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| image_caption                  = Clockwise from top: [[Ningthoukhong Gopinath Mandir]], [[Kangla Sha]], Ancient temple dedicated to Lord [[Pakhangba]] inside the [[Kangla Palace]], [[Manipuri Dance]], [[Loktak Lake]]
| image_caption                  = Clockwise from top: [[Ningthoukhong Gopinath Mandir]], [[Kangla Sha]], Ancient temple dedicated to Lord [[Pakhangba]] inside the [[Kangla Palace]], [[Manipuri Dance]], [[Loktak Lake]]
| image_flag                      = Indian state flag of Manipur (proposed).png
| flag_type                      = [[Flag of Manipur|Flag]]
| flag_size                      = 100px
| image_blank_emblem              = Manipur emblem.png
| image_blank_emblem              = Manipur emblem.png
| blank_emblem_type              = [[Emblem of Manipur|Emblem]]
| blank_emblem_type              = [[Emblem of Manipur|Emblem]]
| blank_emblem_size              = 100px
| blank_emblem_size              = 100px
| anthem                          = [[Sana Leibak Manipur]]<br>(''Manipur, Land of Gold'')
| anthem                          = [[Sana Leibak Manipur]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenortheastaffairs.com/sana-leibak-manipur-adopted-as-state-song-by-cabinet/|title='Sana Leibak Manipur' adopted as State Song by Cabinet|access-date=16 September 2021|archive-date=16 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916141945/https://thenortheastaffairs.com/sana-leibak-manipur-adopted-as-state-song-by-cabinet/|url-status=live}}</ref><br>(''Manipur, Land of Gold'')
| image_map                      = IN-MN.svg
| image_map                      = IN-MN.svg
| map_alt                        = Manipur, a state of India
| map_alt                        = Manipur, a state of India
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| subdivision_name                = {{IND}}
| subdivision_name                = {{IND}}
| established_title              = Merged with India
| established_title              = Merged with India
| established_date                = 15 October 1949<ref>{{Cite journal|last=SINHA|first=L. P.|date=1987|title=THE POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT OF MANIPUR|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41855332|journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science|volume=48|issue=4|pages=487–493|issn=0019-5510}}</ref>
| established_date                = 15 October 1949<ref>{{Cite journal|last=SINHA|first=L. P.|title=The Politics and Government of Manipur|date=1987|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41855332|journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science|volume=48|issue=4|pages=487–493|jstor=41855332|issn=0019-5510|access-date=14 August 2021|archive-date=14 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814153417/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41855332|url-status=live}}</ref>
| parts_type                      = [[List of Indian districts|Districts]]
| parts_type                      = [[List of Indian districts|Districts]]
| parts_style                    = para
| parts_style                    = para
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| government_footnotes            =  
| government_footnotes            =  
| leader_title                    = [[Governors of Manipur|Governor]]
| leader_title                    = [[Governors of Manipur|Governor]]
| leader_name                    = [[La Ganesan|La. Ganesan]]<ref>http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ganesan-sworn-in-as-manipur-governor/article36132428.ece/amp/</ref>
| leader_name                    = [[La Ganesan|La. Ganesan]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ganesan-sworn-in-as-manipur-governor/article36132428.ece/amp/|title=Ganesan sworn in as Manipur Governor|newspaper=The Hindu|date=27 August 2021|last1=Laithangbam|first1=Iboyaima|access-date=29 August 2021|archive-date=20 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020101943/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ganesan-sworn-in-as-manipur-governor/article36132428.ece/amp/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| leader_title1                  = [[Chief Ministers of Manipur|Chief&nbsp;Minister]]
| leader_title1                  = [[Chief Ministers of Manipur|Chief&nbsp;Minister]]
| leader_name1                    = [[N. Biren Singh]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])<ref>[http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/biren-singh-manipur-chief-minister/1/904413.html BJP leader Biren Singh sworn in as Manipur Chief Minister] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315121302/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/biren-singh-manipur-chief-minister/1/904413.html |date=15 March 2017 }}, India Today (15 March 2017)</ref>
| leader_name1                    = [[N. Biren Singh]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])<ref>[http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/biren-singh-manipur-chief-minister/1/904413.html BJP leader Biren Singh sworn in as Manipur Chief Minister] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315121302/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/biren-singh-manipur-chief-minister/1/904413.html |date=15 March 2017 }}, India Today (15 March 2017)</ref>
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| iso_code                        = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MN]]
| iso_code                        = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MN]]
| blank_name                      = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] {{nobold|(2018)}}
| blank_name                      = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] {{nobold|(2018)}}
| blank_info                      = {{increase}} 0.696<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/?interpolation=0&extrapolation=0&nearest_real=0|title=Sub-national HDI - Subnational HDI - Global Data Lab|website=globaldatalab.org|access-date=17 April 2020}}</ref><br/>{{color|#FFA500|medium}} · [[List of Indian states and territories by Human Development Index|15th]]
| blank_info                      = {{increase}} 0.696<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/?interpolation=0&extrapolation=0&nearest_real=0|title=Sub-national HDI - Subnational HDI - Global Data Lab|website=globaldatalab.org|access-date=17 April 2020|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112015724/https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/?interpolation=0&extrapolation=0&nearest_real=0|url-status=live}}</ref><br/>{{color|#FFA500|medium}} · [[List of Indian states and territories by Human Development Index|15th]]
| blank_name_sec2                = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| blank_name_sec2                = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| blank_info_sec2                = 79.85% (16th)
| blank_info_sec2                = 79.85% (16th)
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| region  = Manipur
| region  = Manipur
| country  = India
| country  = India
| flag    = [[File:Indian state flag of Manipur (proposed).png|50px|left]] [[Flag of Manipur]]
| emblem  = [[Kangla Sha]]  
| emblem  = [[Kangla Sha]]  
| language = [[Meitei language|Manipuri]]
| language = [[Meitei language|Manipuri]]
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| tree    = [[ File:Phoebe hainesiana north Bengal AJTJ.JPG|50px|left]] [[Phoebe hainesiana|Uningthou]] (''Phoebe hainesiana'')
| tree    = [[ File:Phoebe hainesiana north Bengal AJTJ.JPG|50px|left]] [[Phoebe hainesiana|Uningthou]] (''Phoebe hainesiana'')
| flower  = [[File:Lilium mackliniae.jpg|50px|left]] [[Shirui lily]] (''Lilium mackliniae'')
| flower  = [[File:Lilium mackliniae.jpg|50px|left]] [[Shirui lily]] (''Lilium mackliniae'')
| fish    = [[File:Rohtee belangeri Achilles 147.jpg|50px|left]] [[Osteobrama belangeri|Pengba]]<ref>{{cite web|title=State Fishes of India|url=http://nfdb.gov.in/PDF/Fish%20&%20Fisheries%20of%20India/2.State%20Fishes%20of%20India.pdf|publisher=National Fisheries Development Board, Government of India|access-date=25 December 2020}}</ref>
| fish    = [[File:Rohtee belangeri Achilles 147.jpg|50px|left]] [[Osteobrama belangeri|Pengba]]<ref>{{cite web|title=State Fishes of India|url=http://nfdb.gov.in/PDF/Fish%20&%20Fisheries%20of%20India/2.State%20Fishes%20of%20India.pdf|publisher=National Fisheries Development Board, Government of India|access-date=25 December 2020|archive-date=10 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010035036/http://nfdb.gov.in/PDF/Fish%20%26%20Fisheries%20of%20India/2.State%20Fishes%20of%20India.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
}}
| official_name                  =  
| official_name                  =  
}}
}}
'''Manipur''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ʌ|n|ɪ|'|p|ʊər|,_|m|æ|n|ə|'|p|ʊər}})<ref>{{lexico|Manipur}}</ref><ref>{{MW|Manipur}}</ref> is a [[States and territories of India|state]] in [[Northeast India]], with the city of [[Imphal]] as its capital.<ref>''Manipur: Treatise & Documents'', Volume 1, {{ISBN|978-8170993995}}, Introduction</ref> It is bounded by the Indian states of [[Nagaland]] to the north, [[Mizoram]] to the south and [[Assam]] to the west. It also borders two regions of [[Myanmar]], [[Sagaing Region]] to the east and [[Chin State]] to the south. The state covers an area of {{convert|22327|km2}} and has a population of almost 3 million, including the [[Meitei people|Meitei]], who are the majority group in the state, the [[Pangal|Meitei Pangals]] (Manipuri Muslims), [[Naga people|Naga]] tribes, [[Kuki people|Kuki]]/[[Zo people|Zo]] tribes and other communities, who speak a variety of [[Sino-Tibetan languages]]. Manipur has been at the crossroads of Asian economic and cultural exchange for more than 2,500 years.<ref>Naorem Sanajaoba (editor), ''Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization'', Volume 4, Chapter 1: NK Singh, {{ISBN|978-8170998532}}</ref> It has long connected the Indian subcontinent and [[Central Asia]] to [[Southeast Asia]], [[China]] (or [[East Asia]]), [[Siberia]] ([[Russia]]), [[Micronesia]], and [[Polynesia]], enabling migration of people, cultures and religions.<ref>Naorem Sanajaoba (editor), ''Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization'', Volume 4, Chapter 4: K Murari, {{ISBN|978-8170998532}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Trade_connection_of_Manipur_with_Southeast_Asia_in_Pre_British_period_Part_2_By_Budha_Kamei | title=Trade connection of Manipur with Southeast Asia in Pre British period Part 2 by Budha Kamei | access-date=7 July 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708044726/http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Trade_connection_of_Manipur_with_Southeast_Asia_in_Pre_British_period_Part_2_By_Budha_Kamei | archive-date=8 July 2018 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
'''Manipur''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ʌ|n|ɪ|'|p|ʊər|,_|m|æ|n|ə|'|p|ʊər}})<ref>{{lexico|Manipur}}</ref><ref>{{MW|Manipur}}</ref> is a [[States and territories of India|state]] in [[Northeast India]], with the city of [[Imphal]] as its capital.<ref>''Manipur: Treatise & Documents'', Volume 1, {{ISBN|978-8170993995}}, Introduction</ref> It is bounded by the Indian states of [[Nagaland]] to the north, [[Mizoram]] to the south and [[Assam]] to the west. It also borders two regions of [[Myanmar]], [[Sagaing Region]] to the east and [[Chin State]] to the south. The state covers an area of {{convert|22327|km2}} and has a population of almost 3 million, including the [[Meitei people|Meitei]], who are the majority group in the state, the [[Pangal|Meitei Pangals]] (Manipuri Muslims), [[Naga people|Naga]] tribes, [[Kuki people|Kuki]]/[[Zo people|Zo]] tribes and other communities, who speak a variety of [[Sino-Tibetan languages]]. Manipur has been at the crossroads of Asian economic and cultural exchange for more than 2,500 years.<ref>Naorem Sanajaoba (editor), ''Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization'', Volume 4, Chapter 1: NK Singh, {{ISBN|978-8170998532}}</ref> It connects the [[Indian subcontinent]] to [[South east Asia]] enabling migration of people, cultures and religions.<ref>Naorem Sanajaoba (editor), ''Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization'', Volume 4, Chapter 4: K Murari, {{ISBN|978-8170998532}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Trade_connection_of_Manipur_with_Southeast_Asia_in_Pre_British_period_Part_2_By_Budha_Kamei | title=Trade connection of Manipur with Southeast Asia in Pre British period Part 2 by Budha Kamei | access-date=7 July 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708044726/http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Trade_connection_of_Manipur_with_Southeast_Asia_in_Pre_British_period_Part_2_By_Budha_Kamei | archive-date=8 July 2018 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref>


