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 Social media has offered a new platform for [[peer pressure]] with both positive and negative communication. From Facebook comments to likes on Instagram, how the youth communicate, and what is socially acceptable is now heavily based on social media.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Anderson |first1=Monica |last2=Jiang |first2=Jingjing |title=1. Teens and their experiences on social media |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2018/11/28/teens-and-their-experiences-on-social-media/ |website=Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech |access-date=21 November 2020 |date=28 November 2018}}</ref> Social media does make kids and young adults more susceptible to peer pressure. The [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] has also shown that bullying, the making of non-inclusive friend groups, and sexual experimentation have increased situations related to cyberbullying, issues with privacy, and the act of sending sexual images or messages to someone's mobile device. This includes issues of [[sexting]] and [[revenge porn]] among minors, and the resulting legal implications and issues, and resulting risk of [[Traumatic brain injury|trauma]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lalli|first=Jaideep Singh|date=2021-08-05|title=Maryland's Underage Sexting Case: Punishing Revenge Porn Victims?: Case Analysis of In Re: S.K., 215 A.3d 300 (Md. 2019)|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/25166069211033212|journal=Journal of Victimology and Victim Justice|language=en|pages=25166069211033212|doi=10.1177/25166069211033212|s2cid=241531975|issn=2516-6069}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Osterday|first=Mitchell|date=2015–2016|title=Protecting Minors from Themselves: Expanding Revenge Porn Laws to Protect the Most Vulnerable|url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/indilr49&id=575&div=&collection=|journal=Indiana Law Review|volume=49|issue=2|pages=555|doi=10.18060/4806.0075}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Phippen|first1=Andy|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315149691/sexting-revenge-pornography-andy-phippen-maggie-brennan|title=Sexting and Revenge Pornography: Legislative and Social Dimensions of a Modern Digital Phenomenon|last2=Brennan|first2=Maggie|date=2020-12-07|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-315-14969-1|location=London|doi=10.4324/9781315149691|s2cid=228921617}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Paat|first1=Yok-Fong|last2=Markham|first2=Christine|date=2021-01-02|title=Digital crime, trauma, and abuse: Internet safety and cyber risks for adolescents and emerging adults in the 21st century|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/15332985.2020.1845281|journal=Social Work in Mental Health|volume=19|issue=1|pages=18–40|doi=10.1080/15332985.2020.1845281|s2cid=228869238|issn=1533-2985}}</ref> On the other hand, social media also benefits the youth and how they communicate.<ref name="center4research.org">{{Cite web|url=http://www.center4research.org/social-media-affects-mental-health/|title=Social Media and Adolescents' and Young Adults' Mental Health|date=2018-08-10|website=National Center for Health Research|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-29}}</ref> Adolescents can learn basic social and technical skills that are essential in society.<ref name="center4research.org"/> Through the use of social media, kids and young adults are able to strengthen relationships by keeping in touch with friends and family, make more friends, and participate in community engagement activities and services.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=O'Keeffe|first1=Gwenn|last2=Clarke-Pearson|first2=Kathleen|date=2011|title=The Impact of Social Media on Children, Adolescents, and Families|url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/127/4/800.full.pdf|journal= Pediatrics|volume=127|issue=4|pages=800–804 |doi=10.1542/peds.2011-0054|pmid=21444588|s2cid=56801712|doi-access=free}}</ref>
-==Criticism, debate and controversy{{anchor|Criticisms}}==
-Criticisms of social media range from criticisms of the ease of use of specific platforms and their capabilities, disparity of information available, issues with trustworthiness and reliability of information presented,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Flanigin |first=Andrew J |author2=Metzger, Miriam |s2cid=33591074 |title=The role of site features, user attributes, and information verification behaviors on the perceived credibility of web-based information. |journal=New Media and Society |year=2007 |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=319–342 |url=http://www.annehelmond.nl/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2007/04/319.pdf |access-date=2014-02-15 |doi=10.1177/1461444807075015}}</ref> the impact of social media use on an individual's concentration,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Paul |first1=Jomon Aliyas |last2=Baker |first2=Hope M. |last3=Cochran |first3=Justin Daniel |title=Effect of online social networking on student academic performance |journal=Computers in Human Behavior |date=November 2012 |volume=28 |issue=6 |pages=2117–2127 |doi=10.1016/j.chb.2012.06.016}}</ref> ownership of media content, and the meaning of interactions created by social media. Although some social media platforms, such as servers in the decentralized [[Fediverse]], offer users the opportunity to cross-post between independently run servers using a standard protocol such as [[ActivityPub]], the dominant social network platforms have been criticized for poor [[interoperability]] between platforms, which leads to the creation of information silos, viz. isolated pockets of data contained in one social media platform.