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{{Infobox Settlement
{{Short description|State in Eastern India}}
<!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage-->
{{pp-protected|small=yes}}
|official_name          = Orissa
{{Pp-move-indef|small=yes}}
|other_name            =
{{pp-pc}}
|native_name            = ଓଡ଼ିଶା<!-- for cities whose native name is not in English -->
{{for|the flowering plant|Odisha cleistantha}}
|nickname              =
{{redirect|Orissa|other uses|Orissa (disambiguation)}}
|settlement_type        = State of [[India]]
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2020}}
|motto                  =
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
|image_skyline          = Puri Jagannadh Swamy Temple.jpg
{{Infobox settlement
|imagesize              =
| name                            = Odisha
|image_caption          = Jagannath Temple, Puri
| type                            = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
|image_flag            = Indian state flag of Odisha (proposed).jpg
| image_blank_emblem              =  
|flag_size              = 150px
| anthem                          = [[Bande Utkala Janani]]<br />(''I Adore Thee, O Mother Utkala!'')
|flag_link              = Flag of Odisha
| blank_emblem_size              = 100px
|image_seal            =
| blank_emblem_type              = [[Emblem of Odisha|Emblem]]
|seal_size              =
| image_seal                      = Seal of Odisha.png
|seal_link              =
| seal_size                      = 150px
|image_shield          =
| seal_type                      = [[Emblem of Odisha|Emblem]]
|shield_size            =
| image_skyline                  = {{Photomontage
|shield_link            =
| photo1a      = The sun temple at konark.jpg
|city_logo              =
| photo1b      = Habalikhati Beach at Bhitarkanika.jpg
|citylogo_size          =
| photo2a      = Gundichaghagi Waterfall, Keonjhar During monsoons.png
|logo_link              =
| photo2b      = Mukteswar.JPG
|image_map              = Orissa in India (disputed hatched).svg
| photo3a      = Shri Jagannatha Temple.jpg
|mapsize                =
| photo3b      = Sunrise at Bhitarakanika.jpg
|map_caption            = A map showing us where the location of Orissa is in the Republic of India
| photo4a      = 1 Mahanadi River near Satkosia Tiger Reserve Tikarpara India 2012.jpg
|image_map1            = India Orissa location map.svg
| photo4b      = BuddhaStupaDhauliGiri.jpg
|mapsize1              =
| photo5a      = Rajarani Temple 2.jpg
|map_caption1          = Map of Orissa
| photo5b      = Chilika lake puri.jpg
|image_dot_map          =
| position      = centre of india
|dot_mapsize            =
| spacing                  = 2
|dot_map_caption        =
| color_border          = black
|dot_x = |dot_y =
| color                    = black
|pushpin_map            =
| size                      = 300
|pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none -->
}}
|pushpin_map_caption    =
| image_caption                  = ''Clockwise from top:'' Habalikhati Beach, [[Mukteshvara Temple, Bhubaneswar|Mukteshvara Temple]], [[Bhitarkanika National Park]], [[Dhauli]], [[Chilika Lake]], [[Rajarani Temple]], [[Mahanadi]], [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple]], Gundichaghagi Waterfall, [[Konark Sun Temple]]
|pushpin_mapsize        =
| image_map                      = IN-OR.svg
| subdivision_type       = Country
| coordinates                    = {{coord|20.27|85.82|region:IN-OR_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_name       = {{flag|India}}
| coor_pinpoint                  = Bhubaneswar
| subdivision_type1      = [[Regions of India|Region]]
| coordinates_footnotes          =  
| subdivision_name1      = [[East India]]
| subdivision_type               = Country
|subdivision_type3      =
| subdivision_name               = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_name3      =
| established_title              = Statehood
|subdivision_type4      =
| established_date                = 1 April 1936 <br />([[Odisha Day]])
|subdivision_name4      =
| parts_type                      = [[List of districts in India|Districts]]
|government_footnotes   =
| parts_style                    = para
|government_type        =
| p1                              = [[List of districts of Odisha|30]]
| leader_title           = [[Governors of Orissa|Governor]]
| seat_type                      = Capital and<br />Largest city
| leader_name             =
| seat                            = [[Bhubaneswar]]<ref name=CitiesAbove100,000>{{cite web |title=Cities having population 1 lakh and above, Census 2011 |publisher=[[Government of India]] |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2-vol2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |access-date=2 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141125040030/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2-vol2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |archive-date=25 November 2014 |url-status=live  }}</ref>
| leader_title1           = [[Chief Ministers of Orissa|Chief&nbsp;Minister]]
| seat1_type                      =  
| leader_name1           =
| seat1                          =  
| leader_title2           = [[Legislature of Orissa|Legislature]]
| government_footnotes           =  
| leader_name2           = [[Unicameral]] ({{ref|leg|*}} seats)
| governing_body                  = {{nowrap|[[Government of Odisha]]}}
|leader_title3         =
| leader_title                   = [[List of governors of Odisha|Governor]]
|leader_name3           =
| leader_name                     = [[Ganeshi Lal]]
|leader_title4         =
| leader_title1                   = [[List of chief ministers of Odisha|Chief&nbsp;Minister]]
|leader_name4           =
| leader_name1                   = [[Naveen Patnaik]]
| established_title      = Established
| leader_title2                   = [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Legislature]]
| established_date        =
| leader_name2                   = [[Unicameralism|Unicameral]] ([[List of constituencies of the Odisha Legislative Assembly|147 seats]])
|established_title2    = <!-- Incorporated (town) -->
| leader_title3                   = [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Parliamentary constituency]]
|established_date2      =
| leader_name3                   = [[Lok Sabha]] ([[List of members of the 17th Lok Sabha#Odisha|21 seats]])<br />[[Rajya Sabha]] ([[List of Rajya Sabha members from Odisha|10 seats]])
|established_title3    = <!-- Incorporated (city) -->
| leader_title4                   = [[High courts of India|High Court]]
|established_date3      =
| leader_name4                   = [[Orissa High Court]]
|area_magnitude        =
| unit_pref                      = Metric<!-- or US or UK -->
|unit_pref              = <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired-->
| area_footnotes                  =
|area_footnotes        =
| area_total_km2                  = 155,707
|area_total_km2        = 155820 <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion-->
| area_note                      =  
|area_land_km2         =
| area_rank                      = [[List of states and union territories of India by area|8th]]
|area_water_km2        =
| elevation_footnotes            =  
|area_total_sq_mi      =
| elevation_m                    =  
|area_land_sq_mi        =
| population_footnotes            =  
|area_water_sq_mi      =
| population_total                = 41974218<ref name="CensusIndia2011PCA12018"/>
|area_water_percent    =
| population_as_of                = 2011
|area_urban_km2        =
| population_rank                = 11th
|area_urban_sq_mi      =
| population_density_km2         = auto
|area_metro_km2         =
| population_note                =  
|area_metro_sq_mi      =
| population_demonym              = [[Odia people|Odia]]
|area_blank1_title      =
| GDP Nominal                    =  
|area_blank1_km2        =
| timezone1                      = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|area_blank1_sq_mi      =
| utc_offset1                    = +05:30
|population_as_of                = 2011
| iso_code                        = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-OR]]
|population_footnotes            =
| demographics_type1              = GDP {{nobold|(2019–20)}}
|population_note                 =
| demographics1_footnotes         = <ref name="MOSPI">{{cite web|url=https://www.prsindia.org/parliamenttrack/budgets/odisha-budget-analysis-2020-21|title=Odisha Budget analysis|date=18 February 2020|website=PRS India|access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref>
|population_total                = 41,947,358
| demographics1_title1            = [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP|Total]]
|population_density_km2          =
| demographics1_info1            = {{INRConvert|533822|c}}
|population_density_sq_mi        =
| demographics1_title2            = [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita|Per capita]]
|population_metro               =
| demographics1_info2            = {{INRConvert|116614}}
|population_density_metro_km2    =
| blank_name_sec2                = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] {{nobold|(2018)}}
|population_density_metro_sq_mi  =
| blank_info_sec2                 = {{increase}} 0.606<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/?interpolation=0&extrapolation=0&nearest_real=0|title=Sub-national HDI – Subnational HDI – Global Data Lab|website=globaldatalab.org|access-date=2020-04-17}}</ref><br />{{color|#FFA500|medium}} · [[List of Indian states and union territories by Human Development Index|32nd]]
|population_urban                =
| blank1_name_sec2               = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
|population_density_urban_km2    =
| blank1_info_sec2                = 73.45%<ref name=CensusLiteracy>{{cite web |title=State of Literacy |website=[[Census of India]] |page=110 |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter6.pdf |access-date=5 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706191931/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter6.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2015 |url-status=live  }}</ref>
|population_density_urban_sq_mi  =
| blank2_name_sec2                = {{nowrap|[[Official language]]}}
|population_blank1_title        =
| blank2_info_sec2               = [[Odia language|Odia]]<ref name=nclmanurep2010>{{cite web |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 47th report (July 2008 to June 2010) |pages=122–126 |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf |access-date=16 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513161847/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2012 }}</ref><!--PLEASE DO NOT ADD "HINDI" OR "ENGLISH" HERE WITHOUT A REFERENCE, OR ELSE IT WILL BE REMOVED-->
|population_blank1              =
| website                        = {{URL|www.odisha.gov.in/}}
|population_density_blank1_km2  =
| module                          = {{Infobox place symbols|embedded=yes
|population_density_blank1_sq_mi =
| region  = Odisha
|population_demonym              =
| country  = India
|timezone               = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| flag     =  
|utc_offset              = +05:30
| emblem  =  [[Emblem of Odisha]]
|timezone_DST            =
| song    = [[Bande Utkala Janani]]
|utc_offset_DST          =
| dance    = [[File:Odissi Performance DS.jpg|50px|left]] [[Odissi]]
|latd  = |latm  = |lats  = |latNS  =
| mammal  = [[File:Sambhar deer.jpg|50px|left]] [[Sambar deer|Sambar]]<ref name="Orissareview"/>
|longd = |longm = |longs = |longEW =
| bird    = [[File:Indian roller (Coracias benghalensis) Photograph by Shantanu Kuveskar.jpg|50px|left]] [[Indian roller]]<ref name="The Times of India 2017">{{cite web | title=Palapitta: How a mindless dasara ritual is killing our state bird palapitta – Hyderabad News | website=The Times of India | date=29 September 2017 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/how-a-mindless-dasara-ritual-is-killing-our-state-bird-palapitta/articleshow/60872593.cms | access-date=7 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{citation | url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/apr2005/englishpdf/bluelay.pdf |title=Blue Jay |publisher= Orissa Review |date= 2005}}</ref>
|coordinates_display=yes
| flower  = [[File:Sita-Ashok (Saraca asoca) flowers in Kolkata W IMG 4146.jpg|50px|left]] [[Saraca asoca|Ashoka]]<ref name="Orissareview"/>
|elevation_footnotes     =
| tree    = [[File:Ficus religiosa Bo.jpg|50px|left]] [[Ficus religiosa|Sacred Fig]]<ref name="Orissareview">{{citation | url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/apr2005/englishpdf/bluelay.pdf |title=Blue Jay |publisher= Orissa Review |page= 87 |date= 2005}}</ref><ref>{{citation | url=http://rprcbbsr.in/View/Downloads/Ficusreligiosa18_11_2014.pdf |title=Pipal(Ficus religiosa) – The State Tree of Odisha |publisher= RPRC |date= 2014}}</ref>
|elevation_m            =
| fish    = [[File:Tor tor - Hamilton. Illustration by Haludar.jpg|50px|left]] [[Tor tor|Mahanadi mahseer]]<ref>{{cite web|title=State Fishes of India|url=http://nfdb.gov.in/PDF/Fish%20&%20Fisheries%20of%20India/2.State%20Fishes%20of%20India.pdf|publisher=National Fisheries Development Board, Government of India|access-date=25 December 2020}}</ref>
|elevation_ft            =
| food    = [[File:Pakhala bhat.jpg|50px|left]] [[Pakhala]]
|postal_code_type      = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... -->
| sweet    = [[File:Rasgullas.JPG|50px|left]] [[Rasgulla|Rasagola]]
|postal_code            =
|area_code              =
|blank_name            = Official languages
|blank_info            = [[Oriya language|Oriya]]{{,}}[[English language|English]]
|blank1_name            =
|blank1_info            =
|website                =
|footnotes              = {{note|leg|*}}
}}
}}
''Odisha,'' formerly '''Orissa''', is a state in Eastern [[Republic of India|India]], with an area of {{convert|60,162|mi2}},<ref>{{Cite web|title=Topography, Odisha State Government|url=https://odisha.gov.in/odisha-profile/topography|url-status=live|access-date=}}</ref> and population of almost 42 million.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Orissa Population Sex Ratio in Orissa Literacy rate Odissa 2011-2021|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/orissa.html|access-date=2021-02-19|website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> [[Oriya language|Oriya or Odia]] is the most widely spoken language in the state and is used on an official basis alongside [[English language|English]], other languages which are widely spoken include [[Hindi]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Languages in Odisha|url=https://www.toursorissa.com/languages-in-odisha/|access-date=2021-02-19|website=Tours Orissa|language=en-US}}</ref> Chilika lake which is located in Odisha is the largest migratory birds on the Indian subcontinent. Odisha is the 8th largest Indian State and the 11th most populous.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Census, 2011|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/PCA_Highlights/pca_highlights_file/India/Chapter-1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The capital city is [[Bhubaneshwar|Bhubaneswar]], and other major cities in the state are [[Cuttack]], Sambalpur, and [[Rourkela]]. Odisha is bordered by the states of [[West Bengal]] to the north east, [[Jharkhand]] to the north west, [[Chhattisgarh]] to the west, [[Andhra Pradesh]] to the south, and has a 482km coastline along the [[Bay of Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Land and People, Odisha State Government|url=https://odisha.gov.in/odisha-profile/land-and-people|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
'''Odisha''' (<small>English</small>: {{IPAc-en|ə|ˈ|d|ɪ|s|ə}},<ref>{{lexico|Odisha}}</ref> {{IPA-or|oɽiˈsa|lang|Or-ଓଡ଼ିଶା.oga}}), formerly '''Orissa''' ({{IPAc-en|ɒ|ˈ|r|ɪ|s|ə|,_|ɔː|-|,_|oʊ|-}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Jones |first=Daniel |author-link=Daniel Jones (phonetician) |editor1-last=Roach |editor1-first=Peter |editor2-last=Hartmann |editor2-first=James |editor3-last=Setter |editor3-first=Jane |year=2003 |orig-year=1917 |title=English Pronouncing Dictionary |publisher=Cambridge University Press |place=Cambridge |isbn=3-12-539683-2}}</ref>), is an [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] located in [[East India|Eastern India]]. It is the [[List of states and union territories of India by area|8th largest state by area]], and the [[List of states and union territories of India by population|11th largest by population]]. The state has the third largest population of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stscodisha.gov.in/Aboutus.asp?GL=abt&PL=1|title=ST & SC Development, Minorities & Backward Classes Welfare Department:: Government of Odisha|website=stscodisha.gov.in|access-date=10 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901131912/http://www.stscodisha.gov.in/Aboutus.asp?GL=abt&PL=1|archive-date=1 September 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> It neighbours the states of [[West Bengal]] and [[Jharkhand]] to the north, [[Chhattisgarh]] to the west, [[Andhra Pradesh]] to the south, and a very negligible border with [[Telangana]] to the southwest. Odisha has a coastline of {{convert|485|km}} along the [[Bay of Bengal]].<ref name=CoastalSecurity>{{cite web |title=Coastal security |publisher=[[Odisha Police]] |url=http://odishapolice.gov.in/?q=node/163 |access-date=1 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206043803/http://odishapolice.gov.in/?q=node%2F163 |archive-date=6 February 2015 |url-status=live  }}</ref> The region is also known as '''Utkala''' and is mentioned in India's national anthem, "[[Jana Gana Mana]]".<ref name=NationalAnthem>{{cite web|title=The National Anthem of India|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urduhindilinks/txt_janaganamana.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124230152/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urduhindilinks/txt_janaganamana.pdf|url-status=live|archive-date=24 January 2012|publisher=[[Columbia University]]|access-date=1 February 2015}}</ref> The language of Odisha is [[Odia language|Odia]], which is one of the [[Languages of India#Classical|Classical Languages of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/cabinet-approved-odia-as-classical-language-1392954604-1|title=Cabinet approved Odia as Classical Language|date=21 February 2014}}</ref>
 
