Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir (edit)
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{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}} | ||
[[File:Kashmir Region November 2019.jpg|thumb|A map of the disputed Kashmir region showing the Indian-administered region in [[Citrine (color)|yellow]]. Jammu and Kashmir is roughly the left half of this region. Pakistani-administered Kashmir is shown in [[Shades of green#Tea green|green]], and Chinese-administered Kashmir in [[Fallow (color)|brown]].]] | [[File:Kashmir Region November 2019.jpg|thumb|A map of the disputed Kashmir region showing the Indian-administered region in [[Citrine (color)|yellow]]. Jammu and Kashmir is roughly the left half of this region. Pakistani-administered Kashmir is shown in [[Shades of green#Tea green|green]], and Chinese-administered Kashmir in [[Fallow (color)|brown]].]] | ||
On | On 5 August 2019, the [[Parliament of India]] voted in favour of a resolution tabled by Home Minister [[Amit Shah]] to revoke the temporary special status, or [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India#Autonomy of Jammu and Kashmir: Structure and limitations|autonomy]], granted under [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India|Article 370]] of the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]] to [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]—a region administered by [[India]] as a state which consists of the larger part of Kashmir which has been the subject of dispute among India, [[Pakistan]], and [[China]] since 1947.<ref name="britannica-jammu-kashmir">{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Akhtar|first1=Rais|last2=Kirk|first2=William|title=Jammu and Kashmir, State, India|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Jammu-and-Kashmir |access-date=7 August 2019|url-access=subscription|quote=Jammu and Kashmir, state of India, located in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent in the vicinity of the Karakoram and westernmost Himalayan mountain ranges. The state is part of the larger region of Kashmir, which has been the subject of dispute between India, Pakistan, and China since the partition of the subcontinent in 1947.}}</ref><ref name="Jan·OsmanczykOsmańczyk2003">{{cite book|last=Osmańczyk |first=Edmund Jan|author-link=Edmund Osmańczyk |editor-last=Mango|editor-first=Anthony |title=Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements|volume=2: G–M|chapter=Jammu and Kashmir.|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSIMXHMdfkkC&pg=PA1189|year=2003|edition=3rd|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-93922-5|page=1189|quote=Territory in northwestern India, subject of a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China.}}</ref> | ||
Among the Indian government actions accompanying the revocation was the cutting off of communication lines in the [[Kashmir Valley]] restored after 5 months.<ref>{{Cite | Among the Indian government actions accompanying the revocation was the cutting off of communication lines in the [[Kashmir Valley]] restored after 5 months.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-01-18|title=Prepaid mobile services restored in J-K after over five-month suspension|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/prepaid-mobile-services-restored-in-j-k-after-over-five-month-suspension-120011800679_1.html|access-date=2021-06-06|newspaper=Business Standard India|language=en|agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref> Thousands of security forces were deployed to curb any uprising.<ref name="bbcnews08062019" /> Several leading Kashmiri politicians were taken into custody, including the former chief minister.<ref name="Gettleman&Raj" /><ref name="bbcnews08062019" /> Government officials described these restrictions as designed for preempting violence,<ref name="jaishankar" /> and justified the revocation for enabling people of the state to access government programmes such as [[Reservation in India|reservation]], [[Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009|right to education]] and [[Right to Information Act, 2005|right to information]].<ref name="TimesOfIndia2019oct31" /> | ||
The reaction in the Kashmir Valley was effectively reduced to silence through the suspension of communication and with imposition of Curfew (Section 144). <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-06|title=Explained: What is Section 144 of CrPC?|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/what-is-section-144-crpc-jammu-and-kashmir-5878543/|access-date=2021-02-24|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref | The reaction in the Kashmir Valley was effectively reduced to silence through the suspension of communication and with imposition of Curfew (Section 144).<ref name="Gettleman&Raj" /><ref name="bbcnews08062019" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-06|title=Explained: What is Section 144 of CrPC?|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/what-is-section-144-crpc-jammu-and-kashmir-5878543/|access-date=2021-02-24|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Many [[Nationalism|nationalists]] celebrated, declaring the move to herald public order and prosperity in Kashmir.<ref name="Gettleman&Raj">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/05/world/asia/india-pakistan-kashmir-jammu.html|title=India Revokes Kashmir's Special Status, Raising Fears of Unrest|last1=Gettleman|first1=Jeffrey|date=2019-08-05|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2019-11-15|last2=Raj|first2=Suhasini|last3=Schultz|first3=Kai|last4=Kumar|first4=Hari}}</ref> Among political parties in India, the revocation was supported by the ruling [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], and, among others, by the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]], the [[Aam Aadmi Party]], [[AIADMK]], [[Telugu Desam Party]], [[YSR Congress Party]], [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]] and the [[Shiv Sena]]. It was opposed by the [[Indian National Congress]], [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]], [[Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party]], [[Trinamool Congress]], [[Janata Dal (United)]] and the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]].<ref name="ITaugust52019" /> In Ladakh, people in the Kargil area, who are Shia Muslim and form the plurality of the population of [[Ladakh]], protested;<ref name="MyUser_The_Times_of_India_August_05_2019c">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ladakhs-ut-status-triggers-jubiliation-in-leh-resentment-in-kargil/articleshow/70542326.cms |title=Ladakh's UT status triggers jubilation in Leh, resentment in Kargil |work=The Times of India |agency=Press Trust of India|date= 5 August 2019 |access-date= November 19, 2019}}</ref><ref name="Deccan_Herald_November_19_2019c">{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/north-and-central/why-are-kargil-people-against-art-370-abrogation-753196.html |title=Why are Kargil people against Art 370 abrogation? |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date= 9 August 2019 |last=Majid|first=Zulfikar |access-date= November 19, 2019}}</ref> however, the Buddhist community in Ladakh supported the decision.<ref name="SMH 2019-08-07">{{cite news |last=Ulmer|first=Alexandra |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/asia/buddhist-enclave-jubilant-at-new-kashmir-status-but-china-angered-20190807-p52eqx.html |title=Buddhist enclave jubilant at new Kashmir status but China angered |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=7 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-22}}</ref><ref name="IT 2019-08-06">{{cite news|last=ul Haq|first=Shuja |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/kashmir-article-370-ladakh-welcomes-new-union-territory-status-1577650-2019-08-06 |title=Kashmir Article 370: Ladakh too welcomes its new Union Territory status |work=India Today|date=6 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-22}}</ref> | ||
The [[President of India]] issued an order under the power of Article 370, overriding the prevailing [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India#Presidential order of 1954|1954 Presidential Order]] and nullifying all the provisions of autonomy granted to the state. The [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister]] introduced a [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019|Reorganisation Bill]] in the Indian Parliament, seeking to divide the state into two [[Union territory|union territories]] to be governed by a lieutenant governor and a unicameral legislature. The resolution seeking the revocation of the special status under Article 370 and the bill for the state's reorganisation was debated and passed by the [[Rajya Sabha]] – India's upper house of parliament – on 5 August 2019.<ref name="Prabhu&Sanyal" /> On 6 August, the [[Lok Sabha]] – India's lower house of parliament – debated and passed the reorganisation bill along with the resolution recommending the revocation. | The [[President of India]] issued an order under the power of Article 370, overriding the prevailing [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India#Presidential order of 1954|1954 Presidential Order]] and nullifying all the provisions of autonomy granted to the state. The [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister]] introduced a [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019|Reorganisation Bill]] in the Indian Parliament, seeking to divide the state into two [[Union territory|union territories]] to be governed by a lieutenant governor and a unicameral legislature. The resolution seeking the revocation of the temporary special status under Article 370 and the bill for the state's reorganisation was debated and passed by the [[Rajya Sabha]] – India's upper house of parliament – on 5 August 2019.<ref name="Prabhu&Sanyal" /> On 6 August, the [[Lok Sabha]] – India's lower house of parliament – debated and passed the reorganisation bill along with the resolution recommending the revocation.<ref name=bbcnews08062019>{{cite news |title=Article 370: What happened with Kashmir and why it matters |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-49234708 |publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=6 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref><ref name="ZeeNews2019aug6" /><ref name="BusinessLine2019aug6" /> | ||
== Background == | == Background == | ||
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{{Further|Article 370 of the Constitution of India|Jammu Praja Parishad|Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir}} | {{Further|Article 370 of the Constitution of India|Jammu Praja Parishad|Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir}} | ||
Article 370 of the Indian constitution gave special status to Jammu and Kashmir — a state in [[India]], located in the northern part of the [[Indian subcontinent]], and a part of the larger region of [[Kashmir]], which has been the subject of dispute between India, [[Pakistan]] and [[China]].<ref name="britannica-jammu-kashmir" /><ref name="Jan·OsmanczykOsmańczyk2003" /> The Article conferred power on Jammu and Kashmir to have [[Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir|a separate constitution]], [[flag of Jammu and Kashmir|a state flag]] and autonomy over the internal administration of the state.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-49231619 |title=Article 370: India strips disputed Kashmir of special status|publisher=BBC News|date=5 August 2019|access-date=2019-09-19}}</ref><ref name="Venkataramanan" /> The [[Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir]], after its establishment, was empowered to recommend the articles of the Indian constitution that should be applied to the state or to abrogate the Article 370 altogether. After consultation with the state's Constituent Assembly, the [[#Presidential order of 1954|1954 Presidential Order]] was issued, specifying the articles of the Indian constitution that applied to the state. The Constituent Assembly dissolved itself without recommending the abrogation of Article 370, the article was deemed to have become a permanent feature of the Indian Constitution.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/the-importance-of-article-370/article7762192.ece |title=The importance of Article 370|work=The Hindu|date=15 October 2015|access-date=2019-09-19}}<br />{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/article-370-is-permanent-rules-jk-high-court/article7749839.ece|title=Article 370 is permanent, rules J&K High Court|agency=Press Trust of India|work=The Hindu|date=11 October 2015|access-date=2017-03-25}}</ref> This article, along with [[Article 35A of the Constitution of India|Article 35A]], defined that the Jammu and Kashmir state's residents live under a separate set of laws, including those related to [[Indian citizenship|citizenship]], ownership of property, and [[Fundamental rights in India|fundamental rights]], as compared to | Article 370 of the Indian constitution gave special status to Jammu and Kashmir — a state in [[India]], located in the northern part of the [[Indian subcontinent]], and a part of the larger region of [[Kashmir]], which has been the subject of dispute between India, [[Pakistan]] and [[China]].<ref name="britannica-jammu-kashmir" /><ref name="Jan·OsmanczykOsmańczyk2003" /> The Article conferred power on Jammu and Kashmir to have [[Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir|a separate constitution]], [[flag of Jammu and Kashmir|a state flag]] and autonomy over the internal administration of the state.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-49231619 |title=Article 370: India strips disputed Kashmir of special status|publisher=BBC News|date=5 August 2019|access-date=2019-09-19}}</ref><ref name="Venkataramanan" /> The [[Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir]], after its establishment, was empowered to recommend the articles of the Indian constitution that should be applied to the state or to abrogate the Article 370 altogether. After consultation with the state's Constituent Assembly, the [[#Presidential order of 1954|1954 Presidential Order]] was issued, specifying the articles of the Indian constitution that applied to the state. The Constituent Assembly dissolved itself without recommending the abrogation of Article 370, the article was deemed to have become a permanent feature of the Indian Constitution.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/the-importance-of-article-370/article7762192.ece |title=The importance of Article 370|work=The Hindu|date=15 October 2015|access-date=2019-09-19}}<br />{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/article-370-is-permanent-rules-jk-high-court/article7749839.ece|title=Article 370 is permanent, rules J&K High Court|agency=Press Trust of India|work=The Hindu|date=11 October 2015|access-date=2017-03-25}}</ref> This article, along with [[Article 35A of the Constitution of India|Article 35A]], defined that the Jammu and Kashmir state's residents live under a separate set of laws, including those related to [[Indian citizenship|citizenship]], ownership of property, and [[Fundamental rights in India|fundamental rights]], as compared to residents of other Indian states.<ref>{{cite news |title=Article 370: Rewriting both the history and geography of J&K |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/article-370-rewriting-both-the-history-and-geography-of-jk/articleshow/70546131.cms |agency=Times News Network|work=The Times of India|date=22 August 2019|access-date=2019-09-19}}</ref> | ||
Under various [[Indian National Congress]] party-led central governments and locally elected state governments — such as those of the National Conference — between 1954 and 2011, India used the provisions of Article 370 to issue presidential orders to extend the Indian constitution to Jammu and Kashmir with the concurrence of the State Government, and reduce the state's autonomy. These past Presidential orders under Article 370 are also controversial and a subject of the Kashmir dispute.{{sfnp|Noorani, Article 370|2011|pp=7–8}}{{sfnp|Kumar, The Constitutional and Legal Routes|2005|p=97}}{{sfnp|Tillin, Asymmetric Federalism|2016|p=546}} Political scientist [[Sumantra Bose]], a Kashmir scholar, sums up the politics of the period 1953–63, during which [[Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad]] served as the [[List of Chief Ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|Prime Minister]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in these words:<blockquote> Bakshi Ghulam Mohammed’s term in office lasted a full decade, until October 1963. The sequence of events during that decade strongly suggests a contractual relationship between Bakshi and the government of India, whereby he would be allowed to run an unrepresentative, unaccountable government in Srinagar in return for facilitating IJK’s | Under various [[Indian National Congress]] party-led central governments and locally elected state governments — such as those of the National Conference — between 1954 and 2011, India used the provisions of Article 370 to issue presidential orders to extend the Indian constitution to Jammu and Kashmir with the concurrence of the State Government, and reduce the state's autonomy. These past Presidential orders under Article 370 are also controversial and a subject of the Kashmir dispute.{{sfnp|Noorani, Article 370|2011|pp=7–8}}{{sfnp|Kumar, The Constitutional and Legal Routes|2005|p=97}}{{sfnp|Tillin, Asymmetric Federalism|2016|p=546}} Political scientist [[Sumantra Bose]], a Kashmir scholar, sums up the politics of the period 1953–63, during which [[Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad]] served as the [[List of Chief Ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|Prime Minister]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in these words:<blockquote> Bakshi Ghulam Mohammed’s term in office lasted a full decade, until October 1963. The sequence of events during that decade strongly suggests a contractual relationship between Bakshi and the government of India, whereby he would be allowed to run an unrepresentative, unaccountable government in Srinagar in return for facilitating IJK’s "integration" with India on New Delhi’s terms. The result was twofold: a crippling of rule of law and democratic institutions in IJK; and an erosion of IJK’s autonomy, achieved (as required by Article 370) with the "concurrence" of IJK’s government—which consisted of a motley clique of New Delhi's client politicians."<ref name="Bose2009p68">{{cite book|last=Bose|first=Sumantra |author-link= Sumantra Bose|title=Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ACMe9WBdNAC&pg=PA68|year=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-02855-5|page=68}}</ref></blockquote> Further, in Bose's view, the 1954 Presidential order and the subsequent orders began "the end for the Article 370" and it has "effectively been dead in letter and in spirit since that time".<ref name="Bose2009p79">{{cite book|last=Bose|first=Sumantra |title=Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ACMe9WBdNAC|year=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-02855-5|pages=68–72}}</ref> | ||
