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Pervez Musharraf: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description| | {{Short description|President of Pakistan from 2001 to 2008}} | ||
{{Redirect|Musharraf|the name | {{Redirect|Musharraf|the given name |Musharraf (name)}} | ||
{{Use British English|date=October 2012}} | {{Use British English|date=October 2012}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}} | ||
{{Infobox officeholder | {{Infobox officeholder | ||
| honorific_prefix = [[General]] | | honorific_prefix = [[General (Pakistan)|General]] | ||
| name = Pervez Musharraf | | name = Pervez Musharraf | ||
| office = 10th [[President of Pakistan]] | | office = 10th [[President of Pakistan]] | ||
| native_name = {{ | | native_name = {{nq|پرویز مشرف}} | ||
| native_name_lang = ur | |||
| honorific_suffix = {{small|[[Nishan-e-Imtiaz|NI(M)]] [[Hilal-e-Imtiaz|HI(M)]] [[Tamgha-e-Basalat|TBt]]}} | |||
| image = Pervez Musharraf 2008 (cropped).jpg | | image = Pervez Musharraf 2008 (cropped).jpg | ||
| caption = Musharraf at the | | caption = Musharraf at the [[World Economic Forum]] in 2008 | ||
| predecessor = [[Muhammad Rafiq Tarar]] | | predecessor = [[Muhammad Rafiq Tarar]] | ||
| primeminister = [[Zafarullah Khan Jamali]] | | primeminister = {{plainlist| | ||
| successor = [[Muhammad Mian Soomro]] ( | *[[Zafarullah Khan Jamali]] | ||
*[[Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain]] | |||
*[[Shaukat Aziz]] | |||
*[[Muhammad Mian Soomro|Mian Soomro]] (Caretaker) | |||
*[[Yousaf Raza Gillani]] | |||
}} | |||
| successor = [[Muhammad Mian Soomro]] (acting) | |||
| office2 = [[Defence Minister of Pakistan|Minister of Defence]] | | office2 = [[Defence Minister of Pakistan|Minister of Defence]] | ||
| predecessor2 = [[Nawaz Sharif]] | | predecessor2 = [[Nawaz Sharif]] | ||
| Line 24: | Line 30: | ||
| successor1 = [[Zafarullah Khan Jamali]] (Prime Minister) | | successor1 = [[Zafarullah Khan Jamali]] (Prime Minister) | ||
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1943|8|11|df=y}} | | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1943|8|11|df=y}} | ||
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[India]]) | | birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[British Raj|British India]] {{small| (present-day [[India]])}} | ||
| birth_name = Syed Pervez Musharraf | | birth_name = Syed Pervez Musharraf | ||
| nationality = Pakistani | |||
| nationality = | |||
| otherparty = [[Pakistan Muslim League (Q)]] | | otherparty = [[Pakistan Muslim League (Q)]] | ||
| spouse = Sehba Musharraf (m. 1968) | | spouse = Sehba Musharraf (m. 1968) | ||
| children = 2 | | children = 2 | ||
| residence = | | residence = | ||
| alma_mater = | | alma_mater = {{plainlist| | ||
*[[Pakistan Military Academy]] | |||
*[[Pakistan Command and Staff College|Command and Staff College]] | |||
*[[National Defence University, Pakistan|National Defence University]] | |||
*[[Royal College of Defence Studies|Royal College of Defence]] | |||
}} | |||
| nickname = | | nickname = | ||
| allegiance = {{PAK}} | | allegiance = {{PAK}} | ||
| branch = {{army|PAK}} | | branch = {{army|PAK}} | ||
| serviceyears = 1961–2007 | | serviceyears = 1961–2007 | ||
| rank = [[ | | rank = [[General (Pakistan)|General]] | ||
| unit = [[Pakistan Army Regiment of Artillery|Regiment of Artillery]] | | unit = [[Pakistan Army Regiment of Artillery|Regiment of Artillery]] | ||
| commands = [[I Corps (Pakistan)|I Corps]]<br | | commands = [[I Corps (Pakistan)|I Corps]]<br>[[Special Services Group]]<br>[[Director-general|DG]] [[Military operations]]<br>40th Division, [[Okara, Pakistan|Okara]] | ||
| battles = [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]<br | | battles = [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]<br>[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]<br>[[Siachen conflict]]<br>[[Kargil War]]<br>[[Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)]]<br>[[1999 Pakistani coup d'état]]<br>[[2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff|2001–2002 India-Pakistan standoff]]<br>[[Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] | ||
| relatives = | |||
| relatives = | |||
| term_start = 20 June 2001 | | term_start = 20 June 2001 | ||
| term_end = 18 August 2008 | | term_end = 18 August 2008 | ||
| Line 49: | Line 58: | ||
| term_start2 = 12 October 1999 | | term_start2 = 12 October 1999 | ||
| term_end2 = 23 October 2002 | | term_end2 = 23 October 2002 | ||
| office3 = [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee]] | | office3 = 10th [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee]] | ||
| term_start3 = 8 October 1998 | | term_start3 = 8 October 1998 | ||