The ancient kingdom of [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]], which was invaded by the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan]] emperor [[Ashoka]] (which was again won back from them by king [[Kharavela]]) in 261 BCE resulting in the [[Kalinga War]], coincides with the borders of modern-day Odisha.<ref name=GovHistory>{{cite web|title=Detail History of Orissa|url=http://www.orissa.gov.in/history1.htm|publisher=[[Government of Odisha]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061112195307/http://www.orissa.gov.in/history1.htm|archive-date=12 November 2006}}</ref> The modern boundaries of Odisha were demarcated by the [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British Indian]] government when [[Orissa Province]] was established on 1 April 1936, consisting of the Odia-speaking districts of [[Bihar and Orissa Province]].<ref name=GovHistory /> The first of April is celebrated as [[Odisha Day|Utkala Dibasa]].<ref name=FlavoursOfOdisha>{{cite news|title=Utkala Dibasa hails colours, flavours of Odisha|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Utkala-Dibasa-hails-colours-flavours-of-Odisha/articleshow/33095967.cms|access-date=1 February 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708211533/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Utkala-Dibasa-hails-colours-flavours-of-Odisha/articleshow/33095967.cms|archive-date=8 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Cuttack]] was made the capital of the region by [[Anantavarman Chodaganga]] in {{circa|1135}},<ref name="Chakraborty1985">{{cite book|author=Rabindra Nath Chakraborty|title=National Integration in Historical Perspective: A Cultural Regeneration in Eastern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PItbvfAvVggC&pg=PA17|access-date=30 November 2012|year=1985|publisher=Mittal Publications|pages=17–|id=GGKEY:CNFHULBK119|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515095045/http://books.google.com/books?id=PItbvfAvVggC&pg=PA17|archive-date=15 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> after which the city was used as the capital by many rulers, through the British era until 1948. Thereafter, [[Bhubaneswar]] became the capital of Odisha.<ref name="Kalia1994">{{cite book|author=Ravi Kalia|title=Bhubaneswar: From a Temple Town to a Capital City|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2YSPiKbmHkC&pg=PA23|access-date=2 February 2015|year=1994|publisher=SIU Press|isbn=978-0-8093-1876-6|page=23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105110847/https://books.google.com/books?id=F2YSPiKbmHkC&pg=PA23|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
The economy of Odisha is the 16th-largest state [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP|economy]] in India with {{INRConvert|5.33|lc}} in gross domestic product and a per capita GDP of {{INRConvert|116614}}.<ref name="MOSPI">{{cite web|url=https://www.prsindia.org/parliamenttrack/budgets/odisha-budget-analysis-2020-21|title=Odisha Budget analysis|date=18 February 2020|website=PRS India|access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref> Odisha ranks [[List of Indian states and union territories by Human Development Index|32nd]] among Indian states in [[Human Development Index]].<ref name="snhdi-gdl">{{cite web |title=Sub-national HDI – Area Database |url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |website=Global Data Lab |publisher=Institute for Management Research, Radboud University |access-date=25 September 2018  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |archive-date=23 September 2018 |url-status=live  }}</ref>
 
== Etymology ==
{{See also|History of Odisha#Historical names of Odisha}}
The term "Odisha/Orissa" ({{Lang-or|ଓଡ଼ିଶା}}) is derived from the ancient [[Prakrit]] word  ''"Odda Visaya"'' (also "''Udra Bibhasha''" or "''Odra Bibhasha''") as in the [[Tirumalai (Jain complex)|Tirumalai]] inscription of [[Rajendra Chola I]], which is dated to 1025.<ref name=orissareview>{{cite book|last1=Patel|first1=C.B|title=Origin and Evolution of the Name ODISA|date=April 2010|publisher=I&PR Department, Government of Odisha|location=Bhubaneswar|pages=28, 29, 30|url=http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2010/April/engpdf/28-30.pdf|access-date=19 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619163833/http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2010/April/engpdf/28-30.pdf|archive-date=19 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Sarala Das]], who translated the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' into the [[Odia language]] in the 15th century, calls the region 'Odra Rashtra' as Odisha. The inscriptions of [[Kapilendra Deva]] of the [[Gajapati Kingdom]] (1435–67) on the walls of temples in [[Puri]] call the region ''Odisha'' or ''Odisha Rajya''.<ref name="Acharya2008">{{cite book|author=Pritish Acharya|title=National Movement and Politics in Orissa, 1920–1929|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LoaHAwAAQBAJ&pg=PR19|access-date=3 February 2015|date=11 March 2008|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-81-321-0001-0|page=19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105110846/https://books.google.com/books?id=LoaHAwAAQBAJ&pg=PR19|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
In 2011 the English rendering of {{Lang-or|ଓଡ଼ିଶା|label=none}} was changed from "Orissa" to "Odisha", and the name of its language from "Oriya" to "Odia", by the passage of the ''Orissa (Alteration of Name) Bill, 2010'' and the ''Constitution (113th Amendment) Bill, 2010'' in the [[Indian Parliament|Parliament]]. The Hindi rendering {{Lang-hi|उड़ीसा|label=none}} (''uṛīsa'') was also modified to {{Lang-hi|ओड़िशा|label=none}} (''oḍisha''). After a brief debate, the lower house, [[Lok Sabha]], passed the bill and amendment on 9 November 2010.<ref name=AmidClashBillPass>{{cite news|title=Amid clash, House passes Bills to rename Orissa, its language|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/amid-clash-house-passes-bills-to-rename-orissa-its-language/article876145.ece|access-date=2 February 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=9 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017164642/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/amid-clash-house-passes-bills-to-rename-orissa-its-language/article876145.ece|archive-date=17 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> On 24 March 2011, [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house of [[Parliament]], also passed the bill and the amendment.<ref name=ChangeOrissaName>{{cite news|title=Parliament passes bill to change Orissa's name|url=http://www.ndtv.com/bhubaneshwar-news/parliament-passes-bill-to-change-orissas-name-451027|access-date=2 February 2015|publisher=[[NDTV]]|date=24 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203144151/http://www.ndtv.com/bhubaneshwar-news/parliament-passes-bill-to-change-orissas-name-451027|archive-date=3 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The changes in spelling was made so that English and Hindi would conform to Odia transcription.<ref>{{cite news|title=Orissa wants to change its name to Odisha|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2008/jun/10orissa.htm|access-date=23 June 2020|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=10 June 2008}}</ref>
 
== History ==
{{Main|History of Odisha|Historic sites in Odisha}}
[[File:The Specific Angel of Lingaraj Temple, Bhubaneswar.jpg|thumb|200px|left|[[Lingaraja Temple]] built by the Somavanshi king Jajati Keshari]]
Prehistoric [[Acheulian]] tools dating to [[Lower Paleolithic]] era have been discovered in various places in the region, implying an early settlement by humans.<ref name=Ghosh2012>{{cite book|title=An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology|year=1990|publisher=BRILL|page=24|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wba-EZhZcfgC&q=Acheulian%20orissa&pg=PA25|author=Amalananda Ghosh|isbn=9004092641|access-date=29 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105110846/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wba-EZhZcfgC&lpg=PA25&ots=zRfcBno4vb&dq=Acheulian%20orissa&pg=PA25#v=onepage&q=Acheulian%20orissa&f=false|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Kalinga has been mentioned in ancient texts like ''[[Mahabharata]]'', ''[[Vayu Purana]]'' and ''Mahagovinda Suttanta''.<ref name=sonofvaruna>{{cite book|title=An Introduction to Epic Philosophy: Epic Period, History, Literature, Pantheon, Philosophy, Traditions, and Mythology, Volume 3|year=2004|publisher=Genesis Publishing|page=784|isbn=9788177558814|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uwHj-Z-dMcsC&q=Srutayudha&pg=PA784|editor=Subodh Kapoor|access-date=10 November 2012|quote=Finally Srutayudha, a valiant hero, was son Varuna and of the river Parnasa.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105110847/https://books.google.com/books?id=uwHj-Z-dMcsC&lpg=PA784&dq=Srutayudha&pg=PA784#v=onepage&q&f=false|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=vayu>{{cite book|title=Cultural History from the Vāyu Purāna|year=1946|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Pub.|page=46|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jmnm-smZm6oC&q=bali%20sudesna&pg=PA46|author=Devendrakumar Rajaram Patil|isbn=9788120820852|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105110846/https://books.google.com/books?id=Jmnm-smZm6oC&lpg=PA46&dq=bali%20sudesna&pg=PA46#v=onepage&q=bali%20sudesna&f=false|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Sabar people]] of Odisha have also been mentioned in the Mahabharata.<ref name=DanceBow>{{cite web|title=Dance bow (1965.3.5)|url=http://web.prm.ox.ac.uk/weapons/index.php/tour-by-region/asia/asia/arms-and-armour-asia-141/index.html|publisher=[[Pitt Rivers Museum]]|access-date=4 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202160400/http://web.prm.ox.ac.uk/weapons/index.php/tour-by-region/asia/asia/arms-and-armour-asia-141/index.html|archive-date=2 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Pati2008">{{cite book|author=Rabindra Nath Pati|title=Family Planning|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_5seKkk3GkIC&pg=PA97|access-date=2 February 2015|date=1 January 2008|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-313-0352-8|page=97|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105110846/https://books.google.com/books?id=_5seKkk3GkIC&pg=PA97|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Baudhayana sutras|Baudhayana]] mentions Kalinga as not yet being influenced by [[Vedic]] traditions, implying it followed mostly tribal traditions.<ref name="Chatterjee1998">{{cite book|author=Suhas Chatterjee|title=Indian Civilization And Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KItocaxbibUC&pg=PA68|access-date=11 February 2013|date=1 January 1998|publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-7533-083-2|page=68|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515091723/http://books.google.com/books?id=KItocaxbibUC&pg=PA68|archive-date=15 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Hathigumpha.JPG|thumb|200px|right|[[Hathigumpha inscription|Hathigumpha]] on the [[Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves|Udayagiri Hills]] built in {{Circa|{{BCE|150}}}}]]
[[File:Shanti Stupa, Dhauli 01.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Dhauli|Shanti Stupa at Dhauli]] is the location where [[Kalinga War]] was fought in {{Circa|{{BCE|260}}}}]]
[[Ashoka]] of the [[Mauryan]] dynasty conquered Kalinga in the bloody [[Kalinga War]] in 261 BCE,<ref name=ashoka>{{cite book|title=A History of India|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|page=66|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPVq3ykHyH4C&q=ashoka%20261%20BC%20history&pg=PA66|author=Hermann Kulke|author2=Dietmar Rothermund|isbn=9780415329194|access-date=12 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105110846/https://books.google.com/books?id=TPVq3ykHyH4C&lpg=PA66&dq=ashoka%20261%20BC%20history&pg=PA66#v=onepage&q=ashoka%20261%20BC%20history&f=false|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> which was the eighth year of his reign.<ref name="Radhakumud1995">{{cite book|author=Mookerji Radhakumud|title=Asoka|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uXyftdtE1ygC&pg=PA214|access-date=6 August 2015|year=1995|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0582-8|page=214|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105110846/https://books.google.com/books?id=uXyftdtE1ygC&pg=PA214|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> According to his own [[edicts]], in that war about 100,000 people were killed, 150,000 were captured and more were affected.<ref name=ashoka /> The resulting bloodshed and suffering of the war is said to have deeply affected Ashoka. He turned into a pacifist and converted to Buddhism.<ref name="Radhakumud1995" /><ref name="Sen1999">{{cite book|author=Sailendra Nath Sen|title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA153|access-date=6 August 2015|date=1 January 1999|publisher=New Age International|isbn=978-81-224-1198-0|page=153|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105110846/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA153|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
By c. 150 BCE, emperor [[Kharavela]], who was possibly a contemporary of [[Demetrius I of Bactria]],<ref name="Texas2006">{{cite book|author=Austin Patrick Olivelle Alma Cowden Madden Centennial Professor in Liberal Arts University of Texas|title=Between the Empires : Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=efaOR_-YsIcC&pg=PA78|access-date=3 February 2015|date=19 June 2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-977507-1|page=78|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105110846/https://books.google.com/books?id=efaOR_-YsIcC&pg=PA78|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> conquered a major part of the Indian sub-continent. Kharavela was a [[Jain]] ruler. He also built the monastery atop the [[Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves|Udayagiri]] hill.<ref name="Reddy2006">{{cite book|author=Reddy|title=Indian Hist (Opt)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CeEmpfmbxKEC&pg=SL1-PA253|access-date=3 February 2015|date=1 December 2006|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=978-0-07-063577-7|page=A254|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105110846/https://books.google.com/books?id=CeEmpfmbxKEC&pg=SL1-PA253|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Subsequently, the region was ruled by monarchs, such as [[Samudragupta]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Indian History|year = 1988|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MazdaWXQFuQC&pg=PA74|access-date=3 February 2015|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-81-8424-568-4|page=74|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105110846/https://books.google.com/books?id=MazdaWXQFuQC&pg=PA74|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Shashanka]].<ref name="Davidson2013">{{cite book|author=Ronald M. Davidson|title=Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nwyeIyWTlEMC&pg=PT60|access-date=3 February 2015|date=13 August 2013|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-50102-6|page=60|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105110846/https://books.google.com/books?id=nwyeIyWTlEMC&pg=PT60|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> It was also a part of [[Harsha]]'s empire.<ref name="Majumdar1996">{{cite book|author=R. C. Majumdar|title=Outline of the History of Kalinga|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LNCcpkqesJ0C&pg=PA28|access-date=3 February 2015|year=1996|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-1194-8|page=28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105110846/https://books.google.com/books?id=LNCcpkqesJ0C&pg=PA28|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
The city of [[Brahmapur, Odisha|Brahmapur]] in Odisha is also known to have been the capital of the [[Pauravas]] during the closing years of 4th Century CE. Nothing was heard from the Pauravas from about the 3rd Century CE, because they were annexed by the [[Yaudheya|Yaudheya Republic]], who in turn submitted to the [[Mauryans]]. It was only at the end of 4th century CE, that they established royalty at Brahmapur, after about 700 years.
 
