Emperor vs Aurobindo Ghosh and others (edit)
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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}} | ||
{{Anushilan Samiti}} | {{Anushilan Samiti}} | ||
'''''Emperor vs Aurobindo Ghosh and others''''', colloquially referred to as the '''Alipore Bomb Case''', the '''Muraripukur conspiracy''', or the '''Manicktolla bomb conspiracy''', was a [[criminal case]] held in India in 1908. The case saw the trial of a number of Indian nationalists of the | '''''Emperor vs Aurobindo Ghosh and others''''', colloquially referred to as the '''Alipore Bomb Case''', the '''Muraripukur conspiracy''', or the '''Manicktolla bomb conspiracy''', was a [[criminal case]] held in India in 1908. The case saw the trial of a number of Indian nationalists of the [[Anushilan Samiti]] in [[Calcutta]], under charges of "Waging war against the Government" of the [[British Raj]]. The trial was held at Alipore Sessions Court, Calcutta, between May 1908 and May 1909. The trial followed in the wake of the attempt on the life of Presidency Magistrate Douglas Kingsford in Muzaffarpur by Bengali nationalists [[Khudiram Bose]] and [[Prafulla Chaki]] in April 1908, which was recognised by the Bengal police as linked to attacks against the Raj in the preceding years, including attempts to derail the train carrying Lieutenant-Governor Sir Andrew Fraser in December 1907. | ||
Among the famous accused were [[Aurobindo Ghosh]], his brother [[Barin Ghosh]] as well as 38 other Bengali nationalists of the ''[[Anushilan Samiti]]''. Most of the accused were arrested from Barin Ghosh's Garden house in 36 Murarirupukur Road, in the [[Manicktolla]] suburb of Calcutta. They were held in the [[Alipore Jail|Presidency Jail in Alipore]] before the trial, where Narendranath Goswami, approver and [[crown-witness]], was shot dead by two fellow accused [[Kanailal Dutta]] and Satyendranath Bose within the jail premises. Goswami's murder led to collapse of the case against [[Aurobindo]]. However, his brother Barin and a number of others were convicted of the charges and faced varying jail terms from life-imprisonment to shorter jail terms.<ref name="SAA">{{cite web | title=Alipore Bomb Case| publisher=Sri Aurobindo Ashram Trust, Pondicherry-605002 India| year=2007 | url=http://www.sriaurobindoinstitute.org/saioc/Sri_Aurobindo/alipore_bomb_case}}</ref> | Among the famous accused were [[Aurobindo Ghosh]], his brother [[Barin Ghosh]] as well as 38 other Bengali nationalists of the ''[[Anushilan Samiti]]''. Most of the accused were arrested from Barin Ghosh's Garden house in 36 Murarirupukur Road, in the [[Manicktolla]] suburb of Calcutta. They were held in the [[Alipore Jail|Presidency Jail in Alipore]] before the trial, where Narendranath Goswami, approver and [[crown-witness]], was shot dead by two fellow accused [[Kanailal Dutta]] and Satyendranath Bose within the jail premises. Goswami's murder led to collapse of the case against [[Aurobindo]]. However, his brother Barin and a number of others were convicted of the charges and faced varying jail terms from life-imprisonment to shorter jail terms.<ref name="SAA">{{cite web | title=Alipore Bomb Case| publisher=Sri Aurobindo Ashram Trust, Pondicherry-605002 India| year=2007 | url=http://www.sriaurobindoinstitute.org/saioc/Sri_Aurobindo/alipore_bomb_case}}</ref> | ||
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File:Barindra Kumar Ghosh 01.jpg|[[Barindra Kumar Ghosh]] | File:Barindra Kumar Ghosh 01.jpg|[[Barindra Kumar Ghosh]] | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
Political consciousness and opposition to [[British raj]] in Bengal had grown steadily over the last decades of the 1800s. By 1902, Calcutta had three secret societies working toward the violent overthrow of British rule in India. These included the ''[[Anushilan Samity]]'', founded by a Calcutta student named Satish Chandra Basu with the patronage of the Calcutta barrister [[Pramatha Mitra]], another led by a Bengalee lady by the name of [[Sarala Devi]], and a third one founded by [[Aurobindo Ghosh]]. Ghosh was one of the strongest proponents of militant nationalism at the time.<ref name="Sen244">{{Harvnb|Sen|2010|p=244}} The militant nationalists thought of more direct and violent ways of ending British rule in India ... The chief apostle of militant nationalism in Bengal was Aurobindo Ghose. In 1902, there were three secret societies in Calcutta - Anushilan Samiti, founded by Pramatha Mitra, a barrister of the High Court of Calcutta; a society sponsored by Aurobindo Ghosh and a society started by Sarala Devi.