| term_end3 = 7 October 2001 | | term_end3 = 7 October 2001 | ||
| Line 56: | Line 65: | ||
| office4 = 7th [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]] | | office4 = 7th [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]] | ||
| term_start4 = 6 October 1998 | | term_start4 = 6 October 1998 | ||
| term_end4 = | | term_end4 = 29 November 2007 | ||
| predecessor4 = [[Jehangir Karamat]] | | predecessor4 = [[Jehangir Karamat]] | ||
| successor4 = [[Ashfaq Parvez Kayani]] | | successor4 = [[Ashfaq Parvez Kayani]] | ||
| president4 = [[Rafiq Tarar]]<br/>''Himself'' | |||
| primeminister4 = [[Nawaz Sharif]]<br/>[[Zafarullah Khan Jamali]]<br/>[[Shaukat Aziz]]<br/>[[Muhammad Mian Soomro]] {{small|(caretaker)}} | |||
| relations = | | relations = | ||
| education = | | education = | ||
| mawards = [[File:Nishan-e-Imtiaz.png|40px]]{{small|[[Nishan-i-Imtiaz|Nishan-e-Imtiaz (Military)]]}}<br>[[File:Hilal-e-Imtiaz.png|40px]] {{small|[[Hilal-i-Imtiaz|Hilal-e-Imtiaz (Military)]]}}<br>[[File:Tamgha-e-Basalat.png|40px]] {{small|[[Tamgha-i-Basalat|Tamgha-e-Basalat]]}}<br>[[File:Order of King Abdulaziz, 1st Class (Saudi Arabia).png|40px]] {{small|[[Order of King Abdulaziz]]}}<br>[[File:Order of Zayed Ribbon.png|40px]] {{small|[[Order of Zayed]]}} | |||
}} | }} | ||
{{Contains special characters|Urdu}} | {{Contains special characters|Urdu}} | ||
'''Pervez Musharraf''' ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|پرویز مشرف}}|Parvez | [[General (Pakistan)|General]] '''Pervez Musharraf''' {{small|[[Nishan-e-Imtiaz|NI(M)]] [[Hilal-e-Imtiaz|HI(M)]] [[Tamgha-e-Basalat|TBt]]}} ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|پرویز مشرف}}|Parvez Muśharraf}}; born 11 August 1943 - died 05 Feb 2023 ) was a former Pakistani politician and [[General (Pakistan)|four-star general]] of the [[Pakistan Army]] who became the tenth [[president of Pakistan]] after the successful [[1999 Pakistani coup d'état|military takeover of the federal government]] in 1999. He also served as the 10th [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee]] from 1998 to 2001 and the 7th [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]] from 1998 to 2007.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rashid |first1=Ahmed |title=Pakistan in the Brink |date=2012 |publisher=Allen Lane |isbn=9781846145858 |pages=6, 21, 31, 35–38, 42, 52, 147, 165, 172, 185, 199, 205}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jang.com.pk/roman/news/6112-Syed-Pervez-Musharrafkon-hain|title=Syed Pervez Musharraf kon hain ? | Daily Jang|website=jang.com.pk|access-date=26 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826114748/https://jang.com.pk/roman/news/6112-Syed-Pervez-Musharrafkon-hain|archive-date=26 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC Pakistan, 2008">{{cite news|last1=Dummett|first1=Mark|title=Pakistan's Musharraf steps down|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7567451.stm|access-date=5 January 2015|work=Work and report completed by BBC correspondent for Pakistan Mark Dummett|agency=BBC Pakistan|publisher=BBC Pakistan, 2008|date=18 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929222334/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7567451.stm|archive-date=29 September 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
Born in [[Old Delhi|Delhi]] during the [[British Raj]], Musharraf was raised in [[Karachi]] and [[Istanbul]]. He studied mathematics at [[Forman Christian College]] in [[Lahore]] and was also educated at the [[Royal College of Defence Studies]] in the [[United Kingdom]]. Musharraf entered the [[Pakistan Military Academy]] in 1961 and was commissioned to the [[Pakistan Army]] in 1964 | Born in [[Old Delhi|Delhi]] during the [[British Raj]], Musharraf was raised in [[Karachi]] and [[Istanbul]]. He studied mathematics at [[Forman Christian College]] in [[Lahore]] and was also educated at the [[Royal College of Defence Studies]] in the [[United Kingdom]]. Musharraf entered the [[Pakistan Military Academy]] in 1961 and was commissioned to the [[Pakistan Army]] in 1964.<ref name="Pentagon Press, 2007">{{cite book|title=The General and Jihad|date=2007|publisher=Pentagon Press, 2007|isbn=9780520244481|location=Washington D.C.|chapter=General Pervez Musharraf— A Profile|last1=Wilson|first1=John}}</ref> Musharraf saw action during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]] as a [[second lieutenant]]. By the 1980s, he was commanding an [[artillery brigade]]. In the 1990s, Musharraf was promoted to [[major general]] and assigned an infantry division, and later commanded the [[Special Services Group]]. Soon after, he also served as deputy military secretary and director general of [[military operation]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.biography.com/people/pervez-musharraf-9419281#military-service|title=Pervez Musharraf Biography President (non-U.S.), General (1943–)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010095911/https://www.biography.com/people/pervez-musharraf-9419281#military-service|archive-date=10 October 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> He played an active role in the [[Afghan Civil War (1996-2001)|Afghan civil war]], encouraging Pakistani support for the [[Taliban]].<ref name="Pentagon Press, 2007" /> | ||