Since the partition of India and Pakistan on religious lines, the [[Hindutva]] organizations in India have stated that Jammu and Kashmir is an integral, inseparable part of India.<ref>{{cite book | title=Hindu Nationalism | chapter=Jammu & Kashmir | publisher=Princeton University Press | year=2009 |last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot| isbn=978-1-4008-2803-6 | doi=10.2307/j.ctt7s415.16 | pages=193–217}}</ref> As in past election | Since the partition of India and Pakistan on religious lines, the [[Hindutva]] organizations in India have stated that Jammu and Kashmir is an integral, inseparable part of India.<ref>{{cite book | title=Hindu Nationalism | chapter=Jammu & Kashmir | publisher=Princeton University Press | year=2009 |last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot| isbn=978-1-4008-2803-6 | doi=10.2307/j.ctt7s415.16 | pages=193–217}}</ref> As in past election manifestos, the Bharatiya Janata Party included the integration of Jammu and Kashmir among its campaign promises for the [[2019 Indian general election]]. The BJP and its allies won a landslide majority in the [[Lok Sabha]], the lower house of the Indian Parliament.<ref>{{Cite news |title=India's BJP releases manifesto before elections |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |date=8 April 2019 |access-date=2019-08-22|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/04/india-bjp-releases-manifesto-upcoming-elections-190408072851526.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/1a4ce784-7dce-11e9-81d2-f785092ab560 |title=India 2019 election results: Modi's landslide in charts|work=[[Financial Times]]|date=24 May 2019|access-date=2019-09-19|url-access=subscription}}</ref> On 5 August 2019, India issued a Presidential order superseding the 1954 order that made all the provisions of the Indian constitution applicable to Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{cite news|last=Samanta|first=Pranab Dhal |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/article-370-rendered-toothless-article-35a-ceases-to-exist/articleshow/70535292.cms |title=Article 370 rendered toothless, Article 35A ceases to exist|work=The Economic Times|date=5 August 2019|access-date=2019-09-19}}</ref><ref name="eGazette444">{{cite news|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/210049.pdf|title=The Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 2019, C.O. 272|work=[[The Gazette of India]]|number=444|date=5 August 2019|access-date=2019-09-19}}</ref> Following the resolutions passed in both houses of the parliament, the President of India issued a further order on 6 August declaring all the clauses of Article 370 except clause 1 to be inoperative.<ref name="frontline">{{cite news |last1=Venkatesan |first1=V. |title=Abrogation of Articles 370 and 35A: Assault on the Constitution |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article29048647.ece |access-date=25 August 2021 |work=Frontline |issue=CONSTITUTIONAL PERSPECTIVES |language=en}}</ref> | ||
On 5 August 2019, some political parties of Jammu and Kashmir met at the home of Farooq Abdullah and released a joint statement, called [[Gupkar Declaration]], that pledged to defend and safeguard the identity, autonomy and special status of Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{cite news|title=What is J&K's 'Alliance for Gupkar Declaration' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/what-is-jks-alliance-for-gupkar-declaration/articleshow/78686112.cms |work=The Times of India|date=15 October 2020|access-date= 2020-10-24}}</ref> | On 5 August 2019, some political parties of Jammu and Kashmir met at the home of Farooq Abdullah and released a joint statement, called [[Gupkar Declaration]], that pledged to defend and safeguard the identity, autonomy and special status of Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{cite news|title=What is J&K's 'Alliance for Gupkar Declaration' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/what-is-jks-alliance-for-gupkar-declaration/articleshow/78686112.cms |work=The Times of India|date=15 October 2020|access-date= 2020-10-24}}</ref> | ||
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== Legal aspects == | == Legal aspects == | ||
[[Article 370 of the Constitution of India]] was a 'temporary provision' inserted on 17 October 1949 which gave special powers to the state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], lawfully authorising it to have its own constitution.<ref name="Deka">{{Cite news|last=Deka |first=Kaushik |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/kashmir-s-new-normal-1582167-2019-08-19|title=Kashmir: Now for the legal battle |date=19 August 2019|work=India Today|access-date=2019-08-21}}</ref> Accordingly, the provisions of only Article 1 and Article 370 of the Indian Constitution applied to the state. So, for the Central government to | [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India]] was a 'temporary provision' inserted on 17 October 1949 which gave special powers to the state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], lawfully authorising it to have its own constitution.<ref name="Deka">{{Cite news|last=Deka |first=Kaushik |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/kashmir-s-new-normal-1582167-2019-08-19|title=Kashmir: Now for the legal battle |date=19 August 2019|work=India Today|access-date=2019-08-21}}</ref> Accordingly, the provisions of only Article 1 and Article 370 of the Indian Constitution applied to the state. So, for the Central government to extend the coverage of a central law to the state on subjects included in the [[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)|Instrument of Accession]] (IoA), it needed "consultation" while for extending the coverage of laws on other subjects, it needed "concurrence" of the state government.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/explainer-what-is-article-370/article28822446.ece|title=Explainer: What is Article 370?|agency=Press Trust of India|work=Business Line|date=5 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-21}}</ref> Similarly, [[Article 35A of the Constitution of India]], introduced through a constitutional order in 1954, authorised the state legislature to define 'permanent residents'. Those defined as permanent residents were entitled to property rights, employment, scholarships and other social benefits in the state.<ref name="Deka" /> | ||
After the 1954 order, forty-seven Presidential orders were issued between 11 February 1956 and 19 February 1994, making various other provisions of the Constitution of India applicable to Jammu and Kashmir. All these orders were issued with the 'concurrence of the Government of the State' without any Constituent Assembly.{{sfn|Noorani, Article 370|2011|loc=Section 11.1}}{{sfn|Noorani, Article 370|2011|pp=9–11}} Some of these Presidential orders were issued when the state was under President's rule and had "no Kashmir government at all", states Jill Cottrell.{{sfn|Cottrell, Kashmir: The vanishing autonomy|2013|pp=173–175}} The effect of the Presidential orders issued between 1954 and 1994 had been to extend 94 of the 97 subjects in the [[Union List]] (the powers of the Central Government), and 260 of the 395 Articles of the Constitution of India to the State of Jammu and Kashmir.{{sfn|Noorani, Article 370|2011|pp=13–14}} | After the 1954 order, forty-seven Presidential orders were issued between 11 February 1956 and 19 February 1994, making various other provisions of the Constitution of India applicable to Jammu and Kashmir. All these orders were issued with the 'concurrence of the Government of the State' without any Constituent Assembly.{{sfn|Noorani, Article 370|2011|loc=Section 11.1}}{{sfn|Noorani, Article 370|2011|pp=9–11}} Some of these Presidential orders were issued when the state was under President's rule and had "no Kashmir government at all", states Jill Cottrell.{{sfn|Cottrell, Kashmir: The vanishing autonomy|2013|pp=173–175}} The effect of the Presidential orders issued between 1954 and 1994 had been to extend 94 of the 97 subjects in the [[Union List]] (the powers of the Central Government), and 260 of the 395 Articles of the Constitution of India to the State of Jammu and Kashmir.{{sfn|Noorani, Article 370|2011|pp=13–14}} | ||
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The August 2019 Presidential order stated that all the provisions of the Indian Constitution applied to Jammu and Kashmir. This in effect meant that the separate [[Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir]] stood abrogated, and a single constitution now applied to all the Indian states. The President issued the order with the "concurrence of the Government of State of Jammu and Kashmir". This in effect meant the concurrence of the [[Governor of Jammu and Kashmir]] since President's rule was imposed at that time in the state.<ref name="Venkataramanan">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/explained-how-the-status-of-jammu-and-kashmir-is-being-changed/article28822866.ece|title=Explained {{!}} How the status of Jammu and Kashmir is being changed|last=Venkataramanan|first=K.|date=2019-08-05|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806202031/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/explained-how-the-status-of-jammu-and-kashmir-is-being-changed/article28822866.ece |url-status=live |archive-date=2019-08-06}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|30 July 1986 Presidential order on Jammu and Kashmir used an equivalent procedure. While the Congress party central government led by [[Rajiv Gandhi]] was in power, the President of India made an order under Article 370, on 30 July 1986, extending to Jammu and Kashmir [[s:Constitution of India/Part XI|Article 249]] of the Indian Constitution in order to empower Indian Parliament to legislate on matters in the State List after obtaining a Rajya Sabha resolution. The then Governor [[Jagmohan]] gave concurrence on behalf of the state government while the state was under President's rule,{{sfn|Cottrell, Kashmir: The vanishing autonomy|2013|p=174}} despite protests from G. A. Lone – the Law secretary of Jammu and Kashmir – and in the absence of a Council of Ministers.{{sfn|Cottrell, Kashmir: The vanishing autonomy|2013|p=174}}{{sfn|Noorani, Article 370|2011|loc=Chapter 11}}}} The order was issued using the third clause of Article 370, which authorised the [[President of India]] to declare the article inoperative with exceptions and modifications, if recommended by the (non-existent) state constituent assembly to do so.<ref name="Deka" /> To circumvent the legal issue of the non-existent state constituent assembly, the President used the Clause (I) of Article 370, which conferred him with the power to modify the Indian Constitution on subjects related to Jammu and Kashmir. So he first added a new clause to Article 367, which deals with interpretation of the Constitution. He replaced the phrase '[[Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir|Constituent Assembly of the State]]' with '[[Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir|Legislative Assembly of the State]]'.<ref name="TheHindu-fulltext5aug2019">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/full-text-of-document-on-govts-rationale-behind-removal-of-special-status-to-jk/article28821368.ece|title=Full text of document on govt.'s rationale behind removal of special status to J&K|date=2019-08-05|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-08-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/blog-how-modi-govt-cleverly-used-art-370-to-remove-special-status/articleshow/70545878.cms|title=Blog: How Modi govt cleverly used Art 370 to remove special status |date=6 August 2019|agency=Times News Network|work=The Times of India|access-date=2019-08-21}}</ref> Since the state legislative assembly has been suspended, the order says that any reference to the legislative assembly will be construed as a reference to the Governor of Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name="TheHindu-fulltext5aug2019" /><ref name="Deka" /> The governor is an appointee of the [[Central Government of India|Central government]]. Therefore, the Indian Parliament now functions for the state legislative assembly.<ref name="Deka" /> | The August 2019 Presidential order stated that all the provisions of the Indian Constitution applied to Jammu and Kashmir. This in effect meant that the separate [[Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir]] stood abrogated, and a single constitution now applied to all the Indian states. The President issued the order with the "concurrence of the Government of State of Jammu and Kashmir". This in effect meant the concurrence of the [[Governor of Jammu and Kashmir]] since President's rule was imposed at that time in the state.<ref name="Venkataramanan">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/explained-how-the-status-of-jammu-and-kashmir-is-being-changed/article28822866.ece|title=Explained {{!}} How the status of Jammu and Kashmir is being changed|last=Venkataramanan|first=K.|date=2019-08-05|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806202031/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/explained-how-the-status-of-jammu-and-kashmir-is-being-changed/article28822866.ece |url-status=live |archive-date=2019-08-06}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|30 July 1986 Presidential order on Jammu and Kashmir used an equivalent procedure. While the Congress party central government led by [[Rajiv Gandhi]] was in power, the President of India made an order under Article 370, on 30 July 1986, extending to Jammu and Kashmir [[s:Constitution of India/Part XI|Article 249]] of the Indian Constitution in order to empower Indian Parliament to legislate on matters in the State List after obtaining a Rajya Sabha resolution. The then Governor [[Jagmohan]] gave concurrence on behalf of the state government while the state was under President's rule,{{sfn|Cottrell, Kashmir: The vanishing autonomy|2013|p=174}} despite protests from G. A. Lone – the Law secretary of Jammu and Kashmir – and in the absence of a Council of Ministers.{{sfn|Cottrell, Kashmir: The vanishing autonomy|2013|p=174}}{{sfn|Noorani, Article 370|2011|loc=Chapter 11}}}} The order was issued using the third clause of Article 370, which authorised the [[President of India]] to declare the article inoperative with exceptions and modifications, if recommended by the (non-existent) state constituent assembly to do so.<ref name="Deka" /> To circumvent the legal issue of the non-existent state constituent assembly, the President used the Clause (I) of Article 370, which conferred him with the power to modify the Indian Constitution on subjects related to Jammu and Kashmir. So he first added a new clause to Article 367, which deals with interpretation of the Constitution. He replaced the phrase '[[Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir|Constituent Assembly of the State]]' with '[[Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir|Legislative Assembly of the State]]'.<ref name="TheHindu-fulltext5aug2019">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/full-text-of-document-on-govts-rationale-behind-removal-of-special-status-to-jk/article28821368.ece|title=Full text of document on govt.'s rationale behind removal of special status to J&K|date=2019-08-05|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-08-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/blog-how-modi-govt-cleverly-used-art-370-to-remove-special-status/articleshow/70545878.cms|title=Blog: How Modi govt cleverly used Art 370 to remove special status |date=6 August 2019|agency=Times News Network|work=The Times of India|access-date=2019-08-21}}</ref> Since the state legislative assembly has been suspended, the order says that any reference to the legislative assembly will be construed as a reference to the Governor of Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name="TheHindu-fulltext5aug2019" /><ref name="Deka" /> The governor is an appointee of the [[Central Government of India|Central government]]. Therefore, the Indian Parliament now functions for the state legislative assembly.<ref name="Deka" /> | ||