During the days of the [[British Raj|British Indian Empire]], the [[Kingdom of Manipur]] was one of the [[princely state]]s.<ref>Naorem Sanajaoba (Editor), ''Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization'', Volume 4, Chapter 2: NT Singh, {{ISBN|978-8170998532}}</ref> Between 1917 and 1939, some people of Manipur pressed the princely rulers for democracy. By the late 1930s, the princely state of Manipur negotiated with the British administration its preference to continue to be part of the Indian Empire, rather than part of [[Burma]], which was being separated from India. These negotiations were cut short with the outbreak of [[World War II]] in 1939. On 11 August 1947, [[Maharaja Budhachandra]] signed an [[Instrument of Accession]], joining India.<ref name=CIRCA>{{citation |title=Why Pre-Merger Political Status for Manipur: Under the Framework of the Instrument of Accession, 1947 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oKZoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA26 |year=2018 |publisher=Research and Media Cell, CIRCA |id=GGKEY:8XLWSW77KUZ |page=26 |ref={{sfnref|CIRCA, Why Pre-Merger Political Status for Manipur|2018}}}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements in Modern Manipur|2011|loc=Chapter 6, p.&nbsp;139}}</ref> Later, on 21 September 1949, he signed a Merger Agreement, merging the kingdom into India, which led to its becoming a [[Part C State]].<ref>U. B. Singh, ''India Fiscal Federalism in Indian Union'' (2003), p. 135</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=K.R. Dikshit|author2=Jutta K Dikshit|title=North-East India: Land, People and Economy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iorHBAAAQBAJ |year=2013|publisher=Springer Science |isbn=978-94-007-7055-3|page=56}}</ref> This merger was later disputed by groups in Manipur, as having been completed without consensus and under duress.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Kalpana Kannabiran|author2=Ranbir Singh|title=Challenging The Rules(s) of Law |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yreGAwAAQBAJ |year=2008|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-81-321-0027-0|page=264}}</ref> The dispute and differing visions for the future has resulted in a 50-year insurgency in the state for independence from India, as well as in repeated episodes of violence among ethnic groups in the state.<ref name=hrwm/> From 2009 through 2018, the conflict was responsible for the violent deaths of over 1000 people.<ref name=satp9413/>
During the days of the [[British Raj|British Indian Empire]], the [[Kingdom of Manipur]] was one of the [[princely state]]s.<ref>Naorem Sanajaoba (Editor), ''Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization'', Volume 4, Chapter 2: NT Singh, {{ISBN|978-8170998532}}</ref> Between 1917 and 1939, some people of Manipur pressed the princely rulers for democracy. By the late 1930s, the princely state of Manipur negotiated with the British administration its preference to continue to be part of the Indian Empire, rather than part of [[Burma]], which was being separated from India. These negotiations were cut short with the outbreak of [[World War II]] in 1939. On 11 August 1947, [[Maharaja Budhachandra]] signed an [[Instrument of Accession]], joining India.<ref name=CIRCA>{{citation |title=Why Pre-Merger Political Status for Manipur: Under the Framework of the Instrument of Accession, 1947 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oKZoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA26 |year=2018 |publisher=Research and Media Cell, CIRCA |id=GGKEY:8XLWSW77KUZ |page=26 |ref={{sfnref|CIRCA, Why Pre-Merger Political Status for Manipur|2018}} |access-date=19 August 2018 |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110133940/https://books.google.com/books?id=oKZoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA26 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements in Modern Manipur|2011|loc=Chapter 6, p.&nbsp;139}}</ref> Later, on 21 September 1949, he signed a Merger Agreement, merging the kingdom into India, which led to its becoming a [[Part C State]].<ref>U. B. Singh, ''India Fiscal Federalism in Indian Union'' (2003), p. 135</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=K.R. Dikshit|author2=Jutta K Dikshit|title=North-East India: Land, People and Economy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iorHBAAAQBAJ |year=2013|publisher=Springer Science |isbn=978-94-007-7055-3|page=56}}</ref> This merger was later disputed by groups in Manipur, as having been completed without consensus and under duress.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Kalpana Kannabiran|author2=Ranbir Singh|title=Challenging The Rules(s) of Law |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yreGAwAAQBAJ |year=2008|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-81-321-0027-0|page=264}}</ref> The dispute and differing visions for the future has resulted in a 50-year insurgency in the state for independence from India, as well as in repeated episodes of violence among ethnic groups in the state.<ref name=hrwm/> From 2009 through 2018, the conflict was responsible for the violent deaths of over 1000 people.<ref name=satp9413/>


The [[Meitei people|Meitei ethnic group]]<ref name="Khomdan Singh Lisam pp 322">Khomdan Singh Lisam, ''Encyclopaedia Of Manipur'', {{ISBN|978-8178358642}}, pp. 322–347</ref> represents around 53% of the population of Manipur state, followed by various [[Naga people|Naga]] tribes at 24% and various [[Kuki people|Kuki]]-[[Zo people|Zo]] tribes at 16%.<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/ST.html</ref> The main language of the state is [[Meitei language|Meiteilon]] (also known as Manipuri). Tribals constitute about 41% of the state population (according to 2011 census)<ref name="censusindia.gov.in"/> and have dialects and cultures that are often village-based. Manipur's ethnic groups practice a variety of religions.<ref name="census2011"/> According to 2011 census, [[Hinduism]] is the major religion in the state, closely followed by [[Christianity]]. Other religions include [[Islam]], [[Sanamahism]], [[Buddhism]], and [[Judaism]], etc.<ref name="census2011"/><ref name="hueiyenlanpao.com">{{Cite web | url=http://www.hueiyenlanpao.com/page/items/34799/religious-landscape-in-manipur | title=Hueiyen Lanpao &#124; Official Website Manipur Daily | access-date=29 May 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918062647/http://hueiyenlanpao.com/page/items/34799/religious-landscape-in-manipur/ | archive-date=18 September 2016 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
The [[Meitei people|Meitei ethnic group]]<ref name="Khomdan Singh Lisam pp 322">Khomdan Singh Lisam, ''Encyclopaedia Of Manipur'', {{ISBN|978-8178358642}}, pp. 322–347</ref> represents around 53% of the population of Manipur state, followed by various [[Naga people|Naga]] tribes at 24% and various [[Kuki people|Kuki]]-[[Zo people|Zo]] tribes at 16%.<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/ST.html|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=15 July 2019|archive-date=7 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907212310/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/ST.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The main language of the state is [[Meitei language|Meiteilon]] (also known as Manipuri). Tribals constitute about 41% of the state population (according to 2011 census)<ref name="censusindia.gov.in"/> and have dialects and cultures that are often village-based. Manipur's ethnic groups practice a variety of religions.<ref name="census2011"/> According to 2011 census, [[Hinduism]] is the major religion in the state, closely followed by [[Christianity]]. Other religions include [[Islam]], [[Sanamahism]], [[Buddhism]], and [[Judaism]], etc.<ref name="census2011"/><ref name="hueiyenlanpao.com">{{Cite web | url=http://www.hueiyenlanpao.com/page/items/34799/religious-landscape-in-manipur | title=Hueiyen Lanpao &#124; Official Website Manipur Daily | access-date=29 May 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918062647/http://hueiyenlanpao.com/page/items/34799/religious-landscape-in-manipur/ | archive-date=18 September 2016 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref>


Manipur has primarily an agrarian economy, with significant hydroelectric power generation potential. It is connected to other areas by daily flights through [[Imphal Airport|Imphal airport]], the second largest in northeastern India.<ref name=manipuraai/> Manipur is home to many sports and the origin of [[Manipuri dance]],<ref>{{cite book|author=Reginald Massey|title=India's Dances: Their History, Technique, and Repertoire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t6MJ8jbHqIwC|year=2004|publisher=Abhinav|isbn=978-81-7017-434-9|pages=177–184|access-date=4 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304053010/https://books.google.com/books?id=t6MJ8jbHqIwC|archive-date=4 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> and is credited with introducing [[polo]] to Europeans.<ref name="nam.ac.uk"/>
Manipur has primarily an agrarian economy, with significant hydroelectric power generation potential. It is connected to other areas by daily flights through [[Imphal Airport|Imphal airport]], the second largest in northeastern India.<ref name=manipuraai/> Manipur is home to many sports and the origin of [[Manipuri dance]],{{sfn|Reginald Massey|2004|pp=177–184}} and is credited with introducing [[polo]] to Europeans.<ref name="nam.ac.uk"/>