Musharraf rose to national prominence when he was promoted to four-star general by [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Nawaz Sharif]] in 1998, making Musharraf the head of the armed forces. He led the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1999|Kargil infiltration]] that | Musharraf rose to national prominence when he was promoted to four-star general by [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Nawaz Sharif]] in 1998, making Musharraf the head of the armed forces. He led the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1999|Kargil infiltration]] that brought [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] to a war in 1999.<ref name="BBC News, Islamabad" /> After months of contentious relations between Sharif and Musharraf, Sharif unsuccessfully attempted to remove Musharraf as the army's leader. In retaliation, the army staged a [[1999 Pakistani coup d'état|coup d'état]] in 1999, which allowed Musharraf to take over [[Pakistan]] as [[President of Pakistan|president]] in 2001. He subsequently placed Sharif under strict [[house arrest]] before launching official criminal proceedings against him.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pervez-Musharraf |title=Pervez Musharraf {{!}} president of Pakistan |access-date=21 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110085607/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pervez-Musharraf |archive-date=10 November 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
Musharraf initially remained the [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (Pakistan)|Chairman of the Joint Chiefs]] and the [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of the Army Staff]], relinquishing the former position upon confirmation of his presidency. However, he remained the Army Chief until retiring in 2007.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/27/AR2007112702242.html |title=Musharraf Steps Down as Head of Pakistani Army |last=Constable |first=Pamela |date=28 November 2007 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286 |access-date=24 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927010739/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/27/AR2007112702242.html |archive-date=27 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> The initial stages of his presidency featured controversial wins in a state referendum to grant him a five-year term limit, and a [[2002 Pakistani general election|general election]] in 2002.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/01/opinion/pakistan-s-dubious-referendum.html |title=Pakistan's Dubious Referendum |date=1 May 2002 |newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |access-date=21 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819064119/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/01/opinion/pakistan-s-dubious-referendum.html |archive-date=19 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> During his presidency, he advocated for the [[Third Way]], adopting a synthesis of [[Conservatism in Pakistan|conservatism]] and [[Socialism in Pakistan|socialism]]. Musharraf reinstated the constitution in 2002, though it was heavily amended within the [[Legal Framework Order, 2002|Legal Framework Order]]. He appointed [[Zafarullah Jamali]] and later [[Shaukat Aziz]] as [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]], and oversaw [[Pakistan's role in the War on Terror|directed policies]] against [[terrorism]], becoming a key player in the [[United States|American]]-led [[war on terror]].<ref name="BBC News, Islamabad">{{cite news|last1=Morris|first1=Chris|title=Pervez Musharraf's mixed legacy|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7567592.stm|access-date=5 January 2015|work=Special report published by Chris Morris BBC News, Islamabad|agency=BBC News, Islamabad|publisher=BBC News, Islamabad|date=18 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105135550/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7567592.stm|archive-date=5 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> | Musharraf initially remained the [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (Pakistan)|Chairman of the Joint Chiefs]] and the [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of the Army Staff]], relinquishing the former position upon confirmation of his presidency. However, he remained the Army Chief until retiring in 2007.