Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram: Difference between revisions

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 {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
 {{Hinduism}}
-'''''Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram''''' (also called '''Ram Dhun''') is a notable [[bhajan]] ([[Hindu]] devotional song) widely popularised by [[Mahatma Gandhi]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dalton |first=Dennis |author-link=Dennis Dalton |page=109|title=Mahatma Gandhi: Nonviolent Power in Action |year=1993 |publisher=Columbia University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R6AUDU_54PwC&pg=PA109 |isbn=0-231-12237-3}}</ref> The most popular version of this bhajan was set to tune by Hindustani classical musician, [[Pandit Vishnu Digambar Paluskar]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Arunachalam|first=Param|date=2015-10-02|title=Gandhi Jayanti: Remembering Bapuji through 5 evocative songs|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/column-gandhi-jayanti-remembering-bapuji-through-5-evocative-songs-2130616|access-date=2020-08-15|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref>
+"'''Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram'''" (also called '''Ram Dhun''') is a [[bhajan]] (devotional song) widely popularised by [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and set to tune by [[Vishnu Digambar Paluskar]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Dalton|first=Dennis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R6AUDU_54PwC&pg=PA109|title=Mahatma Gandhi: Nonviolent Power in Action|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=1993|isbn=0-231-12237-3|page=109|author-link=Dennis Dalton}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Sinha|first=Manjari|date=2008-08-08|title=Tuned to excellence|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Tuned-to-excellence/article15399563.ece|access-date=2009-04-27|work=The Hindu}}</ref>
-== Origins ==
+== History ==
-The precise origins of the Ramdhun are not entirely clear;<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lal|first=Vinay|url=https://southasia.ucla.edu/history-politics/gandhi/raghupati-raghav-rajaram/|title=Experiments with Truth: Gandhi and Images of Nonviolence|publisher=The Menil Collection|year=2014|editor-last=Helfenstein|editor-first=Josef|location=Houston|pages=244-45|chapter=Raghupati Raghav Raja Ram|editor-last2=Newland|editor-first2=Joseph N.}}</ref> but it is likely derived from the ''[[Ramcharitmanas]]'', written by [[Tulsidas]].
+The precise origins of the Ramdhun are not entirely clear and the composer remains unknown.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Lal|first=Vinay|url=https://southasia.ucla.edu/history-politics/gandhi/raghupati-raghav-rajaram/|title=Experiments with Truth: Gandhi and Images of Nonviolence|publisher=The Menil Collection|year=2014|editor-last=Helfenstein|editor-first=Josef|location=Houston|pages=244–45|chapter=Raghupati Raghav Raja Ram|editor-last2=Newland|editor-first2=Joseph N.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is the Hindu Right's Appropriation of Gandhi Possible?|url=https://thewire.in/history/hindu-rights-gandhi-appropriation|access-date=2021-06-22|website=The Wire}}</ref>
-''Loka-Rāmāyaṇa—'' a collection of folk songs based on the Ramcharitmanas— compiled by folk musician [[Bindhyabasini Devi]], has this ''loka bhajan'' in ''kirtan dhun:''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Vohra|first=Asha Rani|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a5nX7-fA9n4C&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA104&dq=%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A3&hl=en|title=Nari Kalakar|date=2009-01-01|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|isbn=978-81-907341-1-0|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Devi|first=Vindhya Basini|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F45jAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&q=%22%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE+%E0%A5%A4+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AD+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE+%E0%A5%A4%E0%A5%A4+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8+%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%81+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE+%E0%A5%A4+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A7+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE+%E0%A5%A4%E0%A5%A4+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81+%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%22&hl=en|title=Loka-rāmāyaṇa: Śrīmad Gosvāmi Tulasīdāsa jī viracita Śrī Rāmacarita Mānasa para ādhārita|date=1998|publisher=Madhyapradeśa Tulasī Akādemī|language=hi}}</ref>
+The song was extensively used by [[Mahatma Gandhi]] to project a secular and composite vision of Indian society — it was sung during the [[Salt March|1930 Salt March]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/Gandhi/Dandi.html|title=Dandi: Salt March |access-date= 2007-11-16 |publisher=Lal, Vinay. University of California, Los Angeles }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2019-10-02|title=On Gandhi Jayanti, remembering Mahatma's most beloved hymns — from Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram to Lead, Kindly Light-Living News , Firstpost|url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/on-gandhi-jayanti-remembering-mahatmas-most-beloved-hymns-from-raghupati-raghava-raja-ram-to-lead-kindly-light-7431061.html|access-date=2021-06-22|website=Firstpost}}</ref>
+{| class="wikitable"
-: रघुपति राघव राजा राम । पतित पावन सीताराम ॥
+|+Lyrics of the Ramdhun