{{chart top|collapsed=yes|align=right|[[File:Emblem of India.svg|35px]]<br/> Reorganisation Act, 2019<br/>Tree chart|width=20%}} | |||
{{Jammu and Kashmir tree chart}} | |||
{{chart bottom}} | |||
Hence, the Indian [[Home Minister]] moved a resolution in the [[Rajya Sabha]] to give the President the necessary recommendation he needs to declare Article 370 as inoperative.<ref name="Deka" /> Subsequently, the statutory resolution seeking the revocation of the special status under Article 370 and the bill for the state's reorganisation was debated and passed by the [[Rajya Sabha]] on 5 August 2019 with 125 (67%) votes in its favour and 61 (33%) against it.<ref name="Prabhu&Sanyal">{{cite news|last=Prabhu|first=Sunil |editor-last=Sanyal|editor-first=Anindita |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bill-to-bifurcate-jammu-and-kashmir-into-2-union-territories-passed-by-rajya-sabha-2080688 |title=Already, Rajya Sabha Clears J&K As Union Territory Instead Of State|publisher=[[NDTV]]|date=5 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-22}}</ref> On 6 August, the bill for the reorganisation was debated and passed by the [[Lok Sabha]] with 370 (86%) votes in its favour and 70 (14%) against it, and the resolution recommending the revocation was passed by 351 votes in favour and 72 against.<ref name="ZeeNews2019aug6">{{Cite news|url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/live-updates/live-updates-jammu-and-kashmir-reorganisation-bill-in-lok-sabha-for-scrapping-article-370-2225088|title=Lok Sabha passes J&K Reorganisation Bill with 370 votes for and 70 against it|date=6 August 2019|publisher=[[Zee News]]|access-date=2019-08-22}}</ref><ref name="BusinessLine2019aug6">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/jammu-and-kashmir-lok-sabha-passes-resolution-to-remove-article-370/article28837738.ece|title=LS too okays scrapping of J&K's special status|date=6 August 2019|work=[[Business Line]]|access-date=2019-08-22}}</ref> | Hence, the Indian [[Home Minister]] moved a resolution in the [[Rajya Sabha]] to give the President the necessary recommendation he needs to declare Article 370 as inoperative.<ref name="Deka" /> Subsequently, the statutory resolution seeking the revocation of the special status under Article 370 and the bill for the state's reorganisation was debated and passed by the [[Rajya Sabha]] on 5 August 2019 with 125 (67%) votes in its favour and 61 (33%) against it.<ref name="Prabhu&Sanyal">{{cite news|last=Prabhu|first=Sunil |editor-last=Sanyal|editor-first=Anindita |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bill-to-bifurcate-jammu-and-kashmir-into-2-union-territories-passed-by-rajya-sabha-2080688 |title=Already, Rajya Sabha Clears J&K As Union Territory Instead Of State|publisher=[[NDTV]]|date=5 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-22}}</ref> On 6 August, the bill for the reorganisation was debated and passed by the [[Lok Sabha]] with 370 (86%) votes in its favour and 70 (14%) against it, and the resolution recommending the revocation was passed by 351 votes in favour and 72 against.<ref name="ZeeNews2019aug6">{{Cite news|url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/live-updates/live-updates-jammu-and-kashmir-reorganisation-bill-in-lok-sabha-for-scrapping-article-370-2225088|title=Lok Sabha passes J&K Reorganisation Bill with 370 votes for and 70 against it|date=6 August 2019|publisher=[[Zee News]]|access-date=2019-08-22}}</ref><ref name="BusinessLine2019aug6">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/jammu-and-kashmir-lok-sabha-passes-resolution-to-remove-article-370/article28837738.ece|title=LS too okays scrapping of J&K's special status|date=6 August 2019|work=[[Business Line]]|access-date=2019-08-22}}</ref> | ||
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=== Legal Scholars === | === Legal Scholars === | ||
In an article for the [[Indian Law Review]], Balu G. Nair noted the orders to be " | In an article for the [[Indian Law Review]], Balu G. Nair noted the orders to be "constitutionally suspect".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nair|first=Balu G.|date=2019-09-02|title=Abrogation of Article 370: can the president act without the recommendation of the constituent assembly?|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/24730580.2019.1700592|journal=Indian Law Review|volume=3|issue=3|pages=254–279|doi=10.1080/24730580.2019.1700592|s2cid=218578147|issn=2473-0580}}</ref> Deva Zaid finds the orders to be extra-constitutional.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Deva|first=Zaid|date=2020-05-03|title=Basic without structure?: the Presidential Order of 1954 and the Indo-Jammu & Kashmir constitutional relationship|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/24730580.2020.1791520|journal=Indian Law Review|volume=4|issue=2|pages=163–198|doi=10.1080/24730580.2020.1791520|s2cid=221521110|issn=2473-0580}}</ref> [[Rajeev Dhavan]] opined that Art. 370 can't be "abrogated".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-05-28|title=Abrogation of Article 370 a very complex affair, say legal experts|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/abrogation-of-article-370-a-very-complex-affair-say-legal-experts-690866.html|access-date=2021-07-18|website=News18|language=en}}</ref> [[Gautam Bhatia (lawyer)|Gautam Bhatia]] found the entire episode to be fraught with legal and constitutional defects.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhatia|first=Gautam|date=2019-08-05|title=The Article 370 Amendments: Key Legal Issues|url=https://indconlawphil.wordpress.com/2019/08/05/the-article-370-amendments-key-legal-issues/|access-date=2021-07-18|website=Indian Constitutional Law and Philosophy|language=en}}</ref> Suhrith Parthasarathy opined the orders to be unconstitutional.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-07|title=An exercise of executive whim: Negation of Article 370 in J&K doesn't stand up to constitutional test, strikes at federalism|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-edit-page/a-plainly-illegal-order-why-the-overturning-of-article-370-in-jk-doesnt-stand-up-to-constitutional-test/|access-date=2021-07-18|website=Times of India Blog|language=en-US}}</ref> | ||
== Government clampdown == | == Government clampdown == | ||
{{main|2019-2021 Jammu and Kashmir lockdown}} | |||
Prior to the revocation of the status, the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] granted approval for the mobilization of thousands of [[Central Armed Police Forces|paramilitary security troops]] into Jammu and Kashmir, citing reason to maintain law and order in the area.<ref name="TheHindu-timeline5aug2019">{{cite news |title=Jammu and Kashmir: A timeline of recent events |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jammu-and-kashmir-a-timeline-of-events-leading-to-imposition-of-144-crpc-and-house-arrest-of-leaders/article28819542.ece |access-date=9 August 2019 |work=The Hindu |date=5 August 2019}}</ref> On 2 August, [[Indian Army]] said that the [[Pakistan Army]] and terrorists are "planning to upscale violence" and tried to "target the [[Yatra]] recently."<ref name="TheHindu-timeline5aug2019" /> The Government of India notified students and tourists, both local and foreign, to leave Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name="ABC2019aug3">{{cite news|last=Hussain|first=Aijaz |title=India orders students, tourists out of Kashmir for security|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/indian-students-tourists-leave-kashmir-govt-orders-64750063|agency=[[Associated Press]]|publisher=[[ABC News]]|date=3 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-08}}</ref> These actions sparked fears that India would soon be revoking Jammu and Kashmir's special status.<ref name="ABC2019aug3" /> However, on 3 August, [[Omar Abdullah]] said that Governor [[Satya Pal Malik]] "assured him there was no initiative in progress to dilute [[Article 35A of the Constitution of India|Article 35A of the Constitution]], start delimitation or trifurcate."<ref name="TheHindu-timeline5aug2019" /> | Prior to the revocation of the status, the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] granted approval for the mobilization of thousands of [[Central Armed Police Forces|paramilitary security troops]] into Jammu and Kashmir, citing reason to maintain law and order in the area.<ref name="TheHindu-timeline5aug2019">{{cite news |title=Jammu and Kashmir: A timeline of recent events |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jammu-and-kashmir-a-timeline-of-events-leading-to-imposition-of-144-crpc-and-house-arrest-of-leaders/article28819542.ece |access-date=9 August 2019 |work=The Hindu |date=5 August 2019}}</ref> On 2 August, [[Indian Army]] said that the [[Pakistan Army]] and terrorists are "planning to upscale violence" and tried to "target the [[Yatra]] recently."<ref name="TheHindu-timeline5aug2019" /> The Government of India notified students and tourists, both local and foreign, to leave Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name="ABC2019aug3">{{cite news|last=Hussain|first=Aijaz |title=India orders students, tourists out of Kashmir for security|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/indian-students-tourists-leave-kashmir-govt-orders-64750063|agency=[[Associated Press]]|publisher=[[ABC News]]|date=3 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-08}}</ref> These actions sparked fears that India would soon be revoking Jammu and Kashmir's special status.<ref name="ABC2019aug3" /> However, on 3 August, [[Omar Abdullah]] said that Governor [[Satya Pal Malik]] "assured him there was no initiative in progress to dilute [[Article 35A of the Constitution of India|Article 35A of the Constitution]], start delimitation or trifurcate."<ref name="TheHindu-timeline5aug2019" /> | ||
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Prior to the 5 August revocation announcement, [[Section 144]] curfew was imposed in the Muslim-majority Kashmir Valley, the Hindu-majority Jammu region and the Buddhist-majority Ladakh region.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kashmir-turmoil-what-we-know-so-far-1577248-2019-08-05 |title=Kashmir turmoil: What we know so far |work=India Today |date=5 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-20}}</ref><ref name="ANI 2019-08-09" /><ref>{{cite news|editor-last=Tiwari|editor-first=Vaibhav |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/large-gatherings-banned-in-ladakhs-kargil-drass-amid-kashmir-lockdown-2082280 |title=Large Gatherings Banned In Ladakh's Kargil, Drass Amid Kashmir Lockdown|publisher=NDTV|date=8 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-20}}</ref> The current lockdown was far more intense in the [[Srinagar district|Srinagar (Kashmir) region]], where "people are used to curfews and living under a heavy security presence", according to ''[[The Guardian]]'' newspaper.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Khan |first1=Ahmer |last2=Ratcliffe|first2=Rebecca |title='Kashmiris will erupt': fear grips region as Indian crackdown bites |url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/09/kashmiris-will-erupt-fear-grips-region-as-indian-crackdown-bites |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=9 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Jaleel|first1=Muzamil |last2=Masood|first2=Bashaarat |last3=Akhzer|first3=Adil |title=Kashmir Valley has seen many a lockdown but why this time it is so different |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/valley-has-seen-many-a-lockdown-but-why-this-time-it-is-so-different-article-370-kashmir-amit-shah-5884129/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=7 August 2019 |access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref> Concrete barricades blocked roads every few hundred meters.<ref name="Raina" /> Shops and clinics were closed,<ref name="Hussain&Saaliq" /> as were all educational institutions<ref name="Fareed" /> and a red alert was sounded across Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name="TheHindu-timeline5aug2019" /> The government lifted Section 144 curfew and reopened schools in some Jammu region districts effective 10 August 2019.<ref name="ANI 2019-08-09">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/schools-colleges-in-jammu-to-open-from-tomorrow-144-lifted-1579217-2019-08-09 |title=Schools and colleges to open from August 10 in Jammu, Section 144 lifted|agency=[[Asian News International]] |work=India Today |date=9 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-20}}</ref> | Prior to the 5 August revocation announcement, [[Section 144]] curfew was imposed in the Muslim-majority Kashmir Valley, the Hindu-majority Jammu region and the Buddhist-majority Ladakh region.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kashmir-turmoil-what-we-know-so-far-1577248-2019-08-05 |title=Kashmir turmoil: What we know so far |work=India Today |date=5 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-20}}</ref><ref name="ANI 2019-08-09" /><ref>{{cite news|editor-last=Tiwari|editor-first=Vaibhav |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/large-gatherings-banned-in-ladakhs-kargil-drass-amid-kashmir-lockdown-2082280 |title=Large Gatherings Banned In Ladakh's Kargil, Drass Amid Kashmir Lockdown|publisher=NDTV|date=8 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-20}}</ref> The current lockdown was far more intense in the [[Srinagar district|Srinagar (Kashmir) region]], where "people are used to curfews and living under a heavy security presence", according to ''[[The Guardian]]'' newspaper.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Khan |first1=Ahmer |last2=Ratcliffe|first2=Rebecca |title='Kashmiris will erupt': fear grips region as Indian crackdown bites |url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/09/kashmiris-will-erupt-fear-grips-region-as-indian-crackdown-bites |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=9 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Jaleel|first1=Muzamil |last2=Masood|first2=Bashaarat |last3=Akhzer|first3=Adil |title=Kashmir Valley has seen many a lockdown but why this time it is so different |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/valley-has-seen-many-a-lockdown-but-why-this-time-it-is-so-different-article-370-kashmir-amit-shah-5884129/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=7 August 2019 |access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref> Concrete barricades blocked roads every few hundred meters.<ref name="Raina" /> Shops and clinics were closed,<ref name="Hussain&Saaliq" /> as were all educational institutions<ref name="Fareed" /> and a red alert was sounded across Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name="TheHindu-timeline5aug2019" /> The government lifted Section 144 curfew and reopened schools in some Jammu region districts effective 10 August 2019.<ref name="ANI 2019-08-09">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/schools-colleges-in-jammu-to-open-from-tomorrow-144-lifted-1579217-2019-08-09 |title=Schools and colleges to open from August 10 in Jammu, Section 144 lifted|agency=[[Asian News International]] |work=India Today |date=9 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-20}}</ref> | ||
Many Indian media reported that they had no information coming from the Kashmir Valley and could not even ascertain if their correspondents were safe or not.<ref name="Siddiqui&Bhardwaj" /> | Many Indian media reported that they had no information coming from the Kashmir Valley and could not even ascertain if their correspondents were safe or not.<ref name="Siddiqui&Bhardwaj" /> Journalists were not issued curfew passes.<ref name="Raina" /> The [[Committee to Protect Journalists]] (CPJ) reported that Qazi Shibli – a local journalist and editor of news website ''The Kashmiriyat Walla'', was arrested by the [[Jammu and Kashmir Police]] on 28 July 2019 on unspecified charges, but it was unclear on 5 August 2019 if he is still under arrest.<ref>{{cite news|title=CPJ calls on India to ensure access to internet and communications services in Kashmir|url=https://cpj.org/2019/08/cpj-calls-on-india-to-ensure-access-to-internet-an.php|publisher=[[Committee to Protect Journalists]]|date=5 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-08}}</ref> Many journalists reported being stopped by soldiers and others stated they had to send photos out of the state via [[USB flash drive]]s.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kashmir journalists struggle to tell their stories amid clampdown|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/08/kashmir-journalists-struggle-stories-clampdown-190806094953316.html|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=7 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-08}}</ref> A local journalist told CPJ that "I fear that they will arrest journalists, especially those who will report what is happening".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Majumder|first1=Kunal |last2=Iftikhar|first2=Aliya |url=https://cpj.org/blog/2019/08/in-kashmir-obstruction-confiscated-equipment-and-h.php |title=In Kashmir, obstruction, confiscated equipment, and hand-carrying stories and photos on flash drive|publisher=Committee to Protect Journalists|date=8 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Journalists unable to report in occupied Kashmir amid communications blackout: CPJ |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1498949/journalists-unable-to-report-in-occupied-kashmir-amid-communications-blackout-cpj |access-date=9 August 2019 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |date=9 August 2019}}</ref> CPJ later reported that at least 2 journalists were detained amid tensions in Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://cpj.org/2019/08/two-journalists-detained-jammu-kashmir-india.php |title=At least 2 journalists detained amid tensions in Jammu and Kashmir |publisher=Committee to Protect Journalists |date=16 August 2019 |access-date=2019-08-22}}</ref> | ||