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/27/AR2007112702242.html |title=Musharraf Steps Down as Head of Pakistani Army |last=Constable |first=Pamela |date=28 November 2007 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286 |access-date=24 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927010739/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/27/AR2007112702242.html |archive-date=27 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> The initial stages of his presidency featured controversial wins in a state referendum to grant him a five-year term limit, and a [[2002 Pakistani general election|general election]] in 2002.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/01/opinion/pakistan-s-dubious-referendum.html |title=Pakistan's Dubious Referendum |date=1 May 2002 |newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |access-date=21 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819064119/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/01/opinion/pakistan-s-dubious-referendum.html |archive-date=19 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> During his presidency, he advocated for the [[Third Way]], adopting a synthesis of [[Conservatism in Pakistan|conservatism]] and [[Socialism in Pakistan|socialism]]. Musharraf reinstated the constitution in 2002, though it was heavily amended within the [[Legal Framework Order, 2002|Legal Framework Order]]. He appointed [[Zafarullah Jamali]] and later [[Shaukat Aziz]] as [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]], and oversaw [[Pakistan's role in the War on Terror|directed policies]] against [[terrorism]], becoming a key player in the [[United States|American]]-led [[war on terror]].<ref name="BBC News, Islamabad">{{cite news|last1=Morris|first1=Chris|title=Pervez Musharraf's mixed legacy|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7567592.stm|access-date=5 January 2015|work=Special report published by Chris Morris BBC News, Islamabad|agency=BBC News, Islamabad|publisher=BBC News, Islamabad|date=18 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105135550/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7567592.stm|archive-date=5 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
Musharraf pushed for [[social liberalism]] under his [[Enlightened moderation|enlightened moderation program]] and promoted [[Economic liberalisation in Pakistan|economic liberalisation]], while he also banned [[trade union]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/939190/labour-leaders-urge-musharraf-to-quit|title=Labour leaders urge Musharraf to quit|date=10 March 2008|access-date=24 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927001402/http://www.dawn.com/news/939190/labour-leaders-urge-musharraf-to-quit|archive-date=27 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Musharraf's presidency coincided with a rise of overall [[GDP|gross domestic product]] by around 50%; in the same period, domestic savings declined, and [[economic inequality]] rose at a rapid rate. Musharraf's government has also been accused of human rights abuses,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/271347/the-economy-under-pervez-musharraf|title=The economy under Pervez Musharraf|date=17 October 2007|access-date=21 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925020133/http://www.dawn.com/news/271347/the-economy-under-pervez-musharraf|archive-date=25 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/20584/the-myth-of-musharrafs-economic-boom-needs-to-die/|title=The myth of Musharraf's 'economic boom' needs to die|access-date=21 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218101243/https://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/20584/the-myth-of-musharrafs-economic-boom-needs-to-die/|archive-date=18 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/03/23/pakistan-hold-musharraf-accountable-abuses|title=Pakistan: Hold Musharraf Accountable for Abuses|date=23 March 2013|access-date=3 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021020143/https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/03/23/pakistan-hold-musharraf-accountable-abuses|archive-date=21 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> and he survived a number of assassination attempts during his presidency. When Aziz departed as prime minister, and after approving the [[Suspension of Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry|suspension]] of the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan|judicature]] in 2007, Musharraf's position weakened dramatically.