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hinchiffe |first=Don |title=Are social media silos holding back business |url=http://www.zdnet.com/are-social-media-silos-holding-back-business-results-7000017227/ |publisher=ZDNet.com |access-date=2014-02-15}}</ref> However, it is also argued that social media has positive effects, such as allowing the democratization of the Internet<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Kaplan Andreas M. |author2=Haenlein Michael |year=2010 |title=Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of social media |journal=Business Horizons |volume=53 |issue=1 |page=67 |doi=10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.003}}</ref> while also allowing individuals to advertise themselves and form friendships.<ref name="WellmanBarry">{{cite book |last=Wellman |first=Barry |title=Networked: The New Social Operating System |year=2012 |publisher=MIT |isbn=978-0-262-01719-0}}</ref> Others<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ariel |first=Yaron |author2=Avidar, Ruth |s2cid=36235531 |title=Information, Interactivity, and Social Media. |journal=Atlantic Journal of Communication |year=2014 |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=19–30 |doi=10.1080/15456870.2015.972404|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/9691e381a0fbcfb14d14379cd684d8b8f05d1938 }}</ref> have noted that the term "social" cannot account for technological features of a platform alone, hence the level of sociability should be determined by the actual performances of its users. There has been a dramatic decrease in face-to-face interactions as more and more social media platforms have been introduced with the threat of [[Cyberbullying|cyber-bullying]] and online [[sexual predator]]s including [[Child grooming|groomers]] being more prevalent.<ref>{{citation |last=Ukpe |first=Kufre |title=The Impact of Social Media on Technology }}{{full citation needed|date=November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Greene-Colozzi|first1=Emily A.|last2=Winters|first2=Georgia M.|last3=Blasko|first3=Brandy|last4=Jeglic|first4=Elizabeth L.|date=2020-10-02|title=Experiences and Perceptions of Online Sexual Solicitation and Grooming of Minors: A Retrospective Report|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2020.1801938|journal=Journal of Child Sexual Abuse|volume=29|issue=7|pages=836–854|doi=10.1080/10538712.2020.1801938|issn=1053-8712|pmid=33017275|s2cid=222159972}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last1=Henshaw|first1=Marie|title=Chapter Five - Online child sexual offending|date=2020-01-01|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128194348000052|work=Child Sexual Abuse|pages=85–108|editor-last=Bryce|editor-first=India|publisher=Academic Press|language=en|isbn=978-0-12-819434-8|access-date=2021-12-31|last2=Darjee|first2=Rajan|last3=Clough|first3=Jonathan A.|editor2-last=Petherick|editor2-first=Wayne}}</ref> Social media may expose children to images of alcohol, [[tobacco]], and sexual behaviors.{{Relevance inline|date=April 2013}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ray |first=Munni |s2cid=22467923 |title=Effect of Electronic Media on Children |journal=Indian Pediatrics |volume=47 |issue=7 |pages=561–8 |url=http://www.lib.umich.edu/articles/details/FETCH-LOGICAL-c1141-77ca8b617088157d8525719159302e357cc9e8ca93e520729bdfdadbf588ffcd1 |publisher=Springer-Verlag |access-date=2013-02-04|pmid=20683108 |year=2010 |doi=10.1007/s13312-010-0128-9 }}</ref> In regards to cyber-bullying, it has been proven that individuals who have no experience with cyber-bullying often have a better well-being than individuals who have been bullied online.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Spears |first1=B. A. |last2=Taddeo |first2=C. M. |last3=Daly |first3=A. L. |last4=Stretton |first4=A. |last5=Karklins |first5=L. T. |s2cid=10315516 |year=2015 |title=Cyberbullying, help-seeking and mental health in young Australians: Implications for public health |journal=International Journal of Public Health |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=219–226 |doi=10.1007/s00038-014-0642-y |pmid=25572385 }}</ref>
-Twitter is increasingly a target of heavy activity of marketers. Their actions focused on gaining massive numbers of followers, include use of advanced scripts and manipulation techniques that distort the prime idea of social media by abusing human trustfulness.<ref>{{cite web |last=Trimarchi |first=Maria |title=5 Myths About Twitter |url=https://electronics.howstuffworks.com/tech-myths/5-myths-about-twitter.htm |publisher=Howstuffworks |access-date=2017-10-22|date=July 24, 2009 }}</ref>  British-American entrepreneur and author [[Andrew Keen]] criticized social media in his 2007 book ''[[The Cult of the Amateur]]'', writing, "Out of this anarchy, it suddenly became clear that what was governing the infinite monkeys now inputting away on the Internet was the law of digital Darwinism, the survival of the loudest and most opinionated. Under these rules, the only way to intellectually prevail is by infinite filibustering."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Keen |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Keen |title=The Cult of the Amateur |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-385-52081-2 |page=15|year=2007 }}</ref>
-This is also relative to the issue "justice" in the social network. For example, the phenomenon "[[Human flesh search engine]]" in Asia raised the discussion of "private-law" brought by social network platform. Comparative media professor [[José van Dijck]] contends in her book ''[[The Culture of Connectivity]]'' (2013) that to understand the full weight of social media, their technological dimensions should be connected to the social and the cultural. She critically describes six social media platforms. One of her findings is the way Facebook had been successful in framing the term 'sharing' in such a way that third party use of user data is neglected in favor of intra-user connectedness.