In addition to local Kashmiri journalists, editors of several Indian newspapers and television stations complained that their teams have not been able to send in their reports from most of the Muslim-majority Kashmir Valley, except for a few blocks in Srinagar. However, the managing editor of the Indian [[Times Now]] English news channel, Navika Kumar said, "her channel had not faced much restriction broadcasting from Kashmir and reporters were sending feeds through satellite-linked outside broadcasting vans", according to [[Reuters]].<ref name="Siddiqui&Bhardwaj" /> The Times Now and other media groups of India have been criticized as "conformist" and alleged to "look like they are afraid of the government" by [[H. K. Dua]] – a former media advisor of two former Indian prime ministers.<ref name="Siddiqui&Bhardwaj">{{cite news|last1=Siddiqui|first1=Zeba |last2=Bhardwaj|first2=Mayank |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-kashmir-media/kashmir-communications-blackout-angers-some-in-the-indian-media-idUSKCN1UY1YH |title=Kashmir communications blackout angers some in the Indian media|work=[[Reuters]]|date=8 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-20}}</ref> | In addition to local Kashmiri journalists, editors of several Indian newspapers and television stations complained that their teams have not been able to send in their reports from most of the Muslim-majority Kashmir Valley, except for a few blocks in Srinagar. However, the managing editor of the Indian [[Times Now]] English news channel, Navika Kumar said, "her channel had not faced much restriction broadcasting from Kashmir and reporters were sending feeds through satellite-linked outside broadcasting vans", according to [[Reuters]].<ref name="Siddiqui&Bhardwaj" /> The Times Now and other media groups of India have been criticized as "conformist" and alleged to "look like they are afraid of the government" by [[H. K. Dua]] – a former media advisor of two former Indian prime ministers.<ref name="Siddiqui&Bhardwaj">{{cite news|last1=Siddiqui|first1=Zeba |last2=Bhardwaj|first2=Mayank |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-kashmir-media/kashmir-communications-blackout-angers-some-in-the-indian-media-idUSKCN1UY1YH |title=Kashmir communications blackout angers some in the Indian media|work=[[Reuters]]|date=8 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-20}}</ref> | ||
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On 16 August, [[B. V. R. Subrahmanyam]] – the chief secretary of Jammu and Kashmir, announced that the government will lift lockdown and remove some restrictions in a phased manner in the Kashmir Valley.<ref name="Das2019aug16" /> According to Reuters, telephone services were to be resumed in parts of Srinagar on 16 August 2019, only to face delays in implementation.<ref name=reutersaug16b>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-kashmir/schools-telephone-lines-to-reopen-in-kashmir-after-lockdown-idUSKCN1V60FJ |title=Schools, telephone lines to reopen in Kashmir after lockdown|last1=Bukhari |first1=Fayaz |last2=Siddiqui|first2=Zeba |work=Reuters|date=16 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-20}}</ref> Landline phone services, indicated Subrahmanyam, would be restored in most of Srinagar by 18 August 2019.<ref name="Das2019aug16" /> Central government was adamant about reopening schools in the valley in the week of 19 August 2019 amid curfew-like situation.<ref name=reutersaug16b /> However, when some schools were opened in the valley, several media reported that children did not go to schools at all.<ref name=bbc19augschools>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-49394618 |title=Kashmir schools re-open but students stay home|publisher=BBC News|date=19 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-20}}</ref><ref name=guardian19aug>{{cite news|last1=Farooq|first1=Azhar |last2=Ratcliffe|first2=Rebecca |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/19/kashmir-parents-defy-authorities-to-keep-children-out-of-school |title=Kashmir parents keep children out of school as tensions remain high|work=The Guardian|date=19 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-20}}</ref> According to Subrahmanyam, "12 of 22 [Jammu and Kashmir] districts were already functioning normally, and measures have been put in place to ensure zero loss of lives on any side or serious injuries to anyone. Telecom connectivity will be eased and restored in a phased manner keeping in mind the constant threat by terror organizations".<ref name="Das2019aug16">{{cite news|last=Das|first=Shaswati |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/clampdown-in-kashmir-to-be-lifted-in-phases-1565940804140.html |title=Curbs in Kashmir to be lifted in phases, landline services to resume by Sunday|work=Mint|date= 16 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/restrictions-in-kashmir-to-continue-after-isolated-incidents-of-violence-reported-1580940-2019-08-14|title=Restrictions in Kashmir to continue after isolated incidents of violence reported|date=14 August 2019|agency=Press Trust of India|work=India Today|access-date=1 November 2019}}</ref> | On 16 August, [[B. V. R. Subrahmanyam]] – the chief secretary of Jammu and Kashmir, announced that the government will lift lockdown and remove some restrictions in a phased manner in the Kashmir Valley.<ref name="Das2019aug16" /> According to Reuters, telephone services were to be resumed in parts of Srinagar on 16 August 2019, only to face delays in implementation.<ref name=reutersaug16b>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-kashmir/schools-telephone-lines-to-reopen-in-kashmir-after-lockdown-idUSKCN1V60FJ |title=Schools, telephone lines to reopen in Kashmir after lockdown|last1=Bukhari |first1=Fayaz |last2=Siddiqui|first2=Zeba |work=Reuters|date=16 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-20}}</ref> Landline phone services, indicated Subrahmanyam, would be restored in most of Srinagar by 18 August 2019.<ref name="Das2019aug16" /> Central government was adamant about reopening schools in the valley in the week of 19 August 2019 amid curfew-like situation.<ref name=reutersaug16b /> However, when some schools were opened in the valley, several media reported that children did not go to schools at all.<ref name=bbc19augschools>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-49394618 |title=Kashmir schools re-open but students stay home|publisher=BBC News|date=19 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-20}}</ref><ref name=guardian19aug>{{cite news|last1=Farooq|first1=Azhar |last2=Ratcliffe|first2=Rebecca |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/19/kashmir-parents-defy-authorities-to-keep-children-out-of-school |title=Kashmir parents keep children out of school as tensions remain high|work=The Guardian|date=19 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-20}}</ref> According to Subrahmanyam, "12 of 22 [Jammu and Kashmir] districts were already functioning normally, and measures have been put in place to ensure zero loss of lives on any side or serious injuries to anyone. Telecom connectivity will be eased and restored in a phased manner keeping in mind the constant threat by terror organizations".<ref name="Das2019aug16">{{cite news|last=Das|first=Shaswati |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/clampdown-in-kashmir-to-be-lifted-in-phases-1565940804140.html |title=Curbs in Kashmir to be lifted in phases, landline services to resume by Sunday|work=Mint|date= 16 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/restrictions-in-kashmir-to-continue-after-isolated-incidents-of-violence-reported-1580940-2019-08-14|title=Restrictions in Kashmir to continue after isolated incidents of violence reported|date=14 August 2019|agency=Press Trust of India|work=India Today|access-date=1 November 2019}}</ref> | ||
As of 25 August 2019, landline services | As of 25 August 2019, landline services were restored in most places in the Kashmir Valley.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/landline-telephone-services-restored-in-most-places-in-valley-officials/articleshow/70825722.cms|title=Landline telephone services restored in most places in Valley: Officials|agency=Press Trust of India|work=The Times of India|date=25 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-25}}</ref> On September 4, only 50,000 landline connections were operational throughout the valley.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/postpaid-mobile-phone-services-in-kashmir-restored/articleshow/71576279.cms|title=Post-paid mobile phone services restored in Kashmir without internet|newspaper=The Economic Times| date=14 October 2019|access-date=2021-06-06}}</ref> On 14 October 2019, postpaid mobile phone services were fully restored in the region.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/postpaid-mobile-phone-services-in-kashmir-restored/articleshow/71576366.cms|title=Postpaid mobile phone services in Kashmir restored |agency=Press Trust of India|work=The Times of India|date=14 October 2019|access-date=2019-10-14}}</ref> As of 3 January 2020, mobile Internet has still not been fully restored in the region. At 153 days and counting, this has become the largest internet shutdown in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://internetshutdowns.in/|title=Longest Shutdowns|website=Internet Shutdown Tracker|access-date=2020-01-03}}</ref> | ||
On 13 January 2020, an article by [[Reuters]] reported that the Internet services have not been fully restored in [[Kashmir]], forcing [[Kashmiris]] to board a crowded train – dubbed as the 'Internet Express' – to travel to a nearby town of Banihal for using Internet at cybercafes for 300 rupees ($4.20) an hour. The Vice President of the Kashmir Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Majeed Mir, claims almost 500,000 jobs have been lost since the blockade, stating that "irreversible damage has been caused to the economy".<ref>{{cite news|last=Parvaiz|first=Athar |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/india-kashmir-internet/feature-no-web-no-jobs-kashmiris-board-the-internet-express-idUSL8N2971OF|title=FEATURE-No web, no jobs: Kashmiris board the 'Internet Express'|date=13 January 2020|work=Reuters |access-date=13 January 2020}}</ref> | On 13 January 2020, an article by [[Reuters]] reported that the Internet services have not been fully restored in [[Kashmir]], forcing [[Kashmiris]] to board a crowded train – dubbed as the 'Internet Express' – to travel to a nearby town of Banihal for using Internet at cybercafes for 300 rupees ($4.20) an hour. The Vice President of the Kashmir Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Majeed Mir, claims almost 500,000 jobs have been lost since the blockade, stating that "irreversible damage has been caused to the economy".<ref>{{cite news|last=Parvaiz|first=Athar |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/india-kashmir-internet/feature-no-web-no-jobs-kashmiris-board-the-internet-express-idUSL8N2971OF|title=FEATURE-No web, no jobs: Kashmiris board the 'Internet Express'|date=13 January 2020|work=Reuters |access-date=13 January 2020}}</ref> | ||
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On 14 January 2020, broadband Internet services were restored to select organizations/individuals in the [[Kashmir Valley]] and 2G mobile services were restored in five districts located in the [[Jammu region]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jkhome.nic.in/03(TSTS)%202020.pdf|title=Government Order No: Home -03 (TSTS) of 2020|publisher=Home Department, Government of Jammu and Kashmir|date=14 January 2020|access-date=2020-11-27}}</ref><ref name="TheHindu2020jan14">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/broadband-2g-internet-partially-restored-in-jammu-and-kashmir/article30570031.ece|title=J&K Internet links partially restored|date=14 January 2020|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-01-15}}</ref> | On 14 January 2020, broadband Internet services were restored to select organizations/individuals in the [[Kashmir Valley]] and 2G mobile services were restored in five districts located in the [[Jammu region]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jkhome.nic.in/03(TSTS)%202020.pdf|title=Government Order No: Home -03 (TSTS) of 2020|publisher=Home Department, Government of Jammu and Kashmir|date=14 January 2020|access-date=2020-11-27}}</ref><ref name="TheHindu2020jan14">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/broadband-2g-internet-partially-restored-in-jammu-and-kashmir/article30570031.ece|title=J&K Internet links partially restored|date=14 January 2020|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-01-15}}</ref> | ||
On 18 January 2020, 2G Internet service was restored for 153 white listed websites in all the 10 districts of [[Jammu Division]] and in 2 districts [[Kupwara district|Kupwara]] and [[Bandipore district|Bandipura]] of [[Kashmir Valley]] for | On 18 January 2020, 2G Internet service was restored for 153 white listed websites in all the 10 districts of [[Jammu Division]] and in 2 districts [[Kupwara district|Kupwara]] and [[Bandipore district|Bandipura]] of [[Kashmir Valley]] for postpaid mobile service. Voice call and SMS services were also restored for the whole Union Territory.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jkhome.nic.in/Temporary%20suspension%20of%20Telecom%20services_0001.pdf|title=Government Order No: Home -04 (TSTS) of 2020|publisher=Home Department, Government of Jammu and Kashmir|date=18 January 2020|access-date=2020-11-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jammu-and-kashmir-administration-puts-153-websites-under-whitelist-heres-the-full-list-6223482/|title=Here is the full list of 153 websites you can access in Jammu and Kashmir now|work=The Indian Express|date=19 January 2020|access-date=2020-11-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Khan|first=Fazil |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/153-websites-unblocked-in-parts-of-j-bank-govt-sites-on-list-social-media-still-off-radar-2463585.html|title=153 Websites Unblocked In Parts of J&K after Order; Bank, Govt Sites on List, Social Media Still Off Radar|date=18 January 2020|publisher=CNN-News18|access-date=2020-11-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/latest/950306/jammu-and-kashmir-voice-calls-sms-services-restored-for-prepaid-mobile-networks|title=J&K: Calls, SMS restored on prepaid mobiles; 153 websites can now be accessed on 2G in 12 districts|website=[[Scroll.in]]|date=18 January 2020|access-date=2020-11-27}}</ref> | ||
On 25 January 2020, 2G Internet services were restored for all 20 districts on both pre-paid and postpaid mobiles for 301 white-listed websites.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jkhome.nic.in/Home-05(tsts)%20of%202020_0001.pdf|title=Government Order No: Home - 05 (TSTS) of 2020|publisher=Home Department, Government of Jammu and Kashmir|date=24 January 2020|access-date=2020-11-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2g-mobile-internet-restored-in-kashmir-from-midnight/articleshow/73603262.cms|title=2G mobile internet services restored in Kashmir from midnight |agency=Press Trust of India|work=The Times of India|date=25 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/government/2g-data-services-to-be-restored-throughout-jammu-kashmir-union-territory|title=Data Services on Low Speed 2G Restored Across J&K, Some News Sites Now 'Whitelisted'|website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]|date=24 January 2020|access-date=2020-11-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/govt-to-restore-2g-internet-services-in-jammu-and-kashmir-after-5-months/article30650966.ece|title=Govt to restore 2G internet services in Jammu and Kashmir after 5 months|first=Prashasti|last=Awasthi |work=Business Line |date=25 January 2020|access-date=2020-11-27}}</ref> | On 25 January 2020, 2G Internet services were restored for all 20 districts on both pre-paid and postpaid mobiles for 301 white-listed websites.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jkhome.nic.in/Home-05(tsts)%20of%202020_0001.pdf|title=Government Order No: Home - 05 (TSTS) of 2020|publisher=Home Department, Government of Jammu and Kashmir|date=24 January 2020|access-date=2020-11-27|archive-date=9 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200209183026/http://jkhome.nic.in/Home-05(tsts)%20of%202020_0001.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2g-mobile-internet-restored-in-kashmir-from-midnight/articleshow/73603262.cms|title=2G mobile internet services restored in Kashmir from midnight |agency=Press Trust of India|work=The Times of India|date=25 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/government/2g-data-services-to-be-restored-throughout-jammu-kashmir-union-territory|title=Data Services on Low Speed 2G Restored Across J&K, Some News Sites Now 'Whitelisted'|website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]|date=24 January 2020|access-date=2020-11-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/govt-to-restore-2g-internet-services-in-jammu-and-kashmir-after-5-months/article30650966.ece|title=Govt to restore 2G internet services in Jammu and Kashmir after 5 months|first=Prashasti|last=Awasthi |work=Business Line |date=25 January 2020|access-date=2020-11-27}}</ref> | ||
