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{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}} | ||
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}} | {{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}} | ||
[[File:Subhas Chandra Bose (tokyo).JPG|thumb|right|230px|A memorial to [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] in the compound of the [[Renkōji Temple]], [[Tokyo]]. Bose's ashes are stored in the temple in a golden pagoda. | [[File:Subhas Chandra Bose (tokyo).JPG|thumb|right|230px|A memorial to [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] in the compound of the [[Renkōji Temple]], [[Tokyo]]. Bose's ashes are stored in the temple in a golden pagoda. Bose died on 18 August 1945. His ashes arrived in Japan in early September 1945; after a memorial service, they were accepted by the temple on 18 September 1945.]] | ||
Indian nationalist leader [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] died on 18 August 1945 from [[Third degree burn|third-degree burns]] sustained after the overloaded bomber in which he was being transported by the Japanese crashed in [[Taipei|Taihoku]] (now Taipei), [[Taiwan under Japanese rule|Japanese Taiwan]].{{sfn|Bayly|Harper|2007|p=2a}}{{efn|"If all else failed (Bose) wanted to become a prisoner of the Soviets: 'They are the only ones who will resist the British. My fate is with them. But as the Japanese plane took off from Taipei airport its engines faltered and then failed. Bose was badly burned in the crash. According to several witnesses, he died on 18 August in a Japanese military hospital, talking to the very last of India's freedom."{{sfn|Bayly|Harper|2007|p=2a}}}}{{sfn|Bandyopādhyāẏa|2004|p=427}}{{efn|"The retreat was even more devastating, finally ending the dream of liberating India through military campaign. But Bose still remained optimistic, thought of regrouping after the Japanese surrender, contemplated seeking help from Soviet Russia. The Japanese agreed to provide him transport up to Manchuria from where he could travel to Russia. But on his way, on 18 August 1945 at Taihoku airport in Taiwan, he died in an air crash, which many Indians still believe never happened."{{sfn|Bandyopādhyāẏa|2004|p=427}}}} Many among his supporters, especially in [[Bengal]], refused at the time and have refused since to believe either the fact or the circumstances of his death.{{sfn|Bayly|Harper|2007|p=2b}}{{efn| "British and Indian commissions later established convincingly that Bose had died in Taiwan. These were legendary and apocalyptic times, however. Having witnessed the first Indian leader to fight against the British since the great mutiny of 1857, many in both Southeast Asia and India refused to accept the loss of their hero."{{sfn|Bayly|Harper|2007|p=2b}}}}{{Sfn|Bayly|Harper|2007|p=22}}{{efn|"There are still some in India today who believe that Bose remained alive and in Soviet custody, a once and future king of Indian independence. The legend of 'Netaji' Bose's survival helped bind together the defeated INA. In Bengal it became an assurance of the province's supreme importance in the liberation of the motherland. It sustained the morale of many across India and Southeast Asia who deplored the return of British power or felt alienated from the political settlement finally achieved by Gandhi and Nehru.{{Sfn|Bayly|Harper|2007|p=22}}}}{{Sfn|Wolpert|2000|pp=339–340}}{{efn| "On March 21, 1944, Subhas Bose and advanced units of the INA crossed the borders of India, entering Manipur, and by May they had advanced to the outskirts of that state's capital, Imphal. That was the closest Bose came to Bengal, where millions of his devoted followers awaited his army's "liberation." The British garrison at Imphal and its air arm withstood Bose's much larger force long enough for the monsoon rains to defer all possibility of warfare in that jungle region for the three months the British so desperately needed to strengthen their eastern wing. Bose had promised his men freedom in exchange for their blood, but the tide of battle turned against them after the 1944 rains, and in May 1945 the INA surrendered in Rangoon. Bose escaped on the last Japanese plane to leave Saigon, but he died in Formosa after a crash landing there in August. By that time, however, his death had been falsely reported so many times that a myth soon emerged in Bengal that Netaji Subhas Chandra was alive—raising another army in China or Tibet or the Soviet Union—and would return with it to "liberate" India.{{Sfn|Wolpert|2000|pp=339–340}}}} Conspiracy theories appeared within hours of his death and have persisted since then,{{sfn|Bayly|Harper|2007|p=2}}{{efn|"Rumours that Bose had survived and was waiting to come out of hiding and begin the final struggle for independence were rampant by the end of 1945."{{sfn|Bayly|Harper|2007|p=2}}}} keeping alive various martial myths about Bose.{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2012|p=210}}{{efn|"Marginalized within Congress and a target for British surveillance, Bose chose to embrace the fascist powers as allies against the British and fled India, first to Hitler's Germany, then, on a German submarine, to a Japanese-occupied Singapore. The force that he put together ... known as the Indian National Army (INA) and thus claiming to represent free India, saw action against the British in Burma but accomplished little toward the goal of a march on Delhi. ... Bose himself died in an airplane crash trying to reach Japanese-occupied territory in the last months of the war. His romantic saga, coupled with his defiant nationalism, has made Bose a near-mythic figure, not only in his native Bengal, but across India. It is this heroic, martial myth that is today remembered, rather than Bose's wartime vision of a free India under the authoritarian rule of someone like himself."{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2012|p=210}}}} | |||
