly all major city downtowns (such as [[Downtown Miami]], [[Downtown Detroit]], [[Center City, Philadelphia|Downtown Philadelphia]], [[Downtown Roanoke]], or [[Downtown Los Angeles]]) are experiencing a renewal, with large population growth, residential apartment construction, and increased social, cultural, and infrastructural investments, as have suburban neighborhoods close to city centers. Better [[public transit]], proximity to work and cultural attractions, and frustration with suburban life and [[gridlock]] have attracted young Americans to the city centers.<ref>Yen, Hope. "[https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20100509/ap_on_re_us/us_changing_suburbs White flight? Suburbs lose young whites to cities]." ''[[Associated Press]]'' at ''[[Yahoo! News]]''. Sunday 9 May 2010. Retrieved on 10 May 2010.</ref> | |||
== Traffic flows == | |||
{{Globalize|article|USA|2name=the United States|date=August 2016}} | |||
Suburbs typically have longer travel times to work than traditional neighborhoods.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bicycleuniverse.info/transpo/roadbuilding-futility.html |title=Why adding lanes makes traffic worse |website=Bicycleuniverse.info |access-date=22 November 2011}}</ref> Only the traffic ''within'' the short streets themselves is less. This is due to three factors:{{Citation needed|date=April 2008}} [[automobile dependency|almost-mandatory automobile ownership]] due to poor suburban [[commuter bus|bus]] systems, longer travel distances and the [[street hierarchy|hierarchy]] system, which is less efficient at distributing traffic than the traditional [[Grid plan|grid]] of streets. | |||
In the suburban system, most trips from one component to another component requires that cars enter a [[collector road]]{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}, no matter how short or long the distance is. This is compounded by the hierarchy of streets, where entire neighborhoods and [[subdivision (land)|subdivisions]] are dependent on one or two collector roads. Because all traffic is forced onto these roads, they are often heavy with traffic all day. If a traffic crash occurs on a collector road, or if road construction inhibits the flow, then the entire road system may be rendered useless until the blockage is cleared. The traditional "grown" grid, in turn, allows for a larger number of choices and alternate routes. | |||
Suburban systems of the sprawl type are also quite inefficient for cyclists or pedestrians, as the [[as the crow flies|direct route]] is usually not available for them either{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}. This encourages car trips even for distances as low as several hundreds of yards or meters (which may have become up to several miles or kilometers due to the road network). Improved sprawl systems, though retaining the car [[detour]]s, possess [[cycle path]]s and footpaths connecting across the arms of the [[suburban sprawl|sprawl]] system, allowing a more direct route while still keeping the cars out of the residential and side streets. | |||
More commonly, central cities seek ways to tax nonresidents working downtown – known as commuter taxes – as property tax bases dwindle. Taken together, these two groups of taxpayers represent a largely untapped source of potential revenue that cities may begin to target more aggressively, particularly if they're struggling. According to struggling cities, this will help bring in a substantial revenue for the city which is a great way to tax the people who make the most use of the highways and repairs. | |||
Today more companies settle down in suburbs because of low property costs. | |||
==In popular culture== | |||
Suburbs and suburban living have been the subject for a wide variety of films, books, television shows and songs. | |||