==Alternate names==
==Alternate names==
The word "Manipur" is made-up of two [[Sanskrit]] words "मणि"(Maṇi), which means jewel and "पुर"(Purǝ), which means land/place/abode, Manipur is translated as "Jewelled land".
The word "Manipur" is made-up of two [[Sanskrit]] words (Maṇi), which means jewel and (Purǝ), which means land/place/abode, Manipur is translated as "Jewelled land".
Manipur is mentioned in historic texts as Kangleipak ({{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯪꯂꯩꯄꯛ}}) or Meeteileipak<ref name="Sanajaoba1988">{{cite book|author=Naorem Sanajaoba|title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&pg=PA31|year=1988|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-853-2|pages=31–32 with footnotes}}</ref> Sanamahi Laikan wrote that officials during the reign of [[Gharib Nawaz (Manipur)|Meidingu Pamheiba]] in the eighteenth century adopted Manipur's new name.
Manipur is mentioned in historic texts as Kangleipak ({{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯪꯂꯩꯄꯛ}}) or Meeteileipak.<ref name="Sanajaoba1988">{{cite book|author=Naorem Sanajaoba|title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&pg=PA31|year=1988|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-853-2|pages=31–32 with footnotes}}</ref> Sanamahi Laikan wrote that officials during the reign of [[Gharib Nawaz (Manipur)|Meidingu Pamheiba]] in the eighteenth century adopted Manipur's new name.


Neighbouring cultures each had differing names for Manipur and its people. The [[Shan people|Shan]] or [[Amphoe Pong|Pong]] called the area ''Cassay'', the [[Burma|Burmese]] ''Kathe'', and the [[Assamese people|Assamese]] ''Meklee''. In the first treaty between the British [[East India Company]] and Meidingu [[Ching-Thang Khomba|Chingthangkhomba]] (Bhagyachandra), signed in 1762, the kingdom was referred to as “Meckley”. Bhagyachandra and his successors issued coins engraved with "Manipureshwar", or "lord of Manipur", and the British discarded the name Meckley. Later on, the work ''Dharani Samhita'' (1825–34) popularised the [[Sanskritisation|Sanskrit legends]] of the origin of Manipur's name.<ref>Gangmumei Kabui, ''History of Manipur'', National Publishing House, Delhi, 1991.</ref>
Neighbouring cultures each had differing names for Manipur and its people. The [[Shan people|Shan]] or [[Amphoe Pong|Pong]] called the area ''Cassay'', the [[Burma|Burmese]] ''Kathe'', and the [[Assamese people|Assamese]] ''Meklee''. In the first treaty between the British [[East India Company]] and Meidingu [[Ching-Thang Khomba|Chingthangkhomba]] (Bhagyachandra), signed in 1762, the kingdom was referred to as “Meckley”. Bhagyachandra and his successors issued coins engraved with "Manipureshwar", or "lord of Manipur", and the British discarded the name Meckley. Later on, the work ''Dharani Samhita'' (1825–34) popularised the [[Sanskritisation|Sanskrit legends]] of the origin of Manipur's name.<ref>Gangmumei Kabui, ''History of Manipur'', National Publishing House, Delhi, 1991.</ref>
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===Medieval===
===Medieval===
By the medieval period, marriage alliances between royal families of the Manipur kingdom, [[Ahom Kingdom|Ahom]] (Assam) and Burma had become common.<ref name="Sanajaoba1988p3"/> Medieval era Manipur manuscripts discovered in the 20th century, particularly the ''Puya'', provide evidence that Hindus from the Indian subcontinent had married Manipur royalty by at least the 14th century. In centuries thereafter, royal spouses came also from what is now [[Assam]], [[Bengal]], and [[Uttar Pradesh]] along with ancient [[Dravidian peoples|Dravidian]] kingdoms, and other regions.<ref name="Sanajaoba1988p13">{{cite book|author=Naorem Sanajaoba|title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC |year=1988|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-853-2|pages=12–14}}</ref> Another manuscript suggests that Muslims arrived in Manipur in the 17th century, from what is now [[Bangladesh]], during the reign of Meidingu [[Khagemba]].<ref name="Sanajaoba1988p13"/> The socio-political turmoil and wars, particularly the persistent and devastating [[Anglo-Burmese wars]], affected the cultural and religious demography of Manipur.<ref name="Sanajaoba1988p15">{{cite book|author=Naorem Sanajaoba|title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC |year=1988|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-853-2|pages=15–18}}</ref>
By the medieval period, marriage alliances between the royal families of Manipur, [[Ahom kingdom]] and [[Myanmar|Burma]] had become common.<ref name="Sanajaoba1988p3"/> Medieval era manuscripts discovered in the 20th century, particularly the ''Puya'', provide evidence that Hindus from the Indian subcontinent had married Manipur royalty by at least the 14th century. In centuries thereafter, royal spouses came also from what is now [[Assam]], [[Bengal]], and [[Uttar Pradesh]] along with [[Dravidian peoples|Dravidian]] kingdoms, and other regions.<ref name="Sanajaoba1988p13">{{cite book|author=Naorem Sanajaoba|title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC |year=1988|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-853-2|pages=12–14}}</ref> Another manuscript suggests that Muslims arrived in Manipur in the 17th century, from what is now [[Bangladesh]], during the reign of Meidingu [[Khagemba]].<ref name="Sanajaoba1988p13"/> The socio-political turmoil and wars, particularly the persistent and devastating [[Anglo-Burmese wars]], affected the cultural and religious demography of Manipur.<ref name="Sanajaoba1988p15">{{cite book|author=Naorem Sanajaoba|title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC |year=1988|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-853-2|pages=15–18}}</ref>


===Imperial period===
===Imperial period===
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===Modern history===
===Modern history===
After the war, [[British Raj|British India]] moved towards independence, and the princely states which had existed alongside it became responsible for their own external affairs and defence, unless they joined the new India or the new Pakistan. The [[Manipur State Constitution Act 1947|Manipur State Constitution Act of 1947]] established a democratic form of government, with the [[Maharaja]] continuing as the head of state.<ref>[https://cadindia.clpr.org.in/historical_constitutions/manipur_state_constitution_act__1947_1st%20January%201947 Manipur State Constitution Act 1947]
After the war, [[British Raj|British India]] moved towards independence, and the princely states which had existed alongside it became responsible for their own external affairs and defence, unless they joined the new India or the new Pakistan. The [[Manipur State Constitution Act 1947|Manipur State Constitution Act of 1947]] established a democratic form of government, with the [[Maharaja]] continuing as the head of state.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cadindia.clpr.org.in/historical_constitutions/manipur_state_constitution_act__1947_1st%20January%201947 |title=Manipur State Constitution Act 1947 |access-date=23 March 2019 |archive-date=4 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404033852/http://cadindia.clpr.org.in/historical_constitutions/manipur_state_constitution_act__1947_1st%20January%201947 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Bodhchandra Singh|Maharaja Bodhchandra]] was summoned to [[Shillong]], to merge the kingdom into the Union of India.<ref>
</ref> [[Bodhchandra Singh|Maharaja Bodhchandra]] was summoned to [[Shillong]], to merge the kingdom into the Union of India.<ref>
{{citation |last=Rustomji |first=Nari |title=Enchanted Frontiers |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1971 |url=https://archive.org/details/enchantedfrontie0000rust |via=archive.org |page=109}}
{{citation |last=Rustomji |first=Nari |title=Enchanted Frontiers |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1971 |url=https://archive.org/details/enchantedfrontie0000rust |via=archive.org |page=109}}
</ref> He is believed to have signed the merger agreement under duress.<ref>
</ref> He is believed to have signed the merger agreement under duress.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Pradip Phanjoubam|title=Why it matters how Manipur became a state|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/why-it-matters-how-manipur-became-a-state-of-india/cid/1684958|access-date=29 November 2020|website=www.telegraphindia.com|archive-date=4 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704045921/https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/why-it-matters-how-manipur-became-a-state-of-india/cid/1684958|url-status=live}}</ref> Thereafter, the legislative assembly was dissolved, and in October 1949 Manipur became part of India.<ref>
{{Cite web|author=Pradip Phanjoubam|title=Why it matters how Manipur became a state|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/why-it-matters-how-manipur-became-a-state-of-india/cid/1684958|access-date=29 November 2020|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}
</ref> Thereafter, the legislative assembly was dissolved, and in October 1949 Manipur became part of India.<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/manipur/documents/papers/manipur_merger_agreement_1949.htm|title=Manipur Merger Agreement, 1949|work=satp.org|access-date=1 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924094635/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/manipur/documents/papers/manipur_merger_agreement_1949.htm|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live}}
{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/manipur/documents/papers/manipur_merger_agreement_1949.htm|title=Manipur Merger Agreement, 1949|work=satp.org|access-date=1 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924094635/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/manipur/documents/papers/manipur_merger_agreement_1949.htm|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live}}
</ref> It was made a Union Territory in 1956.<ref>
</ref> It was made a Union Territory in 1956.<ref>
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Manipur had a long record of insurgency and inter-ethnic violence.<ref>[http://www.economist.com/node/8786297 "The mayhem in Manipur"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714195539/http://www.economist.com/node/8786297 |date=14 July 2014 }} ''The Economist'' (1 March 2007)</ref><ref>[http://www.economist.com/node/8797972 "Manipur, India - A safe house for dangerous men"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714203339/http://www.economist.com/node/8797972 |date=14 July 2014 }} ''The Economist'' (9 March 2007)</ref> The first armed opposition group in Manipur, the [[United National Liberation Front]] (UNLF), was founded in 1964 and declared that it wanted to gain independence from India and form Manipur as a new country. Over time, many more groups formed in Manipur, each with different goals, and deriving support from diverse ethnic groups in Manipur. In 1977 the [[People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak]] (PREPAK) was formed, and the People's Liberation Army (PLA), formed in 1978 which [[Human Rights Watch]] said had received arms and training from China. In 1980, the [[Kangleipak Communist Party]] (KCP) was formed. These groups began a spree of bank robberies and attacks on police officers and government buildings. The state government appealed to the central government in [[New Delhi]] for support in combating this violence.<ref name=hrwm>[https://www.hrw.org/reports/2008/india0908/2.htm "Background: Conflict in Manipur"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924180321/http://www.hrw.org/reports/2008/india0908/2.htm |date=24 September 2015 }} Human Rights Watch (2008)</ref>
Manipur had a long record of insurgency and inter-ethnic violence.<ref>[http://www.economist.com/node/8786297 "The mayhem in Manipur"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714195539/http://www.economist.com/node/8786297 |date=14 July 2014 }} ''The Economist'' (1 March 2007)</ref><ref>[http://www.economist.com/node/8797972 "Manipur, India - A safe house for dangerous men"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714203339/http://www.economist.com/node/8797972 |date=14 July 2014 }} ''The Economist'' (9 March 2007)</ref> The first armed opposition group in Manipur, the [[United National Liberation Front]] (UNLF), was founded in 1964 and declared that it wanted to gain independence from India and form Manipur as a new country. Over time, many more groups formed in Manipur, each with different goals, and deriving support from diverse ethnic groups in Manipur. In 1977 the [[People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak]] (PREPAK) was formed, and the People's Liberation Army (PLA), formed in 1978 which [[Human Rights Watch]] said had received arms and training from China. In 1980, the [[Kangleipak Communist Party]] (KCP) was formed. These groups began a spree of bank robberies and attacks on police officers and government buildings. The state government appealed to the central government in [[New Delhi]] for support in combating this violence.<ref name=hrwm>[https://www.hrw.org/reports/2008/india0908/2.htm "Background: Conflict in Manipur"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924180321/http://www.hrw.org/reports/2008/india0908/2.htm |date=24 September 2015 }} Human Rights Watch (2008)</ref>


