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| death_date = {{death date and age|1940|9|4|1874|5|28|df=y}} | | death_date = {{death date and age|1940|9|4|1874|5|28|df=y}} | ||
| death_place = | | death_place = | ||
| nationality = | | nationality = Irish | ||
| citizenship = | | citizenship = American | ||
| occupation = | | occupation = | ||
| movement = [[Irish Republicanism]] | | movement = [[Irish Republicanism]] | ||
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==Early years== | ==Early years== | ||
McGarrity was born in [[Carrickmore]], [[County Tyrone]], Ireland in 1874. His family grew up in poverty, motivating his need to immigrate later in life. He grew hearing his father discussing Irish politics, including topics such as the [[Fenians]], the [[Irish Parliamentary Party]], and [[Irish Home Rule]]. By the time he was an adult, he had developed a keen interest in politics himself.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://exhibits.library.villanova.edu/mcgarrity/fenian-days |title=Fenian Days |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=exhibits.library.villanova.edu |access-date=26 November 2019 }}</ref> | McGarrity was born in [[Carrickmore]], [[County Tyrone]], Ireland in 1874. His family grew up in poverty, motivating his need to immigrate later in life. He grew hearing his father discussing Irish politics, including topics such as the [[Fenians]], the [[Irish Parliamentary Party]], and [[Irish Home Rule]]. By the time he was an adult, he had developed a keen interest in politics himself.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://exhibits.library.villanova.edu/mcgarrity/fenian-days |title=Fenian Days |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=exhibits.library.villanova.edu |access-date=26 November 2019 |archive-date=24 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924120841/https://exhibits.library.villanova.edu/mcgarrity/fenian-days |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
He immigrated to the US in 1892 at the age of 18. He is reputed to have walked to Dublin before boarding a cattle boat to [[Liverpool]] disguised as a drover, and then sailing to America using a ticket belonging to someone else. He settled in 4900 Wynfield Ave West [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]] and became successful in the liquor business; however, his business failed on three occasions, twice due to embezzlement by his business partner.<ref name="irishamerica">{{cite web |url=https://irishamerica.com/2016/02/joe-mcgarrity-de-valeras-man-in-america/ |title=Joe McGarrity:De Valera's Man in America |last=Cronin |first=Sean |date=March 2016 |website=irishamerica.com |access-date=26 November 2019 }}</ref> | He immigrated to the US in 1892 at the age of 18. He is reputed to have walked to Dublin before boarding a cattle boat to [[Liverpool]] disguised as a drover, and then sailing to America using a ticket belonging to someone else. He settled in 4900 Wynfield Ave West [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]] and became successful in the liquor business; however, his business failed on three occasions, twice due to embezzlement by his business partner.<ref name="irishamerica">{{cite web |url=https://irishamerica.com/2016/02/joe-mcgarrity-de-valeras-man-in-america/ |title=Joe McGarrity:De Valera's Man in America |last=Cronin |first=Sean |date=March 2016 |website=irishamerica.com |access-date=26 November 2019 |archive-date=28 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828004104/https://irishamerica.com/2016/02/joe-mcgarrity-de-valeras-man-in-america/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
==Entry into Politics== | ==Entry into Politics== | ||
In 1893 he joined [[Clan na Gael]], an Irish organisation based in America committed to aiding the establishment of an independent Irish state. Clan na Gael had been heavily involved with the [[Fenian Brotherhood]] that McGarrity had grown up hearing about, and by the latter half of the 19th century had become a sister organisation of the [[Irish Republican Brotherhood]]. In the decade just before McGarrity joined, Clan na Gael and the Fenian movement had waged the [[Fenian dynamite campaign]], where they attempted to force the British state to make concessions on Ireland by bombing British Infrastructure. However, this had caused a split within Clan na Gael that was not mended until seven years after McGarrity joined when in 1900 the factions reunited and pleaded to support "the complete independence of the Irish people, and the establishment of an Irish republic.". In the years that followed the 1880s and 1890s, McGarrity is, amongst others, credited with helping to stitch the organisation back together and bring it renewed strength.