French songs like ''La Zone'' by [[Fréhel]] (1933), ''Aux quatre coins de la banlieue'' by [[Marie-Louise Damien|Damia]] (1936), ''Ma banlieue'' by [[Reda Caire]] (1937), or ''Banlieue'' by [[Robert Lamoureux]] (1953), evoke the suburbs of Paris explicitly since the 1930s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fremeaux.com/index.php?page=shop.product_details&category_id=74&flypage=shop.flypage&product_id=506&option=com_virtuemart|title=Chanson francaise La banlieue 1931–1953 Anthologie|website=Fremeaux.com|access-date=2 January 2018}}</ref> Those singers give a sunny festive, almost bucolic, image of the suburbs, yet still few urbanized. During the fifties and the sixties, French singer-songwriter [[Léo Ferré]] evokes in his songs popular and proletarian suburbs of Paris, to oppose them to the city, considered by comparison as a bourgeois and conservative place. | |||
[[French cinema]] was although soon interested in urban changes in the suburbs, with such movies as ''[[Mon oncle]]'' by [[Jacques Tati]] (1958), ''[[L'Amour existe]]'' by [[Maurice Pialat]] (1961) or ''[[Two or Three Things I Know About Her]]'' by [[Jean-Luc Godard]] (1967). | |||
In his one-act opera ''[[Trouble in Tahiti]]'' (1952), [[Leonard Bernstein]] skewers American suburbia, which produces misery instead of happiness. | |||
The American [[photojournalist]] [[Bill Owens (photographer)|Bill Owens]] documented the culture of suburbia in the 1970s, most notably in his book ''[[Suburbia (book)|Suburbia]]''. The 1962 song "[[Little Boxes]]" by [[Malvina Reynolds]] lampoons the development of suburbia and its perceived [[bourgeois]] and [[Conformity|conformist]] values,<ref>{{cite book |title=[[Little Boxes: The Architecture of a Classic Midcentury Suburb]] |first=Rob |last=Keil |location=Daly City, CA |publisher=Advection Media |year=2006 |isbn=0-9779236-4-9}}</ref> while the 1982 song ''[[Subdivisions (song)|Subdivisions]]'' by the Canadian band [[Rush (band)|Rush]] also discusses suburbia, as does [[Rockin' the Suburbs]] by [[Ben Folds]]. The 2010 album ''[[The Suburbs (album)|The Suburbs]]'' by the Canadian-based alternative band [[Arcade Fire]] dealt with aspects of growing up in suburbia, suggesting aimlessness, apathy and endless rushing are ingrained into the suburban culture and mentality. ''Suburb The Musical,'' was written by Robert S. Cohen and David Javerbaum. [[Over the Hedge]] is a syndicated comic strip written and drawn by Michael Fry and T. Lewis. It tells the story of a raccoon, turtle, a squirrel, and their friends who come to terms with their woodlands being taken over by suburbia, trying to survive the increasing flow of humanity and technology while becoming enticed by it at the same time. A film adaptation of [[Over the Hedge (film)|Over the Hedge]] was produced in 2006. | |||
British television series such as ''[[The Good Life (1975 TV series)|The Good Life]]'', ''[[Butterflies (TV series)|Butterflies]]'' and ''[[The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin]]'' have depicted suburbia as well-manicured but relentlessly boring, and its residents as either overly conforming or prone to going [[Stir crazy (condition)|stir crazy]]. In contrast, U.S. shows such as ''[[Knots Landing]]'', ''[[Desperate Housewives]]'' and ''[[Weeds (TV series)|Weeds]]'' portray the suburbs as concealing darker secrets behind a façade of manicured lawns, friendly people, and beautifully kept houses. Films such as ''[[The 'Burbs]]'' and ''[[Disturbia (film)|Disturbia]]'' have brought this theme to the cinema. | |||
== See also == | |||
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em| | |||
* [[Bibliography of suburbs]] | |||
* [[Criticism of suburbia]] | |||
* [[Boomburb]]s | |||
* [[Ethnoburb]] | |||
* [[Faubourg]] | |||
* [[Microdistrict]] | |||
* [[Developed environments]] | |||
* [[Human settlement|Settlement types]] | |||
* [[Rural–urban fringe]] | |||
* [[Slum]] | |||
* [[Subdivision (land)|Subdivision]] | |||