From 1980 to 2004, the Indian government referred to Manipur as a ''disturbed area.'' This term (designated by the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] or a [[Governors of states of India|state governor]]) refers to a territory where extraordinary laws under the [[Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act]] can be used. The laws allow the military to treat private and public spaces, in the same manner, detain individuals up to 24 hours with unlimited renewals, to perform warrantless searches, and to shoot and kill individuals that break laws, carry weapons, or gather in groups larger than four as well as giving legal immunity to the military.<ref>McDuie-Ra, Duncan. 2016. ''Borderland city in new India: Frontier to gateway'' (pp. 15, 17–19). Amsterdam University Press.</ref> Since 1980, the application of AFSPA has been at the heart of concerns about [[human rights]] violations in the region, such as arbitrary killings, torture, cruel, [[inhuman or degrading treatment|inhuman and degrading treatment]], and [[forced disappearance]]s. Its continued application has led to numerous protests, notably the longstanding hunger strike by [[Irom Sharmila Chanu]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-37007494 |title=Irom Sharmila: World's longest hunger strike ends |work=BBC News |date=9 August 2016 |access-date=23 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324012455/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-37007494 |archive-date=24 March 2019 |url-status=live  }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/09/indian-campaigner-irom-chanu-sharmila-end-16-year-hunger-strike |title=Archived copy |access-date=23 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323112421/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/09/indian-campaigner-irom-chanu-sharmila-end-16-year-hunger-strike |archive-date=23 March 2019 |url-status=live  }}</ref>
From 1980 to 2004, the Indian government referred to Manipur as a ''disturbed area.'' This term (designated by the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] or a [[Governors of states of India|state governor]]) refers to a territory where extraordinary laws under the [[Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act]] can be used. The laws allow the military to treat private and public spaces, in the same manner, detain individuals up to 24 hours with unlimited renewals, to perform warrantless searches, and to shoot and kill individuals that break laws, carry weapons, or gather in groups larger than four as well as giving legal immunity to the military.<ref>McDuie-Ra, Duncan. 2016. ''Borderland city in new India: Frontier to gateway'' (pp. 15, 17–19). Amsterdam University Press.</ref> Since 1980, the application of AFSPA has been at the heart of concerns about [[human rights]] violations in the region, such as arbitrary killings, torture, cruel, [[inhuman or degrading treatment|inhuman and degrading treatment]], and [[forced disappearance]]s. Its continued application has led to numerous protests, notably the longstanding hunger strike by [[Irom Sharmila Chanu]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-37007494 |title=Irom Sharmila: World's longest hunger strike ends |work=BBC News |date=9 August 2016 |access-date=23 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324012455/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-37007494 |archive-date=24 March 2019 |url-status=live  }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/09/indian-campaigner-irom-chanu-sharmila-end-16-year-hunger-strike |title=Indian hunger striker Irom Chanu Sharmila to end 16-year fast |website=[[TheGuardian.com]] |date=9 August 2016 |access-date=23 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323112421/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/09/indian-campaigner-irom-chanu-sharmila-end-16-year-hunger-strike |archive-date=23 March 2019 |url-status=live  }}</ref>


In 2004, the government lifted the ''disturbed'' status after a violent attack on a local woman. The rape of a manipuri woman, [[Thangjam Manorama Devi]], by members of the [[Assam Rifles]] paramilitary had led to wide protests including a nude protest by the [[Meira Paibi]]s women association.<ref>McDuie-Ra, Duncan. 2016. ''Borderland City in New India: Frontier to Gateway'', Amsterdam University Press, p. 18</ref>
In 2004, the government lifted the ''disturbed'' status after a violent attack on a local woman. The rape of a manipuri woman, [[Thangjam Manorama Devi]], by members of the [[Assam Rifles]] paramilitary had led to wide protests including a nude protest by the [[Meira Paibi]]s women association.<ref>McDuie-Ra, Duncan. 2016. ''Borderland City in New India: Frontier to Gateway'', Amsterdam University Press, p. 18</ref>
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The state receives an average annual rainfall of {{convert|1467.5|mm}} between April and mid-October. Precipitation ranges from light drizzle to heavy downpour. The capital city [[Imphal]] receives an annual average of {{convert|933|mm}}. Rainfall in this region is caused by The South Westerly [[Monsoon]] picking up moisture from the [[Bay of Bengal]] and heading towards the [[Eastern Himalaya]] ranges. This normal rainfall pattern of Manipur enriches the soil and much of the agrarian activities are dependent on it as well.
The state receives an average annual rainfall of {{convert|1467.5|mm}} between April and mid-October. Precipitation ranges from light drizzle to heavy downpour. The capital city [[Imphal]] receives an annual average of {{convert|933|mm}}. Rainfall in this region is caused by The South Westerly [[Monsoon]] picking up moisture from the [[Bay of Bengal]] and heading towards the [[Eastern Himalaya]] ranges. This normal rainfall pattern of Manipur enriches the soil and much of the agrarian activities are dependent on it as well.
Manipur is already [[Climate change in India|experiencing climate change]], especially [[Impacts of climate change|changes in weather]], with both increased [[Extreme weather|variability in rain]] as well as increasingly severe changes in temperature.<ref>{{Cite web|last=SAMOM|first=SOBHAPATI|title=Manipur affected by changing climate, say scientists|url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/manipur-affected-by-changing-climate-say-scientists.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-07|website=NorthEast Now|language=en-US|archive-date=7 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007143704/https://nenow.in/north-east-news/manipur-affected-by-changing-climate-say-scientists.html}}</ref>


==Demographics==
==Demographics==
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The [[Meitei people|Meitei]]<ref name="Khomdan Singh Lisam pp 322"/> (synonymous to Manipuri) constitute the majority of the state's population. In 1901, the Meitei were recorded as the main ethnicity of Manipur.<ref>census 1901</ref>
The [[Meitei people|Meitei]]<ref name="Khomdan Singh Lisam pp 322"/> (synonymous to Manipuri) constitute the majority of the state's population. In 1901, the Meitei were recorded as the main ethnicity of Manipur.<ref>census 1901</ref>


Nagas and Kuki/Zo are the major tribe conglomerates. The Nagas in Manipur are further sub-divided into sub-tribes like [[Anal Naga|Anāl]], [[Liangmai Naga|Liangmai]], [[Mao Naga|Mao]], [[Maram Naga|Maram]], [[Maring Naga|Maring]], [[Poumai Naga|Poumai]], [[Rongmei Naga|Rongmei]], [[Tangkhul Naga|Tangkhul]], [[Zeme Naga|Zeme]], etc.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1080/13537113.2014.879768|title = Ethnicity, Colonial Legacies, and Postindependence Issues of Identity Politics in North-East India|journal = Nationalism and Ethnic Politics|volume = 20|pages = 99–115|year = 2014|last1 = Meetei|first1 = Nameirakpam Bijen|s2cid = 144397292}}</ref><ref>https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/103655/7/07_chapter%204.pdf</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = Violence and identity in North-east India: Naga-Kuki conflict | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zlaIRKRspYQC | author = S. R. Tohring | year = 2010 | publisher = Mittal Publications | isbn = 978-81-8324-344-5 | pages = xv–xvii | access-date = 15 November 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160504073854/https://books.google.com/books?id=zlaIRKRspYQC | archive-date = 4 May 2016 | url-status = live | df = dmy-all }}</ref>
Nagas and Kuki/Zo are the major tribe conglomerates. The Nagas in Manipur are further sub-divided into sub-tribes like [[Anal Naga|Anāl]], [[Liangmai Naga|Liangmai]], [[Mao Naga|Mao]], [[Maram Naga|Maram]], [[Maring Naga|Maring]], [[Poumai Naga|Poumai]], [[Rongmei Naga|Rongmei]], [[Tangkhul Naga|Tangkhul]], [[Zeme Naga|Zeme]], etc.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1080/13537113.2014.879768|title = Ethnicity, Colonial Legacies, and Postindependence Issues of Identity Politics in North-East India|journal = Nationalism and Ethnic Politics|volume = 20|pages = 99–115|year = 2014|last1 = Meetei|first1 = Nameirakpam Bijen|s2cid = 144397292}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/103655 |last=Laishram |first=Ratankumar singh |publisher=[[Manipur University]] |date=2009 |title=A Historical study of the role and politics of civil society in Manipur |chapter-url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10603/103655/7/07_chapter%204.pdf |chapter=United Naga Council (UNC) |access-date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110133956/http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/10603/103655 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = Violence and identity in North-east India: Naga-Kuki conflict | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zlaIRKRspYQC | author = S. R. Tohring | year = 2010 | publisher = Mittal Publications | isbn = 978-81-8324-344-5 | pages = xv–xvii | access-date = 15 November 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160504073854/https://books.google.com/books?id=zlaIRKRspYQC | archive-date = 4 May 2016 | url-status = live | df = dmy-all }}</ref>