==Death== | ==Death== | ||
===Last months with the Indian National Army=== | ===Last months with the Indian National Army=== | ||
[[File:Map showing Subhas Chandra Bose's exit from Burma in late April 1945.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Map of Central Burma showing the route taken by Subhas Chandra Bose and his [[Indian National Army]] (INA) group of 500 from [[Yangon|Rangoon]] to [[Moulmein]]. The group traveled in a Japanese military convoy until they reached the river [[Sittaung River|Sittang]]. After crossing the river, they walked the remaining 80 miles. At Moulmein, Bose, his party, and another INA group of 500, boarded Japanese trains on the [[Burma Railway|Death Railway]] (which had been constructed earlier by British, Australian, and Dutch prisoners of war) to arrive in [[Bangkok]] in the first week of May 1945.]] | [[File:Map showing Subhas Chandra Bose's exit from Burma in late April 1945.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Map of Central Burma showing the route taken by Subhas Chandra Bose and his [[Indian National Army]] (INA) group of 500 from [[Yangon|Rangoon]] to [[Moulmein]]. The group traveled in a Japanese military convoy until they reached the river [[Sittaung River|Sittang]]. After crossing the river, they walked the remaining 80 miles. At Moulmein, Bose, his party, and another INA group of 500, boarded Japanese trains on the [[Burma Railway|Death Railway]] (which had been constructed earlier by British, Australian, and Dutch prisoners of war) to arrive in [[Bangkok]] in the first week of May 1945.]] | ||
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==Legends of Bose's survival== | ==Legends of Bose's survival== | ||
===Immediate post-war legends=== | ===Immediate post-war legends=== | ||
Subhas Chandra Bose's exploits had become legendary long before his physical death in August 1945.{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|p=197}}{{efn|"THE MYTH: But Bose had become a myth in his own lifetime, dating from the time he eluded house arrest and escaped from India to Afghanistan and Europe. Thousands of Indians refused to believe he was dead. Man is very mortal but myths die hard."{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|p=197}}}} From the time he had escaped house arrest in Calcutta in 1940, rumours had been rife in India about whether or not he was alive, and if the latter, where he was and what he was doing.{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|p=197}} His appearance in faraway Germany in 1941 created a sense of mystery about his activities. With Congress leaders in jail in the wake of the [[Quit India Resolution]] in August 1942 and the Indian public starved for political news, Bose's radio broadcasts from Berlin charting radical plans for India's liberation during a time when the star of Germany was still rising and that of Britain was at its lowest, made him an object of adulation among many in India and southeast Asia.{{Sfn|Hayes|2011|p=163}} During his two years in Germany, according to historian Romain Hayes, "If Bose gradually obtained respect in Berlin, in Tokyo he earned fervent admiration and was seen very much as an 'Indian samurai'."{{Sfn|Hayes|2011|p=164}} Thus it was that when Bose appeared in Southeast Asia in July 1943, brought mysteriously on German and Japanese submarines, he was already a figure of mythical size and reach.{{Sfn|Hayes|2011|p=163}} | Subhas Chandra Bose's exploits had become legendary long before his physical death in August 1945.{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|p=197}}{{efn|"THE MYTH: But Bose had become a myth in his own lifetime, dating from the time he eluded house arrest and escaped from India to Afghanistan and Europe. Thousands of Indians refused to believe he was dead. Man is very mortal but myths die hard."{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|p=197}}}} From the time he had escaped house arrest in Calcutta in 1940, rumours had been rife in India about whether or not he was alive, and if the latter, where he was and what he was doing.{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|p=197}} His appearance in faraway Germany in 1941 created a sense of mystery about his activities. With Congress leaders in jail in the wake of the [[Quit India Resolution]] in August 1942 and the Indian public starved for political news, Bose's radio broadcasts from Berlin charting radical plans for India's liberation during a time when the star of Germany was still rising and that of Britain was at its lowest, made him an object of adulation among many in India and southeast Asia.{{Sfn|Hayes|2011|p=163}} During his two years in Germany, according to historian Romain Hayes, "If Bose gradually obtained respect in Berlin, in Tokyo he earned fervent admiration and was seen very much as an 'Indian samurai'."{{Sfn|Hayes|2011|p=164}} Thus it was that when Bose appeared in Southeast Asia in July 1943, brought mysteriously on German and Japanese submarines, he was already a figure of mythical size and reach.{{Sfn|Hayes|2011|p=163}} | ||