Later, the kings of the [[Somavaṃśī dynasty|Somavamsi]] dynasty began to unite the region. By the reign of Yayati II, c. 1025 CE, they had integrated the region into a single kingdom. Yayati II is supposed to have built the [[Lingaraj temple]] at [[Bhubaneswar]].<ref name=GovHistory /> They were replaced by the [[Eastern Ganga dynasty]]. Notable rulers of the dynasty were [[Anantavarman Chodaganga]], who began re-construction on the present-day Shri [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple]] in [[Puri]] (c. 1135), and [[Narasimhadeva I]], who constructed the [[Konark temple]] (c. 1250).<ref name="Dalal2014">{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|title=The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=87k0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT559|access-date=3 February 2015|date=18 April 2014|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-81-8475-396-7|page=559|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105110846/https://books.google.com/books?id=87k0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT559|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="IndianHistory">{{cite book|title=Indian History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X4j7Nf_MU24C&pg=SL2-PA3|access-date=3 May 2013|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=978-0-07-132923-1|page=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101141813/http://books.google.com/books?id=X4j7Nf_MU24C&pg=SL2-PA3|archive-date=1 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
The Eastern Ganga Dynasty was followed by the [[Gajapati Kingdom]].  The region resisted integration into the [[Mughal empire]] until 1568, when it was conquered by [[Sultanate of Bengal]].<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-93-80607-34-4 |pages=121–122}}</ref> Mukunda Deva, who is considered the last independent king of Kalinga, was defeated and was killed in battle by a rebel Ramachandra Bhanja. Ramachandra Bhanja himself was killed by [[Bayazid Khan Karrani]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Orissa General Knowledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hMCbjkhA_ncC&pg=PA27|access-date=3 February 2015|publisher=Bright Publications|isbn=978-81-7199-574-5|page=27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105110846/https://books.google.com/books?id=hMCbjkhA_ncC&pg=PA27|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1591, [[Man Singh I]], then governor of [[Bihar]], led an army to take Odisha from the [[List of rulers of Bengal#Karrani dynasty (Mughal vassals)|Karranis of Bengal]]. They agreed to treaty because their leader Qutlu Khan Lohani had recently died. But, they then broke the treaty by attacking the temple town of [[Puri]]. Man Singh returned in 1592 and pacified the region.<ref name="O'malley2007">{{cite book|author=L.S.S. O'Malley|title=Bengal District Gazetteer : Puri|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pwD0-YV2LCYC&pg=PA33|access-date=3 February 2015|date=1 January 2007|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7268-138-8|page=33|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105110847/https://books.google.com/books?id=pwD0-YV2LCYC&pg=PA33|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>


Modern-day Odisha falls under the boundaries of the ancient kingdom of Kalinga in the 3rd Century BCE, and the state is still sometimes referred to as Kalinga. Odisha is also known as Utkal, and is mentioned in the Indian National Anthem, [[Jana Gana Mana]], under this name. The Orissa province was founded on the 1st April 1936, and the anniversary of this is celebrated as ''Utkal Dibas'' throughout the state. The state was created on the basis of the Odia language, encompassing the native speakers of the language.
In 1751, the Nawab of Bengal [[Alivardi Khan]] ceded the region to the [[Maratha Empire]].<ref name=GovHistory />


Popular tourist destinations in Odisha include the Konark Sun Temple, the Udayagiri and Khandagiri caves, the Puri Jagannath Temple, and Chilika Lake. Odisha has a rich culture, the Odissi classical dance form originates from the state and Odia cuisine is well-renowned for its seafood dishes and desserts. Odisha has successfully hosted several sports events as Asian Junior Women's Rugby Tournament, the 22nd Asian Athletics Championship, and the Men's Hockey World Cup in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Odisha aspiration to be India's sports hub crystallises|url=https://www.statesman.com}}</ref>
The [[British India|British]] had occupied the [[Northern Circars]], comprising the southern coast of Odisha, as a result of the [[Carnatic Wars|Second Carnatic War]] by 1760, and incorporated them into the [[Madras Presidency]] gradually.<ref name="Sen2010">{{cite book|author=Sailendra Nath Sen|title=An Advanced History of Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bXWiACEwPR8C&pg=PA9|access-date=3 February 2015|year=2010|publisher=Macmillan India|isbn=978-0-230-32885-3|page=32|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105110846/https://books.google.com/books?id=bXWiACEwPR8C&pg=PA9|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1803, the British ousted the Marathas from the Puri-Cuttack region of Odisha during the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]]. The northern and western districts of Odisha were incorporated into the [[Bengal Presidency]].<ref name="Bandita1992">{{cite book|last=Devi|first=Bandita|title=Some Aspects of British Administration in Orissa, 1912–1936|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lBQQHizn788C&pg=PA14|date=January 1992|publisher=Academic Foundation|isbn=978-81-7188-072-0|page=14|access-date=5 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221202033/https://books.google.com/books?id=lBQQHizn788C&pg=PA14|archive-date=21 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>


Odisha is mostly inhabited by the Odia people, with [[Hinduism]] being the major religion in the state and [[Christianity|Christian]] and [[Islam|Muslim]] minorities.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-08-25|title=Indian Census 2001, Religion [archived]|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|url-status=live|access-date=2021-02-19|website=web.archive.org}}</ref> There is a large tribal population in Odisha, referred to as the ''adivasi'' people, they are the indigenous people and speak various tribal languages and follow traditional religions, although many have converted to Christianity. [[Jainism]] and [[Buddhism]] also have important histories in the state.
The [[Orissa famine of 1866]] caused an estimated 1 million deaths.<ref name="Dando2012">{{cite book|author=William A. Dando|title=Food and Famine in the 21st Century &#91;2 volumes&#93;|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R4cat-5-NeIC&pg=RA1-PA47|access-date=3 February 2015|date=13 February 2012|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-731-4|page=47|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105110846/https://books.google.com/books?id=R4cat-5-NeIC&pg=RA1-PA47|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Following this, large-scale [[irrigation]] projects were undertaken.<ref name="SamalNayak1996">{{cite book|author1=J. K. Samal|author2=Pradip Kumar Nayak|title=Makers of Modern Orissa: Contributions of Some Leading Personalities of Orissa in the 2nd Half of the 19th Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ewpJNpCLJgC&pg=PA32|access-date=3 February 2015|date=1 January 1996|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-322-9|page=32|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105110847/https://books.google.com/books?id=3ewpJNpCLJgC&pg=PA32|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>  In 1903, the [[Utkal Sammilani]] organisation was founded to demand the unification of [[Odia language|Odia]]-speaking regions into one state.<ref name="PADHY2011">{{cite book|author=K.S. Padhy|title=Indian Political Thought|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sZVopB0GNPQC&pg=PA287|access-date=3 February 2015|date=30 July 2011|publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-203-4305-4|page=287|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105110846/https://books.google.com/books?id=sZVopB0GNPQC&pg=PA287|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> On 1 April 1912, the [[Bihar and Orissa Province]] was formed.<ref name="Jha2003">{{cite book|author=Usha Jha|title=Land, Labour, and Power: Agrarian Crisis and the State in Bihar (1937–52)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lHAMkZGI_OoC&pg=PA246|access-date=3 February 2015|date=1 January 2003|publisher=Aakar Books|isbn=978-81-87879-07-7|page=246|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105110846/https://books.google.com/books?id=lHAMkZGI_OoC&pg=PA246|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> On 1 April 1936, [[Bihar]] and Orissa were split into separate provinces.<ref name="Devi1992">{{cite book|author=Bandita Devi|title=Some Aspects of British Administration in Orissa, 1912–1936|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lBQQHizn788C&pg=PA214|access-date=3 February 2015|date=1 January 1992|publisher=Academic Foundation|isbn=978-81-7188-072-0|page=214|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105110846/https://books.google.com/books?id=lBQQHizn788C&pg=PA214|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The new [[Orissa Province|province of Orissa]] came into existence on a linguistic basis during the British rule in India, with Sir John Austen Hubback as the first governor.<ref name="Devi1992" /><ref name=Hubback>{{cite news|title=Hubback's memoirs: First Governor Of State Reserved Tone Of Mild Contempt For Indians|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101129/jsp/orissa/story_13234116.jsp|access-date=3 February 2015|work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]|date=29 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204200041/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101129/jsp/orissa/story_13234116.jsp|archive-date=4 February 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Following [[India's independence]], on 15 August 1947, 27 [[princely state]]s signed the document to join Orissa.<ref name="Krishna2007">{{cite book|author=B. Krishna|title=India's Bismarck, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sLr7z6gNcV0C&pg=PA243|access-date=3 February 2015|year=2007|publisher=Indus Source|isbn=978-81-88569-14-4|pages=243–244|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105110846/https://books.google.com/books?id=sLr7z6gNcV0C&pg=PA243|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Most of the [[Orissa Tributary States]], a group of princely states, acceded to Orissa in 1948, after the collapse of the [[Eastern States Union]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Merger of the Princely States of Odisha – History of Odisha|url=https://www.historyofodisha.in/merger-of-the-princely-states-of-odisha/|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-12}}</ref>


Biju Patnaik International Airport (BBI) is Odisha's only airport, and the state is well-connected by railways, and national highways. The current [[Chief Minister]] of the state is Naveen Patnaik. <gallery>
== Geography ==
Khandagiri caves ,odisha.jpg|Khandagiri
{{Main|Geography of Odisha}}
Temple-Jagannath.jpg|The Jagannath Temple in Puri
[[File:Chahata near mahanadi river.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Mahanadi]] river near Cuttack]]
Artistes performing Chhau dance.jpg|[[Chhau dance]].
Odisha lies between the latitudes 17.780N and 22.730N, and between longitudes 81.37E and 87.53E. The state has an area of 155,707&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>, which is 4.87% of total area of India, and a coastline of 450&nbsp;km.<ref name=GeographyKnowIndia>{{cite web|title=Geography of Odisha|url=http://www.archive.india.gov.in/knowindia/state_uts.php?id=81|website=Know India|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=3 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204220248/http://www.archive.india.gov.in/knowindia/state_uts.php?id=81|archive-date=4 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In the eastern part of the state lies the coastal plain. It extends from the [[Subarnarekha River]] in the north to the [[Rushikulya]] river in the south. The lake [[Chilika]] is part of the coastal plains. The plains are rich in fertile [[silt]] deposited by the six major rivers flowing into the [[Bay of Bengal]]: [[Subarnarekha river|Subarnarekha]], [[Budhabalanga]], [[Baitarani]], [[Brahmani River|Brahmani]], [[Mahanadi]] and [[Rushikulya]].<ref name=GeographyKnowIndia /> The [[Central Rice Research Institute]] (CRRI), a [[Food and Agriculture Organization]]-recognised rice [[gene bank]] and research institute, is situated on the banks of Mahanadi in [[Cuttack]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Cuttack |url=http://odisha.gov.in/ |publisher=[[Government of Odisha]] |access-date=6 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121206115854/http://odisha.gov.in//portal/ViewDetails.asp?vchglinkid=GL010&vchplinkid=PL066&vchslinkid=SL050 |archive-date=6 December 2012  }}</ref> The stretch between Puri and Bhadrak in Odisha juts out a little into the sea, making it vulnerable to any cyclonic activity.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dasgupta |first1=Alakananda |last2=Priyadarshini |first2=Subhra |title=Why Odisha is a sitting duck for extreme cyclones |journal=Nature India |date=29 May 2019 |doi=10.1038/nindia.2019.69 |doi-broken-date=31 October 2021 |url=https://www.natureasia.com/en/nindia/article/10.1038/nindia.2019.69}}</ref>
[[File:Mahanadi-river-delta.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Satellite view of the [[Mahanadi]] [[river delta]]]]
Three-quarters of the state is covered in mountain ranges. Deep and broad valleys have been made in them by rivers. These valleys have fertile soil and are densely populated. Odisha also has [[plateau]]s and [[Highland|rolling uplands]], which have lower elevation than the plateaus.<ref name=GeographyKnowIndia /> The [[List of Indian states and union territories by highest point|highest point in the state]] is [[Deomali (mountain)|Deomali]] at 1,672 metres in [[Koraput district]]. Some other high peaks are: Sinkaram (1,620&nbsp;m), Golikoda (1,617&nbsp;m), and Yendrika (1,582 metres).<ref>{{cite book|title=Socio-economic Profile of Rural India (series II).: Eastern India (Orissa, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fi_rz0_1ELUC&pg=PA73|access-date=4 February 2015|year=2011|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-723-4|page=73|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105110846/https://books.google.com/books?id=Fi_rz0_1ELUC&pg=PA73|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
=== Rehabilitation ===
876 families of East Pakistan displaced persons have been rehabilitated in Orissa up to 31 October 1958 <ref>https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1589/1/lsd_02_06_17-11-1958.pdf page 46</ref>
 