===Languages===
===Languages===
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{{Pie chart
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|thumb = right
|caption = Language in Manipur (2011)<ref>{{cite web |title=C-1 Population By Linguistic Community |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|publisher=Census |access-date=10 June 2019}}</ref> <!-- Click on Manipur  -->
|caption = Language in Manipur (2011)<ref>{{cite web |title=C-1 Population By Linguistic Community |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |publisher=Census |access-date=10 June 2019 |archive-date=13 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |url-status=live }}</ref> <!-- Click on Manipur  -->
|label1 = [[Meitei language|Meitei]] (Manipuri)
|label1 = [[Meitei language|Meitei]] (Manipuri)
|value1 = 53.3
|value1 = 53.3
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The term ''Meitei'' includes [[Sanamahism|Sanamahi]]s, [[Meitei Christians]], [[Hindu]]s, [[Pangal|Meitei-Pangals]] and [[Manipuri Brahmin]]s (locally called "Meetei Bamons"). The [[Meitei language]] (or ''Manipuri'') is the [[lingua franca]] in Manipur and is one of the languages listed in the [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India|Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution]]. Manipur has a diverse group of ethnic groups speaking different languages and dialects, practising Hinduism, Christianity, Sanamahism, Buddhism, Islam, and other folk religions.<ref name="census2011"/>
The term ''Meitei'' includes [[Sanamahism|Sanamahi]]s, [[Meitei Christians]], [[Hindu]]s, [[Pangal|Meitei-Pangals]] and [[Manipuri Brahmin]]s (locally called "Meetei Bamons"). The [[Meitei language]] (or ''Manipuri'') is the [[lingua franca]] in Manipur and is one of the languages listed in the [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India|Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution]]. Manipur has a diverse group of ethnic groups speaking different languages and dialects, practising Hinduism, Christianity, Sanamahism, Buddhism, Islam, and other folk religions.<ref name="census2011"/>


Besides Meitei, which is the language of the majority of the people in Manipur, there is a huge amount of linguistic diversity as is the case in most of the Northeast. Almost all of these are Sino-Tibetan languages, with many different subgroups represented. There are multiple [[Kuki-Chin languages]], the largest being [[Thadou language|Thadou]]. Another major language family is the [[Naga languages]], like [[Tangkhulic languages|Tangkhul]], [[Poula language|Poula]], [[Rongmei language|Rongmei]] and [[Mao languages|Mao]]. Less than 5% speak Indo-European languages, mostly [[Nepali language|Nepali]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=15 March 2020}}</ref>
Besides Meitei, which is the language of the majority of the people in Manipur, there is a huge amount of linguistic diversity as is the case in most of the Northeast. Almost all of these are Sino-Tibetan languages, with many different subgroups represented. There are multiple [[Kuki-Chin languages]], the largest being [[Thadou language|Thadou]]. Another major language family is the [[Naga languages]], like [[Tangkhulic languages|Tangkhul]], [[Poula language|Poula]], [[Rongmei language|Rongmei]] and [[Mao languages|Mao]]. Less than 5% speak Indo-European languages, mostly [[Nepali language|Nepali]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=15 March 2020|archive-date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422064823/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html|url-status=live}}</ref>


==Religion==
==Religion==
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|caption = Religion in Manipur (2011)<ref name="census2011">{{cite web|title=Population by religion community - 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=Census of India, 2011|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|archive-date=25 August 2015}}</ref>
|caption = Religion in Manipur (2011)<ref name="census2011">{{cite web|title=Population by religion community - 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=Census of India, 2011|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|archive-date=25 August 2015}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Hinduism]]
|label1 = [[Hinduism]]
|color1 = darkorange
|color1 = orange
|value1 = 41.39
|value1 = 41.39
|label2 = [[Christianity]]
|label2 = [[Christianity]]
|color2 = dodgerblue
|color2 = Dodgerblue
|value2 = 41.29
|value2 = 41.29
|label3 = [[Islam]]
|label3 = [[Islam]]
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|value3 = 8.40  
|value3 = 8.40  
|label4 = [[Sanamahism]]
|label4 = [[Sanamahism]]
|color4 = pink
|color4 = chartreuse
|value4 = 7.78
|value4 = 7.78
|label5 = [[Buddhism]]
|label5 = [[Buddhism]]
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|value7 = 0.07
|value7 = 0.07
|label8 = [[Sikhism]]
|label8 = [[Sikhism]]
|color8 = DarkKhaki
|color8 = pink
|value8 = 0.05
|value8 = 0.05
|label9 = [[Jainism]]
|label9 = [[Jainism]]
|color9 = Brown
|color9 = red
|value9 = 0.06
|value9 = 0.06
|label10 = [[Irreligion|Not religious]]
|label10 = [[Irreligion|Not religious]]
|color10 = Black
|color10 = gray
|value10 = 0.38
|value10 = 0.38
}}
}}
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According to the [[2011 Census of India]], about 41.39% of the Manipuri people practice [[Hinduism]], and 41.29% [[Christianity]]. A large minority of the Meitei practices [[Sanamahism]]. The Hindu population is heavily concentrated in the Manipur valley, among the Meitei people. The districts of Bishnupur, Thoubal, Imphal East, and Imphal West all have Hindu majorities, averaging 67.62% (range 62.27–74.81%) according to the 2011 census data.<ref name="censusindia1">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|title=Census of India : C-1 Population By Religious Community|work=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=1 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|archive-date=13 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], about 41.39% of the Manipuri people practice [[Hinduism]], and 41.29% [[Christianity]]. A large minority of the Meitei practices [[Sanamahism]]. The Hindu population is heavily concentrated in the Manipur valley, among the Meitei people. The districts of Bishnupur, Thoubal, Imphal East, and Imphal West all have Hindu majorities, averaging 67.62% (range 62.27–74.81%) according to the 2011 census data.<ref name="censusindia1">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|title=Census of India : C-1 Population By Religious Community|work=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=1 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|archive-date=13 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>


Vaishnavite Hinduism was the state religion of the Kingdom of Manipur. In 1704, King Charairongba accepted Vaishnavism and changed his name to Pitambar Singh.<ref>https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/93320/11/11_chapter%204.pdf</ref> However, the first Hindu temples were constructed much earlier. A copper plate excavated from [[Phayeng]] dating back to 763 CE (reign of King Khongtekcha) was found to contain inscriptions about the Hindu deities in Sanskrit words.<ref>http://14.139.13.47:8080/jspui/bitstream/10603/249207/6/06_chapter-ii.pdf</ref> During the 13th century, King Meidingu Khumomba constructed a Lord Hanuman temple.<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&pg=PA14 |title = Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization|isbn = 9788170998532|last1 = Sanajaoba|first1 = Naorem|year = 1988}}</ref> The Vishnu temple at Lamangdong was constructed during 1474 CE (during the reign of King Kiyamba), by Brahmins from the [[Shan State]]. As per the legends, the temple was constructed to house the Vishnu emblem given to King Kiyamba by King Khekhomba of Shan. Phurailatpam Shubhi Narayan was the first Brahmin priest of this temple.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.sahapedia.org/the-vaishnava-temples-of-manipur-historical-study | title=The Vaishnava Temples of Manipur: An Historical Study}}</ref>
Vaishnavite Hinduism was the state religion of the Kingdom of Manipur. In 1704, King Charairongba accepted Vaishnavism and changed his name to Pitambar Singh.<ref>{{cite thesis |chapter-url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/93320/11/11_chapter%204.pdf |title=Advent of a caste - the emergence and role of Brahmans in Manipuri society |author=S. Bebita Devi |year=2013 |chapter=4}}</ref> However, the first Hindu temples were constructed much earlier. A copper plate excavated from [[Phayeng]] dating back to 763 CE (reign of King Khongtekcha) was found to contain inscriptions about the Hindu deities in Sanskrit words.<ref>{{cite thesis |url=http://14.139.13.47:8080/jspui/bitstream/10603/249207/6/06_chapter-ii.pdf |title=The origin and development of Manipuri rasa dance Its nature philosophy and social relevance |author=Devi Rajkumari Geetanjali |year=2018}}</ref> During the 13th century, King Meidingu Khumomba constructed a Lord Hanuman temple.<ref>{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&pg=PA14|title = Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization|isbn = 9788170998532|last1 = Sanajaoba|first1 = Naorem|year = 1988|access-date = 20 August 2020|archive-date = 10 January 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220110134002/https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&pg=PA14|url-status = live}}</ref> The Vishnu temple at Lamangdong was constructed during 1474 CE (during the reign of King Kiyamba), by Brahmins from the [[Shan State]]. As per the legends, the temple was constructed to house the Vishnu emblem given to King Kiyamba by King Khekhomba of Shan. Phurailatpam Shubhi Narayan was the first Brahmin priest of this temple.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.sahapedia.org/the-vaishnava-temples-of-manipur-historical-study | title=The Vaishnava Temples of Manipur: An Historical Study | access-date=2 February 2020 | archive-date=28 November 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128101753/https://www.sahapedia.org/the-vaishnava-temples-of-manipur-historical-study | url-status=live }}</ref>