-[[Essena O'Neill]] attracted international coverage when she explicitly left social media.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jo Sales|first1=Nancy|title=American Girls: Social Media and the Secret Lives of Teenagers|date=Feb 23, 2016|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, a division of Penguin Random House LLC|location=New York|isbn=978-0-385-35392-2|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/americangirlssoc0000sale}}</ref>
-===Trustworthiness and reliability===
-There has been speculation{{by whom|date=May 2019}} that social media has become perceived as a trustworthy source of information by a large number of people.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Westerman|first1=David|last2=Spence|first2=Patric R.|last3=Van Der Heide|first3=Brandon|date=2014-01-01|title=Social Media as Information Source: Recency of Updates and Credibility of Information|journal=Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication|language=en|volume=19|issue=2|pages=171–183|doi=10.1111/jcc4.12041|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263768278_Undergraduates'_Use_of_Social_Media_as_Information_Sources]</ref> The continuous interpersonal connectivity on social media, for example, may lead to people regarding peer recommendations as indicators of the reliability of information sources. This trust can be exploited by marketers, who can utilize consumer-created content about brands and products to influence public perceptions.<ref name=Dickey>{{cite web |last1=Dickey |first1=Irene J. |last2=Lewis |first2=William F. |title=The Evolution (Revolution) of Social Media and Social Networking as a Necessary Topic in the Marketing Curriculum: A Case for Integrating Social Media into Marketing Classes |url=http://ecommons.udayton.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1037&context=mgt_fac_pub |publisher=University of Dayton |website=Department of Management and Marketing – eCommons |access-date=2017-11-14 |year=2010 |series=Management and Marketing Faculty Publications, Paper 32 }}</ref><ref name=Confessore>{{cite news|last1=Confessore|first1=Nicholas|title=The Follower Factory|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/01/27/technology/100000005704904.app.html?emc=edit_ta_20180127&nl=top-stories&nlid=72995439&ref=headline |work=The New York Times|date=January 27, 2018}}</ref>
-The trustworthiness of information can be improved by [[fact-checking]]. Some social media has started to employ this.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-facebook-partnership-reuters/facebook-starts-fact-checking-partnership-with-reuters-idUSKBN2062K4 Facebook starts fact-checking partnership with Reuters]</ref><ref>[https://www.wired.com/story/trump-speech-twitter-fact-check/ After Trump's Speech, Twitter Fact-Checks the Fact-Checkers]</ref><ref>[https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/9229632?hl=en See fact checks in YouTube search results]</ref>
-[[Evgeny Morozov]], a 2009–2010 [[Yahoo]] fellow at [[Georgetown University]], contended that information uploaded to Twitter may have little relevance to the masses of people who do not use Twitter. In an article for the magazine ''[[Dissent (American magazine)|Dissent]]'' titled "Iran: Downside to the 'Twitter Revolution'", Morozov wrote:
-{{blockquote |[B]y its very design Twitter only adds to the noise: it's simply impossible to pack much context into its 140 characters. All other biases are present as well: in a country like Iran it's mostly pro-Western, technology-friendly and iPod-carrying young people who are the natural and most frequent users of Twitter. They are a tiny and, most important, extremely untypical segment of the Iranian population (the number of Twitter users in Iran — a country of more than seventy million people — was estimated at less than twenty thousand before the protests).<ref name=Morozov>{{cite journal |last1=Morozov |first=Evgeny |s2cid=143473583 |title=Iran: Downside to the 'Twitter Revolution' |journal=[[Dissent (American magazine)|Dissent]] |date=Fall 2009 |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=10–14 |doi=10.1353/dss.0.0092 |url=https://www.evgenymorozov.com/morozov_twitter_dissent.pdf }}</ref>}}
-In contrast, in the United States (where Twitter originated), the social network had 306 million accounts {{as of|2012|lc=y}}.<ref>''Media Bistro'' (2012).</ref>
-Professor [[Matthew Auer]] of [[Bates College]] casts doubt on the conventional wisdom that social media are open and participatory. He also speculates on the emergence of "anti-social media" used as "instruments of pure control".<ref name=Auer2001>{{cite journal |last=Auer |first=Matthew R. |s2cid=153590593 |year=2011 |title=The Policy Sciences of Social Media |journal=Policy Studies Journal |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=709–736 |doi=10.1111/j.1541-0072.2011.00428.x |ssrn=1974080 }}</ref>
-====Data harvesting and data mining====
-{{Further|Social media mining}}
-Social media 'mining' is a type of [[data mining]], a technique of [[data analysis|analyzing data]] to detect patterns. Social media mining is a process of representing, analyzing, and extracting actionable patterns from data collected from people's activities on social media. Google mines data in many ways including using an [[algorithm]] in [[Gmail]] to analyze information in emails. This use of the information will then affect the type of advertisements shown to the user when they use Gmail. Facebook has partnered with many data mining companies such as [[Datalogix]] and [[BlueKai]] to use customer information for [[targeted advertising]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Leaver|first=Tama|date=May 2013|title=The Social Media Contradiction: Data Mining and Digital Death|url=http://journal.media-culture.org.au/index.php/mcjournal/article/viewArticle/625|journal=M/C Journal|volume=16|issue=2|doi=10.5204/mcj.625|access-date=2018-06-20|doi-access=free}}</ref> Massive amounts of data from social platforms allows scientists and [[machine learning]] researchers to extract insights and build product features.<ref name=":15">Sumbaly, R., Kreps, J., & Shah, S. (2013). [http://web.cs.wpi.edu/~cs525/f13b-EAR/cs525-homepage/lectures/PAPERS/p1125-sumbaly.pdf The big data ecosystem at linkedin]. In Proceedings of the 2013 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data (pp. 1125-1134). ACM.]</ref>
-Ethical questions of the extent to which a company should be able to utilize a user's information have been called "[[big data]]".<ref name=":2" /> Users tend to click through [[Terms of service|Terms of Use]] agreements when signing up on social media platforms, and they do not know how their information will be used by companies. This leads to questions of privacy and surveillance when user data is recorded. Some social media outlets have added capture time and [[Geotagged|Geotagging]] that helps provide information about the context of the data as well as making their data more accurate.