<ref name="BBC News, Islamabad" /> Tendering his resignation to avoid impeachment in 2008, Musharraf emigrated to [[London]] in a self-imposed exile.<ref name="BBC News, Islamabad" /> His legacy as leader is mixed; he saw the emergence of a more assertive middle class, but an open disregard for civilian institutions greatly weakened democracy in Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/06/world/asia/06cnd-pakistan.html|title=Musharraf Wins Vote, but Court Will Have Final Say|last=Gall|first=Carlotta|date=6 October 2007|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=21 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820035349/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/06/world/asia/06cnd-pakistan.html|archive-date=20 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> | Musharraf pushed for [[social liberalism]] under his [[Enlightened moderation|enlightened moderation program]] and promoted [[Economic liberalisation in Pakistan|economic liberalisation]], while he also banned [[trade union]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/939190/labour-leaders-urge-musharraf-to-quit|title=Labour leaders urge Musharraf to quit|date=10 March 2008|access-date=24 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927001402/http://www.dawn.com/news/939190/labour-leaders-urge-musharraf-to-quit|archive-date=27 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Musharraf's presidency coincided with a rise of overall [[GDP|gross domestic product]] by around 50%; in the same period, domestic savings declined, and [[economic inequality]] rose at a rapid rate. Musharraf's government has also been accused of human rights abuses,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/271347/the-economy-under-pervez-musharraf|title=The economy under Pervez Musharraf|date=17 October 2007|access-date=21 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925020133/http://www.dawn.com/news/271347/the-economy-under-pervez-musharraf|archive-date=25 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/20584/the-myth-of-musharrafs-economic-boom-needs-to-die/|title=The myth of Musharraf's 'economic boom' needs to die|access-date=21 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218101243/https://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/20584/the-myth-of-musharrafs-economic-boom-needs-to-die/|archive-date=18 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/03/23/pakistan-hold-musharraf-accountable-abuses|title=Pakistan: Hold Musharraf Accountable for Abuses|date=23 March 2013|access-date=3 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021020143/https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/03/23/pakistan-hold-musharraf-accountable-abuses|archive-date=21 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> and he survived a number of assassination attempts during his presidency. When Aziz departed as prime minister, and after approving the [[Suspension of Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry|suspension]] of the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan|judicature]] in 2007, Musharraf's position weakened dramatically.<ref name="BBC News, Islamabad" /> Tendering his resignation to avoid [[impeachment]] in 2008, Musharraf emigrated to [[London]] in a self-imposed exile.<ref name="BBC News, Islamabad" /> His legacy as leader is mixed; he saw the emergence of a more assertive middle class, but an open disregard for civilian institutions greatly weakened democracy in Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/06/world/asia/06cnd-pakistan.html|title=Musharraf Wins Vote, but Court Will Have Final Say|last=Gall|first=Carlotta|date=6 October 2007|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=21 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820035349/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/06/world/asia/06cnd-pakistan.html|archive-date=20 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