===Christianity===
===Christianity===
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{{expand section|date=January 2015}}
{{expand section|date=January 2015}}
{{main|Government of Manipur|Manipur Legislative Assembly}}
{{main|Government of Manipur|Manipur Legislative Assembly}}
The government of Manipur is a collective assembly of 60 elected members, of which 19 are reserved for Scheduled Tribes and 1 for Scheduled Castes.<ref>{{cite web|title=State/UT wise Seats in the Assembly and their Reservation Status|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/seat_in_legislativeassembilies.aspx|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=23 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519095715/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/seat_in_legislativeassembilies.aspx|archive-date=19 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The state sends two representatives to the Lok Sabha of the [[Parliament of India]]. The state sends one representative to the Rajya Sabha. The legislature of the state is Unicameral.<ref>[http://manipur.gov.in Manipur Government] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022063244/http://manipur.gov.in/ |date=22 October 2016 }}, Govt of India</ref> Representatives are elected for a five-year term to the state assembly and India'a parliament through voting, a process overseen by the offices of the Election Commission of India.<ref>[http://www.ceomanipur.nic.in/index.html ECI Manipur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519143058/http://www.ceomanipur.nic.in/index.html |date=19 May 2017 }}, Govt of India</ref>
The government of Manipur is a collective assembly of 60 elected members, of which 19 are reserved for Scheduled Tribes and 1 for Scheduled Castes.<ref>{{cite web|title=State/UT wise Seats in the Assembly and their Reservation Status|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/seat_in_legislativeassembilies.aspx|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=23 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519095715/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/seat_in_legislativeassembilies.aspx|archive-date=19 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The state sends two representatives to the Lok Sabha of the [[Parliament of India]]. The state sends one representative to the Rajya Sabha. The legislature of the state is Unicameral.<ref>[http://manipur.gov.in Manipur Government] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022063244/http://manipur.gov.in/ |date=22 October 2016 }}, Govt of India</ref> Representatives are elected for a five-year term to the state assembly and the Indian parliament through voting, a process overseen by the offices of the Election Commission of India.<ref>[http://www.ceomanipur.nic.in/index.html ECI Manipur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519143058/http://www.ceomanipur.nic.in/index.html |date=19 May 2017 }}, Govt of India</ref>


The state has [[Sadar Hills Autonomous District Council|one autonomous council]].
The state has [[Sadar Hills Autonomous District Council|one autonomous council]].
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===Security and insurgency===
===Security and insurgency===
{{main|Insurgency in Manipur}}
{{main|Insurgency in Manipur}}
The violence in Manipur extends beyond the conflict between Indian security forces and insurgent armed groups. There is violence between the Meiteis, Nagas, Kukis, and other tribal groups.<ref name=hrwm/> Splinter groups have arisen within some of the armed groups, and disagreement between them is rife. Other than the UNLF, PLA, and PREPAK, Manipuri insurgent groups include the Revolutionary Peoples Front (RPF), Manipur Liberation Front Army (MLFA), Kanglei Yawol Kanba Lup (KYKL), Revolutionary Joint Committee (RJC), Kangleipak Communist Party (KCP), Peoples United Liberation Front (PULF), Manipur Naga People Front (MNPF), National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN-K), National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN-I/M), United Kuki Liberation Front (UKLF), Kuki National Front (KNF), Kuki National Army (KNA), Kuki Defence Force (KDF), Kuki Democratic Movement (KDM), Kuki National Organisation (KNO), Kuki Security Force (KSF), Chin Kuki Revolutionary Front (CKRF), Kom Rem Peoples Convention (KRPC), Zomi Revolutionary Volunteers (ZRV), Zomi Revolutionary Army (ZRA), Zomi Reunification Organisation (ZRO), and Hmar Peoples Convention (HPC).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Centre-inks-peace-accord-with-Naga-insurgent-outfit/article10293606.ece|title=Centre inks peace accord with Naga insurgent outfit|last=Singh|first=Vijaita|work=The Hindu|access-date=12 March 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref name=hrwm/>
The violence in Manipur extends beyond the conflict between Indian security forces and insurgent armed groups. There is violence between the Meiteis, Nagas, Kukis, and other tribal groups.<ref name=hrwm/> Splinter groups have arisen within some of the armed groups, and disagreement between them is rife. Other than the UNLF, PLA, and PREPAK, Manipuri insurgent groups include the Revolutionary Peoples Front (RPF), Manipur Liberation Front Army (MLFA), Kanglei Yawol Kanba Lup (KYKL), Revolutionary Joint Committee (RJC), Kangleipak Communist Party (KCP), Peoples United Liberation Front (PULF), Manipur Naga People Front (MNPF), National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN-K), National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN-I/M), United Kuki Liberation Front (UKLF), Kuki National Front (KNF), Kuki National Army (KNA), Kuki Defence Force (KDF), Kuki Democratic Movement (KDM), Kuki National Organisation (KNO), Kuki Security Force (KSF), Chin Kuki Revolutionary Front (CKRF), Kom Rem Peoples Convention (KRPC), Zomi Revolutionary Volunteers (ZRV), Zomi Revolutionary Army (ZRA), Zomi Reunification Organisation (ZRO), and Hmar Peoples Convention (HPC).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Centre-inks-peace-accord-with-Naga-insurgent-outfit/article10293606.ece|title=Centre inks peace accord with Naga insurgent outfit|last=Singh|first=Vijaita|work=The Hindu|access-date=12 March 2017|language=en|archive-date=27 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127182029/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Centre-inks-peace-accord-with-Naga-insurgent-outfit/article10293606.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=hrwm/>


The Meitei insurgent groups seek independence from India. The Kuki insurgent groups want a separate state for the Kukis to be carved out from the present state of Manipur. The Kuki insurgent groups are under two umbrella organisations: the Kuki National Organisation (KNO) and United Peoples Forum.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kukination.net|title=仏壇修理・洗浄なら石川県羽咋市の宮本仏檀店|work=kukination.net|access-date=1 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424145258/http://www.kukination.net/|archive-date=24 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Nagas wish to annex part of Manipur and merge with a greater Nagaland or Nagalim, which is in conflict with Meitei insurgent demands for the integrity of their vision of an independent state. There have been many tensions between the tribes and numerous clashes between Naga and Kukis, Meiteis and Muslims.<ref name=hrwm/>
The Meitei insurgent groups seek independence from India. The Kuki insurgent groups want a separate state for the Kukis to be carved out from the present state of Manipur. The Kuki insurgent groups are under two umbrella organisations: the Kuki National Organisation (KNO) and United Peoples Forum.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kukination.net|title=仏壇修理・洗浄なら石川県羽咋市の宮本仏檀店|work=kukination.net|access-date=1 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424145258/http://www.kukination.net/|archive-date=24 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Nagas wish to annex part of Manipur and merge with a greater Nagaland or Nagalim, which is in conflict with Meitei insurgent demands for the integrity of their vision of an independent state. There have been many tensions between the tribes and numerous clashes between Naga and Kukis, Meiteis and Muslims.<ref name=hrwm/>
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As a point of comparison, the average annual global rate of violent death between 2004 and 2009 was 7.9 per 100,000 people.<ref name=gede>[http://www.genevadeclaration.org/fileadmin/docs/GBAV2/GBAV2011-Ch2-Summary.pdf Global Burden of Armed Violence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924021451/http://www.genevadeclaration.org/fileadmin/docs/GBAV2/GBAV2011-Ch2-Summary.pdf |date=24 September 2015 }} Chapter 2, Geneva Declaration, Switzerland (2011)</ref>
As a point of comparison, the average annual global rate of violent death between 2004 and 2009 was 7.9 per 100,000 people.<ref name=gede>[http://www.genevadeclaration.org/fileadmin/docs/GBAV2/GBAV2011-Ch2-Summary.pdf Global Burden of Armed Violence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924021451/http://www.genevadeclaration.org/fileadmin/docs/GBAV2/GBAV2011-Ch2-Summary.pdf |date=24 September 2015 }} Chapter 2, Geneva Declaration, Switzerland (2011)</ref>


The CM Biren Singh used the National Security Act on a journalist who criticized him by calling him as 'puppet'. NSA is meant to be used when there is grave danger to society not to stifle dissent. These acts further cement isolation and insurgency among locals.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/misusing-nsa-the-detention-of-a-manipur-journalist/article25791811.ece|title=Misusing NSA: the detention of a Manipur journalist|date=21 December 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=21 December 2018|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
The CM Biren Singh used the National Security Act on a journalist who criticized him by calling him as 'puppet'. NSA is meant to be used when there is grave danger to society not to stifle dissent. These acts further cement isolation and insurgency among locals.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/misusing-nsa-the-detention-of-a-manipur-journalist/article25791811.ece|title=Misusing NSA: the detention of a Manipur journalist|date=21 December 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=21 December 2018|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108223731/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/misusing-nsa-the-detention-of-a-manipur-journalist/article25791811.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>