-On April 10, 2018, in a hearing held in response to revelations of data harvesting by [[Cambridge Analytica]], [[Mark Zuckerberg]], the [[Facebook]] chief executive, faced questions from senators on a variety of issues, from privacy to the company's business model and the company's mishandling of data. This was Mr. Zuckerberg's first appearance before Congress, prompted by the revelation that Cambridge Analytica, a political consulting firm linked to the Trump campaign, harvested the data of an estimated 87&nbsp;million Facebook users to psychologically profile voters during the 2016 election. Zuckerberg was pressed to account for how third-party partners could take data without users’ knowledge. Lawmakers grilled the 33-year-old executive on the proliferation of so-called fake news on Facebook, Russian interference during the [[2016 United States presidential election|2016 presidential election]] and censorship of conservative media.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/10/us/politics/mark-zuckerberg-testimony.html|title=Mark Zuckerberg Testimony: Senators Question Facebook's Commitment to Privacy|last=Times|first=The New York|access-date=2018-06-13|language=en}}</ref>
-===Critique of activism===
-{{Further|Social media activism}}
-For [[The New Yorker]] writer [[Malcolm Gladwell]], the role of social media, such as Twitter and Facebook, in revolutions and protests is overstated.<ref name="Gladwell 2010-10-04">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/10/04/small-change-3 |author=Malcolm Gladwell |title=Small Changes – Why the revolution will not be tweeted |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=October 4, 2010 |access-date=2012-11-15}}</ref> On one hand, social media makes it easier for individuals, and in this case activists, to express themselves. On the other hand, it is harder for that expression to have an impact.<ref name="Gladwell 2010-10-04" /> Gladwell distinguishes between social media activism and high-risk activism, which brings real changes. Activism and especially high-risk activism involves strong-tie relationships, hierarchies, coordination, motivation, exposing oneself to high risks, making sacrifices.<ref name="Gladwell 2010-10-04" /> Gladwell discusses that social media are built around weak ties and he argues that "social networks are effective at increasing participation — by lessening the level of motivation that participation requires."<ref name="Gladwell 2010-10-04" /> According to him, "Facebook activism succeeds not by motivating people to make a real sacrifice, but by motivating them to do the things that people do when they are not motivated enough to make a real sacrifice."<ref name="Gladwell 2010-10-04" />
-Disputing Gladwell's theory, in the study "Perceptions of Social Media for Politics: Testing the [[Slacktivism]] Hypothesis", Kwak and colleagues (2018) conducted a survey which found that people who are politically expressive on social media are also more likely to participate in offline political activity.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kwak|first1=Nojin|last2=Lane|first2=Daniel S|last3=Weeks|first3=Brian E|last4=Kim|first4=Dam Hee|last5=Lee|first5=Slgi S|last6=Bachleda|first6=Sarah|date=April 1, 2018|title=Perceptions of Social Media for Politics: Testing the Slacktivism Hypothesis|journal=Human Communication Research|volume=44|issue=2|pages=197–221|doi=10.1093/hcr/hqx008|issn=0360-3989}}</ref>
-===Ownership of content===
-Social media content is generated through social media interactions done by users through the site. There has always been a huge debate on the ownership of the content on social media platforms because it is generated by the users and hosted by the company. Added to this is the danger to the security of information, which can be leaked to third parties with economic interests in the platform, or parasites who comb the data for their own databases.<ref name=Jones>{{cite web |url=http://groups.csail.mit.edu/mac/classes/6.805/student-papers/fall05-papers/facebook.pdf |last1=Jones |first1=Harvey |last2=Soltren |first2=José Hiram |title=Facebook: Threats to Privacy |publisher=MIT Computer Science & Artificial Intelligence Lab |year= 2005 |access-date=2018-04-04 }}</ref>
-===Privacy===
-{{main|Privacy concerns with social networking services}}
-Privacy rights advocates warn users on social media about the collection of their personal data. Some information is captured without the user's knowledge or [[consent]] through electronic tracking and third-party applications. Data may also be collected for law enforcement and governmental purposes,<ref name=Auer2001/> by [[social media intelligence]] using [[data mining]] techniques.<ref name=Jones/> Data and information may also be collected for third party use. When information is shared on social media, that information is no longer private. There have been many cases in which young persons especially, share personal information, which can attract predators. It is very important to monitor what you share and to be aware of who you could potentially be sharing that information with. Teens especially share significantly more information on the internet now than they have in the past. Teens are much more likely to share their personal information, such as email address, phone number, and school names.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewinternet.org/2013/05/21/teens-social-media-and-privacy/ |title=Teens, Social Media, and Privacy |last=Madden |first=Mary |display-authors=etal |date=May 21, 2013 |website=Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech |access-date=2016-11-29 }}</ref> Studies suggest that teens are not aware of what they are posting and how much of that information can be accessed by third parties.