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According to this chronology, after his return to India, Bose returned to the vocation of his youth: he became a Hindu renunciant.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=607}} He attended unseen Gandhi's cremation in Delhi in early February 1948; walked across and around India several times; became a [[yogi]] at a Shiva temple in [[Bareilly]] in north central India from 1956 to 1959; became a practitioner of herbal medicine and effected several cures, including one of tuberculosis; and established the Shaulmari Ashram in 1959, taking the [[religious name]] Srimat Saradanandaji.{{#tag:ref|From [[Sanskrit]] ''śrīmat'' (voc., hon.) sir '''+''' ''śārǎdā'' 1. ''myth.'' a title of [[Saraswati]], 2. ''myth.'' a title of [[Durga]] '''+''' ''ānand'' (noun, m.) 1. joy, delight; 2. enjoyment, contentment, '''+''' ''jī'' (hon.) an expression of respect or affection (used with proper names). In {{citation|last=McGregor|first=Ronald Stuart|author-link=Ronald Stuart McGregor|title=The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MILAQgAACAAJ|year=1993|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-864339-5|pages=956, 948, 86, 374 resp}}|group=nb}}{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=607}} Bose, moreover, was engaged in ''[[tapasya]]'', or meditation, to free the world, his goals having been broadened, after his first goal—freeing India—was achieved.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|pp=607–608}} His attempt to do so, however, and to assume his true identity, was being thwarted jointly by political parties, newspapers, the Indian government, even foreign governments.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|pp=607–608}} | According to this chronology, after his return to India, Bose returned to the vocation of his youth: he became a Hindu renunciant.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=607}} He attended unseen Gandhi's cremation in Delhi in early February 1948; walked across and around India several times; became a [[yogi]] at a Shiva temple in [[Bareilly]] in north central India from 1956 to 1959; became a practitioner of herbal medicine and effected several cures, including one of tuberculosis; and established the Shaulmari Ashram in 1959, taking the [[religious name]] Srimat Saradanandaji.{{#tag:ref|From [[Sanskrit]] ''śrīmat'' (voc., hon.) sir '''+''' ''śārǎdā'' 1. ''myth.'' a title of [[Saraswati]], 2. ''myth.'' a title of [[Durga]] '''+''' ''ānand'' (noun, m.) 1. joy, delight; 2. enjoyment, contentment, '''+''' ''jī'' (hon.) an expression of respect or affection (used with proper names). In {{citation|last=McGregor|first=Ronald Stuart|author-link=Ronald Stuart McGregor|title=The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MILAQgAACAAJ|year=1993|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-864339-5|pages=956, 948, 86, 374 resp}}|group=nb}}{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=607}} Bose, moreover, was engaged in ''[[tapasya]]'', or meditation, to free the world, his goals having been broadened, after his first goal—freeing India—was achieved.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|pp=607–608}} His attempt to do so, however, and to assume his true identity, was being thwarted jointly by political parties, newspapers, the Indian government, even foreign governments.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|pp=607–608}} | ||
Others stories appeared, spun by the Janata and by others.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=608}} Bose was still in the [[Soviet Union]] or [[China|the People's Republic of China]]; attended the Indian prime minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]'s cremation in 1964, but, this time, neglecting to disallow a Janata-published newspaper to photograph him; and gave notice to the Janata of his return to Calcutta, for which several much publicized rallies were organized.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=608}} Bose did not appear.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=608}} The Janata eventually broke up, its reputation marred by successive non-appearances of its protagonist.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=608}} The real sadhu of Shaulmari, who continued to deny he was Bose, died in 1977.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=608}} It was also claimed that [[Nikita Khrushchev]] had reportedly told an interpreter during his New Delhi visit that Bose | Others stories appeared, spun by the Janata and by others.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=608}} Bose was still in the [[Soviet Union]] or [[China|the People's Republic of China]]; attended the Indian prime minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]'s cremation in 1964, but, this time, neglecting to disallow a Janata-published newspaper to photograph him; and gave notice to the Janata of his return to Calcutta, for which several much publicized rallies were organized.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=608}} Bose did not appear.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=608}} The Janata eventually broke up, its reputation marred by successive non-appearances of its protagonist.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=608}} The real sadhu of Shaulmari, who continued to deny he was Bose, died in 1977.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=608}} It was also claimed that [[Nikita Khrushchev]] had reportedly told an interpreter during his New Delhi visit that Bose could be produced within 45 days if Nehru wished.{{sfn|Bhattacharjee|2012}} | ||