==Economy==
==Economy==
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===Agriculture===
===Agriculture===
Manipur's climate and soil conditions make it ideally suited for horticultural crops. Growing there are rare and exotic [[Medicinal plants|medicinal]] and [[aromatic plants]].<ref name="Manipur Economy - Snapshot"/> Some cash crops suited for Manipur include [[Lychee]], [[Cashew]], [[Walnut]], [[Orange (fruit)|Orange]], [[Lemon]], [[Pineapple]], [[Papaya]], [[Passiflora edulis|Passion Fruit]], [[Peach]], [[Pear]] and [[Plum]].<ref name=ghg/> The state is covered with over {{convert|3000|km2}} of bamboo forests, making it one of India's largest contributor to its bamboo industry.<ref name="Manipur Economy - Snapshot"/>
Manipur's climate and soil conditions make it ideally suited for horticultural crops. Growing there are rare and exotic [[Medicinal plants|medicinal]] and [[aromatic plants]].<ref name="Manipur Economy - Snapshot"/> Some cash crops suited for Manipur include [[Lychee]], [[Cashew]], [[Walnut]], [[Orange (fruit)|Orange]], [[Lemon]], [[Pineapple]], [[Papaya]], [[Passiflora edulis|Passion Fruit]], [[Peach]], [[Pear]] and [[Plum]].<ref name=ghg/> The state is covered with over {{convert|3000|km2}} of bamboo forests, making it one of India's largest contributor to its bamboo industry.<ref name="Manipur Economy - Snapshot"/>
The agriculture in Manipur includes a number of [[smallholding]] farms, many of [[Women in agriculture in India|whom are women]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2018-03-14|title=In rural Manipur, women feel the heat of climate change|url=https://www.thethirdpole.net/en/climate/in-rural-manipur-women-feel-the-heat-of-climate-change/|access-date=2021-10-07|website=The Third Pole|language=en-US|archive-date=7 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007144339/https://www.thethirdpole.net/en/climate/in-rural-manipur-women-feel-the-heat-of-climate-change/|url-status=live}}</ref> Climate change, especially changes in temperature and weather are hurting small farmers in the state.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shirin |first1=Babie |title=Climate Change: Farmers in Manipur hit hard by unusual weather temperature |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/2042/climate-change-farmers-in-manipur-hit-hard-by-unusual-weather-temperature |access-date=24 December 2021 |work=Imphal Free Press |date=27 January 2021 |language=en |archive-date=24 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224151749/https://www.ifp.co.in/2042/climate-change-farmers-in-manipur-hit-hard-by-unusual-weather-temperature |url-status=live }}</ref> Like [[Women in climate change|rural women in other parts of the world]], women in agriculture in Manipur are harmed more by the changes in weather, because of less access to support from local governments.<ref name=":0" />


===Transportation infrastructure===
===Transportation infrastructure===
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[[Tulihal Airport]], Changangei, Imphal, the only airport of Manipur, connects directly with [[Delhi]], [[Kolkata]], [[Guwahati]], and [[Agartala]]. It has been upgraded to an [[international airport]]. As India's second largest airport in the northeast, it serves as a key logistical centre for northeastern states. The Tulihal Airport has been renamed Bir Tikendrajit Airport.<ref name=manipuraai>{{cite web|url=http://investinmanipur.nic.in/gp_transportation.htm|title=Transportation of Manipur|work=investinmanipur.nic.in|access-date=1 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150730011522/http://investinmanipur.nic.in/gp_transportation.htm|archive-date=30 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> [[National Highway 39 (India)|National Highway NH-39]] links Manipur with the rest of the country through the railway stations at [[Dimapur]] in Nagaland at a distance of {{convert|215|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Imphal.
[[Tulihal Airport]], Changangei, Imphal, the only airport of Manipur, connects directly with [[Delhi]], [[Kolkata]], [[Guwahati]], and [[Agartala]]. It has been upgraded to an [[international airport]]. As India's second largest airport in the northeast, it serves as a key logistical centre for northeastern states. The Tulihal Airport has been renamed Bir Tikendrajit Airport.<ref name=manipuraai>{{cite web|url=http://investinmanipur.nic.in/gp_transportation.htm|title=Transportation of Manipur|work=investinmanipur.nic.in|access-date=1 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150730011522/http://investinmanipur.nic.in/gp_transportation.htm|archive-date=30 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> [[National Highway 39 (India)|National Highway NH-39]] links Manipur with the rest of the country through the railway stations at [[Dimapur]] in Nagaland at a distance of {{convert|215|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Imphal.


[[National Highway 53 (India)]] connects Manipur with another railway station at [[Silchar]] in Assam, which is {{convert|269|km|mi|abbr=on}} away from Imphal. The road network of Manipur, with a length of {{convert|7170|km|mi|abbr=on}} connects all the important towns and distant villages. However, the road condition throughout the state is often deplorable.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/manipur-maram-purul-phaibung-road-villager-fix-roads-3021938 | work=The Indian Express | title=Manipur's villagers take charge, fix 19km stretch of roads: ANI – The Indian Express | access-date=14 December 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221093457/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/manipur-maram-purul-phaibung-road-villager-fix-roads-3021938/ | archive-date=21 December 2016 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b3TwS0WRn5kC&q=manipur+govt+accused+of+bad+roads&pg=PA521 | page=521 | title=The Ninth Assembly Elections in Manipur: A. Prafullokumar Singh – Election Politics in Manipur| isbn=9788183242790 | last1=Prafullokumar Singh | first1=A. | year=2009 }}</ref> In 2010, Indian government announced that it is considering an Asian infrastructure network from Manipur to [[Vietnam]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-04-09/india/28123011_1_rail-link-trilateral-highway-project-link-roads | title=Rail link from Manipur to Vietnam on cards: Tharoor | access-date=1 July 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517081158/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-04-09/india/28123011_1_rail-link-trilateral-highway-project-link-roads | archive-date=17 May 2013 | url-status=dead | work=[[The Times of India]] | df=dmy-all }}</ref> The proposed [[Trans-Asian Railway]] (TAR), if constructed, will pass through Manipur, connecting [[India]] to [[Burma]], [[Thailand]], [[Malaysia]] and [[Singapore]].
[[National Highway 53 (India)]] connects Manipur with another railway station at [[Silchar]] in Assam, which is {{convert|269|km|mi|abbr=on}} away from Imphal. The road network of Manipur, with a length of {{convert|7170|km|mi|abbr=on}} connects all the important towns and distant villages. However, the road condition throughout the state is often deplorable.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/manipur-maram-purul-phaibung-road-villager-fix-roads-3021938 | work=The Indian Express | title=Manipur's villagers take charge, fix 19km stretch of roads: ANI – The Indian Express | access-date=14 December 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221093457/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/manipur-maram-purul-phaibung-road-villager-fix-roads-3021938/ | archive-date=21 December 2016 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b3TwS0WRn5kC&q=manipur+govt+accused+of+bad+roads&pg=PA521 | page=521 | title=The Ninth Assembly Elections in Manipur: A. Prafullokumar Singh – Election Politics in Manipur | isbn=9788183242790 | last1=Prafullokumar Singh | first1=A. | year=2009 | access-date=18 October 2020 | archive-date=10 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110134009/https://books.google.com/books?id=b3TwS0WRn5kC&q=manipur+govt+accused+of+bad+roads&pg=PA521 | url-status=live }}</ref> In 2010, Indian government announced that it is considering an Asian infrastructure network from Manipur to [[Vietnam]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-04-09/india/28123011_1_rail-link-trilateral-highway-project-link-roads | title=Rail link from Manipur to Vietnam on cards: Tharoor | access-date=1 July 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517081158/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-04-09/india/28123011_1_rail-link-trilateral-highway-project-link-roads | archive-date=17 May 2013 | url-status=dead | work=[[The Times of India]] | df=dmy-all }}</ref> The proposed [[Trans-Asian Railway]] (TAR), if constructed, will pass through Manipur, connecting [[India]] to [[Burma]], [[Thailand]], [[Malaysia]] and [[Singapore]].


===Tourism===
===Tourism===
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====Eco tourism====
====Eco tourism====
[[File:Sangai.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Sangai, the state animal, at Keibul Lamjao National Park. In the wild, it has a habit of waiting and looking back at viewers.<ref>[http://environmentmanipur.com/State%20Animal%20Sangai.html State animal Sangai] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201232639/http://environmentmanipur.com/State%20Animal%20Sangai.html |date=1 February 2014 }} Government of Manipur</ref>]]
[[File:Sangai.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Sangai, the state animal, at Keibul Lamjao National Park. In the wild, it has a habit of waiting and looking back at viewers.<ref>[http://environmentmanipur.com/State%20Animal%20Sangai.html State animal Sangai] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201232639/http://environmentmanipur.com/State%20Animal%20Sangai.html |date=1 February 2014 }} Government of Manipur</ref>]]
[[Keibul Lamjao National Park]], {{convert|48|km|mi|abbr=on}} away from Imphal is an abode of the rare and endangered species of [[Eld's deer|brow antlered deer]]. This ecosystem contains 17 rare species of mammals.<ref name="www.e-pao.net" /> It is the only floating national park of the world.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20180411-the-worlds-only-floating-national-park |title=Archived copy |access-date=23 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610040341/http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20180411-the-worlds-only-floating-national-park |archive-date=10 June 2018 |url-status=live  }}</ref>{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}
[[Keibul Lamjao National Park]], {{convert|48|km|mi|abbr=on}} away from Imphal is an abode of the rare and endangered species of [[Eld's deer|brow antlered deer]]. This ecosystem contains 17 rare species of mammals.<ref name="www.e-pao.net" /> It is the only floating national park of the world.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20180411-the-worlds-only-floating-national-park |title=The world's only floating national park |access-date=23 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610040341/http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20180411-the-worlds-only-floating-national-park |archive-date=10 June 2018 |url-status=live  }}</ref>{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}
{{convert|6|km|mi|spell=In}} to the west of [[Imphal]], at the foot of the pine growing hillocks at Iroisemba on the Imphal-Kangchup Road are the [[Zoological Gardens]]. Some [[brow antlered deer]] (Sangai) are housed there.
{{convert|6|km|mi|spell=In}} to the west of [[Imphal]], at the foot of the pine growing hillocks at Iroisemba on the Imphal-Kangchup Road are the [[Zoological Gardens]]. Some [[brow antlered deer]] (Sangai) are housed there.