</ref><ref name=Banglapedia>{{cite book |last=Mohanta |first=Sambaru Chandra |year=2012 |chapter=Mitra, Pramathanath |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Mitra,_Pramathanath |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> Having forsaken a potential career in the [[Indian Civil Service]], Ghosh had returned to India and taken up an academic post under the patronage of the Maharaja of [[Baroda state|Baroda]]. Here he came to develop a close relationship with Indian Maratha nationalist Bal Gangadhar Tilak, and through him the nationalist network in Maharashtra. Inspired by the histories of Italian and Irish nationalism, Aurobindo began preparing the grounds and network for an Indian nationalist revolution, in which he found support in Tilak. Aurobindo sought for source of military training to prepare for a revolution in the future. His younger brother [[Barin Ghosh|Barin]] joined Aurobindo in Baroda. Baroda offered Barin to obtain training in military strategies and armed conflicts. In 1903, Aurobindo Ghosh sent his younger brother [[Barindra Kumar Ghosh]] to Calcutta to rally the nascent organisation. By 1905, the controversial [[1905 partition of Bengal]] had a widespread political impact: it stimulated radical nationalist sentiments in the ''[[Bhadralok]]'' community in Bengal, and helped ''Anushilan'' acquire a support base among of educated, politically conscious and disaffected young in local youth societies throughout Bengal. The works of Aurobindo and his brother [[Barin Ghosh]] allowed ''Anushilan Samity'' to spread through Bengal. ''Anushilan'' began a program of slowly building a support base, preparing slowly and steadily for a nationalist uprising, on the lines of the Italian ''[[Carbonari]]''.<ref name=Heehs2008p133>{{harvnb|Heehs|2008|p=133}}</ref> | Political consciousness and opposition to [[British raj]] in Bengal had grown steadily over the last decades of the 1800s. By 1902, Calcutta had three secret societies working toward the violent overthrow of British rule in India. These included the ''[[Anushilan Samity]]'', founded by a Calcutta student named Satish Chandra Basu with the patronage of the Calcutta barrister [[Pramatha Mitra]], another led by a Bengalee lady by the name of [[Sarala Devi Chaudhurani]], and a third one founded by [[Aurobindo Ghosh]]. Ghosh was one of the strongest proponents of militant nationalism at the time.<ref name="Sen244">{{Harvnb|Sen|2010|p=244}} The militant nationalists thought of more direct and violent ways of ending British rule in India ... The chief apostle of militant nationalism in Bengal was Aurobindo Ghose. In 1902, there were three secret societies in Calcutta - Anushilan Samiti, founded by Pramatha Mitra, a barrister of the High Court of Calcutta; a society sponsored by Aurobindo Ghosh and a society started by Sarala Devi.</ref><ref name=Banglapedia>{{cite book |last=Mohanta |first=Sambaru Chandra |year=2012 |chapter=Mitra, Pramathanath |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Mitra,_Pramathanath |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> Having forsaken a potential career in the [[Indian Civil Service]], Ghosh had returned to India and taken up an academic post under the patronage of the Maharaja of [[Baroda state|Baroda]]. Here he came to develop a close relationship with Indian Maratha nationalist Bal Gangadhar Tilak, and through him the nationalist network in Maharashtra. Inspired by the histories of Italian and Irish nationalism, Aurobindo began preparing the grounds and network for an Indian nationalist revolution, in which he found support in Tilak. Aurobindo sought for source of military training to prepare for a revolution in the future. His younger brother [[Barin Ghosh|Barin]] joined Aurobindo in Baroda. Baroda offered Barin to obtain training in military strategies and armed conflicts. In 1903, Aurobindo Ghosh sent his younger brother [[Barindra Kumar Ghosh]] to Calcutta to rally the nascent organisation. By 1905, the controversial [[1905 partition of Bengal]] had a widespread political impact: it stimulated radical nationalist sentiments in the ''[[Bhadralok]]'' community in Bengal, and helped ''Anushilan'' acquire a support base among of educated, politically conscious and disaffected young in local youth societies throughout Bengal. The works of Aurobindo and his brother [[Barin Ghosh]] allowed ''Anushilan Samity'' to spread through Bengal. ''Anushilan'' began a program of slowly building a support base, preparing slowly and steadily for a nationalist uprising, on the lines of the Italian ''[[Carbonari]]''.<ref name=Heehs2008p133>{{harvnb|Heehs|2008|p=133}}</ref> | ||