-: जय रघुनन्दन जय घनश्याम । जानकी बल्लभ सीताराम ॥
+!Hindi<ref name="Beck2006">{{cite book|author=Guy L. Beck|title=Sacred Sound: Experiencing Music in World Religions|date=17 July 2006|publisher=Wilfrid Laurier University Press|isbn=978-0-88920-421-8|editor=Guy L. Beck|page=137|chapter=Hinduism and music|author-link=Guy Beck|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t-IeHbqAfSsC&pg=FA137}}</ref>
-: निस दिन रटु मन जपु मन नाम । अबध सरयु सीताराम ॥
+!Transliteration ([[IAST]])<ref name="Beck2006" />
-: सरयु धन धन अजोधा धाम । जहां बिराजत सीताराम ॥
+!Translation<ref name="Beck2006" />
-: सुमिरन कर मन आठों याम । अबध सरयु सीताराम ॥
+|-
-==Gandhi's version==
+|
-This is the most common version, created by Mahatma Gandhi and put to music by [[Vishnu Digambar Paluskar]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Tuned-to-excellence/article15399563.ece|title=Tuned to excellence|last=Sinha |first=Manjari|date=2008-08-08|work=The Hindu|access-date=2009-04-27}}</ref> which was sung by Gandhi and his followers as they walked the 241 mile (387 km) [[Salt Satyagraha|Salt March to Dandi]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/Gandhi/Dandi.html|title=Dandi: Salt March |access-date= 2007-11-16 |publisher=Lal, Vinay. University of California, Los Angeles }}</ref>
-The [[Hindi]] lyrics of the ''bhajan'' along with their translation, by historian and musicologist Guy Beck, are as follows:<ref name="Beck2006">{{cite book|author=Guy L. Beck|author-link=Guy Beck|editor=Guy L. Beck|title=Sacred Sound: Experiencing Music in World Religions|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t-IeHbqAfSsC&pg=FA137|date=17 July 2006|publisher=Wilfrid Laurier University Press|isbn=978-0-88920-421-8|page=137|chapter=Hinduism and music}}</ref>
-'''Hindi''', created by Mahatma Gandhi
 :रघुपति राघव राजाराम,
 :पतित पावन सीताराम
@@ Line 30: / Line 25: @@
 :सब को सन्मति दे भगवान
 :राम रहीम करीम समान
 :हम सब है उनकी संतान
 :सब मिला मांगे यह वरदान
 :हमारा रहे मानव का ज्ञान
+|
-'''Transliteration''' ([[IAST]])
 :raghupati rāghava rājārāma,
 :patita pāvana sītārāma
@@ Line 43: / Line 37: @@
 :bhaja pyāre tu sītārāma
-:ishwara allaha tero nāma
+:īśvara allāha tero nāma
 :saba ko sanmati de bhagavāna
 :rāma rahīma karīma samāna
-:hama saba hai unaki santāna
+:hama saba hai unakī santāna
 :saba milā māṅge yaha varadāna
 :hamārā rahe mānava kā jñāna
+|
-'''Translation'''
 :O [[Rama|Lord Rama]], descendant of Raghu, Uplifter of the fallen.
 :You and your beloved consort [[Sita]] are to be worshipped.
 :All names of God refer to the same Supreme Being,
 ::including [[Ishvara]] and the Muslim [[Allah]].
 :O Lord, Please give peace and brotherhood to everyone,
 ::as we are all your children.
 :We all request that this eternal wisdom of humankind prevail.
-Gandhi modified the original ''bhajan'' by adding the mention of Allah, to make the song more secular-looking and to spread the message of reconciliation between Hindus and Muslims.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Handoo|first=Jawaharlal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ThbaAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22raghupati+raghav+raja+ram%22&q=%22raghupati+raghav+raja+ram%22&hl=en|title=Folklore in Modern India|date=1998|publisher=Central Institute of Indian Languages|isbn=978-81-7342-053-5|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2019-10-02|title=On Gandhi Jayanti, remembering Mahatma's most beloved hymns — from Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram to Lead, Kindly Light-Living News , Firstpost|url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/on-gandhi-jayanti-remembering-mahatmas-most-beloved-hymns-from-raghupati-raghava-raja-ram-to-lead-kindly-light-7431061.html|access-date=2021-06-22|website=Firstpost}}</ref>
+|}
-== "Original" version ==
-The following is considered by many to be the original version; allegedly taken from ''Shri Nama Ramayanam'', written by "17th-century [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] poet Shri Lakshmanacharya":<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is the Hindu Right’s Appropriation of Gandhi Possible?|url=https://thewire.in/history/hindu-rights-gandhi-appropriation|access-date=2021-06-22|website=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Shivakumar|first=K. N.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BgAUEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA67&dq=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE&hl=en|title=Shlokas and Bhajans: with general knowledge and subhashitams|date=2021-01-14|publisher=Sangeet Bharati|language=en}}</ref>
-: रघुपति राघव राजा राम ।
-: पतित पावन सीताराम ॥प॥
-: सुंदर विग्रह मेघश्याम
-: गंगा तुलसी शालग्राम
-: भद्रगिरीश्वर सीताराम
-: भक्तजनप्रिय सीताराम
-: जानकीरमण सीताराम
-: जयजय राघव सीताराम ॥१॥
-: जल में राम ताल में राम
-: सारे जग में तू हि राम
-: राम राम राम राम
-: प्रेम से बोलो जै सियाराम ॥२॥
-: कौसल्या के प्यारे राम
-: दशरथ राज दुलारे राम
-: राम राम राम राम
-: प्रेम से बोलो जै सियाराम ॥३॥
-: जग में जो सो सुन्दर राम
-: सीता राम जै जै श्री हनुमान ॥४॥
-'''Transliteration''' ([[IAST]])
-: raghupati rāghava rājā rām
-: patita pāvana sītārām ॥P॥
-: sundara vigraha mēghasḥyām
-: gangā tuḷasi sḥālagrām ।
-: bhadragirīshwara sītārām
-: bhaktajanapriya sītārām ।
-: jānakiramaṇa sītārām
-: jayajaya rāghava sītārām ॥1॥
-: jal mein rām tal mein rām
-: sāre jag mein tū hi rām
-: rām rām rām rām
-: prēm se bōlō jai siyārām ॥2॥
-: kausalyā ke pyāre rām
-: dashratha rāj dulāre rām
-: rām rām rām rām
-: prēm se bōlō jai siyārām ॥3॥
-: jag mein jō sō sundar nām
-: sitā rām jai shrī hanumān ॥4॥
-'''Translation'''
-: O King Raghava (Rama)! Chief of the Raghu dynasty, the descendant of King Raghu.