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===Rail===
===Rail===
Manipur has one railway station, [[Jiribam railway station|Jiribam]].
Currently, Manipur has one operational railway station, [[Jiribam railway station|Jiribam]]. [[Imphal railway station]], is an under-construction railway station in [[Imphal]], the capital of Manipur.


==Art and Culture==
==Art and Culture==
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{{main|Manipuri dance}}
{{main|Manipuri dance}}
[[File:The Shrine at Chorus.jpg|thumb|The Shrine – the main theatre]]
[[File:The Shrine at Chorus.jpg|thumb|The Shrine – the main theatre]]
[[Manipur dance]] also known as Jagoi,{{Sfn|Reginald Massey|2004|p=177}} is one of the major [[Classical Indian dance|Indian classical dance forms]],{{Sfn|Williams|2004|pp=83-84, the other major classical Indian dances are: Bharatanatyam, Kathak, Odissi, Kathakali, Kuchipudi, Cchau, Satriya, Yaksagana and Bhagavata Mela}} named after the state of Manipur.<ref name=lochtefeld420>{{cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC&pg=PA376|year=2002|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8|pages=420–421|access-date=4 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206083032/https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC&pg=PA376|archive-date=6 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Sfn|Reginald Massey|2004|pp=177-187}} It is particularly known for its Hindu [[Vaishnavism]] themes, and exquisite performances of love-inspired dance drama of Radha-Krishna called [[Raslila]].<ref name=lochtefeld420/>{{Sfn|Reginald Massey|2004|p=177}}{{Sfn|Ragini Devi|1990|pp=175-180}} However, the dance is also performed to themes related to [[Shaivism]], [[Shaktism]] and regional deities such as Umang Lai during [[Lai Haraoba]].{{Sfn|Reginald Massey|2004|pp=177-180}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Saroj Nalini Parratt|title=The pleasing of the gods: Meitei Lai Haraoba|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=COCBAAAAMAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Vikas Publishers|pages=14–20, 42–46|access-date=4 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206083036/https://books.google.com/books?id=COCBAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=6 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The roots of Manipur dance, as with all classical Indian dances, is the ancient [[Hindu]] Sanskrit text ''[[Natya Shastra]]'', but with influences from the culture fusion between India and Southeast Asia, East Asia, Siberia, Micronesia and Polynesia.{{Sfn|Saryu Doshi|1989|pp=xv-xviii}}
[[Manipur dance]] also known as Jagoi,{{Sfn|Reginald Massey|2004|p=177}} is one of the major [[Classical Indian dance|Indian classical dance forms]],{{Sfn|Williams|2004|pp=83-84, the other major classical Indian dances are: Bharatanatyam, Kathak, Odissi, Kathakali, Kuchipudi, Cchau, Satriya, Yaksagana and Bhagavata Mela}} named after the state of Manipur.<ref name=lochtefeld420>{{cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC&pg=PA376|year=2002|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8|pages=420–421|access-date=4 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206083032/https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC&pg=PA376|archive-date=6 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Sfn|Reginald Massey|2004|pp=177-187}} It is particularly known for its Hindu [[Vaishnavism]] themes, and exquisite performances of love-inspired dance drama of Radha-Krishna called [[Raslila]].<ref name=lochtefeld420/>{{Sfn|Reginald Massey|2004|p=177}}{{Sfn|Ragini Devi|1990|pp=175-180}} However, the dance is also performed to themes related to [[Shaivism]], [[Shaktism]] and regional deities such as Umang Lai during [[Lai Haraoba]].{{Sfn|Reginald Massey|2004|pp=177-180}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Saroj Nalini Parratt|title=The pleasing of the gods: Meitei Lai Haraoba|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=COCBAAAAMAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Vikas Publishers|pages=14–20, 42–46|isbn=9788125904168|access-date=4 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206083036/https://books.google.com/books?id=COCBAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=6 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The roots of Manipur dance, as with all classical Indian dances, is the ancient [[Hindu]] Sanskrit text ''[[Natya Shastra]]'', but with influences from the culture fusion between India and Southeast Asia, East Asia, Siberia, Micronesia and Polynesia.{{Sfn|Saryu Doshi|1989|pp=xv-xviii}}


===Chorus Repertory Theatre===
===Chorus Repertory Theatre===
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Apart from these games, some outdoor children's games are fading in popularity. Some games such as Khutlokpi, Phibul Thomba, and Chaphu Thugaibi remain very popular elsewhere, such as in [[Cambodia]]. They are played especially during the Khmer New Year.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Sports_and_Manipur.Indigenous_Games_between_Cambodia_and_Manipur |title=Singh, Atom Sunil; ''indigenous Games between Cambodia and Manipur: A Borderless Connectivity'', The Sangai Express, 4 June 2008. |access-date=30 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202054340/http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Sports_and_Manipur.Indigenous_Games_between_Cambodia_and_Manipur |archive-date=2 February 2017 |url-status=live  }}</ref>
Apart from these games, some outdoor children's games are fading in popularity. Some games such as Khutlokpi, Phibul Thomba, and Chaphu Thugaibi remain very popular elsewhere, such as in [[Cambodia]]. They are played especially during the Khmer New Year.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Sports_and_Manipur.Indigenous_Games_between_Cambodia_and_Manipur |title=Singh, Atom Sunil; ''indigenous Games between Cambodia and Manipur: A Borderless Connectivity'', The Sangai Express, 4 June 2008. |access-date=30 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202054340/http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Sports_and_Manipur.Indigenous_Games_between_Cambodia_and_Manipur |archive-date=2 February 2017 |url-status=live  }}</ref>


First of its kind in India, National Sports University will be constructed in Manipur.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lok-sabha-passes-bill-to-set-up-sports-varsity-in-manipur/article24594002.ece|title=Lok Sabha passes Bill to set-up sports varsity in Manipur|date=3 August 2018|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
First of its kind in India, National Sports University will be constructed in Manipur.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lok-sabha-passes-bill-to-set-up-sports-varsity-in-manipur/article24594002.ece|title=Lok Sabha passes Bill to set-up sports varsity in Manipur|newspaper=The Hindu|date=3 August 2018|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=3 August 2018|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109041231/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lok-sabha-passes-bill-to-set-up-sports-varsity-in-manipur/article24594002.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>


==Festivals==
==Festivals==
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==Notable people==
==Notable people==
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦--->  
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦--->  
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦--->  
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦--->
* [[Saikhom Mirabai Chanu]] (b 1994) - Indian weightlifter Tokyo Olympics Silver medallist
* [[Khwairakpam Chaoba]] (1895-1950) - poet  
* [[Khwairakpam Chaoba]] (1895-1950) - poet  
* [[Sabitri Heisnam]] (b 1946) - actress and [[Padma Shri]] awardee
* [[Sabitri Heisnam]] (b 1946) - actress and [[Padma Shri]] awardee
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* [[Muhammed Alauddin Khan]] - politician
* [[Muhammed Alauddin Khan]] - politician
* [[Ralengnao Khathing]] - first and only person from Manipur to serve as an Ambassador for India
* [[Ralengnao Khathing]] - first and only person from Manipur to serve as an Ambassador for India
* [[Mary Kom]] - Only boxer to win 8 world championship medals
* [[Armstrong Pame]] - officer in the [[Indian Administrative Service]]
* [[Armstrong Pame]] - officer in the [[Indian Administrative Service]]
* [[Irom Chanu Sharmila]] (b 1972) - civil rights activist and poet
* [[Irom Chanu Sharmila]] (b 1972) - civil rights activist and poet
* [[Jugeshor Singh]] (b 1990) - Indian footballer
* [[Laishram Nandakumar Singh]] - Minister of Urban Development
* [[Laishram Nandakumar Singh]] - Minister of Urban Development
* [[Mary Kom]] - Only boxer to win 8 world championship medals
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦--->  
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦--->  
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦--->
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦--->
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* {{cite book|author=Saryu Doshi|title=Dances of Manipur: The Classical Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xRbkAAAAMAAJ|year=1989|publisher=Marg Publications|isbn=978-81-85026-09-1}}
* {{cite book|author=Saryu Doshi|title=Dances of Manipur: The Classical Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xRbkAAAAMAAJ|year=1989|publisher=Marg Publications|isbn=978-81-85026-09-1}}
* {{cite book|author=Reginald Massey|title=India's Dances: Their History, Technique, and Repertoire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t6MJ8jbHqIwC |year=2004|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-434-9 }}
* {{cite book|author=Reginald Massey|title=India's Dances: Their History, Technique, and Repertoire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t6MJ8jbHqIwC |year=2004|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-434-9 }}
* {{citation |last=Singh |first=Haorongbam Sudhirkumar |title=Socio-religious and Political Movements in Modern Manipur 1934–51 |journal=INFLIBNET |year=2011 |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/121665 |ref={{sfnref|Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements in Modern Manipur|2011}}}}
* {{citation |last=Singh |first=Haorongbam Sudhirkumar |title=Socio-religious and Political Movements in Modern Manipur 1934–51 |journal=INFLIBNET |year=2011 |hdl=10603/121665 |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/121665 |ref={{sfnref|Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements in Modern Manipur|2011}}}}
* {{cite journal| last= Williams|first=Drid| s2cid= 29065670| title=In the Shadow of Hollywood Orientalism: Authentic East Indian Dancing|url= http://jashm.press.illinois.edu/12.3/12-3IntheShadow_Williams78-99.pdf |journal=Visual Anthropology| volume=17|issue=1 |year=2004|pages=69–98 |doi=10.1080/08949460490274013}}
* {{cite journal| last= Williams|first=Drid| s2cid= 29065670| title=In the Shadow of Hollywood Orientalism: Authentic East Indian Dancing|url= http://jashm.press.illinois.edu/12.3/12-3IntheShadow_Williams78-99.pdf |journal=Visual Anthropology| volume=17|issue=1 |year=2004|pages=69–98 |doi=10.1080/08949460490274013}}


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