Musharraf returned to Pakistan in 2013 to participate in that year's [[2013 Pakistani general election|general election]], but was disqualified from participating after the country's [[Court system of Pakistan|high courts]] issued [[arrest warrant]]s for him and Aziz for their alleged involvement in the [[assassination of Benazir Bhutto|assassinations]] of [[Nawab Akbar Bugti]] and [[Benazir Bhutto]].<ref name="3news.co.nz">{{Cite news|title=Musharraf disqualified from Pakistan election|date=17 April 2013|newspaper=3 News|location=New Zealand|url=http://www.3news.co.nz/Musharraf-disqualified-from-Pakistan-election/tabid/417/articleID/294580/Default.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417043912/http://www.3news.co.nz/Musharraf-disqualified-from-Pakistan-election/tabid/417/articleID/294580/Default.aspx|archive-date=17 April 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=17 April 2013}}</ref> Upon [[Nawaz Sharif|Sharif's]] re-election in 2013, he initiated [[high treason]] charges against Musharraf for implementing emergency rule and suspending the constitution in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why Pakistan's former ruler Musharraf was sentenced to death, and what it means|author=Madiha Afzal|date=19 December 2019|work=Order From Chaos: Foreign Policy in a Troubled World|publisher=Brookings Institution|url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2019/12/19/why-pakistans-former-ruler-musharraf-was-sentenced-to-death-and-what-it-means/|quote=Sharif had signaled his intent to bring high treason charges against Musharraf in June 2013, right after he came into power...and in 2013, Sharif's government brought charges of high treason against him for imposing the 2007 emergency.}}</ref> The case against Musharraf continued after Sharif's removal from office in 2017, the same year in which Musharraf was declared an "absconder" in the Bhutto assassination case by virtue of moving to [[Dubai]].<ref name="absconder">{{cite news|url= https://indianexpress.com/article/pakistan/benazir-bhutto-assassination-case-verdict-pakistan-pervez-musharraf-4822298/|title= Benazir Bhutto assassination case: Two senior cops sentenced to 17 years in jail, five acquitted; Pervez Musharraf declared absconder|newspaper= [[The Indian Express]]|date= 31 August 2017|access-date= 1 September 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170901203614/http://indianexpress.com/article/pakistan/benazir-bhutto-assassination-case-verdict-pakistan-pervez-musharraf-4822298/|archive-date= 1 September 2017|url-status= live}}</ref> In 2019, Musharraf was [[capital punishment|sentenced to death]] [[Trial in absentia|in absentia]] for the treason charges,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/pakistan-court-sentences-pervez-musharraf-to-death-for-treason/articleshow/72825753.cms?from=mdr|title=Pakistan court sentences Pervez Musharraf to death for treason|date=17 December 2019|work=The Economic Times|access-date=17 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219014152/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/pakistan-court-sentences-pervez-musharraf-to-death-for-treason/articleshow/72825753.cms?from=mdr|archive-date=19 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/pervez-musharraf-sentenced-to-death-in-high-treason-case-news-agency-ani-quoting-pakistan-media-2150081|title=Pervez Musharraf Sentenced To Death In High Treason Case: Pak Media|website=NDTV.com|access-date=17 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217075607/https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/pervez-musharraf-sentenced-to-death-in-high-treason-case-news-agency-ani-quoting-pakistan-media-2150081|archive-date=17 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/12/pervez-musharraf-pakistan-fugitive-leader-profile-191204104433416.html|title=Pervez Musharraf, Pakistan's fugitive ex-leader: Profile|website=aljazeera.com|access-date=17 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217075608/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/12/pervez-musharraf-pakistan-fugitive-leader-profile-191204104433416.html|archive-date=17 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> although | Musharraf returned to Pakistan in 2013 to participate in that year's [[2013 Pakistani general election|general election]], but was disqualified from participating after the country's [[Court system of Pakistan|high courts]] issued [[arrest warrant]]s for him and Aziz for their alleged involvement in the [[assassination of Benazir Bhutto|assassinations]] of [[Nawab Akbar Bugti]] and [[Benazir Bhutto]].<ref name="3news.co.nz">{{Cite news|title=Musharraf disqualified from Pakistan election|date=17 April 2013|newspaper=3 News|location=New Zealand|url=http://www.3news.co.nz/Musharraf-disqualified-from-Pakistan-election/tabid/417/articleID/294580/Default.