=== Climate ===
The state experiences four [[Season#Modern mid-latitude meteorological|meteorological seasons]]: [[Climate of India#Winter|winter]] (January to February), [[Climate of India#Summer|pre-monsoon season]] (March to May), [[Climate of India#Winter|south-west monsoon season]] (June to September) and [[October Heat|north east monsoon season]] (October–December). However, locally the year is divided into six traditional seasons (or ''[[Ritu (Indian season)|rutus]]''):  ''Grishma'' (summer), ''Barsha'' (rainy season), ''Sharata'' (autumn), ''Hemanta'' (dewy),''Sheeta''(winter season) and ''Basanta'' (spring).<ref name=GeographyKnowIndia />
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="13"|Mean Temp and Precipitation of Selected Weather Stations<ref>{{cite web|title=Monthly mean maximum & minimum temperature and total rainfall based upon 1901–2000 data |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/doc/climateimp.pdf |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=6 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413020426/http://www.imd.gov.in/doc/climateimp.pdf |archive-date=13 April 2015  }}</ref>
|-
!
!colspan="3"|Bhubaneswar<br />(1952–2000)
!colspan="3"|Balasore<br />(1901–2000)
!colspan="3"|Gopalpur<br />(1901–2000)
!colspan="3"|Sambalpur<br />(1901–2000)
|-
!
!Max (C)
!Min (C)
!Rainfall (mm)
!Max (C)
!Min (C)
!Rainfall (mm)
!Max (C)
!Min (C)
!Rainfall (mm)
!Max (C)
!Min (C)
!Rainfall (mm)
|-
|'''January'''||28.5||15.5||13.1||27.0||13.9||17.0||27.2||16.9||11.0||27.6||12.6||14.2
|-
|'''February'''||31.6||18.6||25.5||29.5||16.7||36.3||28.9||19.5||23.6||30.1||15.1||28.0
|-
|'''March'''||35.1||22.3||25.2||33.7||21.0||39.4||30.7||22.6||18.1||35.0||19.0||20.9
|-
|'''April'''||37.2||25.1||30.8||36.0||24.4||54.8||31.2||25.0||20.3||39.3||23.5||14.2
|-
|'''May'''||37.5||26.5||68.2||36.1||26.0||108.6||32.4||26.7||53.8||41.4||27.0||22.7
|-
|'''June'''||35.2||26.1||204.9||34.2||26.2||233.4||32.3||26.8||138.1||36.9||26.7||218.9
|-
|'''July'''||32.0||25.2||326.2||31.8||25.8||297.9||31.0||26.1||174.6||31.1||24.9||459.0
|-
|'''August'''||31.6||25.1||366.8||31.4||25.8||318.3||31.2||25.9||195.9||30.7||24.8||487.5
|-
|'''September'''||31.9||24.8||256.3||31.7||25.5||275.8||31.7||25.7||192.0||31.7||24.6||243.5
|-
|'''October'''||31.7||23.0||190.7||31.3||23.0||184.0||31.4||23.8||237.8||31.7||21.8||56.6
|-
|'''November'''||30.2||18.8||41.7||29.2||17.8||41.6||29.5||19.7||95.3||29.4||16.2||17.6
|-
|'''December'''||28.3||15.2||4.9||26.9||13.7||6.5||27.4||16.4||11.4||27.2||12.1||4.8
|}
 
=== Biodiversity ===
{{Main|Flora and fauna of Odisha|Forests in Odisha}}
 
According to a [[Forest Survey of India]] report released in 2012, Odisha has 48,903&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> of forests which cover 31.41% of the state's total area. The forests are classified into: dense forest (7,060&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>), medium dense forest (21,366&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>), open forest (forest without closed [[Canopy (biology)|canopy]]; 20,477&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>) and [[Shrubland|scrub forest]] (4,734&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>). The state also has [[bamboo forest]]s (10,518&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>) and [[mangrove]]s (221&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>). The state is losing its forests to [[Illegal logging|timber smuggling]], mining, industrialisation and [[grazing]]. There have been attempts at conservation and [[reforestation]].<ref name=ForrestCover>{{cite news|title=Study shows Odisha forest cover shrinking|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Study-shows-Odisha-forest-cover-shrinking/articleshow/11904659.cms|access-date=5 February 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017164642/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Study-shows-Odisha-forest-cover-shrinking/articleshow/11904659.cms|archive-date=17 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
Due to the climate and good rainfall, Odisha's evergreen and moist forests are suitable habitats for wild [[orchid]]s. Around 130 species have been reported from the state.<ref name="Orchids">{{cite book|title=Underutilized and Underexploited Horticultural Crops|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-D1RR7A3HfUC&pg=PA116|access-date=5 February 2015|date=1 January 2007|publisher=New India Publishing|isbn=978-81-89422-60-8|page=116|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105110846/https://books.google.com/books?id=-D1RR7A3HfUC&pg=PA116|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> 97 of them are found in [[Mayurbhanj district]] alone. The Orchid House of [[Nandankanan Zoological Park|Nandakanan Biological Park]] hosts some of these species.<ref name=OrchidHouse>{{cite news|title=Orchid House a haven for nature lovers|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100823/jsp/orissa/story_12842681.jsp|access-date=5 February 2015|work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]|date=23 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205133023/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100823/jsp/orissa/story_12842681.jsp|archive-date=5 February 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
[[Simlipal National Park]] is a protected wildlife area and tiger reserve spread over 2,750&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> of the northern part of [[Mayurbhanj district]]. It has 1078 species of plants, including 94 orchids. The [[sal tree]] is the primary tree species there. The park has 55 mammals, including [[barking deer]], [[Bengal tiger]], [[common langur]], [[four-horned antelope]], [[Indian bison]], [[Indian elephant]], [[Indian giant squirrel]], [[Indian leopard]], [[jungle cat]], [[sambar deer]], and [[wild boar]]. There are 304 species of birds in the park, such as the [[common hill myna]], [[Indian grey hornbill|grey hornbill]], [[Indian pied hornbill]] and [[Malabar pied hornbill]]. It also has 60 species of reptiles, notable among which are the [[king cobra]], [[banded krait]], and [[tricarinate hill turtle]]. There is also a [[mugger crocodile]] breeding program in nearby Ramtirtha.<ref name=WWFSimilipal>{{cite web|title=Similipal Tiger Reserve|url=http://www.wwfindia.org/about_wwf/critical_regions/national_parks_tiger_reserves/similipal_tiger_reserve/|website=[[World Wide Fund for Nature]], India|access-date=5 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205152048/http://www.wwfindia.org/about_wwf/critical_regions/national_parks_tiger_reserves/similipal_tiger_reserve/|archive-date=5 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Chandaka Elephant Sanctuary]] is a 190&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> protected area near the capital city, Bhubaneswar. However, urban expansion and over-grazing have reduced the forests and are driving herds of elephants to migration. In 2002, there were about 80 elephants. But by 2012, their numbers had been reduced to 20. Many of the animals have migrated toward the Barbara reserve forest, Chilika, [[Nayagarh district]], and [[Athagad]]. Some elephants have died in conflicts with villagers, while some have died during migration from being electrocuted by power lines or hit by trains. Outside the protected area, they are killed by [[poacher]]s.<ref name=ElephantBanished>{{cite news|title=Banished from their homes|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/columnists/item/52316-banished-from-their-homes.html|access-date=5 February 2015|work=[[The Pioneer (newspaper)|The Pioneer]]|date=29 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904034144/http://www.dailypioneer.com/columnists/item/52316-banished-from-their-homes.html|archive-date=4 September 2012}}</ref><ref name=ElephantWipeout>{{cite news|title=Away from home, Chandaka elephants face a wipeout|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Away-from-home-Chandaka-elephants-face-a-wipeout/2013/08/23/article1747976.ece|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=23 August 2013|access-date=5 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205151829/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Away-from-home-Chandaka-elephants-face-a-wipeout/2013/08/23/article1747976.ece|archive-date=5 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Besides elephants, the sanctuary also has [[Indian leopard]]s, [[jungle cat]]s and [[chital]]s.<ref name="Negi1993">{{cite book|author=Sharad Singh Negi|title=Biodiversity and Its Conservation in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PjfVFGM4p6wC&pg=PA242|access-date=5 February 2015|date=1 January 1993|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=978-81-85182-88-9|page=242|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105110846/https://books.google.com/books?id=PjfVFGM4p6wC&pg=PA242|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
The [[Bhitarkanika National Park]] in [[Kendrapara district]] covers 650&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>, of which 150&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> are mangroves. The [[Gahirmatha Beach]] in Bhitarkanika is the world's largest nesting site for [[olive ridley sea turtle]]s.<ref name="Salagrama2006">{{cite book|author=Venkatesh Salagrama|title=Trends in Poverty and Livelihoods in Coastal Fishing Communities of Orissa State, India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3m6XG0WippUC&pg=PA16|access-date=5 February 2015|year=2006|publisher=Food & Agriculture Org.|isbn=978-92-5-105566-3|pages=16–17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105110846/https://books.google.com/books?id=3m6XG0WippUC&pg=PA16|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Other major nesting grounds for the turtle in the state are [[Rushikulya]], in [[Ganjam district]],<ref name=Olive2>{{cite news|title=Olive Ridley turtles begin mass nesting|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/olive-ridley-turtles-begin-mass-nesting/article5678344.ece|access-date=5 February 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=12 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017164643/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/olive-ridley-turtles-begin-mass-nesting/article5678344.ece|archive-date=17 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> and the mouth of the [[Devi river]].<ref name=Olive3>{{cite news|title=Mass nesting of Olive Ridleys begins at Rushikulya beach|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/03/15/stories/2004031505150300.htm|access-date=5 February 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=15 March 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017164642/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/03/15/stories/2004031505150300.htm|archive-date=17 October 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Bhitarkanika sanctuary is also noted for its large population of [[salt-water crocodile]]s.<ref name=CrocCensus>{{cite news|title=Bhitarkanika Park to be Closed for Crocodile Census|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Bhitarkanika-Park-to-be-Closed-for-Crocodile-Census/2013/12/03/article1925220.ece|access-date=5 February 2015|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=3 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205162831/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Bhitarkanika-Park-to-be-Closed-for-Crocodile-Census/2013/12/03/article1925220.ece|archive-date=5 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In winter, the sanctuary is also visited by migratory birds. Among the species of birds spotted in the sanctuary are the [[black-crowned night heron]], [[darter]], [[grey heron]], [[Indian cormorant]], [[Oriental white ibis]], [[purple heron]], and [[sarus crane]].<ref name=BirdCount>{{cite news|title=Bird Count Rises in Bhitarkanika|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Bird-Count-Rises-in-Bhitarkanika/2014/09/14/article2430718.ece|access-date=5 February 2015|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=14 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205162754/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Bird-Count-Rises-in-Bhitarkanika/2014/09/14/article2430718.ece|archive-date=5 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The possibly endangered [[horseshoe crab]] is also found in this region.<ref name=horseshoe>{{cite news|title=Concern over dwindling horseshoe crab population|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/concern-over-dwindling-horseshoe-crab-population/article5435987.ece|access-date=5 February 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=8 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017164642/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/concern-over-dwindling-horseshoe-crab-population/article5435987.ece|archive-date=17 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
[[Chilika Lake]] is a brackish water lagoon on the east coast of Odisha with an area of 1,105&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>. It is connected to the [[Bay of Bengal]] by a 35-km-long narrow channel and is a part of the Mahanadi delta. In the dry season, the tides bring in salt water. In the rainy season, the rivers falling into the lagoon decrease its salinity.<ref name="AgarwalSingh2007">{{cite book|author1=Pushpendra K. Agarwal|author2=Vijay P. Singh|title=Hydrology and Water Resources of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKs1gBhJSWIC&pg=PA984|access-date=5 February 2015|date=16 May 2007|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4020-5180-7|page=984|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105110846/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKs1gBhJSWIC&pg=PA984|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Birds from places like the [[Caspian Sea]], [[Lake Baikal]], other parts of Russia, Central Asia, South-East Asia, [[Ladakh]] and the [[Himalayas]] migrate to the lagoon in winter.<ref name=ChilikaFalls>{{cite news|title=Number of birds visiting Chilika falls but new species found|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/number-of-birds-visiting-chilika-falls-but-new-species-found/article4288574.ece|access-date=5 February 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=9 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831173859/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/number-of-birds-visiting-chilika-falls-but-new-species-found/article4288574.ece|archive-date=31 August 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Among the birds spotted there are [[Eurasian wigeon]], [[Northern pintail|pintail]], [[bar-headed goose]], [[greylag goose]], [[flamingo]], [[mallard]] and [[Goliath heron]].<ref name=SharpDropChilika>{{cite news|title=Chilika registers sharp drop in winged visitors|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/chilika-registers-sharp-drop-in-winged-visitors/article5572489.ece|access-date=5 February 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=13 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017164642/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/chilika-registers-sharp-drop-in-winged-visitors/article5572489.ece|archive-date=17 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=TwoNewChilika>{{cite news|title=Two new species of migratory birds sighted in Chilika Lake|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/two-new-species-of-migratory-birds-sighted-in-chilika-lake/article4285667.ece|access-date=5 February 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=8 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017164642/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/two-new-species-of-migratory-birds-sighted-in-chilika-lake/article4285667.ece|archive-date=17 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The lagoon also has a small population of the endangered [[Irrawaddy dolphin]]s.<ref name=DolphinRise>{{cite news|title=Dolphin population on rise in Chilika Lake|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/dolphin-population-on-rise-in-chilika-lake/article108981.ece|access-date=5 February 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017164642/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/dolphin-population-on-rise-in-chilika-lake/article108981.ece|archive-date=17 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The state's coastal region has also had sightings of [[finless porpoise]], [[bottlenose dolphin]], [[humpback dolphin]] and [[spinner dolphin]] in its waters.<ref name=DolphinCensus>{{cite news|title=Maiden Dolphin Census in State's Multiple Places on Cards|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Maiden-Dolphin-Census-in-State%E2%80%99s-Multiple-Places-on-Cards/2015/01/20/article2627780.ece|access-date=5 February 2015|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=20 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123131044/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Maiden-Dolphin-Census-in-State%E2%80%99s-Multiple-Places-on-Cards/2015/01/20/article2627780.ece|archive-date=23 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
[[Satpada|Satapada]] is situated close to the northeast cape of Chilika Lake and Bay of Bengal. It is famous for dolphin watching in their natural habitat. There is a tiny island en route for watching dolphins, where tourists often take a short stop. Apart from that, this island is also home for tiny red crabs.
 
