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Ghadar Movement: Difference between revisions
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== Etymology == | == Etymology == | ||
''Ghadar'' is a [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Urdu]] word derived from [[Arabic]] which means "revolt" or "rebellion."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ramnath |first1=Maia |title=Haj to Utopia: How the Ghadar Movement Charted Global Radicalism and Attempted to Overthrow the British Empire |date=2011 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley, Los Angeles, London |page=2 |url=muse.jhu.edu/book/26045}}</ref> It is often also spelled Ghadr or Gadar in English. The movement's name was closely associated with its newspaper, the [[Hindustan Ghadar] | ''Ghadar'' is a [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Urdu]] word derived from [[Arabic]] which means "revolt" or "rebellion."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ramnath |first1=Maia |title=Haj to Utopia: How the Ghadar Movement Charted Global Radicalism and Attempted to Overthrow the British Empire |date=2011 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley, Los Angeles, London |page=2 |url=muse.jhu.edu/book/26045}}</ref> It is often also spelled Ghadr or Gadar in English. The movement's name was closely associated with its newspaper, the [[Hindustan Ghadar] | ||
==Background== | ==Background== | ||
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Between 1903 and 1913 approximately 10,000 South Asians emigres entered North America, mostly from the rural regions of central Punjab.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Puri |first1=Harish K. |title=Ghadar Movement: ideology, organisation, and strategy |date=1993 |publisher=Guru Nanak Dev University |location=Amritsar |pages=17–18 |edition=2nd |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015037866715&view=1up&seq=10}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ramnath |page=17}}</ref> About half the Punjabis had served in the British military. The [[Canadian government]] decided to curtail this influx with a series of laws, which were aimed at limiting the entry of South Asians into the country and restricting the political rights of those already in the country.<ref name=Strachan795>{{Harvnb|Strachan|2001|p=795}}</ref> Many migrants came to work in the fields, factories, and logging camps of Northern California and the Pacific Northwest, where they were exposed to [[labor unions]] and the ideas of the radical [[Industrial Workers of the World]] or IWW. The migrants of the Pacific Northwest banded together in Sikh [[gurdwaras]] and formed political Hindustani Associations for mutual aid. | Between 1903 and 1913 approximately 10,000 South Asians emigres entered North America, mostly from the rural regions of central Punjab.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Puri |first1=Harish K. |title=Ghadar Movement: ideology, organisation, and strategy |date=1993 |publisher=Guru Nanak Dev University |location=Amritsar |pages=17–18 |edition=2nd |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015037866715&view=1up&seq=10}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ramnath |page=17}}</ref> About half the Punjabis had served in the British military. The [[Canadian government]] decided to curtail this influx with a series of laws, which were aimed at limiting the entry of South Asians into the country and restricting the political rights of those already in the country.<ref name=Strachan795>{{Harvnb|Strachan|2001|p=795}}</ref> Many migrants came to work in the fields, factories, and logging camps of Northern California and the Pacific Northwest, where they were exposed to [[labor unions]] and the ideas of the radical [[Industrial Workers of the World]] or IWW. The migrants of the Pacific Northwest banded together in Sikh [[gurdwaras]] and formed political Hindustani Associations for mutual aid. | ||
Nationalist sentiments were also building around the world among South Asian emigres and students, where they could organize more freely than in [[British India]]. Several dozen students came to study at the University of Berkeley, some spurred by a scholarship offered by a wealthy Punjabi farmer. Revolutionary intellectuals like [[Har Dayal]] and [[Taraknath Das]] attempted to organize students and educate them in anarchist and nationalist ideas. | Nationalist sentiments were also building around the world among South Asian emigres and students, where they could organize more freely than in [[British India]]. Several dozen students came to study at the University of Berkeley, some spurred by a scholarship offered by a wealthy Punjabi farmer. Revolutionary intellectuals like [[Har Dayal]] and [[Taraknath Das]] attempted to organize students and educate them in anarchist and nationalist ideas. | ||
[[File:Ghadr_Party_heroes_poster,1916.jpg|thumb|Ghadr Party heroes poster,1916]] | |||
RasBihari Bose on request from [[Vishnu Ganesh Pingle]], an American trained Ghadar, who met Bose at Benares and requested him to take up the leadership of the coming revolution. But before accepting the responsibility, he sent Sachin Sanyal to the Punjab to assess the situation. Sachin returned very optimistic,<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindujagruti.org/articles/90.html|title=Rash Behari Bose : The Greatest Indian Revolutionary|website=Hindu Janajagruti Samiti}}</ref> in the United States and Canada with the aim to liberate India from [[British Raj|British rule]]. The movement began with a group of immigrants known as the Hindustani Workers of the Pacific Coast.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica"/> | RasBihari Bose on request from [[Vishnu Ganesh Pingle]], an American trained Ghadar, who met Bose at Benares and requested him to take up the leadership of the coming revolution. But before accepting the responsibility, he sent Sachin Sanyal to the Punjab to assess the situation. Sachin returned very optimistic,<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindujagruti.org/articles/90.html|title=Rash Behari Bose : The Greatest Indian Revolutionary|website=Hindu Janajagruti Samiti}}</ref> in the United States and Canada with the aim to liberate India from [[British Raj|British rule]]. The movement began with a group of immigrants known as the Hindustani Workers of the Pacific Coast.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica"/> | ||
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# [[Nidhan Singh Chugha]] | # [[Nidhan Singh Chugha]] | ||
# [[Santokh Singh (Ghadarite)]] | # [[Santokh Singh (Ghadarite)]] | ||
# [[ | # [[Udham Singh]] | ||
#[[Baba Chattar Singh Ahluwalia (Jethuwal)]] | #[[Baba Chattar Singh Ahluwalia (Jethuwal)]] | ||
# [[Baba Harnam Singh]] (Kari Sari) | # [[Baba Harnam Singh]] (Kari Sari) | ||
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{{Ghadar Conspiracy}} | {{Ghadar Conspiracy}} | ||
{{Indian independence movement}} | {{Indian independence movement}} | ||
{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}} | |||
{{Sikh politics}} | {{Sikh politics}} | ||
{{Authority control}} | {{Authority control}} | ||