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417043912/http://www.3news.co.nz/Musharraf-disqualified-from-Pakistan-election/tabid/417/articleID/294580/Default.aspx|archive-date=17 April 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=17 April 2013}}</ref> Upon [[Nawaz Sharif|Sharif's]] re-election in 2013, he initiated [[high treason]] charges against Musharraf for implementing emergency rule and suspending the constitution in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why Pakistan's former ruler Musharraf was sentenced to death, and what it means|author=Madiha Afzal|date=19 December 2019|work=Order From Chaos: Foreign Policy in a Troubled World|publisher=Brookings Institution|url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2019/12/19/why-pakistans-former-ruler-musharraf-was-sentenced-to-death-and-what-it-means/|quote=Sharif had signaled his intent to bring high treason charges against Musharraf in June 2013, right after he came into power...and in 2013, Sharif's government brought charges of high treason against him for imposing the 2007 emergency.}}</ref> The case against Musharraf continued after Sharif's removal from office in 2017, the same year in which Musharraf was declared an "absconder" in the Bhutto assassination case by virtue of moving to [[Dubai]].<ref name="absconder">{{cite news|url= https://indianexpress.com/article/pakistan/benazir-bhutto-assassination-case-verdict-pakistan-pervez-musharraf-4822298/|title= Benazir Bhutto assassination case: Two senior cops sentenced to 17 years in jail, five acquitted; Pervez Musharraf declared absconder|newspaper= [[The Indian Express]]|date= 31 August 2017|access-date= 1 September 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170901203614/http://indianexpress.com/article/pakistan/benazir-bhutto-assassination-case-verdict-pakistan-pervez-musharraf-4822298/|archive-date= 1 September 2017|url-status= live}}</ref> In 2019, Musharraf was [[capital punishment|sentenced to death]] [[Trial in absentia|in absentia]] for the treason charges,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/pakistan-court-sentences-pervez-musharraf-to-death-for-treason/articleshow/72825753.cms?from=mdr|title=Pakistan court sentences Pervez Musharraf to death for treason|date=17 December 2019|work=The Economic Times|access-date=17 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219014152/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/pakistan-court-sentences-pervez-musharraf-to-death-for-treason/articleshow/72825753.cms?from=mdr|archive-date=19 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/pervez-musharraf-sentenced-to-death-in-high-treason-case-news-agency-ani-quoting-pakistan-media-2150081|title=Pervez Musharraf Sentenced To Death In High Treason Case: Pak Media|website=NDTV.com|access-date=17 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217075607/https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/pervez-musharraf-sentenced-to-death-in-high-treason-case-news-agency-ani-quoting-pakistan-media-2150081|archive-date=17 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/12/pervez-musharraf-pakistan-fugitive-leader-profile-191204104433416.html|title=Pervez Musharraf, Pakistan's fugitive ex-leader: Profile|website=aljazeera.com|access-date=17 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217075608/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/12/pervez-musharraf-pakistan-fugitive-leader-profile-191204104433416.html|archive-date=17 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> although the death sentence was later annulled by the Lahore High Court.<ref name="High Court annuls">{{cite news |title=Lahore High Court annuls Musharraf's death sentence |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/lahore-high-court-annuls-musharrafs-death-sentence/article30557948.ece |access-date=13 January 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=13 January 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref> | ||
{{Pervez Musharraf sidebar}} | {{Pervez Musharraf sidebar}} | ||
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===British India=== | ===British India=== | ||
Musharraf was born on 11 August 1943 to an [[Muhajir (Urdu-speaking people)|Urdu-speaking]] family in [[Delhi]], [[British Raj|British India]],<ref>{{Cite news|title=Profile: Pervez Musharraf|newspaper=BBC News|date=16 June 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4797762.