According to a census conducted in 2016, there are around 2000 elephants in the state.
<ref>{{cite web |title=Wildlife Census - Odisha Wildlife Organisation |url=https://www.wildlife.odisha.gov.in/WebPortal/WildlifeCensus.aspx}}</ref>
 
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Nandankanan19.jpg|White tiger in the [[Nandankanan Zoo]]
File:DSC 0764f.jpg|[[Irrawaddy dolphins]] can be found in [[Chilika]]
File:Vanda tessellata Orchi 001.jpg|''[[Vanda tessellata]]'', one of the orchids found in Odisha<ref name=NiyamgiriOrchids>{{cite journal|author1=P.K. Dash|author2=Santilata Sahoo|author3=Subhasisa Bal|title=Ethnobotanical Studies on Orchids of Niyamgiri Hill Ranges, Orissa, India|journal=Ethnobotanical Leaflets|year=2008 |issue=12|pages=70–78|url=http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1043&context=ebl&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.co.in%2Fscholar%3Fq%3DOrissa%2BOrchid%26btnG%3D%26hl%3Den%26as_sdt%3D0%252C5#search=%22Orissa%20Orchid%22|access-date=5 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205133643/http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1043&context=ebl&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.co.in%2Fscholar%3Fq%3DOrissa%2BOrchid%26btnG%3D%26hl%3Den%26as_sdt%3D0%252C5#search=%22Orissa%20Orchid%22|archive-date=5 February 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
File:Black tailed Goodwit at Chilika I5 IMG 9350.jpg|Birds at [[Chilika Lake]]
File:Bhitarkanika Mangroves Flora and Fauna 03.JPG|Crocodile in [[Bhitarkanika National Park]]
</gallery>
</gallery>


==Provincial symbols of Odisha==
== Government and politics ==
<gallery>
[[File:ORISSA SECRETARIAT.jpg|thumb|200px|Odisha State Secretariat building in [[Bhubaneswar]]]]
File:Indian state flag of Odisha (proposed).jpg|Provincial flag of Odisha  
{{Main|Government of Odisha}}
File:Blue Jay or The Indian Roller.JPG|Blue jay, provincial bird of Odisha
All states in India are governed by a [[parliamentary system]] of government based on [[universal adult franchise]].<ref name="SenguptaCorbridge2013">{{cite book|author1=Chandan Sengupta|author2=Stuart Corbridge|title=Democracy, Development and Decentralisation in India: Continuing Debates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AXbYAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA8|access-date=15 February 2015|date=28 October 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-19848-9|page=8|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105110846/https://books.google.com/books?id=AXbYAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA8|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=OurParliament>{{cite web |title=Our Parliament |website=[[Lok Sabha]] |publisher=[[Government of India]] |url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/our%20parliament/Our%20Parliament.pdf |access-date=2 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203104729/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/our%20parliament/Our%20Parliament.pdf |archive-date=3 February 2015 |url-status=dead  }}</ref>
File:Sambhar deer.jpg|Sambhar deer, provincial animal of Odisha
 
File:Ficus religiosa Bo.jpg|Sacred fig tree, provincial tree of Odisha
The main parties active in the politics of Odisha are the [[Biju Janata Dal]], the [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. Following the [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|Odisha State Assembly Election in 2019]], the [[Naveen Patnaik]]-led [[Biju Janata Dal]] stayed in power for the sixth consecutive term, he is the 14th chief minister of odisha since 2000.<ref name=BJDLandslide />
File:Sita-Ashok (Saraca asoca) flowers in Kolkata W IMG 4146.jpg|Ashoka tree, provincial flower of Odisha
 
=== Legislative assembly ===
{{Main|Odisha Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha}}
 
The Odisha state has a [[unicameral]] legislature.<ref name="Finifter">{{cite book|author=Ada W. Finifter|author-link1=Ada Finifter|title=Political Science|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KFk1K9_yf90C&pg=PA94|access-date=15 February 2015|publisher=FK Publications|isbn=978-81-89597-13-9|page=94|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105110847/https://books.google.com/books?id=KFk1K9_yf90C&pg=PA94|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] consists of 147 elected members,<ref name=BJDLandslide>{{cite news|title=BJD's landslide victory in Odisha, wins 20 of 21 Lok Sabha seats|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/bjds-landslide-victory-in-odisha-wins-20-of-21-lok-sabha-seats/472363-3-234.html|access-date=18 March 2015|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|date=17 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908125021/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/bjds-landslide-victory-in-odisha-wins-20-of-21-lok-sabha-seats/472363-3-234.html|archive-date=8 September 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> and special office bearers such as the Speaker and Deputy Speaker, who are elected by the members. Assembly meetings are presided over by the Speaker, or by the Deputy Speaker in the Speaker's absence.<ref name="Kumar">{{cite book|author=Rajesh Kumar|title=Universal's Guide to the Constitution of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=an78gq3JwzYC&pg=PA110|access-date=18 March 2015|publisher=Universal Law Publishing|isbn=978-93-5035-011-9|pages=107–110|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105110846/https://books.google.com/books?id=an78gq3JwzYC&pg=PA110|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[executive (government)|Executive authority]] is vested in the Council of Ministers headed by the [[Chief Minister of Odisha|Chief Minister]], although the titular head of government is the [[Governor of Odisha]]. The governor is appointed by the [[President of India]]. The leader of the party or coalition with a majority in the Legislative Assembly is appointed as the Chief Minister by the governor, and the Council of Ministers are appointed by the governor on the advice of the Chief Minister. The Council of Ministers reports to the Legislative Assembly.<ref name="AroraGoyal1995">{{cite book|author1=Ramesh Kumar Arora|author2=[[Rajni Goyal]]|title=Indian Public Administration: Institutions and Issues|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nvzcy7o4sgAC&pg=PA205|access-date=18 March 2015|year=1995|publisher=New Age International|isbn=978-81-7328-068-9|pages=205–207|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105110846/https://books.google.com/books?id=nvzcy7o4sgAC&pg=PA205|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The 147 elected representatives are called [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|Members of the Legislative Assembly]], or MLAs. One MLA may be nominated from the [[Anglo-Indian]] community by the governor.<ref name="Shukla2008">{{cite book|author=Subhash Shukla|title=Issues in Indian Polity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CAs9PNOfL28C&pg=PA99|access-date=18 March 2015|year=2008|publisher=Anamika Pub. & distributors|isbn=978-81-7975-217-3|page=99|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105110846/https://books.google.com/books?id=CAs9PNOfL28C&pg=PA99|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The term of the office is for five years, unless the Assembly is dissolved prior to the completion of the term.<ref name="Kumar" />
 
The [[judiciary]] is composed of the [[Odisha High Court]], located at Cuttack, and a system of lower courts.
 
==Subdivisions==
{{Main|List of districts of Odisha}}
Odisha has been divided into 30 districts. These 30 districts have been placed under three different revenue divisions to streamline their governance. The divisions are North, Central and South, with their headquarters at [[Sambalpur]], [[Cuttack]] and [[Berhampur]] respectively. Each division consists of ten districts and has as its administrative head a Revenue [[Divisional Commissioner]] (RDC).<ref name=RevenueDept>{{cite web|title=About Department |url=http://odisha.gov.in/ |publisher=Revenue & Disaster Management Department, Government of Odisha |access-date=27 March 2015 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121206115854/http://odisha.gov.in//revenue/web/Aboutus.asp?GL=1&PL=1 |archive-date=6 December 2012 }}</ref> The position of the RDC in the administrative hierarchy is that between that of the district administration and the state secretariat.<ref name="Laxmikanth">{{cite book|author=Laxmikanth|title=Governance in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DY1CAQAAQBAJ&pg=SA6-PA17|access-date=27 March 2015|publisher=McGraw-Hill Education (India) Pvt Limited|isbn=978-0-07-107466-7|pages=6–17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105110847/https://books.google.com/books?id=DY1CAQAAQBAJ&pg=SA6-PA17|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The RDCs report to the Board of Revenue, which is headed by a senior officer of the [[Indian Administrative Service]].<ref name=RevenueDept />
[[File:Orissa State map.svg|thumb|400px|Map of districts of Odisha]]
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
|+Division-wise list of districts<ref name=AdminUnit>{{cite web |title=Administrative Unit |url=http://odisha.gov.in/ |publisher=Revenue & Disaster Management Department, Government of Odisha |access-date=27 March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821033240/http://www.odisha.gov.in/revenue/web/AdministrativeUnit.asp?GL=2 |archive-date=21 August 2013 }}</ref>
|-
!Northern Division (HQ – Sambalpur)
!Central Division (HQ – Cuttack)
!Southern Division (HQ – Berhampur)
|-
|
* [[Angul district|Angul]]
* [[Balangir district|Balangir]]
* [[Bargarh district|Bargarh]]
* [[Deogarh district|Deogarh]]
* [[Dhenkanal district|Dhenkanal]]
* [[Jharsuguda district|Jharsuguda]]
* [[Keonjhar district|Kendujhar]]
* [[Sambalpur district|Sambalpur]]
* [[Subarnapur district|Subarnapur]]
* [[Sundargarh district|Sundargarh]]
|
* [[Balasore district|Balasore]]
* [[Bhadrak district|Bhadrak]]
* [[Cuttack district|Cuttack]]
* [[Jagatsinghpur district|Jagatsinghpur]]
* [[Jajpur district|Jajpur]]
* [[Kendrapada district|Kendrapada]]
* [[Khordha District|Khordha]]
* [[Mayurbhanj district|Mayurbhanj]]
* [[Nayagarh district|Nayagarh]]
* [[Puri district|Puri]]
|
* [[Boudh district|Boudh]]
* [[Gajapati district|Gajapati]]
* [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]]
* [[Kalahandi district|Kalahandi]]
* [[Kandhamal district|Kandhamal]]
* [[Koraput district|Koraput]]
* [[Malkangiri district|Malkangiri]]
* [[Nabarangpur district|Nabarangpur]]
* [[Nuapada district|Nuapada]]
* [[Rayagada district|Rayagada]]
|}
 
Each district is governed by a collector and district magistrate, who is appointed from the [[Indian Administrative Service]] or a very senior officer from Odisha Administrative Service.<ref name="SARKAR2009">{{cite book|author=Siuli Sarkar|title=Public Administration in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=smahlYxg-8YC&pg=PA117|access-date=11 August 2015|date=9 November 2009|publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-203-3979-8|page=117|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105110846/https://books.google.com/books?id=smahlYxg-8YC&pg=PA117|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="PublicAdminDict">{{cite book|title=Public Administration Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dg-7OFEp3E8C&pg=PA263|access-date=11 August 2015|year=2012|publisher=Tata McGraw Hill Education|isbn=978-1-259-00382-0|page=263|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105110847/https://books.google.com/books?id=Dg-7OFEp3E8C&pg=PA263|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The collector and district magistrate is responsible for collecting the revenue and maintaining law and order in the district. Each district is separated into sub-divisions, each governed by a sub-collector and sub-divisional magistrate. The sub-divisions are further divided into tahasils. The tahasils are headed by tahasildar. Odisha has 58 sub-divisions, 317 tahasils and 314 blocks.<ref name=AdminUnit /> Blocks consists of [[Panchayats]] (village councils) and town municipalities.
 
The capital and largest city of the state is [[Bhubaneswar]]. The other major cities are [[Cuttack]], [[Rourkela]], [[Berhampur]] and [[Sambalpur]]. Municipal Corporations in Odisha include [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Cuttack]], [[Berhampur]], [[Sambalpur]] and [[Rourkela]].
 
Other municipalities of Odisha include [[Angul]], [[Balangir]], [[Balasore]], [[Barbil]], [[Bargarh]], [[Baripada]], [[Belpahar]], [[Bhadrak]], [[Bhawanipatna]], [[Biramitrapur]], [[Boudh]], [[Brajarajnagar]], [[Byasanagar]], [[Chhatrapur]], [[Debagarh|Deogarh]], [[Dhenkanal district|Dhenkanal]], [[Gopalpur, Odisha|Gopalpur]], [[Gunupur]], [[Hinjilicut]], [[Jagatsinghpur]], [[Jajpur]], [[Jeypore]], [[Jharsuguda]], [[Joda]], [[Kendrapara]], [[Kendujhar]], [[Khordha]], [[Konark]], [[Koraput]], [[Malkangiri]], [[Nabarangpur]], [[Nayagarh]], [[Nuapada]], [[Paradeep]], [[Paralakhemundi]], [[Phulbani]], [[Puri]], [[Rajgangpur]], [[Rayagada]], [[Sonepur, Odisha|Sonepur]], [[Sundargarh]], [[Talcher]], [[Titilagarh]] and [[Umerkote]].
 
{{Largest cities
| country    = Odisha
| stat_ref    = As of the [[List of cities in Odisha|2011 Census]]
| list_by_pop = List of cities in Odisha
| div_name    = District
| div_link    = List of districts of Odisha{{!}}District
 
| city_1 = Bhubaneswar
| div_1  = Khurda district{{!}}Khurda
| pop_1  = 881,988
| img_1  = Bhubaneswar skyline.jpg
 
| city_2 = Cuttack
| div_2  = Cuttack district{{!}}Cuttack
| pop_2  = 658,986
| img_2  = Badambadi bus stand.JPG
 
| city_3 = Rourkela
| div_3  = Sundargarh district{{!}}Sundargarh
| pop_3  = 552,970
| img_3  = Suraksha Path Bridge near IG Park Rourkela.jpg
 
| city_4 = Brahmapur, Odisha{{!}}Brahmapur
| div_4  = Ganjam district{{!}}Ganjam
| pop_4  = 355,823
| img_4  = Platform RainyDay.JPG
 
| city_5 = Sambalpur
| div_5  = Sambalpur district{{!}}Sambalpur
| pop_5  = 270,331
 
| city_6 = Puri
| div_6  = Puri district{{!}}Puri
| pop_6  = 201,026
 
| city_7 = Balasore
| div_7  = Balasore district{{!}}Balasore
| pop_7  = 144,373
 
| city_8 = Bhadrak
| div_8  = Bhadrak district{{!}}Bhadrak
| pop_8  = 121,338
 
| city_9 = Baripada
| div_9  = Mayurbhanj district{{!}}Mayurbhanj
| pop_9  = 116,874
 
| city_10 = Balangir
| div_10  = Balangir district{{!}}Balangir
| pop_10  = 98,238
}}
 
Auxiliary authorities known as [[panchayat]]s, for which local body elections are regularly held, govern local affairs in rural areas.
 
== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Odisha}}
 
=== Macro-economic trend ===
Odisha is experiencing steady economic growth. The impressive growth in gross domestic product of the state has been reported by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation. Odisha's growth rate is above the national average.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/gdp-growth-most-states-grew-faster-than-national-rate-in-201213/1206770|title=GDP growth: Most states grew faster than national rate in 2012–13|work=The Financial Express|date=12 December 2013|access-date=23 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215183438/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/gdp-growth-most-states-grew-faster-than-national-rate-in-201213/1206770|archive-date=15 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The central Government's Urban Development Ministry has recently announced the names of 20 cities selected to be developed as [[smart cities]]. The state capital [[Bhubaneswar]] is the first city in the list of [[Smart Cities Mission|smart Cities]] released in January 2016, a pet project of the Indian Government. The announcement also marked with sanction of Rs 508.02&nbsp;billion over the five years for development.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/bhubaneswar-tops-first-list-of-smart-cities/|title=Bhubaneswar leads Govt's Smart City list, Rs 50,802 crore to be invested over five years|date=29 January 2016|website=The Indian Express|access-date=21 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318020954/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/bhubaneswar-tops-first-list-of-smart-cities/|archive-date=18 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
=== Industrial development ===
[[File:One of the iron ore mines in Keonjhar district.jpg|thumb|left|One of the iron ore mines in [[Kendujhar district|Keonjhar district]]]]
[[File:ROURKELA STEEL PLANT.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Rourkela Steel Plant]]]]
Odisha has abundant natural resources and a large coastline. Odisha has emerged as the most preferred destination for overseas investors with investment proposals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-indian-states-that-attracted-highest-fdi/20120829.htm|title=Indian states that attracted highest FDI|publisher=Rediff|date=29 August 2012|access-date=8 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408212658/http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-indian-states-that-attracted-highest-fdi/20120829.htm|archive-date=8 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> It contains a fifth of India's coal, a quarter of its iron ore, a third of its [[bauxite]] reserves and most of the [[chromite]].
 
[[Rourkela Steel Plant]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sail.co.in/pnu.php?tag=rourkela |title=Rourkela Steel Plant |publisher=Sail.co.in |access-date=23 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531085659/http://www.sail.co.in/pnu.php?tag=rourkela |archive-date=31 May 2012 }}</ref> was the first integrated steel plant in the public sector in India, built with collaboration of Germany.
 
Arcelor-Mittal has also announced plans to invest in another mega steel project amounting to $10&nbsp;billion. Russian major [[Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works|Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Company (MMK)]] plans to set up a 10 MT steel plant in Odisha, too. [[Bandhabahal]] is a major area of open cast coal mines in Odisha. The state is attracting an unprecedented amount of investment in aluminium, coal-based power plants, petrochemicals, and information technology as well. In power generation, [[Reliance Power]] (Anil Ambani Group) is putting up the world's largest power plant with an investment of US$13&nbsp;billion at Hirma in [[Jharsuguda district]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-reliance-to-invest-rs-60000-cr-for-orissa-power-plant-1042928|title=Reliance to invest Rs 60,000-cr for Orissa power plant|work=dna|date=21 July 2006|access-date=31 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903141606/http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-reliance-to-invest-rs-60000-cr-for-orissa-power-plant-1042928|archive-date=3 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
In 2009 Odisha was the second top domestic investment destination with [[Gujarat]] first and [[Andhra Pradesh]] in third place according to an analysis of [[ASSOCHAM]] Investment Meter (AIM) study on corporate investments. Odisha's share was 12.6 percent in total investment in the country. It received investment proposal worth {{Indian rupee}}. 2,00,846 crore during the last year. Steel and power were among the sectors which attracted maximum investments in the state.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.assocham.org/prels/shownews.php?id=2303 |title=Gujarat, Odisha and Andhra top 3 Domestic Investment Destinations of 2009 |publisher=Assocham |date=21 January 2010 |access-date=18 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723170222/http://www.assocham.org/prels/shownews.php?id=2303 |archive-date=23 July 2011 |url-status=dead  }}</ref>
 
== Transportation ==
Odisha has a network of roads, railways, airports and seaports. [[Bhubaneswar]] is well connected by air, rail and road with the rest of India. Some highways are getting expanded to four lanes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.odishalinks.com/Odishagrowth/topics/tnc-all/roads-and-highways-infrastructure-in-Odisha/national-highways/nh-42 |title=NH 42 |publisher=Odishalinks.com |date=16 June 2004 |access-date=18 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125170225/http://www.orissalinks.com/orissagrowth/topics/tnc-all/roads-and-highways-infrastructure-in-orissa/national-highways/nh-42 |archive-date=25 November 2010 |url-status=dead  }}</ref> Plans for metro rail connecting Bhubaneshwar and Cuttack, a journey of 30&nbsp;km, have also started.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Odisha-plans-metro-signs-contract-for-detailed-project-report-preparation/articleshow/40781576.cms|title=Odisha plans metro, signs contract for detailed project report preparation|work=The Times of India|access-date=16 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831124032/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Odisha-plans-metro-signs-contract-for-detailed-project-report-preparation/articleshow/40781576.cms|archive-date=31 August 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
=== Air ===
[[File:Biju Patnaik International Airport.jpg|thumb|[[Biju Patnaik Airport]], [[Bhubaneswar]]]]
Odisha has a total of two operational airports, 17 airstrips and 16 helipads.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/bhubaneswar/85381-ten-year-roadmap-for-states-civil-aviation.html|title=Ten-year roadmap for State's civil aviation|work=The Pioneer|location=India|year=2012|quote=at present there are 17 airstrips and 16 helipads in Odisha,|access-date=5 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530180524/http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/bhubaneswar/85381-ten-year-roadmap-for-states-civil-aviation.html|archive-date=30 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odishanow.in/story.aspx?s_id=5551|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015115504/http://www.odishanow.in/story.aspx?s_id=5551|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 October 2014|title=10-year roadmap set up to boost Odisha civil aviation|work=odishanow.in|year=2012|quote=Odisha has 17 airstrips and 16 helipads.|access-date=5 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20120803/2037069.html|title=Odisha initiate steps for intra and inter state aviation facilities|work=news.webindia123.com|year=2012|quote=Odisha has 17 airstrips and 16 helipads|access-date=5 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113150837/http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20120803/2037069.html|archive-date=13 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The airport at Jharsuguda was upgraded to a full-fledged domestic airport in May 2018.<ref>{{cite news|title=J'suguda Airport fit for 320 Airbus flight|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/jsuguda-airport-fit-for-320-airbus-flight.html|work=[[The Pioneer (newspaper)|The Pioneer]] |date=2 August 2018|access-date=11 September 2018}}</ref> The government of Odisha also plans five greenfield airports at [[Angul]], [[Dhamra]], [[Kalinganagar]], [[Paradeep]] and [[Rayagada]] in an effort to boost intrastate and inter-state civil aviation. Existing aerodromes at [[Barbil]], [[Gopalpur, Odisha|Gopalpur]], [[Jharsuguda]] and [[Rourkela]] were also to be upgraded.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/states/odisha-plans-five-new-airports/article3771546.ece|title=Odisha plans five new airports|work=[[Business Line]]|date=14 August 2012|access-date=14 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103100632/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/states/odisha-plans-five-new-airports/article3771546.ece|archive-date=3 November 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The Dhamra Port Company Limited plans to build [[Dhamra Airport]] 20&nbsp;km from [[Dhamra Port]].<ref name="TOI9">{{cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/adani-group-plans-airport-at-dhamra/articleshow/66603746.cms |title= Adani Group plans airport at Dhamra |work=[[Times of India]] |date= 13 November 2018|access-date=3 February 2020}}</ref> [[Air Odisha]], is Odisha's sole [[air charter]] company based in [[Bhubaneswar]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}
 
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Angul]] – [[Savitri Jindal Airport]]
* [[Bargarh]] – Sativata Airstrip
* [[Bhawanipatna]] – [[Utkela Airstrip]] (being prepared under UDAN scheme)
* [[Bhubaneswar]] – [[Biju Patnaik Airport]] (functioning regularly)
* [[Brahmapur, Odisha|Brahmapur]] – [[Berhampur Airport]]
* [[Cuttack]] – [[Charbatia Air Base]]
* [[Jeypore]] – [[Jeypore Airport]] (being prepared under UDAN scheme)
* [[Jharsuguda]] – [[Jharsuguda Airport|Veer Surendra Sai Airport]] (functioning under UDAN scheme)
* [[Rourkela]] – [[Rourkela Airport]] (being prepared under UDAN scheme)
* [[Sambalpur]] – [[Hirakud Airstrip]]
 
{{div col end}}
 
=== Seaports ===
[[File:GOPALPUR PORT ODISHA LIGHT HOUSE PC NISTHA RANJAN DASH.jpg|right|thumb|[[Gopalpur, Odisha|Gopalpur Port]]]]
[[File:Bbrailhq.jpg|right|thumb|East Coast Railway headquarters, Bhubaneswar]]
Odisha has a coastline of 485 Kilometers. It has one major port at Paradip and few minor ports. some of them are:<ref name="Division p. 701">{{cite book | last=Division | first=P. | title=INDIA 2019: A REFERENCE ANNUAL | publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting | isbn=978-81-230-3026-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZaSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT701 | access-date=16 July 2019 | page=701}}</ref><ref name="India. Parliament. Rajya Sabha 2012 p.">{{cite book | author=India. Parliament. Rajya Sabha | title=Parliamentary Debates: Official Report | publisher=Council of States Secretariat | issue=v. 227, nos. 18–20 | year=2012 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UFyjP-0VEc8C | access-date=16 July 2019 }}</ref>
* [[Port of Dhamara]]
* [[Gopalpur, Odisha|Port of Gopalpur]]
* [[Port of Paradip]]
* [[Port of Subarnarekha]]
* [[Port of Astarang]]
* [[Port of Chandipur]]
* [[Port of Chudamani]]
*[[Port of Palur]]
 
=== Railways ===
 
Major cities of Odisha are well connected to all the major cities of India by direct daily trains and weekly trains. Most of the railway network in Odisha lies under the jurisdiction of the [[East Coast Railway]] (ECoR) with headquarters at [[Bhubaneswar]] and some parts under [[South Eastern Railway Zone (India)|South Eastern Railway]] and [[South East Central Railway]].
 
== Demographics ==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=1,03,02,917|13=1911|14=1,13,78,875|15=1921|16=1,11,58,586|17=1931|18=1,24,91,056|19=1941|20=1,37,67,988|21=1951|22=1,46,45,946|23=1961|24=1,75,48,846|25=1971|26=2,19,44,615|27=1981|28=2,63,70,271|29=1991|30=3,16,59,736|31=2001|32=3,68,04,660|33=2011|34=4,19,74,218|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=right}}
[[File:Lifestyle of tribal folks is visible.jpg|thumb|[[Scheduled Tribes in India|Tribal people]] of [[Koraput]], Odisha]]
According to the 2011 census of India, the total population of Odisha is 41,974,218, of which 21,212,136 (50.54%) are male and 20,762,082 (49.46%) are female, or 978 females per 1000 males. This represents a 13.97% increase over the population in 2001. The population density is 270 per km<sup>2</sup>.<ref name="CensusIndia2011PCA12018">{{cite web|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/PCA_Highlights/pca_highlights_file/India/Chapter-1.pdf|title=Population, Size and Decadal Change|date=2018|work=Primary Census Abstract Data Highlights, [[Census of India]]|access-date=2020-06-16|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019035341/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/PCA_Highlights/pca_highlights_file/India/Chapter-1.pdf|archive-date=2019-10-19|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
 
The literacy rate is 73%, with 82% of males and 64% of females being literate, according to the 2011 census.
 
The proportion of people living below the poverty line in 2004–2005 was 57.15% which was nearly double the Indian average of 26.10%. Since 2005 the state has reduced poverty rate dramatically by 24.6 percentage points. According to current estimate proportion of people living under poverty line was 32.6%<ref name="World Bank 2016">{{cite web |title=India States Briefs – Odisha |publisher=World Bank |date=31 May 2016 |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/india/brief/india-states-briefs-odisha |access-date=12 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="Pragativadi:NITI Aayog report 2017">{{cite web |title=NITI Aayog report: Odisha tops in poverty reduction rate among other states |website=Pragativadi: Leading Odia Dailly |date=30 July 2017 |url=http://www.pragativadi.com/niti-aayog-report-odisha-tops-poverty-reduction-rate-among-states/ |access-date=12 July 2019}}</ref>
 