<ref>{{cite | In 1893 he joined [[Clan na Gael]], an Irish organisation based in America committed to aiding the establishment of an independent Irish state. Clan na Gael had been heavily involved with the [[Fenian Brotherhood]] that McGarrity had grown up hearing about, and by the latter half of the 19th century had become a sister organisation of the [[Irish Republican Brotherhood]]. In the decade just before McGarrity joined, Clan na Gael and the Fenian movement had waged the [[Fenian dynamite campaign]], where they attempted to force the British state to make concessions on Ireland by bombing British Infrastructure. However, this had caused a split within Clan na Gael that was not mended until seven years after McGarrity joined when in 1900 the factions reunited and pleaded to support "the complete independence of the Irish people, and the establishment of an Irish republic.". In the years that followed the 1880s and 1890s, McGarrity is, amongst others, credited with helping to stitch the organisation back together and bring it renewed strength.<ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Bornemann |first1=Sara |title=Political activism and resistance in Irish America : the clan na gael 1912-1916 |date=2018 |doi=10.18297/etd/2940 |doi-access=free |s2cid=159161306 |quote=The first decade of the twentieth century revealed a nearly defunct Clan na Gael. Fractured deeply in the late 1880s and 1890s by internecine fighting, and charges of treachery and corruption, the Clan had recently stitched itself back together through the indefatigable efforts of John Devoy, Daniel Cohalan, Joseph McGarrity, and others. }}</ref> | ||
McGarrity helped sponsor several [[Irish Race Conventions]] and founded and ran a newspaper called ''The Irish Press'' from 1918-22 that supported the [[Irish War of Independence|War of Independence]] in Ireland. He was the founder of the Philadelphia chapter of Clan Na Gael. | McGarrity helped sponsor several [[Irish Race Conventions]] and founded and ran a newspaper called ''The Irish Press'' from 1918-22 that supported the [[Irish War of Independence|War of Independence]] in Ireland. He was the founder of the Philadelphia chapter of Clan Na Gael. | ||
During the First World War, while the | During the First World War, while the US was still neutral, McGarrity was involved in the [[Hindu–German Conspiracy]]; he arranged the ''[[Annie Larsen]]'' arms purchase and shipment from New York to [[San Diego]] for India.<ref name=Plowman>{{cite journal |last1=Plowman |first1=Matthew |title=Irish Republicans and the Indo-German Conspiracy of World War I |journal=New Hibernia Review |date=2003 |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=81–105 |doi=10.1353/nhr.2003.0069 |id={{Project MUSE|49592}} |jstor=20646423 |s2cid=144632198 }}</ref> | ||
When [[Éamon de Valera]] arrived in the US in 1919 they struck up an immediate rapport and McGarrity managed de Valera's tour of the | When [[Éamon de Valera]] arrived in the US in 1919 they struck up an immediate rapport and McGarrity managed de Valera's tour of the US. He persuaded de Valera of the benefits of supporting him and the Philadelphia branch against the New York branch of the [[Friends of Irish Freedom]] organisation led by [[John Devoy]] and Judge [[Daniel F. Cohalan]]. He became president of the American Association for the Recognition of the Irish Republic. He christened his newborn son Éamon de Valera McGarrity, although their relationship became strained upon De Valera's entry back into Dáil Éireann in the Irish Free State.<ref name="irishamerica"/> | ||
==The Anglo-Irish Treaty and after== | ==The Anglo-Irish Treaty and after== | ||
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By July 1929, the Clan's membership in one of its strongholds, New York City, was down to just 620 paid members. Then in October that same year Wall Street Crashed and the [[Great Depression]] hit. In 1933 McGarrity was left almost bankrupt after he was found guilty of "false bookkeeping entries". McGarrity's livelihood was saved when he became one of the main ticket agents in the US for the [[Irish Hospitals' Sweepstake]]. He was a personal friend of [[Joseph McGrath (Irish politician)|Joe McGrath]], one of the founders of the Sweepstake. The sweepstakes allowed McGarrity to turn his fortunes back around.