As of 26 February 2020, broadband Internet services remain banned to the general public. Until 4 March 2020, the number of whitelisted websites were increased. Still only 2G Internet service was accessible. On 4 March 2020, Internet services were fully restored but restricted to 2G Internet speed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jkhome.nic.in/17(tsts)20200001.pdf|title=Government Order No: Home -17(TSTS) of 2020|publisher=Home Department, Government of Jammu and Kashmir|date=4 March 2020|access-date=2020-11-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Masoodi|first=Nazir |editor-last=Srinivasan|editor-first=Chandrashekar |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/social-media-ban-removed-in-kashmir-broadband-services-to-be-restored-2189956|title=Social Media Ban Removed In Kashmir, Broadband Services To Be Restored|publisher=NDTV |date=4 March 2020|access-date=2020-11-27}}</ref> | As of 26 February 2020, broadband Internet services remain banned to the general public. Until 4 March 2020, the number of whitelisted websites were increased. Still only 2G Internet service was accessible. On 4 March 2020, Internet services were fully restored but restricted to 2G Internet speed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jkhome.nic.in/17(tsts)20200001.pdf|title=Government Order No: Home -17(TSTS) of 2020|publisher=Home Department, Government of Jammu and Kashmir|date=4 March 2020|access-date=2020-11-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Masoodi|first=Nazir |editor-last=Srinivasan|editor-first=Chandrashekar |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/social-media-ban-removed-in-kashmir-broadband-services-to-be-restored-2189956|title=Social Media Ban Removed In Kashmir, Broadband Services To Be Restored|publisher=NDTV |date=4 March 2020|access-date=2020-11-27}}</ref> | ||
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The move to abrogate Article 370 and establish a union territory in Ladakh was welcomed by the [[Ladakh Buddhist Association]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/multimedia/video-gallery/general/ladakh-buddhist-association-expresses-happiness-over-ut-status-to-ladakh-88671.htm |title=Ladakh Buddhist Association expresses happiness over UT status to Ladakh|work=Business Standard|date=5 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref> who then organised a thanksgiving celebration in [[Leh]] to on 8 August 2019, which was attended by political and religious leaders.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/multimedia/video-gallery/general/lba-celebrates-grant-of-ut-status-to-ladakh-with-thanksgiving-ceremony-88891.htm |title=LBA celebrates grant of UT status to Ladakh with 'thanksgiving' ceremony|work=Business Standard|date=9 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref> The Buddhist community in Leh and Ladakh stated they have been long ignored, the revocation and reorganisation will help them steer their own destiny.<ref name="SMH 2019-08-07" /><ref name="IT 2019-08-06" /> | The move to abrogate Article 370 and establish a union territory in Ladakh was welcomed by the [[Ladakh Buddhist Association]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/multimedia/video-gallery/general/ladakh-buddhist-association-expresses-happiness-over-ut-status-to-ladakh-88671.htm |title=Ladakh Buddhist Association expresses happiness over UT status to Ladakh|work=Business Standard|date=5 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref> who then organised a thanksgiving celebration in [[Leh]] to on 8 August 2019, which was attended by political and religious leaders.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/multimedia/video-gallery/general/lba-celebrates-grant-of-ut-status-to-ladakh-with-thanksgiving-ceremony-88891.htm |title=LBA celebrates grant of UT status to Ladakh with 'thanksgiving' ceremony|work=Business Standard|date=9 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref> The Buddhist community in Leh and Ladakh stated they have been long ignored, the revocation and reorganisation will help them steer their own destiny.<ref name="SMH 2019-08-07" /><ref name="IT 2019-08-06" /> | ||
Many local political parties and groups, such as the [[Kashmiri Hindu]] organisation [[Panun Kashmir]], [[Jammu and Kashmir Workers Party]] and [[IkkJutt Jammu]] lauded the removal of Article 370 and 35A and the integration of Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>https://news.statetimes.in/panun-kashmir-condemns-demand-to-restore-articles-370-35a/</ref><ref>https://kalingatv.com/nation/removal-of-article-370-gave-hope-jk-youth-activists/</ref><ref>https://www.news18.com/news/politics/bjp-vs-all-more-than-gupkar-alliance-these-jammu-centric-outfits-may-be-threat-to-ruling-party-3125219.html</ref> | Many local political parties and groups, such as the [[Kashmiri Hindu]] organisation [[Panun Kashmir]], [[Jammu and Kashmir Workers Party]] and [[IkkJutt Jammu]] lauded the removal of Article 370 and 35A and the integration of Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>https://news.statetimes.in/panun-kashmir-condemns-demand-to-restore-articles-370-35a/</ref><ref>https://kalingatv.com/nation/removal-of-article-370-gave-hope-jk-youth-activists/</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/bjp-vs-all-more-than-gupkar-alliance-these-jammu-centric-outfits-may-be-threat-to-ruling-party-3125219.html|title='BJP vs All': More Than Gupkar Alliance, These Jammu-Centric Outfits May be Threat to Ruling Party|date=28 November 2020}}</ref> | ||
It was reported that celebrations had taken place in [[Jammu]] with people distributing sweets, dancing and playing drums.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/video/kashmir-article-370-celebrations-break-out-in-jammu-1577397-2019-08-05 |title=Kashmir Article 370: Celebrations break out in Jammu |work=India Today|date=5 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Bhat|first=Sunil |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/celebrations-jammu-continue-revocation-article-370-1578060-2019-08-07 |title=Celebrations in Jammu continue over revocation of Article 370|work=India Today|date=7 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.uniindia.com/abolition-of-art-370-jammu-in-upbeat-mood-celebrations-amid-restrictions/north/news/1688910.html |title=Abolition of Art 370: Jammu in upbeat mood, celebrations amid restrictions|agency=[[United News of India]]|date=5 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref> | It was reported that celebrations had taken place in [[Jammu]] with people distributing sweets, dancing and playing drums.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/video/kashmir-article-370-celebrations-break-out-in-jammu-1577397-2019-08-05 |title=Kashmir Article 370: Celebrations break out in Jammu |work=India Today|date=5 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Bhat|first=Sunil |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/celebrations-jammu-continue-revocation-article-370-1578060-2019-08-07 |title=Celebrations in Jammu continue over revocation of Article 370|work=India Today|date=7 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.uniindia.com/abolition-of-art-370-jammu-in-upbeat-mood-celebrations-amid-restrictions/north/news/1688910.html |title=Abolition of Art 370: Jammu in upbeat mood, celebrations amid restrictions|agency=[[United News of India]]|date=5 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref> | ||
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The constitutional expert [[Subhash C. Kashyap]], according to [[BBC News]], states that the revocation was "constitutionally sound" and that "no legal and constitutional fault can be found in it".<ref name="bbcnews08062019" /> | The constitutional expert [[Subhash C. Kashyap]], according to [[BBC News]], states that the revocation was "constitutionally sound" and that "no legal and constitutional fault can be found in it".<ref name="bbcnews08062019" /> | ||
The revocation of Article 370 was passed by an | The revocation of Article 370 was passed by an overwhelming majority of support in the Indian parliament.<ref name="Gettleman&Raj" /> It has attracted not only the support of the Hindu nationalist parties such as the BJP, but many other Indian political parties that typically oppose the BJP.<ref name=bbcaugust92019 /><ref name="ITaugust52019" /> | ||
Some senior [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] leaders openly came out in support of the action. Former Indian prime minister [[Manmohan Singh]] said that the revocation had an in-principle support from the Congress party but its execution was not appropriate.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Congress Backed Article 370 Decision But Opposes Govt's High-Handedness, Says Manmohan|url=https://thewire.in/politics/congress-voted-for-article-370-decision-in-parliament-says-manmohan-singh|date=17 October 2019|access-date=2020-07-18|website=The Wire}}</ref> [[Bhupinder Singh Hooda]], former [[Chief Minister of Haryana]], supported the government's decision saying that the Congress party has "lost its way".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bhupinder-singh-hooda-backs-centres-article-370-move-says-congress-has-lost-its-way/articleshow/70724510.cms|title=Bhupinder Singh Hooda backs Centre's Article 370 move, says Congress has 'lost its way'|work=The Times of India|date=18 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-18}}</ref> [[Jyotiraditya Scindia]], also supported the government's action to remove article 370. He wrote on [[Twitter]], "I support the move on #JammuAndKashmir & #Ladakh and its full integration into union of India."<ref name="TheHinduArticle370-6aug2019">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article-370-jyotiraditya-scindia-deepender-hooda-janardan-dwivedi-go-against-congress-stand/article28838142.ece|title=Article 370: Jyotiraditya Scindia, Deepender Hooda, Janardan Dwivedi go against Congress stand|agency=Press Trust of India|work=The Hindu|date=6 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-08}}</ref> Similarly, Congress leader [[Deepender Singh Hooda]] contended that the abrogation of the provisions of Article 370 in Jammu and Kashmir "is in the interest of national integrity".<ref name="TheHinduArticle370-6aug2019" /> Congress Rajya Sabha chief whip, [[Bhubaneswar Kalita]] resigned over Congress's stand on revoking special status of Jammu and Kashmir and stated that, "The ideology of Congress today looks like it is committing suicide and I do not want to be a part of it."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Madhukalya|first=Amrita |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/congress-chief-whip-in-rajya-sabha-quits-sparks-off-buzz-about-link-to-article-370/story-AGHWqDWjdiiPn4DXPcyzfJ.html|title=Congress Chief Whip in Rajya Sabha quits, sparks off buzz about link to Article 370|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=5 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-08}}</ref> Congress politician [[Janardan Dwivedi]] welcomed the abrogation of the provisions of Article 370 in Jammu and Kashmir, saying even though it came late, a "historical mistake" had been corrected.<ref name="TheHinduArticle370-6aug2019" /> | Some senior [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] leaders openly came out in support of the action. Former Indian prime minister [[Manmohan Singh]] said that the revocation had an in-principle support from the Congress party but its execution was not appropriate.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Congress Backed Article 370 Decision But Opposes Govt's High-Handedness, Says Manmohan|url=https://thewire.in/politics/congress-voted-for-article-370-decision-in-parliament-says-manmohan-singh|date=17 October 2019|access-date=2020-07-18|website=The Wire}}</ref> [[Bhupinder Singh Hooda]], former [[Chief Minister of Haryana]], supported the government's decision saying that the Congress party has "lost its way".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bhupinder-singh-hooda-backs-centres-article-370-move-says-congress-has-lost-its-way/articleshow/70724510.cms|title=Bhupinder Singh Hooda backs Centre's Article 370 move, says Congress has 'lost its way'|work=The Times of India|date=18 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-18}}</ref> [[Jyotiraditya Scindia]], also supported the government's action to remove article 370. He wrote on [[Twitter]], "I support the move on #JammuAndKashmir & #Ladakh and its full integration into union of India."<ref name="TheHinduArticle370-6aug2019">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article-370-jyotiraditya-scindia-deepender-hooda-janardan-dwivedi-go-against-congress-stand/article28838142.ece|title=Article 370: Jyotiraditya Scindia, Deepender Hooda, Janardan Dwivedi go against Congress stand|agency=Press Trust of India|work=The Hindu|date=6 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-08}}</ref> Similarly, Congress leader [[Deepender Singh Hooda]] contended that the abrogation of the provisions of Article 370 in Jammu and Kashmir "is in the interest of national integrity".<ref name="TheHinduArticle370-6aug2019" /> Congress Rajya Sabha chief whip, [[Bhubaneswar Kalita]] resigned over Congress's stand on revoking special status of Jammu and Kashmir and stated that, "The ideology of Congress today looks like it is committing suicide and I do not want to be a part of it."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Madhukalya|first=Amrita |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/congress-chief-whip-in-rajya-sabha-quits-sparks-off-buzz-about-link-to-article-370/story-AGHWqDWjdiiPn4DXPcyzfJ.html|title=Congress Chief Whip in Rajya Sabha quits, sparks off buzz about link to Article 370|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=5 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-08}}</ref> Congress politician [[Janardan Dwivedi]] welcomed the abrogation of the provisions of Article 370 in Jammu and Kashmir, saying even though it came late, a "historical mistake" had been corrected.<ref name="TheHinduArticle370-6aug2019" /> | ||
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{{Over-quotation|date=August 2019}} | {{Over-quotation|date=August 2019}} | ||
* '''{{flagu|Islamic Republic of Afghanistan}}''' – Former Afghan President | |||
===Organisations=== | ===Organisations=== | ||
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[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi in a group photograph with the Members of European Parliament, at 7, Lok Kalyan Marg, New Delhi on October 28, 2019.jpg|thumb|EU parliamentarians meeting the Indian Prime Minister on 28 October 2019 before their trip to Kashmir, where officials briefed them about the situation in Kashmir.]] | [[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi in a group photograph with the Members of European Parliament, at 7, Lok Kalyan Marg, New Delhi on October 28, 2019.jpg|thumb|EU parliamentarians meeting the Indian Prime Minister on 28 October 2019 before their trip to Kashmir, where officials briefed them about the situation in Kashmir.]] | ||
* {{ | * '''{{flagu|European Union}}'''{{Spaced en dash}}The European Union said, it is closely monitoring the situation in the region. At a press conference EU spokesperson for foreign affairs, Carlos Martín Ruiz de Gordejuela, stated "Our main message here is that it is very important to avoid any escalation of tension in Kashmir and in the region".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://menafn.com/1098851327/EU-urges-India-Pakistan-to-avoid-tension-over-Kashmir?src=Rss |title=EU urges India, Pakistan to avoid tension over Kashmir|publisher=Middle East North Africa Financial Network |date=6 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-08}}</ref> A delegation of [[EU parliament]] members visited Jammu and Kashmir on 29 October 2019 in their personal capacity, after meeting the Indian Prime Minister, senior officials and state leaders on 28 October.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/eu-delegation-to-visit-jk/article29812973.ece|title=Govt signals shift in stand, allows MEPs to visit Srinagar|last=Haidar|first=Suhasini|date=2019-10-28|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/besides-one-hour-briefing-by-general-23-eu-mps-met-ngo-led-by-mystery-woman-madi-sharma/articleshow/71810669.cms|title=On Day 1 of Kashmir trip, EU MPs briefed by Army, mystery woman|last=Pandit|first=M Saleem |date=30 October 2019|agency=Times News Network|work=The Times of India|access-date=30 October 2019}}</ref> | ||
* {{ | * '''{{flagu|Organisation of Islamic Cooperation}}'''{{Spaced en dash}}The OIC's Contact Group on Jammu and Kashmir expressed "deep concern" over the developments in the region and condemned India's move calling it "illegal and unilateral".<ref>{{cite news |title=India revokes Kashmir's special status: All the latest updates |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/08/india-revokes-kashmir-special-status-latest-updates-190806134011673.html |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=8 August 2019 |access-date=2019-08-08}}</ref> | ||