Data of 1996–2001 showed the life expectancy in the state was 61.64 years, higher than the national value of years. The state has a [[birth rate]] of 23.2 per 1,000 people per year, a [[mortality rate|death rate]] of 9.1 per 1,000 people per year, an infant mortality rate of 65 per 1000 live birth and a maternal mortality rate of 358 per 1,000,000 live births. Odisha has a [[Human Development Index]] of 0.606 as of 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sub-national HDI - Subnational HDI - Global Data Lab|url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/IND/?levels=1+4&interpolation=0&extrapolation=0&nearest_real=0|access-date=2021-03-31|website=globaldatalab.org}}</ref><center>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! !! District !! Headquarters !! Population<br />(2011) !! Males !! Females !! Percentage<br />decadal<br />growth<br />2001–2011 !! Sex ratio !! Density<br />(persons<br />per<br />km<sup>2</sup>) !! Child<br />population<br />0–6 years !! Child<br />sex<br />ratio !! Literacy rate
|-
|align="left"|1||[[Angul District|Angul]]||[[Angul]]||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|1271703}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|654898}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|616805}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|11.55}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|942}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|199}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|145690}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|884}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|78.96}}
|-
|align="centre"|2||[[Balangir District|Balangir]]||[[Balangir]]||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|1648574}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|831349}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|817225}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|23.29}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|983}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|251}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|206964}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|951}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|65.50}}
|-
|align="centre"|3||[[Balasore District|Balasore]]||[[Balasore|Baleswar]]||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|2317419}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|1184371}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|1133048}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|14.47}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|957}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|609}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|274432}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|941}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|80.66}}
|-
|align="centre"|4||[[Bargarh District|Bargarh]]||[[Bargarh]]||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|1478833}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|748332}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|730501}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|9.84}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|976}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|253}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|156185}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|946}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|75.16}}
|-
|align="centre"|5||[[Bhadrak District|Bhadrak]]||[[Bhadrak]]||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|1506522}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|760591}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|745931}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|12.95}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|981}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|601}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|176793}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|931}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|83.25}}
|-
|align="centre"|6||[[Boudh District|Boudh]]||[[Boudh]]||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|439917}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|220993}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|218924}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|17.82}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|991}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|142}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|59094}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|975}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|72.51}}
|-
|align="centre"|7||[[Cuttack District|Cuttack]]||[[Cuttack]]||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|2618708}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|1339153}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|1279555}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|11.87}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|955}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|666}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|251152}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|913}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|84.20}}
|-
|align="centre"|8||[[Debagarh District|Debagarh]]||[[Debagarh]]||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|312164}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|158017}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|154147}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|13.88}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|976}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|106}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|38621}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|917}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|73.07}}
|-
|align="centre"|9||[[Dhenkanal District|Dhenkanal]]||[[Dhenkanal, India|Dhenkanal]]||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|1192948}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|612597}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|580351}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|11.82}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|947}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|268}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|132647}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|870}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|79.41}}
|-
|align="centre"|10||[[Gajapati District|Gajapati]]||[[Paralakhemundi]]||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|575880}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|282041}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|293839}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|10.99}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|1042}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|133}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|82777}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|964}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|54.29}}
|-
|align="centre"|11||[[Ganjam district|Ganjam]]||[[Chhatrapur]]||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|3520151}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|1777324}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|1742827}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|11.37}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|981}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|429}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|397920}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|899}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|71.88}}
|-
|align="centre"|12||[[Jagatsinghpur District|Jagatsinghpur]]||[[Jagatsinghpur]]||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|1136604}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|577699}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|558905}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|7.44}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|967}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|681}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|103517}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|929}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|87.13}}
|-
|align="centre"|13||[[Jajpur District|Jajpur]]||[[Jajpur]]||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|1826275}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|926058}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|900217}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|12.43}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|972}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|630}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|207310}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|921}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|80.44}}
|-
|align="centre"|14||[[Jharsuguda District|Jharsuguda]]||[[Jharsuguda]]||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|579499}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|297014}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|282485}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|12.56}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|951}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|274}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|61823}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|938}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|78.36}}
|-
|align="centre"|15||[[Kalahandi district|Kalahandi]]||[[Bhawanipatna]]||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|1573054}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|785179}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|787875}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|17.79}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|1003}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|199}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|214111}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|947}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|60.22}}
|-
|align="centre"|16||[[Kandhamal District|Kandhamal]]||[[Phulbani]]||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|731952}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|359401}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|372551}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|12.92}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|1037}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|91}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|106379}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|960}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|65.12}}
|-
|align="centre"|17||[[Kendrapara District|Kendrapara]]||[[Kendrapara]]||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|1439891}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|717695}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|722196}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|10.59}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|1006}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|545}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|153443}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|921}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|85.93}}
|-
|align="centre"|18||[[Kendujhar District|Kendujhar]]||[[Kendujhar]]||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|1802777}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|907135}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|895642}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|15.42}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|987}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|217}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|253418}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|957}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|69.00}}
|-
|align="centre"|19||[[Khordha District|Khordha]]||[[Khordha]]||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|2246341}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|1166949}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|1079392}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|19.65}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|925}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|799}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|222275}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|910}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|87.51}}
|-
|align="centre"|20||[[Koraput District|Koraput]]||[[Koraput]]||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|1376934}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|677864}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|699070}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|16.63}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|1031}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|156}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|215518}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|970}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|49.87}}
|-
|align="centre"|21||[[Malkangiri District|Malkangiri]]||[[Malkangiri]]||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|612727}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|303913}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|308814}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|21.53}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|1016}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|106}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|105636}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|979}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|49.49}}
|-
|align="centre"|22||[[Mayurbhanj District|Mayurbhanj]]||[[Baripada]]||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|2513895}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|1253633}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|1260262}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|13.06}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|1005}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|241}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|337757}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|952}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|63.98}}
|-
|align="centre"|23||[[Nabarangapur District|Nabarangapur]]||[[Nabarangpur]]||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|1218762}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|604046}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|614716}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|18.81}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|1018}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|230}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|201901}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|988}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|48.20}}
|-
|align="centre"|24||[[Nayagarh District|Nayagarh]]||[[Nayagarh]]||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|962215}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|502194}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|460021}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|11.30}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|916}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|247}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|101337}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|851}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|79.17}}
|-
|align="centre"|25||[[Nuapada District|Nuapada]]||[[Nuapada]]||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|606490}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|300307}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|306183}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|14.28}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|1020}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|157}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|84893}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|971}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|58.20}}
|-
|align="centre"|26||[[Puri District|Puri]]||[[Puri]]||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|1697983}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|865209}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|832774}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|13.00}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|963}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|488}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|164388}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|924}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|85.37}}
|-
|align="centre"|27||[[Rayagada District|Rayagada]]||[[Rayagada]]||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|961959}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|469672}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|492287}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|15.74}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|1048}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|136}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|141167}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|955}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|50.88}}
|-
|align="centre"|28||[[Sambalpur District|Sambalpur]]||[[Sambalpur]]||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|1044410}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|529424}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|514986}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|12.24}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|973}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|158}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|112946}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|931}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|76.91}}
|-
|align="centre"|29||[[Subarnapur District|Subarnapur]]||[[Sonepur, Odisha|Sonepur]]||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|652107}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|332897}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|319210}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|20.35}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|959}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|279}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|76536}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|947}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|74.42}}
|-
|align="centre"|30||[[Sundargarh District|Sundergarh]]||[[Sundergarh]]||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|2080664}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|1055723}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|1024941}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|13.66}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|971}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|214}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|249020}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|937}}||style="text-align:right;"|{{nts|74.13}}
|}
</center>
 
=== Religion ===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Odisha (2011)<ref name="census2011">{{cite web|title=Population by religion community – 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=Census of India, 2011|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|archive-date=25 August 2015}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Hinduism in Odisha|Hinduism]]
|color1 = DarkOrange
|value1 = 93.63
|label2 = [[Christianity in Odisha|Christianity]]
|color2 = DodgerBlue
|value2 = 2.77
|label3 = [[Islam]]
|color3 = Green
|value3 = 2.17
|label4 = [[Sarnaism]]
|color4 = maroon
|value4 = 1.14
|label5 = [[Sikhism]]
|color5 = yellow
|value5 = 0.05
|label6 = [[Buddhism]]
|color6 = Gold
|value6 = 0.03
|label7 = [[Jainism]]
|color7 = Purple
|value7 = 0.02
|color8=Black|label8=Others|value8=.19}}
 
[[File:Westindischer Maler um 1550 001.jpg|250px|thumb|left|[[Gita Govinda]]]]
The majority (almost 94%<ref name="census2001">{{cite web |title=Census of India&nbsp;– Socio-cultural aspects |publisher=Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Social_and_cultural/Religion.aspx |access-date=2 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520054852/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Social_and_cultural/Religion.aspx |archive-date=20 May 2011 }}</ref>) of people in Odisha are Hindu and there is also a rich cultural heritage in the state. For example, Odisha is home to several Hindu figures. [[Bhima Bhoi|Sant Bhima Bhoi]] was a leader of the [[Mahima Dharma|Mahima sect]]. [[Sarala Das]], a Hindu [[Khandayat]], was the translator of the epic [[Mahabharata]] into Odia. Chaitanya Das was a [[Vaishnavism|Buddhistic-Vaishnava]] and writer of the ''Nirguna Mahatmya''. [[Jayadeva]] was the author of the ''[[Gita Govinda]]''.
 
The ''Odisha Temple Authorisation Act'' of 1948 empowered the government of Odisha to open temples for all Hindus, including Dalits.<ref name="ReferenceA">P. 63 ''Case studies on human rights and fundamental freedoms: a world survey, Volume 4'' By Willem Adriaan Veenhoven</ref>
 
Perhaps the oldest scripture of Odisha is the ''[[Madala Panji]]'' from the Puri Temple believed from 1042&nbsp;AD. Famous Hindu Odia scripture includes the 16th-century ''Bhagabata'' of [[Jagannatha Dasa]].<ref>P. 77 ''Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 30'' By Scholastic Library Publishing</ref> In the modern times [[Madhusudan Rao]] was a major Odia writer, who was a [[Brahmo Samaj]]ist and shaped modern Odia literature at the start of the 20th century.<ref>''Madhusudan Rao'' By Jatindra Mohan Mohanty, Sahitya Akademi</ref>
 
[[Christianity in Odisha|Christians in Odisha]] account for about 2.8% of the population while [[Odia Muslims]] account for 2.2% as per census figures of 2001. The [[Sikh]], [[Buddhist]] and [[Jain]] communities together account for 0.1% of the population.<ref name="census2001" />
 
=== Languages ===
{{Main|Odia language}}
{{Pie chart| thumb = right
|caption=Languages of Odisha (2011)<ref name="census2011-langreport">{{cite web |title=Language – India, States and Union Territories |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf |work=Census of India 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General |pages=13–14 |access-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114073412/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf |archive-date=14 November 2018 |url-status=live  }}</ref>
|label1= [[Odia language|Odia]] (incl [[Sambalpuri language|Sambalpuri]])
|value1= 81.32
|color1= gold
|label2= [[Kui language (India)|Kui]]
|value2= 2.24
|color2= deepskyblue
|label3= [[Santali language|Santali]]
|value3= 2.06
|color3= olive
|label4= [[Urdu]]
|value4= 1.60
|color4= green
|label5= [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|value5= 1.59
|color5= maroon
|label6= [[Hindi]]
|value6= 1.23
|color6= orange
|label7= [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|value7= 1.20
|color7= orangered
|label8= Others
|value8= 8.76
|color8= grey
|style=align="left"}}
[[File:Bilingual signboard for Registration at a Hospital in Bhubaneswar.jpg|thumb|Bilingual signboard in Odia and English]]
[[Odia language|Odia]] is the official language of Odisha<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lawodisha.gov.in/pages/viewYearActOrdinances/1954|title=:: Law Department (Government of Odisha) ::|website=lawodisha.gov.in|access-date=19 October 2019|archive-date=2 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302165024/http://lawodisha.gov.in/pages/viewYearActOrdinances/1954|url-status=dead}}</ref> and is spoken by 81.32% of the population according to the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census of India]].<ref name="census2011-langreport" /> It is also one of the [[Languages of India#Classical languages of India|classical languages of India]]. English is the official language of correspondence between state and the union of India.  Spoken Odia is not homogeneous as one can find different dialects spoken across the state. Some of the major dialects found inside the state are Sambalpuri, Cuttacki, Puri, Baleswari, Ganjami, Desiya and Phulbani. In addition to Odia, significant population of people speaking other major Indian languages like [[Hindi]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Urdu]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]] are also found in the state.<ref name=LSI-Orissa>{{cite book|last=Mahapatra|first=B. P.|title=Linguistic Survey of India: Orissa|year=2002|publisher=Language Division, Office of the Registrar General|location=Kolkata, India|pages=13–14|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-documents/lsi/ling_Orissa.html|access-date=20 February 2014|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113153328/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-documents/lsi/ling_Orissa.html|archive-date=13 November 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
The different ''[[Adivasi|adibasi]]'' communities who mostly reside in [[Western Odisha]] have their own languages belonging to [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] and [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] family of languages. Some of these major ''adibasi'' languages are [[Santali language|Santali]], [[Kui language (India)|Kui]] and [[Ho language|Ho]]. Due to increasing contact with outsiders, migration and socioeconomic reasons many of these indigenous languages are slowly getting extinct or are on the verge of getting extinct.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Atlas of languages in danger {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/endangered-languages/atlas-of-languages-in-danger/|access-date=19 October 2019|publisher=UNESCO}}</ref>
 
The Odisha Sahitya Academy Award was established in 1957 to actively develop Odia language and literature. The Odisha government launched a portal https://ova.gov.in/en in 2018 to promote Odia language and literature.
 
== Education ==
{{Main|Education in Odisha}}[[File:Utkal University Main Gate.jpg|thumb|[[Utkal University]] main gate]]
{{wide image|Ravenshaw Panorama1.jpg|1100px|Panoramic View of [[Ravenshaw University]], [[Cuttack]]}}
 
=== Educational Institutions ===
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*[[Indian Institutes of Handloom Technology]](IIHT Bargarh) at Bargarh
* [[Indian Institute of Tourism and Travel Management]] (IITTM BBSR) at Bhubaneswar
* [[C. V. Raman Global University]] (CVRGU) at Bhubaneswar
* [[Regional Institute of Education]] (RIE BBSR) at Bhubaneswar
* [[Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar]](IIT BBS) at Bhubaneswar
* [[National Institute of Science Education and Research]] (NISER) at Bhubaneswar
* [[NIT Rourkela|National Institute of Technology Rourkela (NIT)]] at Rourkela
* [[Indian Institute of Management Sambalpur|Indian Institute of Management (IIM-SB)]] at Sambalpur
* [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Berhampur|Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research (IISER BPR)]] at Brahmapur
* [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bhubaneswar|All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS)]] at Bhubaneswar
* [[Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla|Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology (VSSUT)]] at Burla
* [[National Law University Odisha|National Law University]] at Cuttack
* [[International Institute of Information Technology, Bhubaneswar|International Institute of Information Technology (IIIT)]] at Bhubaneswar
* [[Berhampur University]] at Brahmapur
* [[Biju Patnaik University of Technology]] at Rourkela
* [[Ispat Autonomous College, Rourkela]]
* [[Buxi Jagabandhu Bidyadhar College]] at Bhubaneswar
* [[Central University of Odisha]] at Koraput
* [[College of Agriculture, Bhawanipatna]]
* [[College of Basic Science and Humanities]] at Bhubaneswar
* [[College of Engineering and Technology, Bhubaneswar|College of Engineering and Technology]] at Bhubaneswar
* [[Dharanidhar College, Keonjhar|Dharanidhar College]] at Keonjhar
* [[Fakir Mohan University]] at Balasore
* [[Gangadhar Meher University]] at Sambalpur
* [[Government College of Engineering, Kalahandi]] at Bhawanipatna
* [[Hi-Tech Medical College & Hospital, Bhubaneswar]] at Bhubaneswar
* [[Indira Gandhi Institute of Technology (Orissa)|Indira Gandhi Institute of Technology]] at Sarang
* [[Government College of Engineering, Keonjhar]] at Keonjhar
* [[Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology|KIIT University]] at Bhubaneswar
* [[Khallikote University]] at Brahmapur
* [[MKCG Medical College and Hospital|Maharaja Krishna Chandra Gajapati Medical College and Hospital]] at Brahmapur
* [[National Institute of Science and Technology]] at Brahmapur
* [[North Orissa University]] at Baripada
* [[Odisha State Open University]] at Sambalpur
* [[Orissa Engineering College]] at Bhubaneswar
* [[Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology]] at Bhubaneswar
* [[Parala Maharaja Engineering College]] at Brahmapur
* [[Rama Devi Women's University]] at Bhubaneswar
* [[Ravenshaw University]] at Cuttack
* [[Sambalpur University]] at Sambalpur
* [[Sambalpur University Institute of Information Technology]] Sambalpur
* [[Shri Ramachandra Bhanj Medical College]] at Cuttack
* [[Siksha O Anusandhan University]] at Bhubaneswar
* [[Utkal University]] at Bhubaneswar
* [[Utkal University of Culture]] at Bhubaneswar
* [[Veer Surendra Sai Institute of Medical Sciences and Research]] (VIMSAR) at Burla, Sambalpur
* [[Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneswar]]
* [[Xavier University, Bhubaneswar]]
* [[Institute of Mathematics and Applications, Bhubaneswar]]
* [[Sri Sri University]] at Cuttack
* [[Centurion University]] at Jatni, Bhubaneswar
* [[Stewart School, Cuttack|Stewart School]] at Buxibazar, Cuttack
* [[National Institute of Rehabilitation Training and Research]] at Cuttack
* National Institute of Social Work and Social Science, Bhubaneswar (NISWASS)
* [[Rajendra Narayan University]] Balangir
* [[Kalahandi University]] Bhawanipatna
* [[Bhima Bhoi Medical College and Hospital]] Balangir
* [[Pandit Raghunath Murmu Medical College and Hospital]], [[Baripada]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Pandit Raghunath Murmu Medical College & Hospital |publisher=prmmchbaripada.in |url=http://prmmchbaripada.in/ |access-date=9 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909233246/http://prmmchbaripada.in/ |archive-date=9 September 2017 |url-status=live  }}</ref>
* [[Saheed Laxman Nayak Medical College and Hospital]], [[Koraput]]<ref>{{cite web |title=SLN Medical College & Hospital |publisher=slnmch.nic.in |url=http://www.slnmch.nic.in/index.html |access-date=9 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909234102/http://www.slnmch.nic.in/index.html |archive-date=9 September 2017 |url-status=live  }}</ref>
{{div col end}}
<!-- Please donot add any other Colleges/Universities here. This article is about Odisha and not about Education in Odisha -->
<!-- Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla is not a part of BPUT it is a separate technical university since 2009-->
 