Still other stories or hoaxes—elucidated with conspiracies and accompanied with fake photographs—of the now-aging Bose being in the Soviet Union or China had traction well into the early 80s.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=608}} Bose was seen in a photograph taken in Beijing, inexplicably parading with the [[Chinese Red Army]].{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=608}} Bose was said to be in a [[Soviet Gulag]]. The Soviet leadership was said to be blackmailing Nehru, and later, [[Indira Gandhi]], with the threat of releasing Bose.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|pp=608–609}} An Indian member of parliament, [[Samar Guha]], released in 1979 what he claimed was a contemporaneous photograph of Bose. This turned out to have been doctored, comprising one-half Bose and one-half his elder brother [[Sarat Chandra Bose]].{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=610}} Guha also charged Nehru with having had knowledge of Bose's incarceration in the Soviet Union even in the 1950s, a charge Guha recanted after he was sued.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=610}} | Still other stories or hoaxes—elucidated with conspiracies and accompanied with fake photographs—of the now-aging Bose being in the Soviet Union or China had traction well into the early 80s.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=608}} Bose was seen in a photograph taken in Beijing, inexplicably parading with the [[Chinese Red Army]].{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=608}} Bose was said to be in a [[Soviet Gulag]]. The Soviet leadership was said to be blackmailing Nehru, and later, [[Indira Gandhi]], with the threat of releasing Bose.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|pp=608–609}} An Indian member of parliament, [[Samar Guha]], released in 1979 what he claimed was a contemporaneous photograph of Bose. This turned out to have been doctored, comprising one-half Bose and one-half his elder brother [[Sarat Chandra Bose]].{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=610}} Guha also charged Nehru with having had knowledge of Bose's incarceration in the Soviet Union even in the 1950s, a charge Guha recanted after he was sued.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=610}} | ||
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With the goal of quelling the rumours about what happened to Subhas Chandra Bose after mid-August 1945, the Government of India in 1956 appointed a three-man committee headed by [[Shah Nawaz Khan (General)|Shah Nawaz Khan]].{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=605}}{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=197–198}} Khan was at the time a Member of Parliament as well as a former Lieutenant Colonel in the Indian National Army and the best-known defendant in the [[INA Trials]] of a decade before.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=605}}{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=197–198}} The other members of the committee were S. N. Maitra, [[Indian Civil Service|ICS]], who was nominated by the Government of [[West Bengal]], and Suresh Chandra Bose, an elder brother of Bose.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=605}}{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=197–198}} The committee is referred to as the "Shah Nawaj Committee" or the "Netaji Inquiry Committee."{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=605}} | With the goal of quelling the rumours about what happened to Subhas Chandra Bose after mid-August 1945, the Government of India in 1956 appointed a three-man committee headed by [[Shah Nawaz Khan (General)|Shah Nawaz Khan]].{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=605}}{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=197–198}} Khan was at the time a Member of Parliament as well as a former Lieutenant Colonel in the Indian National Army and the best-known defendant in the [[INA Trials]] of a decade before.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=605}}{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=197–198}} The other members of the committee were S. N. Maitra, [[Indian Civil Service|ICS]], who was nominated by the Government of [[West Bengal]], and Suresh Chandra Bose, an elder brother of Bose.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=605}}{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=197–198}} The committee is referred to as the "Shah Nawaj Committee" or the "Netaji Inquiry Committee."{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=605}} | ||
From April to July 1956, the committee interviewed 67 witnesses in India, Japan, Thailand, and Vietnam.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=605}}{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=197–198}} In particular, the committee interviewed all the survivors of the plane crash, some of whom had scars on their bodies from burns.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=605}} The committee interviewed Dr. Yoshimi, the surgeon at the Taihoku Military Hospital who treated Bose in his last hours.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=605}} It also interviewed Bose's Indian companion on the flight, Habib ur Rahman, who, after the partition, had moved to Pakistan and had burn scars from the plane crash.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=605}} Although there were minor discrepancies here and there in the evidence, the first two members of the committee, Khan and Maitra, concluded that Bose had died in the plane crash in [[Taipei|Taihoku]] on 18 August 1945.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=605}}{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=197–198}} | From April to July 1956, the committee interviewed 67 witnesses in India, Japan, Thailand, and Vietnam.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=605}}{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=197–198}} In particular, the committee interviewed all the survivors of the plane crash, some of whom had scars on their bodies from burns.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=605}} The committee interviewed Dr. Yoshimi, the surgeon at the Taihoku Military Hospital who treated Bose in his last hours.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=605}} It also interviewed Bose's Indian companion on the flight, [[Habib ur Rahman (Indian National Army officer)|Habib ur Rahman]], who, after the partition, had moved to Pakistan and had burn scars from the plane crash.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=605}} Although there were minor discrepancies here and there in the evidence, the first two members of the committee, Khan and Maitra, concluded that Bose had died in the plane crash in [[Taipei|Taihoku]] on 18 August 1945.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=605}}{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=197–198}} | ||