* {{ | * '''{{flagu|United Nations}}'''{{Spaced en dash}}[[António Guterres]], [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|Secretary-General of the UN]], expressed his concern over "restrictions" in Jammu and Kashmir saying that the curbs "could exacerbate the human rights situation in the region".<ref>{{cite news |title=UN concern over Kashmir lockdown as hundreds reported arrested |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/08/concern-kashmir-lockdown-hundreds-reported-arrested-190808200958052.html |date=9 August 2019|access-date=9 August 2019 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> The secretary-general called on all parties to "refrain from taking steps that could affect the status of Jammu and Kashmir" and recalled the 1972 [[Simla Agreement]] asked for the final status to be settled by peaceful means.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ahmad|first=Syed Altaf |url= https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/08/1043961 |title=Guterres appeals for 'maximum restraint' over Jammu and Kashmir, as tensions rise |work=UN News|date=8 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Roche|first=Elizabeth |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/un-secretary-general-antonio-guterres-calls-for-restraint-over-j-k-issue-1565333184928.html |title=UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres calls for restraint over J&K issue|work=Mint|date=9 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-22}}</ref> [[Stéphane Dujarric]], the UN spokesperson, expressed concern over India's move to revoke the special status of Kashmir and said that "the United Nations Secretary-General all along maintained that Pakistan and India should resolve all outstanding disputes between the two countries through dialogue including Kashmir." He urged both India and Pakistan to exercise restraint.<ref>{{cite news |title=UN concerned over India's move to revoke special status of Kashmir |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2029145/1-un-concerned-indias-move-revoke-special-status-kashmir/ |access-date=7 August 2019 |work=The Express Tribune |date=6 August 2019}}</ref> [[David Kaye (law professor)|David Kaye]], the UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression described the communication blackout imposed by India as "unprecedented" and "draconian".<ref>{{cite news |last=Ratcliffe |first=Rebecca |title=Kashmir: India's 'draconian' blackout sets worrying precedent, warns UN |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/08/kashmir-communications-blackout-is-draconian-says-un-envoy |work=The Guardian |date=8 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref> | ||
*[[Amnesty International]] responded that the Indian government's action would "likely to inflame tensions in the area and increase the risk of further human rights violations".<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.amnesty.org.uk/press-releases/india-revoking-special-status-jammu-and-kashmir-likely-inflame-tensions |title=India: Revoking special status of Jammu and Kashmir likely to inflame tensions|publisher=Amnesty International UK|date=5 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-22}}</ref> It also mentioned that "use of pellet guns and other weapons are in defiance of international human rights standards", after the Indian Supreme Court refused to lift restrictions on Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.amnesty.org.uk/press-releases/india-supreme-court-refuses-lift-restrictions-jammu-and-kashmir |title=India: Supreme Court refuses to lift restrictions on Jammu and Kashmir|publisher=Amnesty International UK|date=14 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-22}}</ref> | *[[Amnesty International]] responded that the Indian government's action would "likely to inflame tensions in the area and increase the risk of further human rights violations".<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.amnesty.org.uk/press-releases/india-revoking-special-status-jammu-and-kashmir-likely-inflame-tensions |title=India: Revoking special status of Jammu and Kashmir likely to inflame tensions|publisher=Amnesty International UK|date=5 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-22}}</ref> It also mentioned that "use of pellet guns and other weapons are in defiance of international human rights standards", after the Indian Supreme Court refused to lift restrictions on Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.amnesty.org.uk/press-releases/india-supreme-court-refuses-lift-restrictions-jammu-and-kashmir |title=India: Supreme Court refuses to lift restrictions on Jammu and Kashmir|publisher=Amnesty International UK|date=14 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-22}}</ref> | ||
*[[Human Rights Watch]] mentioned that basic freedoms was at risk in Kashmir,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/08/06/india-basic-freedoms-risk-kashmir |title=India: Basic Freedoms at Risk in Kashmir|publisher=Human Rights Watch|date=6 August 2019|access-date=2019-09-19}}</ref> and asked India to ensure rights protections in Kashmir and "step back".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/08/19/india-ensure-rights-protections-kashmir |title=India: Ensure Rights Protections in Kashmir|publisher=Human Rights Watch|date=19 August 2019|access-date=2019-09-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Ganguly|first=Meenakshi |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/08/12/india-needs-step-back-kashmir |title=India Needs to Step Back in Kashmir|publisher=Human Rights Watch|date=12 August 2019|access-date=2019-09-19}}</ref> | *[[Human Rights Watch]] mentioned that basic freedoms was at risk in Kashmir,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/08/06/india-basic-freedoms-risk-kashmir |title=India: Basic Freedoms at Risk in Kashmir|publisher=Human Rights Watch|date=6 August 2019|access-date=2019-09-19}}</ref> and asked India to ensure rights protections in Kashmir and "step back".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/08/19/india-ensure-rights-protections-kashmir |title=India: Ensure Rights Protections in Kashmir|publisher=Human Rights Watch|date=19 August 2019|access-date=2019-09-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Ganguly|first=Meenakshi |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/08/12/india-needs-step-back-kashmir |title=India Needs to Step Back in Kashmir|publisher=Human Rights Watch|date=12 August 2019|access-date=2019-09-19}}</ref> | ||
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==== Non-state actors ==== | ==== Non-state actors ==== | ||
* {{ | * '''{{flagicon image|Flag of Taliban.svg}}''' [[Taliban]] – According to ''The New York Times'', the Taliban has warned Pakistan against any meddling and coupling the [[Afghanistan–United States relations|American–Afghanistan talks]] to the Kashmir developments. The Taliban states, "Linking the issue of Kashmir with that of Afghanistan by some parties will not aid in improving the crisis at hand because the issue of Afghanistan is not related nor should Afghanistan be turned into the theatre of competition between other countries."<ref>{{cite news|last=Abi-Habib|first=Maria |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/09/world/asia/kashmir-india-pakistan.html |title=Pakistan Runs Out of Options as India Tightens Grip on Kashmir|work=The New York Times|date=9 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-22}}</ref> The Taliban statement released by [[Zabiullah Mujahid]] for the "[[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan]]" also expressed "deep sadness in this [revocation of the autonomous status of Kashmir] regard and urges both India and Pakistan to refrain from taking steps that could pave a way for violence and complications in the region and usurp the rights of Kashmiris".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kashmir-taliban-afghanistan-pakistan-peace-1578995-2019-08-09 |title=Kashmir is not Afghanistan: Taliban rebukes Pakistan, calls for peace in region|work=India Today|date=9 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-22}}</ref> | ||
==Demonstrations== | |||
{{See also|Stone pelting in Kashmir|Crowd control in Jammu and Kashmir|Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir|Human rights abuses in Azad Kashmir}} | |||
===Kashmir Valley=== | |||
On 9 August, according to a [[Reuters]] report, over 10,000 people protested in [[Srinagar]] against the Indian government's decision to revoke Article 370, with some protesters [[stone throwing|pelting stones]] at government security personnel.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bukhari |first1=Fayaz |last2=Ghoshal|first2=Devjyot |last3=Siddiqui|first3=Zeba |title=Some signs of normality return to Kashmir, but India's clampdown still strict |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-kashmir/some-signs-of-normality-return-to-kashmir-but-indias-clampdown-still-strict-idUSKCN1V00N8 |work=Reuters |date=10 August 2019|access-date=2019-09-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Inside Kashmir's lockdown: 'Even I will pick up a gun' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-49294301 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=29 August 2019 |date=10 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="IT2019">{{cite news |title=Forces did not fire, miscreants pelted stones to cause widespread unrest in Kashmir: MHA |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/forces-did-not-fire-miscreants-pelted-stones-to-cause-widespread-unrest-in-kashmir-mha-1580541-2019-08-13 |agency=Press Trust of India|work=India Today |access-date=29 August 2019|date=13 August 2019}}</ref> In response, Indian police used [[tear gas]] and [[shot (pellet)|pellets]] against the protesters to disperse them.<ref name="reuters/9aug2019">{{cite news |last1=Ghoshal|first1=Devjyot |last2=Bukhari|first2=Fayaz |title=Thousands protest in Indian Kashmir over new status despite clampdown |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-kashmir/thousands-protest-in-indian-kashmir-over-new-status-despite-clampdown-idUSKCN1UZ0OT |access-date=9 August 2019 |work=Reuters |date=9 August 2019}}</ref> According to [[Al Jazeera]], it has been receiving information from Srinagar residents via satellite phones and Wi-Fi available in the Kashmir region. They have reported protests on Friday. Clashes were occurring between the protesters and Indian forces, accompanied with pellet gun attack and the firing of tear gas shells by the Indian Forces.Some report that the pellet gun attacks have severely wounded and lacerated civilians.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bhat|first1= Adnan|last2=Sofi|first2=Zubair |title=Kashmir: Civilians severely wounded in pellet gun attacks'|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/08/kashmiris-fighting-lives-pellet-gun-attacks-190808105704499.html |publisher=Al Jazeera|date=9 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-20}}</ref> | |||
The Indian government called the Reuters report "completely fabricated and incorrect", but acknowledged that after the Friday mosque prayers, there were "a few stray protests in Srinagar/[[Baramulla]] and none involved a crowd of more than 20 people".<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/completely-incorrect-mha-refutes-reuters-report-protests-kashmir-1579431-2019-08-10 |title=Completely fabricated, incorrect: MHA refutes Reuters report on protests in Kashmir|work=India Today |date=10 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-22}}</ref> ''[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]'' said that the visuals published by BBC belie the Government reports.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thewire.in/security/kashmir-article-370-protests-pellet-guns |title=Kashmir: Protests in Srinagar on Friday, MHA Claims Reports 'Fabricated'|work=The Wire|date=10 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-22}}</ref> | |||
According to the BBC, it witnessed the police opening gunfire and using tear gas to disperse a crowd in Srinagar after Friday prayers on 9 August 2019. This witness report contradicts the Indian government statement that the "protest never took place".<ref>{{cite news |title=Article 370: Gunfire at Kashmir rally India denies happened |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/49306816/article-370-gunfire-at-kashmir-rally-india-denies-happened |publisher=BBC News|date=10 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref> On 11 August, the Jammu and Kashmir director general of police, Dilbag Singh told Reuters, "between 1,000 and 1,500 people were returning from praying at mosques on Friday when 'some miscreants' started pelting stones at security officials", and in a reaction to the stone-pelting, rounds of pump-action gun was fired that caused injuries to a few people.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kashmir-live-updates-eid-ul-azha-in-jammu-and-kashmir-restrictions-curfew-continue-1579871-2019-08-12 |title=Kashmir Live Updates: On Eid, curfew, restrictions continue in parts of Kashmir; relaxations in Jammu|work=India Today|date=12 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-22}}</ref> According to Reuters, hundreds of people protested in Srinagar on 11 August, after authorities had eased restrictions in the city over the weekend to allow people to buy groceries, medicines and prepare for the Islamic festival of [[Eid al-Adha]].<ref name=reutersAug112019>{{cite news|last1=Siddiqui|first1= Danish |last2=Siddiqui|first2=Zeba |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-kashmir/hundreds-chant-anti-india-slogans-in-seething-kashmir-on-eve-of-eid-idUSKCN1V10AZ |title=Hundreds chant anti-India slogans in seething Kashmir on eve of Eid|work=Reuters |date=11 August 2019 |access-date=2019-08-22}}</ref> | |||
===Jammu and Ladakh regions=== | |||
According to ''[[India Today]]'', in the Hindu majority Jammu region, people held widespread "massive celebratory" demonstrations over several days with the distribution of sweets, bursting of firecrackers and dancing.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bhat|first=Sunil |url= https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/celebrations-jammu-continue-revocation-article-370-1578060-2019-08-07 |title=Celebrations in Jammu continue over revocation of Article 370|work=India Today |date=7 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-22}}</ref> In Ladakh, the Buddhist organizations celebrated the removal of Article 370 provisions and making the Ladakh region a separate Union Territory.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/aug/07/ladakh-rejoices-over-union-territory-status-no-legislature-a-concern-2015106.html |title=Ladakh rejoices over Union Territory status, no legislature a concern|agency=Indo-Asian News Service|work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=7 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-22}}</ref> The people in Leh and Matho celebrated 15 August as a day of "independence from Kashmir" and welcomed their Union Territory status.<ref name="Mint2019aug15">{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/ladakh-celebrates-1st-independence-day-after-being-declared-ut-1565875091148.html |title=Ladakh celebrates '1st Independence Day' after being declared UT|agency=Press Trust of India|work=Mint|date=15 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-22}}</ref> | |||
In the Kargil region with a Muslim majority, there were protests against the Indian government's move to make it a union territory.<ref name=Ladakh>{{cite news | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jammu-kashmir/protest-in-kargil-over-govt-s-move-to-make-ladakh-union-territory/814880.html |title=Protest in Kargil over govt's move to make Ladakh union territory|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|date=8 August 2019|access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref><ref name=Ladakh2>{{cite news |last=Das|first=Shaswati | url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/ladakh-in-lockdown-as-protests-flare-up-against-j-k-bifurcation-1565287271826.html |title=Ladakh in lockdown as protests flare up against J&K bifurcation |work=Mint |date=8 August 2019|access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref><ref name=Ladakh3>{{cite news | url=https://thewire.in/politics/kargil-ladakh-hartal-article-370-jammu-and-kashmir |title=Hartal in Kargil Against Centre's Decision to Read Down 370, Make Ladakh a UT |work=The Wire |date=7 August 2019|access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref> | |||
===United Kingdom=== | |||