* [[List of satellite cities by population]] | |||
}} | |||
== Notes == | |||
{{NoteFoot}} | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist}} | |||
== Bibliography == | |||
{{Main list|Bibliography of suburbs}} | |||
{{refbegin}} | |||
* Archer, John; Paul J.P. Sandul, and Katherine Solomonson (eds.), ''Making Suburbia: New Histories of Everyday America.'' Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2015. | |||
* Baxandall, Rosalyn and Elizabeth Ewen. ''Picture Windows: How the Suburbs Happened.'' New York: Basic Books, 2000. | |||
* Beauregard, Robert A. '' When America Became Suburban''. University of Minnesota Press, 2006. | |||
* {{cite book |last1=Boyd |first1=Robin |year=1960 |title=The Australian Ugliness |location=Melbourne |publisher=Penguin Books}} | |||
* Fishman, Robert. ''Bourgeois Utopias: The Rise and Fall of Suburbia''. Basic Books, 1987; in U.S. | |||
* {{cite book|last=Foxell|first=Clive|title=Chesham Shuttle: The Story of a Metropolitan Branch Line|edition=2nd|year=1996|publisher=Clive Foxell|isbn=0-9529184-0-4}} | |||
* Galinou, Mireille. ''Cottages and Villas: The Birth of the Garden Suburb'' (2011), in England | |||
* {{cite book|last=Green|first=Oliver|year=1987|title=The London Underground: An illustrated history|publisher=[[Ian Allan Publishing|Ian Allan]]|isbn=0-7110-1720-4}} | |||
* {{cite book|title=Metro-Land|edition=British Empire Exhibition 1924 reprinted|year=2004|isbn=1-904915-00-0|editor-first=Oliver|editor-last=Green|publisher=Southbank Publishing|url=http://www.southbankpublishing.com/9781904915003/introduction.php|access-date=22 April 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20080628202202/http://www.southbankpublishing.com/9781904915003/introduction.php|archive-date=28 June 2008|url-status=dead}} | |||
* Harris, Richard. ''Creeping Conformity: How Canada Became Suburban, 1900–1960'' (2004) | |||
* Hayden, Dolores. ''Building Suburbia: Green Fields and Urban Growth, 1820–2000''. Vintage Books, 2003. | |||
* {{cite book|last=Horne|first=Mike|title=The Metropolitan Line|year=2003|publisher=Capital Transport|isbn=1-85414-275-5|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/metropolitanline00mike}} | |||
* {{cite crabgrass}} | |||
* {{cite book|title=London's Metropolitan Railway|last=Jackson|first=Alan|year=1986|publisher=David & Charles|isbn=0-7153-8839-8}} | |||
* {{cite book|title=The English landscape in the twentieth century|last=Rowley|first=Trevor|year=2006|publisher=[[Continuum International Publishing Group|Hambledon Continuum]]|isbn=1-85285-388-3|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/englishlandscape0000rowl}} | |||
* {{cite book|last=Simpson|first=Bill|title=A History of the Metropolitan Railway. Volume 1: The Circle and Extended Lines to Rickmansworth.|publisher=Lamplight Publications|year=2003|isbn=1-899246-07-X}} | |||
* Stilgoe, John R. ''Borderland: Origins of the American Suburb, 1820–1939''. Yale University Press, 1989. | |||
* [[Jon C. Teaford|Teaford, Jon C.]] ''The American Suburb: The Basics''. Routledge, 2008. | |||
{{refend}} | |||
==External links== | |||
{{Wikiquote}} | |||
{{Commons}} | |||
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100105102559/http://knol.google.com/k/steven-chong/a-future-vision-for-the-north-american/2e3144udfqrpg/5 A Future Vision for the North American Suburb] | |||
* [http://fass.kingston.ac.uk/research/suburban-studies Centre for Suburban Studies] | |||
* [http://www.hgs.org.uk/mystreet/index.html Images of a mature north London suburb illustrating a wide range of domestic architecture] | |||
* [http://www.endofsuburbia.com/ The end of suburbia] (documentary film) | |||
{{Cities}} | |||
{{Authority control}} | |||
[[Category:City]] | |||
[[Category:Neighbourhoods|*]] | |||
[[Category:Suburbs| ]] | |||
[[Category:Types of populated places]] | |||
[[Category:Urban planning]] | |||
[[Category:Squatting]] | |||