Entry to various institutes of higher education especially into engineering degrees is through a centralised [[Odisha Joint Entrance Examination]], conducted by the [[Biju Patnaik University of Technology]] (BPUT), [[Rourkela]], since 2003, where seats are provided according to order of merit.<ref>{{cite web |title=Biju Patnaik University of Technology |publisher=Bput.org |url=http://www.bput.org/ |access-date=18 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205233536/http://www.bput.org/ |archive-date=5 December 2008 |url-status=live  }}</ref> Few of the engineering institutes enroll students by through [[Joint Entrance Examination]]. For medical courses, there is a corresponding [[National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)|National Eligibility Cum Entrance Test]].
 
== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Odisha}}
[[File:Artistes performing Chhau dance.jpg|thumb|[[Chhau dance]]]]
 
=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Cuisine of Odisha}}
Odisha has a culinary tradition spanning centuries. The kitchen of the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Shri Jagannath Temple, Puri]] is reputed to be the largest in the world, with 1,000 chefs, working around 752 wood-burning clay hearths called ''chulas'', to feed over 10,000 people each day.<ref name="AffairsAffairs1949">{{cite book |author1=National Association on Indian Affairs |author2=American Association on Indian Affairs |year=1949 |title=Indian Affairs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QcMVAQAAIAAJ |access-date=23 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606204607/http://books.google.com/books?id=QcMVAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=6 June 2013 |url-status=live  }}</ref><ref name="SharmaGupta2006">{{cite book |author1=S.P. Sharma |author2=Seema Gupta |date=3 October 2006 |title=Fairs & Festivals of India |publisher=Pustak Mahal |isbn=978-81-223-0951-5 |pages=103– |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54MSg3a63WgC&pg=PA103 |access-date=23 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608212537/http://books.google.com/books?id=54MSg3a63WgC&pg=PA103 |archive-date=8 June 2013 |url-status=live  }}</ref>
 
The syrupy dessert [[rasagola|Pahala rasagola]] made in Odisha is known throughout the world.<ref name="ToI_Bishwa_2015">{{cite news |author=Mitra Bishwabijoy |date=6 July 2015 |title=Who invented the rasgulla? |newspaper=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food/food-features/Who-invented-the-rasgulla/articleshow/47909754.cms |access-date=2 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709071914/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Life-Style/Food/Food-Features/Who-invented-the-rasgulla/articleshow/47909754.cms |archive-date=9 July 2015 |url-status=live  }}</ref> [[Chhenapoda]] is another major Odisha sweet cuisine, which originated in [[Nayagarh]].<ref name=chenapodaorigin>{{cite web |title=Chhenapoda |publisher=Simply TADKA |url=http://www.simplytadka.com/2012/04/chhena-poda-cottage-cheese-cake.html |access-date=9 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109232431/http://www.simplytadka.com/2012/04/chhena-poda-cottage-cheese-cake.html |archive-date=9 January 2015 |url-status=live  }}</ref> Dalma (a mix of dal and selected vegetables) is widely known cuisine, better served with ghee.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}
 
The "Odisha [[Rasgulla|Rasagola]]" was awarded a GI tag 29 July 2019 after a long battle about the origin of the famous sweet with West Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/odisha-rasagola-receives-gi-tag-two-years-after-west-bengal/story/368775.html|title=Odisha Rasagola receives geographical indication tag; here's what it means|website=www.businesstoday.in|access-date=2019-11-17}}</ref>
 
=== Dance ===
{{Main|Odissi}}
[[File:Sharmila Biswas, Odissi dancer.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|[[Sharmila Biswas]] performing [[Odissi]] dance]]
[[Odissi]] dance and music are classical art forms. Odissi is the oldest surviving dance form in India on the basis of archaeological evidence.<ref>{{cite web |title=Odissi Kala Kendra |publisher=odissi.itgo.com |url=http://odissi.itgo.com/ |access-date=18 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512041730/http://odissi.itgo.com/ |archive-date=12 May 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Odissi has a long, unbroken tradition of 2,000 years, and finds mention in the ''[[Natya Shastra|Natyashastra]]'' of [[Bharata Muni|Bharatamuni]], possibly written c. 200&nbsp;BC. However, the dance form nearly became extinct during the British period, only to be revived after India's independence by a few gurus.
 
The variety of dances includes [[Ghumura dance]], [[Chhau dance]], [[Jhumair]], [[Mahari dance]], [[Dalkhai]] and [[Gotipua]].
 
== Sports ==
{{Main|Sports in Odisha}}
[[File:Barabati stadium ipl Match Pune Warriors India vs deccan chargers.jpg|thumb|[[Barabati Stadium]] in [[Cuttack]]]]
The state of Odisha has hosted several international sporting events, including the [[2018 Men's Hockey World Cup]], and will host matches for the [[2020 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup]] and the [[2023 Men's Hockey World Cup]].
 
There are so many stadium and field available to promote sports. Some of well known stadium are ;
 
# [[Kalinga Stadium]]
# [[Barabati Stadium]]
# Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium
# [[East Coast Railway Stadium]]
# [[Biju Patnaik Hockey Stadium]]
# [[KIIT Stadium]]
#[[Birsa Munda International Hockey Stadium]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Suffian|first=Mohammad|date=February 16, 2021|title=Odisha CM Lays Foundation of India's Largest Hockey Stadium named after 'Birsa Munda' In Rourkela|work=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/hockey/story/odisha-cm-lays-foundation-of-india-s-largest-hockey-stadium-named-after-birsa-munda-in-rourkela-1769860-2021-02-16}}</ref>
 
== Tourism ==
{{Main|Tourism in Odisha}}
 
The Lingaraja Temple at [[Bhubaneswar]] has a {{convert|150|ft|m|adj=on}} high deula while the [[Jagannath Temple]], [[Puri]] is about {{convert|200|ft|m}} high and dominates the skyline. Only a portion of the [[Konark Sun Temple]] at [[Konark]] in [[Puri district]], the largest of the temples of the "Holy Golden Triangle" exists today, and it is still staggering in size. It stands out as a masterpiece in Odisha architecture. [[Sarala Temple]], regarded as one of the most spiritually elevated expressions of Shaktism is in [[Jagatsinghpur district]]. It is also one of the holiest places in Odisha and a major tourist attraction. [[Maa Tarini Temple]] situated in [[Kendujhar district]] is also a famous pilgrimage destination. Every day thousands of coconuts are given to Maa Tarini by devotees for fulfilling their wishes.<ref>{{cite book |last=Norenzayan |first=Ara |date=25 August 2013 |title=Big Gods: How Religion Transformed Cooperation and Conflict |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-4832-4 |pages=55–56 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2VMtfYiQCXEC&pg=PA55 |access-date=24 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208052058/https://books.google.com/books?id=2VMtfYiQCXEC&pg=PA55 |archive-date=8 February 2016 |url-status=live  }}</ref>
 
Odisha's varying topography&nbsp;– from the wooded Eastern Ghats to the fertile river basin&nbsp;– has proven ideal for evolution of compact and unique ecosystems. This creates treasure troves of flora and fauna that are inviting to many migratory species of birds and reptiles. [[Bhitarkanika National Park]] in [[Kendrapada district]] is famous for its second largest mangrove ecosystem. The bird sanctuary in [[Chilika Lake]] (Asia's largest brackish water lake). The tiger reserve and waterfalls in [[Simlipal National Park]], [[Mayurbhanj district]] are integral parts of eco-[[tourism in Odisha]], arranged by Odisha Tourism.<ref>{{cite web |title=MTN 82:9–10 Olive ridley tagged in Odisha recovered in the coastal waters of eastern Sri Lanka |publisher=Seaturtle.org |url=http://www.seaturtle.org/mtn/archives/mtn82/mtn82p9b.shtml |access-date=18 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207034709/http://www.seaturtle.org/mtn/archives/mtn82/mtn82p9b.shtml |archive-date=7 December 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
[[Daringbadi]] is a hill station in the [[Kandhamal district]]. It is known as "Kashmir of Odisha", for its climatic similarity. Chandipur, in [[Baleswar district]] is a calm and serene site, is mostly unexplored by tourists. The unique specialty of this beach is the ebb tides that recede up to 4&nbsp;km and tend to disappear rhythmically.
 
In the western part of Odisha, [[Hirakud Dam]] in [[Sambalpur district]] is the longest earthen dam in the World. It also forms the biggest artificial lake in Asia. The [[Debrigarh Wildlife Sanctuary]] is situated near Hirakud Dam. [[Samaleswari Temple]] is a Hindu temple in [[Sambalpur]] city, dedicated to the goddess known as 'Samaleswari', the presiding deity of Sambalpur, is a strong religious force in western part of Odisha and [[Chhattisgarh]] state. The [[Leaning Temple of Huma]] is located near Sambalpur. The temple is dedicated to the Hindu god Lord Bimaleshwar. Sri Sri [[Harishankar]] Devasthana, is a temple on the slopes of [[Gandhamardhan hills]], [[Balangir district]]. It is popular for its scenes of nature and connection to two Hindu lords, [[Vishnu]] and [[Shiva]]. On the opposite side of the Gandhamardhan hills is the temple of Sri [[Nrusinghanath]], is situated at the foothills of Gandhamardhan Hill near [[Paikmal]], [[Bargarh district]].
 
In the southern part of Odisha, The [[Taratarini Temple]] on the Kumari hills at the bank of the Rushikulya river near [[Berhampur]] city in [[Ganjam district]]. Here worshiped as the Breast Shrine (Sthana Peetha) and manifestations of Adi Shakti. The Tara Tarini Shakti Peetha is one of the oldest pilgrimage centers of the Mother Goddess and is one of four major ancient Tantra Peetha and [[Shakti Peethas]] in India. [[Deomali]] is a mountain peak of the [[Eastern Ghats]]. It is located in [[Koraput district]]. This peak with an elevation of about 1,672 m, is the highest peak in Odisha.
 
The share of foreign tourists’ arrival in the state is below one percent of total foreign tourist arrivals at all India level.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.odisha.gov.in/pc/Download/Economic_Survey_2014-15.pdf |title=Odisha - Economic Survey 2014-15  |access-date=14 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215005858/http://www.odisha.gov.in/pc/Download/Economic_Survey_2014-15.pdf |archive-date=15 February 2017 |url-status=dead  }}</ref>
 
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Rath Yatra Puri 07-11027.jpg|The [[Rath Yatra]] in [[Jagannath Temple, Puri]]
File:Tarni temple Gate view.JPG|[[Maa Tarini Temple, Ghatgaon]]
File:Gundichaghagi Waterfall, Keonjhar During monsoons.png|[[Keonjhar|Gundichaghagi waterfall Keonjhar]] during monsoons
</gallery>
</gallery>


==References==
== See also ==
{{commonscat}}
* [[Cinema of Odisha]]
{{reflist}}
* [[Festivals of Odisha]]
* [[List of Odia writers]]
* [[List of schools in Odisha]]
* [[Odia literature]]
* [[List of schemes of the government of Odisha]]
* [[Odissi music]]


{{India}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
 
== External links ==
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{{Sister project links|voy=Odisha}}
; Government
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120418110744/http://www.odisha.gov.in/portal/default.asp Odisha Government Portal]
 
; General information
* [https://www.britannica.com/place/Odisha Odisha] ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' entry
* {{curlie|Regional/Asia/India/Orissa/}}
* {{osmrelation-inline|1984022}}
 
{{Geographic location
|Centre=Odisha
|North=[[Jharkhand]]
|Northeast=[[West Bengal]]
|East=[[Bay of Bengal]]
|Southeast=[[Andhra Pradesh]] & Bay of Bengal
|South=[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|Southwest=[[Chhattisgarh]]
|West=[[Chhattisgarh]]
|Northwest=[[Chhattisgarh]]
}}
{{Odisha|ଓଡ଼ିଶା}}
{{States and territories of India}}
{{Hydrology of Odisha}}


{{Asia-stub}}
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[[Category:Odisha| ]]
[[Category:Odisha| ]]
[[Category:States and union territories of India]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1936]]
[[Category:1936 establishments in India]]
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