-There are arguments that "privacy is dead" and that with social media growing more and more, some heavy social media users appear to have become quite unconcerned with privacy. Others argue, however, that people are still very concerned about their privacy, but are being ignored by the companies running these social networks, who can sometimes make a profit off of sharing someone's personal information. There is also a disconnect between social media user's words and their actions. Studies suggest that surveys show that people want to keep their lives private, but their actions on social media suggest otherwise. Everyone leaves a trail when they use social media. Every time someone creates a new social media account, they provide personal information that can include their name, birthdate, geographic location, and personal interests. In addition, companies collect data on user behaviors. All of this data is stored and leveraged by companies to better target advertising to their users.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Social Media Privacy Issues for 2020: Threats & Risks|url=https://sopa.tulane.edu/blog/key-social-media-privacy-issues-2020|access-date=2020-11-12|website=sopa.tulane.edu}}</ref>
-Another factor is ignorance of how accessible social media posts are. Some social media users who have been criticized for inappropriate comments stated that they did not realize that anyone outside their circle of friends would read their posts; in fact, on some social media sites, unless a user selects higher privacy settings, their content is shared with a wide audience.
-According to a 2016 article diving into the topic of sharing privately and the effect social media has on expectations of privacy, "1.18 billion people will log into their [[Facebook]] accounts, 500 million tweets will be sent, and there will be 95 million photos and videos posted on [[Instagram]]" in a day. Much of the privacy concerns individuals face stem from their own posts on a form of a social network. Users have the choice to share voluntarily and have been ingrained into society as routine and normative. Social media are a snapshot of our lives; a community we have created on the behaviors of sharing, posting, liking, and communicating. Sharing has become a phenomenon which social media and networks have uprooted and introduced to the world.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/05/sunday-review/we-want-privacy-but-cant-stop-sharing.html|title=We Want Privacy, but Can't Stop Sharing|last=Murphy|first=Kate|date=October 4, 2014|work=The New York Times}}</ref> The idea of privacy is redundant; once something is posted, its accessibility remains constant even if we select who is potentially able to view it. People desire privacy in some shape or form, yet also contribute to social media, which makes it difficult to maintain privacy.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mills|first=Max|s2cid=151703849|title=Sharing Privately|journal=Journal of Media Law|volume=9|pages=45–71|doi=10.1080/17577632.2016.1272235|year=2017}}</ref> Mills offers options for reform which include copyright and the application of the law of confidence; more radically, a change to the concept of privacy itself.
-A 2014 [[Pew Research Center]] survey found that 91% of Americans "agree" or "strongly agree" that people have lost control over how personal information is collected and used by all kinds of entities. Some 80% of social media users said they were concerned about advertisers and businesses accessing the data they share on social media platforms, and 64% said the government should do more to regulate advertisers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/03/27/americans-complicated-feelings-about-social-media-in-an-era-of-privacy-concerns/|title=Americans' complicated feelings about social media in an era of privacy concerns|date=March 27, 2018|work=Pew Research Center|access-date=2018-06-13|language=en-US}}</ref>
-According to the wall street journal published on February 17, 2019, According to UK law, Facebook did not protect certain aspects of the user data.<ref>Stephen Fidler and Georgia Wells,[https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-k-committee-rebukes-facebook-in-call-for-social-media-regulation-11550448060#comments_sector “U.K.Lawmakers Rebuke Facebook in Call for Social-Media Regulation"], ''The Wall Street Journal'', February 17, 2019</ref>
-The US government announced banning [[TikTok]] and [[WeChat]] from the States over national security concerns. The shutdown was announced for September 20, 2020. Access to TikTok was extended till 12 November 2020,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-54205231|title=TikTok and WeChat: US to ban app downloads in 48 hours|work=BBC News|date=18 September 2020|access-date=18 September 2020}}</ref> and a federal court ruling on October 30, 2020, has blocked further implementation of restrictions that would lead to TikTok's shutdown.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-30|title=Judge postpones Trump's TikTok ban in suit brought by users|url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-entertainment-pennsylvania-courts-3573972d3aa6bee78304e3195ffe4ade|access-date=2020-11-29|website=AP NEWS}}</ref>
-=== Criticism of commercialization ===
-The commercial development of social media has been criticized as the actions of consumers in these settings have become increasingly value-creating, for example when consumers contribute to the marketing and branding of specific products by posting positive reviews. As such, value-creating activities also increase the value of a specific product, which could, according to marketing professors Bernad Cova and Daniele Dalli (2009), lead to what they refer to as "double exploitation."<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cova |first1=Bernard |last2=Dalli |first2=Daniele |s2cid=54610246 |date=2009 |title=Working consumers: the next step in marketing theory?  |journal=Marketing Theory |doi=10.1177/1470593109338144 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=315–339|url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/36717/1/MPRA_paper_36717.pdf }}</ref> Companies are getting consumers to create content for the companies' websites for which the consumers are not paid.