<ref>{{cite book |first=Marie |last=Coleman |title=The Irish Sweep: a History of the Irish Hospitals Sweepstake, 1930-87 |year=2009 |publisher=University College Dublin Press |place=Dublin |isbn=978-1-906359-40-9 }}</ref> | By July 1929, the Clan's membership in one of its strongholds, New York City, was down to just 620 paid members. Then in October that same year Wall Street Crashed and the [[Great Depression]] hit. In 1933 McGarrity was left almost bankrupt after he was found guilty of "false bookkeeping entries". McGarrity's livelihood was saved when he became one of the main ticket agents in the US for the [[Irish Hospitals' Sweepstake]]. He was a personal friend of [[Joseph McGrath (Irish politician)|Joe McGrath]], one of the founders of the Sweepstake. The sweepstakes allowed McGarrity to turn his fortunes back around.<ref>{{cite book |first=Marie |last=Coleman |title=The Irish Sweep: a History of the Irish Hospitals Sweepstake, 1930-87 |year=2009 |publisher=University College Dublin Press |place=Dublin |isbn=978-1-906359-40-9 }}</ref> | ||
Despite the trying times of both Clan na Gael and his personal life, McGarrity held fast in his belief in physical force Irish Republicanism. In 1939 supported the demand from [[Seán Russell]] for the "[[S-Plan]]" bombing campaign in Britain, which proved disastrous.<ref name="decoding"/> McGarrity is alleged to have met [[Hermann Göring]] in Berlin in 1939 to ask for aid for the IRA, which led indirectly to "[[Plan Kathleen]]".<ref>{{cite book |last=McMenamin |first=Marc |date=2018 |title=Code Breaker: The untold story of Richard Hayes, the Dublin librarian who helped turn the tide of WWII |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CQJtDwAAQBAJ&q=Joseph+McGarrity+Herman+Goring&pg=PT224 |publisher=Gill Books |isbn= 9780717181629}}</ref> | Despite the trying times of both Clan na Gael and his personal life, McGarrity held fast in his belief in physical force Irish Republicanism. In 1939 supported the demand from [[Seán Russell]] for the "[[S-Plan]]" bombing campaign in Britain, which proved disastrous.<ref name="decoding"/> McGarrity is alleged to have met [[Hermann Göring]] in Berlin in 1939 to ask for aid for the IRA, which led indirectly to "[[Plan Kathleen]]".<ref>{{cite book |last=McMenamin |first=Marc |date=2018 |title=Code Breaker: The untold story of Richard Hayes, the Dublin librarian who helped turn the tide of WWII |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CQJtDwAAQBAJ&q=Joseph+McGarrity+Herman+Goring&pg=PT224 |publisher=Gill Books |isbn=9780717181629 |access-date=2020-10-02 |archive-date=2021-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923105016/https://books.google.com/books?id=CQJtDwAAQBAJ&q=Joseph+McGarrity+Herman+Goring&pg=PT224 |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
He was a lifelong friend of fellow Carrickmore native and avid Republican, [[Patrick McCartan]]. When he died in 1940 a mass was held in the [[St Mary's Pro-Cathedral]] in Dublin. McGarrity remained an unrepentant physical force republican all his life. | He was a lifelong friend of fellow Carrickmore native and avid Republican, [[Patrick McCartan]]. When he died in 1940 a mass was held in the [[St Mary's Pro-Cathedral]] in Dublin. McGarrity remained an unrepentant physical force republican all his life. | ||
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A number of his papers are in the National Library of Ireland. He donated his personal Library to Villanova University. | A number of his papers are in the National Library of Ireland. He donated his personal Library to Villanova University. | ||
The IRA signed all its statements 'J.J. McGarrity' up until 1969 when the organisation split into the 'Official' and 'Provisional' movements.<ref>''The Irish News'' - March 8, 2005 (Darren McCann)</ref> Thereafter the term continued to be used by the Officials while the Provisionals adopted the moniker 'P.O'Neill' <ref>Roy Johnston, [http://www.iol.ie/~rjtechne/century130703/1960s/polrj70.htm Century of Endeavour: RJ and Politics in 1970], 2002. Accessed 2010-10-09.</ref> | The IRA signed all its statements 'J.J. McGarrity' up until 1969 when the organisation split into the 'Official' and 'Provisional' movements.<ref>''The Irish News'' - March 8, 2005 (Darren McCann)</ref> Thereafter the term continued to be used by the Officials while the Provisionals adopted the moniker 'P.O'Neill' <ref>Roy Johnston, [http://www.iol.ie/~rjtechne/century130703/1960s/polrj70.htm Century of Endeavour: RJ and Politics in 1970] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522140651/http://www.iol.ie/~rjtechne/century130703/1960s/polrj70.htm |date=2011-05-22 }}, 2002. Accessed 2010-10-09.</ref> | ||
==Sources== | ==Sources== | ||