-: O the consort of Sita! The uplifter of those who have fallen.
-: You are dark-skinned and good looking like rain clouds.
-: You are prayed in the form of [[Shaligram|Shalagram]] with [[Tulsi in Hinduism|Tulasi]] and [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]] [[Ganges|water]].
-: O the consort of Sita! You are the Lord of [[Bhadrachalam]] hill.
-: O the one dearest to the devotees!
-: O the loved one of Janaki!
-: Victory to you, the descendant of the Raghu dynasty and consort of Sita!{{Refn|This first stanza is called "Ram Dhun".|group=note}}
-: Ram is in water, Ram is in the shore,
-: Ram is everywhere in life.
-: From your heart, say "Jai Siya Ram".
-: The darling of [[Kausalya]],
-: the pet of King [[Dasharatha|Dashratha]].
-: From your heart, say "Jai Siya Ram".
-: Sita and Ram are the two beautiful names in the world.
-: Victory to Shri [[Hanuman]]!
-However, the Nama Ramayana written by Shri Lakshmanacharya (who actually died in 1919) doesn't contain the verse "Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram", and is totally different.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Videhatmananda|first=Swami|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ipbDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT96&dq=%22%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE+-+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A3%22&hl=en|title=श्रीरामनामसंकीर्तन की कहानी / Sri Ramanamsankirtan Ki Kahani|date=2018-05-17|publisher=Ramakrishna Math, Nagpur|isbn=978-93-88046-80-0|language=hi}}</ref>
-== Other versions ==
-* The song "Raghupati Raghav Rajaram" from the 1948 movie ''[[Shri Ram Bhakta Hanuman]]'' has the following lyrics:<ref>{{Citation|title=Raghupati Raghav Rajaram {{!}} रघुपति राघव राजा राम {{!}} Shree Ram Bhakta Hanuman Song|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uev4gPDdq_M|language=en|access-date=2021-06-29}}</ref>
-:: जय रघुनन्दन जय सियाराम,
-:: जानकी वल्लभ सीताराम ।
-:: दशरथ राजदुलारे राम,
-:: कौशल्या के प्यारे राम,
-:: भक्तों के रखवाले राम,
-:: जग के पालनहारे राम ।
-:: रघुपति राघव राजा राम,
-:: पतित पावन सीताराम ॥
-* Another version known as "Ram Kirtan" is as follows:<ref>{{Cite book|last=Śarmā|first=Jagannātha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5AInAQAAIAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&q=%22%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%22&hl=en|title=Devī devatāoṃ kī āratiyāṃ|date=1961|publisher=Dehātī Pustaka Bhaṇḍāra|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0p3-aaTlBrAC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA25&dq=%22Ram+Kirtan%22&hl=en|title=Sanatan Daily Prayer|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.|isbn=978-81-288-0484-7|language=en}}</ref>
-:: रघुपति राघव राजा राम पतित पावन सीताराम ।
-:: ईश्वर शिव तेरा नाम सबको सुमति दे भगवान ॥ रघु ०
-:: जय रघुनन्दन जय सियाराम जानकी बल्लभ सीताराम ॥
-:: कपिपति लंकापति अभिराम, जय मारुतसुत पुरण काम ॥
-* Here is an excerpt from yet another version:<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=10cKAQAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%22&q=%22%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%22&hl=en|title=Kalyāṇa|date=1986|language=hi}}</ref>
-:: रघुपति राघव राजा राम, पतित-पावन सीताराम ॥
-:: सीताराम सीताराम, भज प्यारे तू सीताराम ॥
-:: राम-कृष्ण हैं तेरे नाम । सब को सन्मति दे भगवान ॥
-:: दीन-दयालु राजाराम, पतित-पावन सीताराम ॥
 ==In popular culture==