-As social media usage has become increasingly widespread, social media has to a large extent come to be subjected to [[commercialization]] by [[marketing companies]] and advertising agencies.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/2077/27913/1/gupea_2077_27913_1.pdf |title=Marketing fads and fashions – exploring digital marketing practices and emerging organisational fields |last=Pihl |first=Christofer |publisher=Gothenburg University |year=2011 |location=Gothenburg }}</ref> In 2014 Christofer Laurell, a [[digital marketing]] researcher, suggested that the social media landscape currently consists of three types of places because of this development: consumer-dominated places, professionally dominated places and places undergoing commercialization.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:682055/FULLTEXT01.pdf |title=Commercialising social media: a study of fashion (blogo)spheres |last=Laurell |first=Christofer |publisher=Stockholm University |year=2014 }}</ref> As social media becomes commercialized, this process has been shown to create novel forms of value networks stretching between consumer and producer<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pihl |first=Christofer |s2cid=167869913 |date=2013 |title=When customers create the ad and sell it –a value network approach |journal=Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science |doi=10.1080/21639159.2013.763487|volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=127–143}}</ref> in which a combination of personal, private and commercial contents are created.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pihl |first1=Christofer |last2=Sandström |first2=Christian |date=2013 |title=Value creation and appropriation in social media –the case of fashion bloggers in Sweden  |journal=International Journal of Technology Management |doi=10.1504/IJTM.2013.052673 |volume=61 |issue=3/4 |page=309}}</ref>
-===Debate over addiction===
-{{Main|Problematic social media use}}
-As one of the biggest preoccupations among adolescents is social media usage, in 2011 researchers began using the term "Facebook addiction disorder" (F.A.D.), a form of [[internet addiction disorder]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adweek.com/digital/facebook-addiction-disorder-the-6-symptoms-of-f-a-d/ |title=Facebook Addiction Disorder — The 6 Symptoms of F.A.D. |work=adweek.com |date=May 2, 2011 |access-date=2011-05-02}}</ref> FAD is characterized by compulsive use of the social networking site Facebook, which generally results in physical or psychological complications. The disorder, although not classified in the latest [[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]] (DSM-5) or by the World Health Organization, has been the subject of several studies focusing on the negative effects of social media use on the psyche. One German study published in 2017 investigated a correlation between extensive use of the social networking site and [[narcissism]]; the results were published in the journal ''[[PLoS One]]''. According to the findings: "FAD was significantly positively related to the personality trait [of] narcissism and to negative mental health variables ([[depression (mood)|depression]], [[anxiety]], and [[Psychological stress|stress]] symptoms)."<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Brailovskaia | first1 = J | year = 2017 | title = Facebook Addiction Disorder (FAD) among German students—A longitudinal approach | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 12 | issue = 12| pages = 2423–2478 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0189719 | pmid = 29240823 | pmc = 5730190 | bibcode = 2017PLoSO..1289719B | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhao |first1=Nan |last2=Zhou |first2=Guangyu |title=COVID-19 Stress and Addictive Social Media Use (SMU): Mediating Role of Active Use and Social Media Flow |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |date=9 February 2021 |volume=12 |pages=635546 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2021.635546|pmid=33633616 |pmc=7899994 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
-While these issues regarding social media addiction are continuous and increasing, there are ways to help reduce and curb one's social media obsessions. Turning off social media notifications (temporary or long-term) is one solution that can reduce social media addiction by reducing distraction, for those who struggle with the habit of constantly "refreshing" social media platforms and checking for new notifications.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://psychcentral.com/blog/portion-control-in-social-media-how-limiting-time-increases-well-being/|title=Portion-Control in Social Media? How Limiting Time Increases Well-Being|last=read|first=Suzanne Kane Last updated: December 6, 2018 ~ 4 min|date=December 6, 2018|website=World of Psychology|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-29}}</ref>
-Some feel that modern problems require modern solutions, so we are starting to see modern approaches like that of Dr. [[Alok Kanojia]] (a psychiatrist known online as Dr. K) who runs not only a coaching program but also YouTube and Twitch channels called [[HealthyGamerGG]], where he talks about mental health and gaming, and conducts interviews.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Healthy Gamer Coaching|url=https://coaching.healthygamer.gg/|access-date=2021-12-31|website=Healthy Gamer|language=en}}</ref>
-===Debate over use in academic settings===
-{{Main|Use of social media in education|Social media in education}}
-Having social media in the classroom was a controversial topic in the 2010s. Many parents and educators have been fearful of the repercussions of having social media in the classroom.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kist |first=W. |year=2012 |title=Class get ready to tweet: Social media in the classroom. Our children |url=http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ991339.pdf |website=files.eric.ed.gov}}</ref> There are concerns that social media tools can be misused for [[cyberbullying]] or sharing inappropriate content. As result, cell phones have been banned from some classrooms, and some schools have blocked many popular social media websites. Many schools have realized that they need to loosen restrictions, teach digital citizenship skills, and even incorporate these tools into classrooms. Some schools permit students to use [[smartphone]]s or [[tablet computer]]s in class, as long as the students are using these devices for academic purposes, such as doing research. Using Facebook in class allows for the integration of multimodal content such as student-created photographs and video and URLs to other texts, in a platform that many students are already familiar with. Twitter can be used to enhance communication building and critical thinking and it provides students with an informal "[[back channel]]", and extend discussion outside of class time.