A number of demonstrations and rallies were organised in [[London]], [[England]] after India scrapped autonomous status of Jammu and Kashmir. A large number of protesters demonstrated outside the Indian High Commission in London on 10 August 2019 to express anger over Indian action.<ref name=LondonDemo5>{{cite news | url=https://www.newsflare.com/video/308268/politics-business/angry-kashmir-protest-held-outside-indian-embassy-in-london |title=Angry Kashmir protest held outside indian embassy in London| last=Parkinson |first=Jason N| publisher=Newsflare | date=10 August 2019|access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref><ref name=LondonDemo6>{{cite news | url=http://en.rfi.fr/asia-pacific/20190811-Kashmir-rally-London-Pakistan-warns-against-Hitler-nationalism |last=Seale|first=Alexander |publisher=[[Radio France Internationale]]|title=Kashmir rally in London as Pakistan warns against nationalism|date=11 August 2019|access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref> There was another demonstration outside the [[Palace of Westminster]] on 14 August.<ref name=LondonDemo4>{{cite news | url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/512015-big-demo-outside-british-parliament-protests-indian-brutalities-in-iok |title=Big demo outside British Parliament, protests Indian brutalities in IOK|work=[[The News International]]|date=14 August 2019|access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref> A large protest took place outside the [[Indian High Commission in London|Indian High Commission]] in London the following day, in which [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indians]] celebrating [[Independence Day (India)|Indian Independence Day]] were attacked. [[egging|Eggs]], glass bottles, shoes and other objects were thrown at the High Commission and the people celebrating by the anti-India protesters, who were mostly [[British Pakistanis]] and [[Khalistan movement|Sikh extremists]].<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/pakistan/protesters-attack-indians-celebrating-independence-day-in-london-1.65846569|title=Protesters attack Indians celebrating Independence Day in London|agency=Indo-Asian News Service|work=Gulf News|date=16 August 2019|access-date=2019-09-03}}</ref><ref name=LondonDemo2>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-kashmir-britain/thousands-protest-in-britain-for-kashmir-outside-indian-high-commission-idUSKCN1V51AL |title=Thousands protest in Britain for Kashmir outside Indian High Commission|date=15 August 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref><ref name=LondonDemo1>{{cite news | url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1499680 |title=Thousands protest in Britain for Kashmir outside Indian High Commission|work=Dawn|date=15 August 2019|access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/latest/916065/london-khalistani-members-and-pro-modi-demonstrators-clash-outside-indian-embassy|title=London: Khalistani members and pro-Modi demonstrators clash outside Indian embassy|website=Scroll.in|date=10 March 2019|access-date=2019-09-03}}</ref> British Prime Minister [[Boris Johnson]] later expressed "regret" over this violent incident, and assured that all necessary steps will be taken to ensure the safety and security of the embassy, its personnel, and visitors.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/boris-johnson-regrets-indian-embassy-london-violence-1587916-2019-08-21|title=British PM Boris Johnson regrets violence outside Indian Embassy in London|agency=Asian News International |work=India Today|date=21 August 2019|access-date=2019-09-03}}</ref> | |||
On 3 September, another violent protest took place outside the Indian High Commission in London, when pro-Pakistan protesters pelted stones and eggs at the High Commission building, causing damage to the premises. [[Mayor of London|London Mayor]] [[Sadiq Khan]] tweeted, "I utterly condemn this unacceptable behaviour and have raised this incident with the [[Metropolitan Police]] to take action."<ref>{{cite news|last=Canton|first=Naomi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/uk/kashmir-protests-get-ugly-again-in-london-indian-high-commission-targeted/articleshow/70968542.cms|title=Kashmir protests get ugly again in London, Indian High Commission targeted|agency=Times News Network|work=The Times of India|date=4 September 2019|access-date=2019-09-19}}</ref><ref name="TheQuint">{{cite web|editor-last=Sachdev|editor-first=Vakasha |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/kashmir-protests-london-violence-india-hc-windows-smashed|title='Unacceptable Incident': MEA on Indian HC Vandalism in London|website=[[The Quint]]|date=4 September 2019|access-date=2019-09-19}}</ref> The Metropolitan Police made two arrests for causing criminal damage at the Indian High Commission following the incident.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sibbal|first=Siddhant |editor-last=Sujay|editor-first=Shobhit |url=https://zeenews.india.com/world/two-arrested-for-violent-pro-pakistan-protests-outside-indian-high-commission-in-london-2231914.html|title=Two arrested for violent pro-Pakistan protests outside Indian High Commission in London|publisher=Zee News|date=4 September 2019|access-date=2019-09-19}}</ref> British Foreign Secretary [[Dominic Raab]] condemned the violence towards [[British Indian]]s while addressing Parliament.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/british-foreign-secretary-dominic-raab-indians-1595453-2019-09-04|title=Violence against any community is deplorable: Foreign Secy condemns protests outside Indian Embassy|agency=Asian News International|work=India Today|date=4 September 2019|access-date=2019-09-06}}</ref> | |||
There were protest demonstrations outside the Indian consulate in [[Birmingham]] on 9 August to denounce the Indian revocation of autonomous status of Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name=BirmDemo1>{{cite news | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2032493/1-kashmir-lockdown-protest-outside-indian-consulate-birmingham/ |title=Kashmir lockdown: Protest outside Indian Consulate in Birmingham|date=10 August 2019|work=The Express Tribune|access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref> Former Member of the British Parliament [[George Galloway]] was also part of the protest gathering and demanded a plebiscite in Kashmir.<ref name=BirmDemo1 /> | |||
=== Canada === | |||
A large number of protesters took to streets in [[Toronto]], [[Canada]] on 11 August 2019 in support of the people of Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name=TorontoDemo1>{{cite news | url=https://www.blogto.com/city/2019/08/kashmir-protests-toronto/ |title=Protesters storm Toronto's Yonge-Dundas Square in support of Kashmir|last=O'Neil|first=Lauren |website=blogTO |date=11 August 2019|access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref> Demonstrators chanted protest slogans and carried placards.<ref name=TorontoDemo1 /> The event description read "Kashmiris do not accept the illegal occupation or unilateral colonial impositions by India. Kashmiris are sovereign Indigenous people who have the right of self-determination and government".<ref name=TorontoDemo1 /> | |||
People in [[Calgary]], Canada held a demonstration outside the [[Calgary City Hall]] on 8 August 2019 against the clampdown and to support the people of Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name=CalgaryDemo1>{{cite news | url=https://calgary.ctvnews.ca/local-kashmir-community-protests-india-s-removal-of-region-s-statehood-constitutional-status-1.4541830 |title=Local Kashmir community protests India's removal of region's statehood, constitutional status|last=Wiebe|first=Stephanie |publisher=[[CTV News]]|date=8 August 2019|access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref> The demonstrators said that 800,000 military personnel were deployed in Kashmir and the Internet and communications were blacked out and they did not know what was happening to their families.<ref name=CalgaryDemo1 /> | |||
=== United States === | |||
In the week after India announced the revocation, members of the Kashmiri Muslim community, according to the Pakistani newspaper ''Dawn'', held a number of protest demonstrations in the [[United States]] in the cities of [[Washington, D.C.]], [[New York City|New York]], [[Chicago]], [[Houston]], [[Los Angeles]], [[San Francisco]] and [[Seattle]] against India's removal of autonomous status of Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name=USADemo1>{{cite news |last=Iqbal|first=Anwar | url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1499269 |title=Protesters urge US to do more on Kashmir|date=11 August 2019|work=Dawn|access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref> Protesters also gathered outside the [[White House]] on 10 August 2019 and urged Washington to help the people of Kashmir.<ref name=USADemo1 /> Pakistan's ambassador Asad Majeed Khan held community events asking the United States to "inject some more sanity on the Indian side". Ghulam Nabi Fai, a Kashmiri diaspora alleged that the Indian plan is "not only to deprive them [Kashmiris] of their rights but to subjugate them through widespread killings and torture", while another protester originally hailing from Srinagar stressed that now was the time for the United States to mediate.<ref name=USADemo1 /> | |||
On 25 August 2019, according to ''India Today'', the Kashmiri Pandit community in the US held a rally supporting the decision, saying that Article 370 was "discriminatory" towards minorities in the Kashmir region.<ref name=itodaykp>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/india/story/kashmiri-pandit-community-hold-rally-in-us-to-support-revocation-of-article-370-1591336-2019-08-25|title=Kashmiri Pandit community holds rally in US to support revocation of Article 370|agency=Press Trust of India|work=India Today|date=25 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-25}}</ref> At their rally, they told personal stories of their minority status in the Kashmir valley, the religious discrimination against them, their forced exodus in the 1990s, and they wanting to "go back to their homeland [valley]" which they left due to Islamic militancy.<ref name=itodaykp/> At an Atlanta rally, the protestors alleged that the Article 370 was high discriminatory against the resident "Shias, Dalits, Gujjars, Kashmiri Pandits, Kashmiri Sikhs" in the state, according to ''India Today''.<ref name=itodaykp/> | |||
===Bangladesh=== | |||
Many protest demonstrations have been reported in [[Bangladesh]] against the change of autonomous status of Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name=BanglaDemo1>{{cite news | url=https://abbtakk.tv/en/protest-in-bangladesh-over-indias-kashmir-stance/ |title=Protest in Bangladesh Over India's Kashmir Stance|publisher=[[Abb Takk News]]|date=7 August 2019|access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref><ref name=BanglaDemo2>{{cite news |last1=Hossain|first1=Syed Zakir |last2=Nabi|first2=Saidun |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/videos/2019/08/08/india-stop-opression-in-kahmir/ |title=Kashmiri students at DU: Stop oppression in Kashmir|work=Dhaka Tribune|date=8 August 2019|access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref><ref name=BanglaDemo3>{{cite news|url=http://weeklyholiday.net/index.php/2019/08/09/protest-demonstration-in-dhaka-on-kashmir-issue/|title=Protest demonstration in Dhaka on Kashmir issue|work=[[Holiday (newspaper)|Holiday]]|date=9 August 2019|access-date=15 August 2019|archive-date=15 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815210506/http://weeklyholiday.net/index.php/2019/08/09/protest-demonstration-in-dhaka-on-kashmir-issue/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Pakistan's [[Abb Takk News]] channel reported that hundreds protested in [[Dhaka]] on 6 August 2019 against the Indian move.<ref name=BanglaDemo1 /> Again on 7 August 2019, there was another demonstration in the city of Dhaka where the protesters criticized [[Narendra Modi]] and his scrapping of autonomy of Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name=BanglaDemo3 /> There was another demonstration on Thursday 8 August 2019 at the [[University of Dhaka]] by several Kashmiri students from different educational institutions.<ref name=BanglaDemo2 /> There were more protests on 9 August 2019 after Friday prayers which were led by the Kashmir Solidarity Council Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh: March in solidarity with Kashmir |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2067238/bangladesh-march-solidarity-kashmir |access-date=26 August 2021 |work=The Express Tribune |agency=Anadolu Agency |date=28 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref> | |||
===Bahrain=== | |||
On 12 August 2019, [[Bahrain]] took punitive action against a group of Pakistani and Bangladeshi nationals who held a protest on the Kashmir decision the previous day. The protest was conducted after [[Eid al-Adha]] prayers in Bahrain illegally.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sibal |first= Sidhant |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/bahrain-takes-legal-action-against-pakistanis-who-held-anti-india-rally-after-eid-prayers-242562|title=Bahrain takes legal action against Pakistanis who held anti-India rally after Eid prayers|publisher=WION|date=13 August 2019|access-date=2019-09-04}}</ref> The official Twitter handle of the [[Ministry of Interior (Bahrain)|country's Interior Ministry]] tweeted about the action taken by the local police to contain the protests and also about the legal proceedings being taken against them. Bahrain authorities further requested its citizens to not exploit religious gatherings to further political motives.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/bahrain-jammu-kashmir-article-370-protest-1580128-2019-08-12|title=Bahrain takes action against Pakistanis who held rally for Kashmir after Eid prayers |work=India Today|date=12 August 2019|access-date=2019-09-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/pakistanis-bangladeshis-face-legal-action-for-rallying-against-india-over-kashmir-issue-4329611.html|title=Pakistanis, Bangladeshis face legal action for rallying against India over Kashmir issue|website=[[Moneycontrol.com]] |date=13 August 2019|access-date=2019-09-04}}</ref> | |||
===France=== | |||
Protests were held in [[Paris]], [[France]] on 9 August 2019 to denounce Indian step of abrogation of autonomous status of Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name=ParisDemo1>{{cite news | url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/510313-hundreds-rally-in-paris-to-denounce-india-s-kashmir-move |title=Hundreds rally in Paris to denounce India's Kashmir move |work=The News International|date=9 August 2019|access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref> The protesters alleged that India was conspiring to change the demography of Kashmir by expelling Kashmiris from their homes and bringing in Hindu settlers from other parts of India.<ref name=ParisDemo1 /> | |||
===Australia=== | |||
Pro-India and anti-India protesters faced off each other in [[Melbourne]], [[Australia]]. [[Kashmiri Pandit]] groups welcomed India's decision, but the Pakistani community in Australia expressed "deep concern" regarding the situation in Kashmir. Indian groups in Australia said that this is something India has done internally and Pakistan has no right to interfere in India's internal matters.<ref>{{cite news|last=Handley|first=Erin |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-08-13/kashmir-crisis-indias-latest-steps-expose-deep-fault-lines/11404212|title=Kashmir crisis: India's latest steps expose deep fault lines in Australia's Indian and Pakistani communities|publisher=ABC News|date=13 August 2019|access-date=2019-09-19}}</ref> | |||
===Germany=== | |||
[[Geo News]] reported that members of the Kashmiri community gathered at the [[Pariser Platz]] of [[Berlin]]'s [[Brandenburg Gate]] and protested against India on 11 August 2019.<ref name="BerlinDemo1">{{cite news|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/244796-dont-know-if-our-families-are-safe-occupied-kashmir-diaspora-in-germany-worries-about-home|title='Don't know if our families are safe': occupied Kashmir diaspora in Germany worries about home|last=Aftab|first=Irfan|date=11 August 2019|access-date=15 August 2019|publisher=Geo News}}</ref> | |||
===South Korea=== | |||
In [[South Korea]], a group of protesters in [[Seoul]] who waved [[flag of Pakistan|Pakistani flags]] and shouted anti-India slogans—along with abuses towards Modi—were confronted by an Indian delegation including Indian activist [[Shazia Ilmi]]. The Indian delegation started to counter the protesters, following which the local police intervened and escorted Shazia Ilmi and her associates from the location.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/pak-supporters-confronted-by-shazia-ilmi-others-in-seoul-for-raising-anti-india-anti-modi-slogans20190817221016/|title=Pak supporters confronted by Shazia Ilmi, others in Seoul for raising anti-India, anti-Modi slogans|agency=Asian News International|date=17 August 2019|access-date=4 September 2019}}</ref> | |||
==Social media, activism and misinformation== | ==Social media, activism and misinformation== | ||
Several human rights activists and world leaders also commented on their social media accounts about the Kashmir situation. On [[Twitter]], | Several human rights activists and world leaders also commented on their social media accounts about the Kashmir situation. On [[Twitter]], hashtags such as #KashmirBleeds became top trends. | ||