Aurobindo returned to Bengal in 1906, and with the assistance of [[Subodh Mallik]] and [[Bipin Chandra Pal]], founded in 1907 the radical Bengali nationalist publication of ''[[Jugantar (publication)|Jugantar]]'' and its English counterpart ''[[Bande Mataram]]''. After a slow start, the journal gradually grew to acquire a mass appeal in Bengal through its radicalist approach and message of revolutionary programmes. Aurobindo, active in nationalist politics in the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]], increasingly became the prominent voice of radical nationalists including [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] and [[Bipin Pal]] who advocated break-away from Britain and justified violent revolution as a means to this end. Nationalist writings and publications by Aurobindo and his brother Barin included ''[[Bande Mataram (publication)|Bande Mataram]]'', ''[[Jugantar Patrika|Jugantar]]'' had a widespread impact among the youth of Bengal. By 1907 it was selling 7,000 copies, which later rose to 20,000. Its message, aimed at elite politically conscious readers was essentially critique and defiance of British rule in India, and justification of political violence.<ref>{{Harvnb|Sanyal|2014|pp=90–91}} "[Sanyal translates from ''Jugantar'':] "In a country where the ruling power relies on brute force to oppress its subjects, it is impossible to bring about Revolution or a change in rulers through moral strength. In such a situation, subjects too must rely on brute force." ... The ''Jugantar'' challenged the legitimacy of British rule ... [its] position thus amounted to a fundamental ''critique'' of the British government ... By 1907 the paper was selling 7000 copies, a figure that went up to 20,000 soon after. The ''Jugantar'' ideology was basically addressed to an elite audience that was young, literate and politically radicalized."</ref> The publication inspired a proportion of the young men who joined ''Anushilan Samiti'' cited the influence of ''Jugantar'' in their decisions.{{citation needed|date=December 2015}} In 1907, Bipin Chandra Pal and Aurobindo faced prosecution for the message emanating from ''Bande Mataram'', with Pal being convicted. Meanwhile, ''Jugantar'' was also subject to close scrutiny. | Aurobindo returned to Bengal in 1906, and with the assistance of [[Subodh Mallik]] and [[Bipin Chandra Pal]], founded in 1907 the radical Bengali nationalist publication of ''[[Jugantar (publication)|Jugantar]]'' and its English counterpart ''[[Bande Mataram]]''. After a slow start, the journal gradually grew to acquire a mass appeal in Bengal through its radicalist approach and message of revolutionary programmes. Aurobindo, active in nationalist politics in the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]], increasingly became the prominent voice of radical nationalists including [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] and [[Bipin Pal]] who advocated break-away from Britain and justified violent revolution as a means to this end. Nationalist writings and publications by Aurobindo and his brother Barin included ''[[Bande Mataram (publication)|Bande Mataram]]'', ''[[Jugantar Patrika|Jugantar]]'' had a widespread impact among the youth of Bengal. By 1907 it was selling 7,000 copies, which later rose to 20,000. Its message, aimed at elite politically conscious readers was essentially critique and defiance of British rule in India, and justification of political violence.<ref>{{Harvnb|Sanyal|2014|pp=90–91}} "[Sanyal translates from ''Jugantar'':] "In a country where the ruling power relies on brute force to oppress its subjects, it is impossible to bring about Revolution or a change in rulers through moral strength. In such a situation, subjects too must rely on brute force." ... The ''Jugantar'' challenged the legitimacy of British rule ... [its] position thus amounted to a fundamental ''critique'' of the British government ... By 1907 the paper was selling 7000 copies, a figure that went up to 20,000 soon after. The ''Jugantar'' ideology was basically addressed to an elite audience that was young, literate and politically radicalized."</ref> The publication inspired a proportion of the young men who joined ''Anushilan Samiti'' cited the influence of ''Jugantar'' in their decisions.{{citation needed|date=December 2015}} In 1907, Bipin Chandra Pal and Aurobindo faced prosecution for the message emanating from ''Bande Mataram'', with Pal being convicted. Meanwhile, ''Jugantar'' was also subject to close scrutiny. | ||
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*[http://www.gatewayforindia.com/history/british_history3.htm#Alipore%20Bomb%20case British colonial period - Colonial Rule (1858 – August 1918)] | *[http://www.gatewayforindia.com/history/british_history3.htm#Alipore%20Bomb%20case British colonial period - Colonial Rule (1858 – August 1918)] | ||
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20180305050359/http://www.sriaurobindoashram.org/research/show.php?set=doclife&id=14 Alipore trial] | *[https://web.archive.org/web/20180305050359/http://www.sriaurobindoashram.org/research/show.php?set=doclife&id=14 Alipore trial] | ||
{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}} | |||
[[Category:Anushilan Samiti]] | [[Category:Anushilan Samiti]] | ||