-===Censorship by governments{{anchor|Censorship_incidents}}===
-{{Main|Internet censorship}}
-Social media often features in political struggles to control public perception and online activity. In some countries, [[Internet police]] or [[secret police]] monitor or control citizens' use of social media. For example, in 2013 some social media was banned in [[Turkey]] after the Taksim [[Gezi Park protests]]. Both Twitter and YouTube were temporarily suspended in the country by a court's decision. A new law, passed by [[Turkish Parliament]], has granted immunity to Telecommunications Directorate (TİB) personnel. The TİB was also given the authority to block access to specific websites without the need for a court order.<ref>{{cite web|author=Salih Sarıkaya |title=Social Media Ban In Turkey: What Does It Mean? by Salih Sarıkaya |url=http://www.salihsarikaya.com/en/social-media-ban-in-turkey-what-does-it-mean-by-salih-sarikaya/ |date=October 30, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006012638/http://www.salihsarikaya.com/en/social-media-ban-in-turkey-what-does-it-mean-by-salih-sarikaya/ |archive-date=2014-10-06 }}</ref> Yet TİB's 2014 blocking of Twitter was ruled by the constitutional court to violate free speech.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-twitter-ban-idUSBREA311BF20140402 |title=Turkey's Twitter ban violates free speech: constitutional court |work=Reuters |date=April 2, 2014 }}</ref> More recently, in the [[2014 Thai coup d'état]], the public was explicitly instructed not to 'share' or 'like' dissenting views on social media or face prison. In July of that same year, in response to [[WikiLeaks]]' release of a secret suppression order made by the [[Supreme Court of Victoria|Victorian Supreme Court]], media lawyers were quoted in the [[Australia]]n media to the effect that "anyone who tweets a link to the WikiLeaks report, posts it on Facebook, or shares it in any way online could also face charges".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/national/social-media-users-could-be-charged-for-sharing-wikileaks-story-20140730-zye0b.html |title=Social media users could be charged for sharing WikiLeaks story |author=Mex Cooper |publisher=[[Brisbane Times]] |date=July 30, 2014}}</ref> On 27 July 2020, in Egypt, two women were sentenced to two years of imprisonment for posting [[TikTok]] videos, which the government claims are “violating family values”.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/28/world/middleeast/egypt-women-tiktok-prison.html|title=Egypt Sentences Women to 2 Years in Prison for TikTok Videos|access-date=28 July 2020|website=The New York Times|date=28 July 2020|last1=Walsh|first1=Declan}}</ref>
-===Decentralization and open standards===
-[[Mastodon (software)|Mastodon]], [[GNU social]], [[Diaspora (social network)|Diaspora]], [[Friendica]] and other compatible software packages operate as a loose federation of mostly volunteer-operated servers, called the [[Fediverse]], which connect with each other through the open source protocol [[ActivityPub]]. In early 2019, Mastodon successfully blocked the spread of violent right-wing extremism when the Twitter alternative [[Gab (social network)|Gab]] tried to associate with Mastodon, and their independent servers quickly contained its dissemination.<ref>Kan, M. (December 2019). [https://www.pcmag.com/news/372488/twitter-wants-social-media-to-be-more-like-email "Twitter Wants Social Media to Be More Like Email"]. ''pcmag.com''. Retrieved 14 December 2019.</ref>
-In December 2019, Twitter CEO [[Jack Dorsey]] made a similar suggestion, stating that efforts would be taken to achieve an "open and decentralized standard for social media". Rather than "[[deplatforming]]", such standards would allow a more scalable, and customizable approach to content moderation and censorship, and involve a number of companies, in the way that e-mail servers work.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}
-===Deplatforming===
-{{Main|Deplatforming|Twitter suspensions}}
-[[Deplatforming]] is a form of Internet censorship in which controversial speakers or speech are suspended, banned, or otherwise shut down by social media platforms and other service providers that normally provide a venue for free expression.<ref name=Reynolds/> These kinds of actions are similar to alternative dispute resolution.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Van Loo|first=Rory|date=2020-04-01|title=Federal Rules of Platform Procedure|url=https://scholarship.law.bu.edu/faculty_scholarship/905|journal=Faculty Scholarship}}</ref>{{rp|4}}  As early as 2015, platforms such as [[Reddit]] began to enforce selective bans based, for example, on [[terms of service]] that prohibit "[[hate speech]]".<ref name=ACM>{{cite journal |title=You Can't Stay Here: The Efficacy of Reddit's 2015 Ban Examined Through Hate Speech |first1=Eshwar |last1=Chandrasekharan |first2=Umashanti |last2=Pavalanathan |s2cid=22713682 |display-authors=etal |journal=Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction |volume=1 |issue=CSCW |date=November 2017 |doi=10.1145/3134666 |page=Article 31 |url=http://comp.social.gatech.edu/papers/cscw18-chand-hate.pdf }}</ref> According to technology journalist [[Declan McCullagh]], ''"[[Silicon Valley]]'''s efforts to pull the plug on dissenting opinions" have included, {{as of|2018|lc=yes}}, Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube "devising excuses to suspend ideologically disfavored accounts".<ref name=McCullagh>{{cite magazine |title=Deplatforming Is a Dangerous Game |first=Declan |last=McCullagh |date=February 2019 |magazine=[[Reason (magazine)|Reason]] |url=https://reason.com/archives/2019/01/20/deplatforming |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331055502/https://reason.com/archives/2019/01/20/deplatforming |archive-date=2019-03-31 }}</ref>