According to ''[[India Today]]'' and other Indian media sources, several fabricated images and videos have appeared on social media such as [[Facebook]], Twitter and other platforms.<ref name=smedia1>{{cite web|url=https://www.vishvasnews.com/english/society/fact-check-old-video-of-dawoodi-bohra-community-procession-is-going-viral-with-wrong-claim/ |title=Fact Check: Old Video Of Dawoodi Bohra Community Procession Is Going Viral With Wrong Claim |website=Vishva News |date=12 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-22}}</ref><ref name=sm1 /><ref>{{cite news|last=Kaur|first=Amanpreet |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fact-check/story/jammu-kashmir-article-370-35a-lathicharge-police-beat-people-bihar-1578382-2019-08-07 |title=Old video of lathi charge in Bihar shared as policemen beating up Kashmiris |work=India Today |date=7 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-22}}<br />{{cite news|last=Deodia |first=Arjun |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fact-check/story/fact-check-no-indian-army-didn-t-burn-down-houses-in-kashmir-1577981-2019-08-06 |title=Fact Check: No, Indian Army didn't burn down houses in Kashmir |work= India Today |date=6 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/fact-check-has-government-taken-over-mosques-in-kashmir/articleshow/70572823.cms |title=FACT CHECK: Has government taken over mosques in Kashmir?|work=The Times of India |date=7 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-22}}<br />{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/fake-alert-old-video-shared-as-kashmiri-women-protesting-abrogation-of-article-370/articleshow/70590867.cms |title=FAKE ALERT: Old video shared as Kashmiri women protesting abrogation of Article 370 |work=The Times of India |date=9 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-22}}</ref> A closer examination of these photos and videos established that these are fabricated propaganda that utilized old photos or videos and the posters misrepresent them to be "current situation in Kashmir".<ref name=sm1>{{cite news|last=Kaur|first=Amanpreet |url= https://www.indiatoday.in/fact-check/story/fact-check-old-unrelated-images-shared-as-plight-of-kashmir-after-article-370-revoked-1578849-2019-08-08 |title=Fact Check: Old, unrelated images shared as 'plight' of Kashmir after Article 370 revoked |work=India Today |date=8 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-22}}</ref> | According to ''[[India Today]]'' and other Indian media sources, several fabricated images and videos have appeared on social media such as [[Facebook]], Twitter and other platforms.<ref name=smedia1>{{cite web|url=https://www.vishvasnews.com/english/society/fact-check-old-video-of-dawoodi-bohra-community-procession-is-going-viral-with-wrong-claim/ |title=Fact Check: Old Video Of Dawoodi Bohra Community Procession Is Going Viral With Wrong Claim |website=Vishva News |date=12 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-22}}</ref><ref name=sm1 /><ref>{{cite news|last=Kaur|first=Amanpreet |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fact-check/story/jammu-kashmir-article-370-35a-lathicharge-police-beat-people-bihar-1578382-2019-08-07 |title=Old video of lathi charge in Bihar shared as policemen beating up Kashmiris |work=India Today |date=7 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-22}}<br />{{cite news|last=Deodia |first=Arjun |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fact-check/story/fact-check-no-indian-army-didn-t-burn-down-houses-in-kashmir-1577981-2019-08-06 |title=Fact Check: No, Indian Army didn't burn down houses in Kashmir |work= India Today |date=6 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/fact-check-has-government-taken-over-mosques-in-kashmir/articleshow/70572823.cms |title=FACT CHECK: Has government taken over mosques in Kashmir?|work=The Times of India |date=7 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-22}}<br />{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/fake-alert-old-video-shared-as-kashmiri-women-protesting-abrogation-of-article-370/articleshow/70590867.cms |title=FAKE ALERT: Old video shared as Kashmiri women protesting abrogation of Article 370 |work=The Times of India |date=9 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-22}}</ref> A closer examination of these photos and videos established that these are fabricated propaganda that utilized old photos or videos and the posters misrepresent them to be "current situation in Kashmir".<ref name=sm1>{{cite news|last=Kaur|first=Amanpreet |url= https://www.indiatoday.in/fact-check/story/fact-check-old-unrelated-images-shared-as-plight-of-kashmir-after-article-370-revoked-1578849-2019-08-08 |title=Fact Check: Old, unrelated images shared as 'plight' of Kashmir after Article 370 revoked |work=India Today |date=8 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-22}}</ref> | ||
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According to ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]'', a Pakistan-based newspaper, the Kashmir blackout has led to an "online misinformation war".<ref>{{cite news |last=Jahangir |first=Ramsha |title=Kashmir blackout triggers online misinformation war |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1499085 |access-date=11 August 2019 |work=Dawn |date=10 August 2019 }}</ref> ''[[The Nation (Pakistani newspaper)|The Nation]]'', in its editorial said, "The lack of coverage in Kashmir has increased the likelihood of misinformation and panic being spread, all of which puts the lives of Kashmiris in danger and uncertainty."<ref>{{cite news |title=India's Imposed Blackout |url=https://nation.com.pk/11-Aug-2019/india-s-imposed-blackout |access-date=22 August 2019 |work=[[The Nation (Pakistani newspaper)|The Nation]] |date=11 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811084301/https://nation.com.pk/11-Aug-2019/india-s-imposed-blackout|archive-date=2019-08-11}}</ref> | According to ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]'', a Pakistan-based newspaper, the Kashmir blackout has led to an "online misinformation war".<ref>{{cite news |last=Jahangir |first=Ramsha |title=Kashmir blackout triggers online misinformation war |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1499085 |access-date=11 August 2019 |work=Dawn |date=10 August 2019 }}</ref> ''[[The Nation (Pakistani newspaper)|The Nation]]'', in its editorial said, "The lack of coverage in Kashmir has increased the likelihood of misinformation and panic being spread, all of which puts the lives of Kashmiris in danger and uncertainty."<ref>{{cite news |title=India's Imposed Blackout |url=https://nation.com.pk/11-Aug-2019/india-s-imposed-blackout |access-date=22 August 2019 |work=[[The Nation (Pakistani newspaper)|The Nation]] |date=11 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811084301/https://nation.com.pk/11-Aug-2019/india-s-imposed-blackout|archive-date=2019-08-11}}</ref> | ||
The Indian Home Ministry alleged that "several Pakistani handles are spreading fake news", and asked Twitter to block a list of accounts.<ref name=itmisinform>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kashmir-jammu-live-updates-supreme-court-hearing-article-370-1580220-2019-08-13 |title=Pak spreading fake news on Kashmir: Sources |work=India Today |date=14 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-22}}</ref> Separately, the Jammu and Kashmir superintendent of police has demanded Twitter to block an account that allegedly is spreading rumors. The demand letter states that such | The Indian Home Ministry alleged that "several Pakistani handles are spreading fake news", and asked Twitter to block a list of accounts.<ref name=itmisinform>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kashmir-jammu-live-updates-supreme-court-hearing-article-370-1580220-2019-08-13 |title=Pak spreading fake news on Kashmir: Sources |work=India Today |date=14 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-22}}</ref> Separately, the Jammu and Kashmir superintendent of police has demanded Twitter to block an account that allegedly is spreading rumors. The demand letter states that such rumours harm the law and order situation and is a "threat to lives".<ref name=itmisinform /> They allege that the platform is posting "objectionable and malicious" content.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bhargava |first=Yuthika |url= https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/government-asks-twitter-to-block-accounts-spreading-falsehood-about-kashmir-happenings/article29035506.ece |title=Centre asks Twitter to block accounts 'spreading falsehood' |work=The Hindu |date=12 August 2019 |access-date=2019-08-22}}</ref> Twitter has blocked four of these accounts, and its officials stated that they are reviewing some others.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/govt-writes-to-twitter-to-suspend-fake-accounts-for-allegedly-spreading-rumours-over-situation-in-jk-2268211.html |title=Twitter Suspends 'Fake' Accounts for Allegedly Spreading Rumours over Situation in J&K|publisher=CNN-News18|date=12 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-22}}</ref> This included the Twitter account of [[Syed Ali Shah Geelani]] who is a Kashmiri separatist [[Hurriyat]] leader.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Tripathi|first1=Rahul |last2=Irfan|first2=Hakeem |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/4-twitter-handles-suspended-for-alleged-anti-india-propaganda/articleshow/70648195.cms |title=Twitter told to take down handles spreading fake news about Kashmir Valley|work=The Economic Times |date=13 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-22}}</ref> | ||
Indian government accused the [[BBC]] and [[Reuters]] of lying and fabricating news about large scale protests in [[Kashmir]], even though they were recorded on video.<ref>{{cite news |title=India accused the BBC and Reuters of lying about large-scale protests in Kashmir, even though they were recorded on video |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/kashmir-india-accuse-bbc-reuters-lying-about-protests-despite-video-2019-8 |access-date=15 August 2019 |work=[[Business Insider]] |date=12 August 2019|last=Ma |first=Alexandra }}</ref> According to ''India Today'', the authenticity of the BBC video about the protest has been questioned because it is an edited combination of a series of clips and it shows an absence of police and security personnel almost everywhere the edited video, even though Kashmir was under a lockdown with heavy security deployment on 9 August 2019 – the day the video was recorded and posted by the BBC.<ref name=itAugust132019>{{cite news|author=Balkrishna |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/did-al-jazeera-bbc-post-misleading-videos-from-kashmir-1580518-2019-08-13 |title=Did Al Jazeera, BBC post misleading videos from Kashmir?|work=India Today|date=13 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-22}}</ref> According to ''India Today'', a portion of the video is authentically from Dullbagh Road in Srinagar, but it is unclear if it is a fresh video or an old video clip inserted in. Some Indians allege that parts of this video are from Pakistan-administered Kashmir.<ref name=itAugust132019 /> | Indian government accused the [[BBC]] and [[Reuters]] of lying and fabricating news about large scale protests in [[Kashmir]], even though they were recorded on video.<ref>{{cite news |title=India accused the BBC and Reuters of lying about large-scale protests in Kashmir, even though they were recorded on video |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/kashmir-india-accuse-bbc-reuters-lying-about-protests-despite-video-2019-8 |access-date=15 August 2019 |work=[[Business Insider]] |date=12 August 2019|last=Ma |first=Alexandra }}</ref> According to ''India Today'', the authenticity of the BBC video about the protest has been questioned because it is an edited combination of a series of clips and it shows an absence of police and security personnel almost everywhere the edited video, even though Kashmir was under a lockdown with heavy security deployment on 9 August 2019 – the day the video was recorded and posted by the BBC.<ref name=itAugust132019>{{cite news|author=Balkrishna |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/did-al-jazeera-bbc-post-misleading-videos-from-kashmir-1580518-2019-08-13 |title=Did Al Jazeera, BBC post misleading videos from Kashmir?|work=India Today|date=13 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-22}}</ref> According to ''India Today'', a portion of the video is authentically from Dullbagh Road in Srinagar, but it is unclear if it is a fresh video or an old video clip inserted in. Some Indians allege that parts of this video are from Pakistan-administered Kashmir.<ref name=itAugust132019 /> | ||
== Impact == | == Impact == | ||
Impact of the Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir | Impact of the Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir encompassed a year without high-speed Internet,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Malik|first=Irfan Amin|date=2 August 2020|title=A Year Without High-Speed Internet Has Been a Nightmare for J&K's Entrepreneurs|url=https://thewire.in/business/jammu-and-kashmir-high-speed-internet|access-date=2020-08-02|website=The Wire}}</ref> changes in the politics and bureaucracy of the region,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Zargar|first=Safwat |date=31 July 2020|title=One year after special status ended, Kashmiris have disappeared from government in J&K|url=https://scroll.in/article/968571/one-year-after-special-status-ended-kashmiris-have-disappeared-from-government-in-j-k|access-date=2020-11-27|website=Scroll.in}}</ref> priority of counter-insurgency & counter-terrorism operations,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Habibullah|first=Wajahat|author-link=Wajahat Habibullah|date=26 July 2020|title=Kashmir a year after: A lot happened since August 5, 2019|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/opinion/kashmir-a-year-after-a-lot-happened-since-august-5-2019|access-date=2020-08-02|work=[[National Herald]]}}</ref> new domicile rules, talks of restoration of statehood,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wani|first=Fayaz|date=27 July 2020|title=J&K's statehood restoration on August 15, 4G internet on August 5: Congress leader|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/jul/27/jks-statehood-restoration-on-august-15-4g-internet-on-august-5-congress-leader-2175598.html|access-date=2020-08-02|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Wani|first=Fayaz|date=25 July 2020|title=Restore Jammu and Kashmir's statehood on August 5: Apni Party chief to Centre|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/jul/25/restore-jks-statehood-on-august-5-apni-party-chief-to-centre-2174572.html|access-date=2020-08-02|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> judicial lethargy,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Zargar|first=Safwat|date=2 August 2020|title=A year when courts failed to hear petitions and left jailed Kashmiris at the mercy of the government|url=https://scroll.in/article/968714/a-year-when-courts-failed-to-hear-petitions-and-left-jailed-kashmiris-at-the-mercy-of-the-government|access-date=2020-08-02|website=Scroll.in}}</ref> and decline in stone-pelting among other things.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-07-29|title=Sharp decline in stone pelting incidents in Jammu and Kashmir since August 5, 2019: Officials|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/north-and-central/sharp-decline-in-stone-pelting-incidents-in-jammu-and-kashmir-since-august-5-2019-officials-867114.html|access-date=2020-08-02|work=Deccan Herald|agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref> | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
* [[Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus]] | * [[Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus]] | ||
* [[ | * [[Azad Kashmir#Government|Incorporation of Azad Kashmir as nominally self-governing state of Pakistan]] | ||
* [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019]] | * [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019]] | ||
* [[Karachi Agreement (Azad Kashmir)]] | * [[Karachi Agreement (Azad Kashmir)]] | ||
| Line 250: | Line 315: | ||
==Bibliography== | ==Bibliography== | ||
* {{cite book |last=Cottrell |first=Jill |chapter=Kashmir: The vanishing autonomy | | * {{cite book |last=Cottrell |first=Jill |chapter=Kashmir: The vanishing autonomy |editor-first1=Yash |editor-last1=Ghai |editor-first2=Sophia |editor-last2=Woodman |title=Practising Self-Government: A Comparative Study of Autonomous Regions |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rY9fAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT259 |date=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-29235-2 |pages=163–199 |doi=10.1017/CBO9781139088206.006 |ref={{sfnref|Cottrell, Kashmir: The vanishing autonomy|2013}}}} | ||
* {{cite news|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/210243.pdf|title=Declaration Under Article 370(3) of the Constitution, "C.O. 273"|work=The Gazette of India|number=453|date=6 August 2019|access-date=2020-11-27}} | |||
* {{cite book |last=Kumar |first=Ashutosh |chapter=The Constitutional and Legal Routes |editor-last=Samaddar |editor-first=Ranabir |title=The Politics of Autonomy: Indian Experiences |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BFAzgfJkh3QC&pg=PA93 |year=2005 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=9780761934530 |pages=93–113 |ref={{sfnref|Kumar, The Constitutional and Legal Routes|2005}}}} | * {{cite book |last=Kumar |first=Ashutosh |chapter=The Constitutional and Legal Routes |editor-last=Samaddar |editor-first=Ranabir |title=The Politics of Autonomy: Indian Experiences |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BFAzgfJkh3QC&pg=PA93 |year=2005 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=9780761934530 |pages=93–113 |ref={{sfnref|Kumar, The Constitutional and Legal Routes|2005}}}} | ||
* {{cite book |last=Noorani |first=A. G. |author-link=A. G. Noorani |title=Article 370: A Constitutional History of Jammu and Kashmir |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-19-807408-3 |url=http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198074083.001.0001/acprof-9780198074083 |url-access=subscription |ref={{sfnref|Noorani, Article 370|2011}}}} | * {{cite book |last=Noorani |first=A. G. |author-link=A. G. Noorani |title=Article 370: A Constitutional History of Jammu and Kashmir |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-19-807408-3 |url=http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198074083.001.0001/acprof-9780198074083 |url-access=subscription |ref={{sfnref|Noorani, Article 370|2011}}}} | ||
* {{cite book |last1=Tillin |first1=Louise |chapter=Asymmetric Federalism | | * {{cite book |last1=Tillin |first1=Louise |chapter=Asymmetric Federalism |editor-first1=Sujit |editor-last1=Choudhry |editor-first2=Madhav |editor-last2=Khosla |editor3=Pratap Bhanu Mehta |title=The Oxford Handbook of the Indian Constitution |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d0knDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA546 |year=2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-870489-8 |pages=546– |ref={{sfnref|Tillin, Asymmetric Federalism|2016}}}} | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||