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Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet: Difference between revisions
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'''Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet''' ('''SFDR''') is a [[missile]] [[Propulsion|propulsion system]] currently being developed by the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] of India. The project aims to develop critical technologies required in the propulsion systems of future Indian [[Beyond-visual-range missile|long range]] [[air-to-air missile]]s.<ref>https://m.timesofindia.com/india/sfdr-missile-propulsion-system-successfully-tested/amp_articleshow/81350920.cms</ref> | '''Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet''' ('''SFDR''') is a [[missile]] [[Propulsion|propulsion system]] currently being developed by the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] of India. The project aims to develop critical technologies required in the propulsion systems of future Indian [[Beyond-visual-range missile|long range]] [[air-to-air missile]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/india/sfdr-missile-propulsion-system-successfully-tested/amp_articleshow/81350920.cms|title = SFDR missile propulsion system successfully tested | India News - Times of India}}</ref> | ||
== Description == | == Description == | ||
The Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet is a missile [[Propulsion|propulsion system]] that includes a thrust modulated [[Air-augmented rocket|ducted rocket]] with a reduced smoke [[nozzle]]-less missile [[Booster (rocketry)|booster]].<ref name=drdo>{{Cite journal|date=2017|title=DRDO Annual Report 2017|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/ebooks/drdo-annual-report-2017/mobile/index.html#p=91|journal=[[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]|pages=79}}</ref> The thrust modulation in the system is achieved using a hot gas flow controller.<ref name="drdo" /> The system utilises a [[Solid-propellant rocket|solid fuelled]] air-breathing [[ramjet]] engine.<ref name="pib2" /><ref name="thbl" /><ref name="et" /> | The Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet is a missile [[Propulsion|propulsion system]] that includes a thrust modulated [[Air-augmented rocket|ducted rocket]] with a reduced smoke [[nozzle]]-less missile [[Booster (rocketry)|booster]].<ref name=drdo>{{Cite journal|date=2017|title=DRDO Annual Report 2017|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/ebooks/drdo-annual-report-2017/mobile/index.html#p=91|journal=[[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]|pages=79}}</ref> The thrust modulation in the system is achieved using a hot gas flow controller.<ref name="drdo" /> The system utilises a [[Solid-propellant rocket|solid fuelled]] air-breathing [[ramjet]] engine.<ref name="pib2" /><ref name="thbl" /><ref name="et" /> It is an extremely long-range missile with a projected range of 350 km.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Shukla|first=Ajai|date=2021-03-05|title=DRDO joins exclusive club after long-range air-to-air missile test|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/drdo-joins-exclusive-club-after-long-range-air-to-air-missile-test-121030501399_1.html|access-date=2021-10-02}}</ref> As per [[International Institute for Strategic Studies]] (IISS), this kind of propulsion system drastically enhances the range with higher average speed. The missiles which use such system are also able to carry larger payload due to absence of an [[oxidiser]]. Unlike [[solid-propellant rocket]], the Ramjet takes up oxygen from the atmosphere during flight.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sarkar|first=Shankhyaneel|date=2021-03-05|title=DRDO successfully tests SFDR technology in a bid to develop long-range missiles|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/drdo-successfully-tests-sfdr-technology-in-a-bid-to-develop-long-range-missiles-101614947414299.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-05|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref name="et" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://forceindia.net/feature-report/big-boost/|title=DRDO's Project SFDR proves that solid propellants are here to stay|website=FORCE India|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529050829/http://forceindia.net/feature-report/big-boost/|archive-date=29 May 2018|access-date=2019-10-26}}</ref> | ||
Officially, the technology is being developed to power future Indian [[air-to-air missile]]s.<ref name="pib2" /> However, the technology can also be applied to [[surface-to-air missile]]s.<ref name="et" /> | Officially, the technology is being developed to power future Indian [[air-to-air missile]]s.<ref name="pib2" /> However, the technology can also be applied to [[surface-to-air missile]]s.<ref name="et" /> | ||
In its current form, the SFDR-based missile first requires to be boosted into a high-altitude trajectory to simulate aircraft-launch conditions. Subsequently, the nozzle-less booster fires up and guides the missile through its desired trajectory.<ref name="pib2" /> | In its current form, the SFDR-based missile first requires to be boosted into a high-altitude trajectory to simulate aircraft-launch conditions. Subsequently, the nozzle-less booster fires up and guides the missile through its desired trajectory.<ref name="pib2" /> | ||
== Development == | == Development == | ||
The development of the SFDR started in 2013 and envisaged a five-year deadline to begin actual demonstrations.<ref name=thbl>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/science/india-successfully-tests-solid-fuel-ducted-ramjet-propelled-missile/article26230574.ece|title=India successfully tests Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet propelled missile|last=Somasekhar|first=M.|date=10 February 2019|website=[[The Hindu Business Line]]|language=en|access-date=2019-10-11}}</ref> The missile is being developed primarily by the [[Defence Research and Development Laboratory]] (DRDL) and [[Research Centre Imarat]] (RCI) in [[Hyderabad]].<ref name="thbl" /> [[High Energy Materials Research Laboratory|High Energy Material Research Laboratory]] (HEMRL) developed the nozzle-less booster while the ramjet engine is being developed with Russian assistance.<ref name="et" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kulkarni|first=Sushant|date=2021-03-05|title=DRDO successfully tests SFDR technology for missiles|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/drdo-successfully-tests-ramjet-technology-to-help-develop-long-range-missiles-7215607/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-05|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Ground-based testing of the missile started in 2017.<ref name="drdo" /> | The development of the SFDR started in 2013 and envisaged a five-year deadline to begin actual demonstrations.<ref name=thbl>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/science/india-successfully-tests-solid-fuel-ducted-ramjet-propelled-missile/article26230574.ece|title=India successfully tests Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet propelled missile|last=Somasekhar|first=M.|date=10 February 2019|website=[[The Hindu Business Line]]|language=en|access-date=2019-10-11}}</ref> The missile is being developed primarily by the [[Defence Research and Development Laboratory]] (DRDL) and [[Research Centre Imarat]] (RCI) in [[Hyderabad]].<ref name="thbl" /> [[High Energy Materials Research Laboratory|High Energy Material Research Laboratory]] (HEMRL) developed the nozzle-less booster while the ramjet engine is being developed with Russian assistance.<ref name="et" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kulkarni|first=Sushant|date=2021-03-05|title=DRDO successfully tests SFDR technology for missiles|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/drdo-successfully-tests-ramjet-technology-to-help-develop-long-range-missiles-7215607/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-05|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Ground-based testing of the missile started in 2017.<ref name="drdo" /> | ||