-Law professor [[Glenn Reynolds]] dubbed 2018 the "Year of Deplatforming", in an August 2018 article in ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]''.<ref name=Reynolds/> According to Reynolds, in 2018, "the internet giants decided to slam the gates on a number of people and ideas they don't like. If you rely on someone else's platform to express unpopular ideas, especially ideas on the right, you're now at risk."<ref name=Reynolds>{{cite news |title=When Digital Platforms Become Censors |first=Glenn Harlan |last=Reynolds |date=August 18, 2018 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/when-digital-platforms-become-censors-1534514122?mod=rsswn |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330045941/https://www.wsj.com/articles/when-digital-platforms-become-censors-1534514122?mod=rsswn |archive-date=2019-03-30 }}</ref> Reynolds cited [[Alex Jones]], [[Gavin McInnes]] and [[Dennis Prager]] as prominent 2018 victims of deplatforming based on their political views, noting, "Extremists and controversialists on the left have been relatively safe from deplatforming."<ref name=Reynolds/>
-Most people see social media platforms as censoring objectionable political views.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2020/08/19/most-americans-think-social-media-sites-censor-political-viewpoints/|title = Most Americans Think Social Media Sites Censor Political Viewpoints|date = 19 August 2020}}</ref>
-=== Reproduction of class distinctions ===
-{{More citations needed section|date=December 2020}}
-According to [[Danah Boyd]] (2011), the media plays a large role in shaping people's perceptions of specific [[social networking service]]s. When looking at the site [[Myspace|MySpace]], after adults started to realize how popular the site was becoming with teens, news media became heavily concerned with teen participation and the potential dangers they faced using the site. As a result, teens avoided joining the site because of the associated risks (e.g. child predators and lack of control), and parents began to publicly denounce the site. Ultimately, the site was labeled as dangerous, and many were detracted from interacting with the site.<ref name=":17" />
-As Boyd also describes, when [[Facebook]] initially launched in 2004, it solely targeted college students and access was intentionally limited. Facebook started as a [[Harvard University|Harvard]]-only [[social networking service]] before expanding to all other [[Ivy League]] schools. It then made its way to other top universities and ultimately to a wider range of schools. Because of its origins, some saw Facebook as an "elite" [[social networking service]]. While it was very open and accepting to some, it seemed to outlaw and shun out most others who didn't fit that "elite" categorization. These narratives propagated by the media influenced the large movement of teenage users from one [[social networking service]] to another.<ref name=":17">{{Cite book|last=Boyd|first=Danah|title=Race After the Internet|publisher=Routledge|year=2011|editor-last=Nakamura|editor-first=Lisa|pages=203–222|chapter=White Flight in Networked Publics? How Race and Class Shaped American Teen Engagement with MySpace and Facebook|author-link=Danah boyd|editor-last2=Chow-White|editor-first2=Peter}}</ref>
-=== Use by extremist groups ===
-{{Main|Terrorism and social media}}
-According to ''LikeWar: The Weaponization of Social Media'' (2018) by [[P. W. Singer|P.W. Singer]] and [[Emerson T. Brooking]], the use of effective social media marketing techniques is not only limited to celebrities, corporations, and governments, but also extremist groups to carry out political objectives based on extremist ideologies.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Giangreco|first=Leigh|title=Review {{!}} How Trump, ISIS and Russia have mastered the Internet as a weapon|language=en-US|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/how-trump-isis-and-russia-have-mastered-the-internet-as-a-weapon/2018/11/29/5a6e44c8-c58e-11e8-9b1c-a90f1daae309_story.html|access-date=2021-01-22|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> The use of social media by [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIS]] and [[Al-Qaeda]] has been used primarily to influence operations in areas of operation and gain the attention of sympathizers of extremist ideologies. Social media platforms like YouTube, Twitter, Facebook, and various encrypted-messaging applications have been used to increase the recruiting of members into these extremist groups, both locally and internationally.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Awan|first=Imran|date=2017-04-01|title=Cyber-Extremism: Isis and the Power of Social Media|journal=Society|language=en|volume=54|issue=2|pages=138–149|doi=10.1007/s12115-017-0114-0|s2cid=54069174|issn=1936-4725|doi-access=free}}</ref> Larger platforms like YouTube, Twitter, and various others have received backlash for allowing this type of content on their platform (see [[Use of social media by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]]). The use of social media to further extremist objectives is not only limited to [[Islamic terrorism]], but also extreme nationalist groups across the world, and more prominently, [[right wing extremist]] groups based out of the United States.
-==== 2021 Storming of the United States Capitol Building ====
-{{Main|2021 storming of the United States Capitol}}
-As many of the traditional social media platforms banned hate speech (see [[Online hate speech]]), several platforms have become popular among right-wing extremists to carry out planning and communication of thoughts and organized events; these application became known as "[[Alt-tech]]". Platforms such as [[Telegram (software)|Telegram]], [[Parler]], and [[Gab (social network)|Gab]] were used during the 2021 storming of the US Capitol in [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, D.C]]. The use of this social media was used to coordinate attacks on the Capitol.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Experts say echo chambers from apps like Parler and Gab contributed to attack on Capitol|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/experts-echo-chambers-apps-parler-gab-contributed-attack/story?id=75141014|access-date=2021-01-22|website=ABC News|language=en}}</ref> Several members within these groups shared tips on how to avoid law enforcement and what their plans were with regards to carrying out their objectives; some users called for killings of law enforcement and politicians.<ref>{{Cite web|last=EST|first=Jason Murdock On 1/13/21 at 10:26 AM|date=2021-01-13|title=Amazon shut down Parler after users called for politicians, police to be killed: Lawsuit|url=https://www.newsweek.com/amazon-web-services-parler-lawsuit-user-threats-1561179|access-date=2021-01-22|website=Newsweek|language=en}}</ref>
 == Deceased users ==