Bose's brother, Suresh Chandra Bose, however, after having signed off on the initial conclusions, declined to sign the final report.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=605}} He, moreover, wrote a dissenting note in which he claimed that the other members and staff of the Shah Nawaz Committee had deliberately withheld some crucial evidence from him, that the committee had been directed by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] to infer death by plane crash, and that the other committee members, along with Bengal's chief minister [[B. C. Roy]], had pressured him bluntly to sign the conclusions of their final report.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=605}}{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=197–198}} | Bose's brother, Suresh Chandra Bose, however, after having signed off on the initial conclusions, declined to sign the final report.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=605}} He, moreover, wrote a dissenting note in which he claimed that the other members and staff of the Shah Nawaz Committee had deliberately withheld some crucial evidence from him, that the committee had been directed by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] to infer death by plane crash, and that the other committee members, along with Bengal's chief minister [[B. C. Roy]], had pressured him bluntly to sign the conclusions of their final report.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=605}}{{Sfn|Lebra|2008a|pp=197–198}} | ||
According to historian Leonard A. Gordon,{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=605}} {{Quote|quote=Out of the 181-page repetitious document that constitutes Suresh Bose's report, one main principle for dealing with the evidence emerges: if two or more stories by witnesses have any discrepancies between them, then the whole testimony of the witnesses involved is thereby discredited and assumed to be false. Using this principle, Bose is able to ... find that there was no crash and that his brother lives. There also appears to be one other half-stated assumption: Subhas Bose could not die before India achieved her freedom. Therefore he did not die in the plane crash said to have taken place on August 18, 1945.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=605}}}} | According to historian Leonard A. Gordon,{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=605}} {{Quote|quote=Out of the 181-page repetitious document that constitutes Suresh Bose's report, one main principle for dealing with the evidence emerges: if two or more stories by witnesses have any discrepancies between them, then the whole testimony of the witnesses involved is thereby discredited and assumed to be false. Using this principle, Bose is able to ... find that there was no crash and that his brother lives. There also appears to be one other half-stated assumption: Subhas Bose could not die before India achieved her freedom. Therefore, he did not die in the plane crash said to have taken place on August 18, 1945.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=605}}}} | ||
===Khosla Commission 1970=== | ===Khosla Commission 1970=== | ||
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===Japanese government report 1956, declassified September 2016=== | ===Japanese government report 1956, declassified September 2016=== | ||
An investigative report by Japanese government titled "Investigation on the cause of death and other matters of the late Subhas Chandra Bose" was declassified on 1 September 2016. It concluded that Bose died in a plane crash in Taiwan on 18 August 1945. The report was completed in January 1956 and was handed over to the Indian embassy in [[Tokyo]], but was not made public for more than 60 years as it was classified. According to the report, just after takeoff a | An investigative report by Japanese government titled "Investigation on the cause of death and other matters of the late Subhas Chandra Bose" was declassified on 1 September 2016. It concluded that Bose died in a plane crash in Taiwan on 18 August 1945. The report was completed in January 1956 and was handed over to the Indian embassy in [[Tokyo]], but was not made public for more than 60 years as it was classified. According to the report, just after takeoff a propeller blade on the airplane in which Bose was traveling broke off and the engine fell off the plane, which then crashed and burst into flames. When Bose exited it his clothes caught fire and he was severely burned. He was admitted to hospital, and although he was conscious and able to carry on a conversation for some time he died several hours later.{{sfn|Sonwalkar|2016}}{{sfn|NDTV|2016}} | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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[[Category:Conspiracy theories in India]] | [[Category:Conspiracy theories in India]] | ||
[[Category:Subhas Chandra Bose]] | [[Category:Subhas Chandra Bose]] | ||
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1945]] | |||
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in Taiwan]] | [[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in Taiwan]] | ||
[[Category:1945 in Taiwan]] | [[Category:1945 in Taiwan]] | ||
[[Category:Death conspiracy theories]] | [[Category:Death conspiracy theories]] | ||