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721102000/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4797762.stm|archive-date=21 July 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="babyzarin">{{Cite news|title=India Remembers 'Baby Musharraf'|newspaper=BBC News|date=15 April 2005|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4449519.stm|access-date=15 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511082705/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4449519.stm|archive-date=11 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="dixit">{{Cite book|author=Dixit, Jyotindra Nath|year=2002|chapter=Implications of the Kargil War|title=India-Pakistan in War & Peace|edition=2nd|location=London |publisher=Routledge|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XnzRttnqExUC&pg=PA28 28–35] |isbn=978-0-415-30472-6}}</ref> the son of Syed Musharrafuddin<ref name="DEH">{{cite book |last=Harmon |first=Daniel E. |date=13 October 2008 |title=Pervez Musharraf: President of Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lgJ03ubVAN0C&q=pervez+musharraf+mother+zarin&pg=PA1 |publisher=ReadHowYouWant.com |page=1 |edition=Easyread Super Large 20pt |isbn=978-1-4270-9203-8 }}</ref> and his wife Begum Zarin Musharraf (c. 1920–2021).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://arynews.tv/en/musharrafs-mother-begum-zareen-musharraf-reaches-karachi/|title=Musharraf's mother reaches Karachi|author=Kashif, Imran|date=28 October 2014|location=Karachi|publisher=Arynews|access-date=17 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819051451/https://arynews.tv/en/musharrafs-mother-begum-zareen-musharraf-reaches-karachi/|archive-date=19 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="duggerbio" /><ref name="mombbc" /><ref> | Musharraf was born on 11 August 1943 to an [[Muhajir (Urdu-speaking people)|Urdu-speaking]] family in [[Delhi]], [[British Raj|British India]],<ref>{{Cite news|title=Profile: Pervez Musharraf|newspaper=BBC News|date=16 June 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4797762.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721102000/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4797762.stm|archive-date=21 July 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="babyzarin">{{Cite news|title=India Remembers 'Baby Musharraf'|newspaper=BBC News|date=15 April 2005|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4449519.stm|access-date=15 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511082705/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4449519.stm|archive-date=11 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="dixit">{{Cite book|author=Dixit, Jyotindra Nath|year=2002|chapter=Implications of the Kargil War|title=India-Pakistan in War & Peace|edition=2nd|location=London |publisher=Routledge|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XnzRttnqExUC&pg=PA28 28–35] |isbn=978-0-415-30472-6}}</ref> the son of Syed Musharrafuddin<ref name="DEH">{{cite book |last=Harmon |first=Daniel E. |date=13 October 2008 |title=Pervez Musharraf: President of Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lgJ03ubVAN0C&q=pervez+musharraf+mother+zarin&pg=PA1 |publisher=ReadHowYouWant.com |page=1 |edition=Easyread Super Large 20pt |isbn=978-1-4270-9203-8 }}</ref> and his wife Begum Zarin Musharraf (c. 1920–2021).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://arynews.tv/en/musharrafs-mother-begum-zareen-musharraf-reaches-karachi/|title=Musharraf's mother reaches Karachi|author=Kashif, Imran|date=28 October 2014|location=Karachi|publisher=Arynews|access-date=17 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819051451/https://arynews.tv/en/musharrafs-mother-begum-zareen-musharraf-reaches-karachi/|archive-date=19 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="duggerbio" /><ref name="mombbc" /><ref>{{cite web| url = https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/15-Jan-2021/gen-pervez-musharraf-s-mother-dies-in-dubai| title = Gen Pervez Musharraf's mother dies in Dubai| date = 15 January 2021}}</ref> His family were Muslims who were also [[Sayyid]]s, claiming descent from prophet [[Muhammad]].<ref name="Free Press (publisher)"/> Syed Musharraf graduated from [[Aligarh Muslim University]] and entered the [[Indian Civil Service|civil service]], which was an extremely prestigious career under British rule.<ref name="ajamidog">{{Cite news|author=Ajami, Fouad|date=15 June 2011|title=Review: ''In the Line of Fire: A Memoir'' by Pervez Musharraf|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/07/books/review/ajami.html?pagewanted=all|access-date=11 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802204921/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/07/books/review/ajami.html?pagewanted=all|archive-date=2 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> He came from a long line of government officials as his great-grandfather was a tax collector while his maternal grandfather was a ''qazi'' (judge).<ref name="DEH"/> Musharraf's mother Zarin, born in the early 1920s, grew up in [[Lucknow]] and received her schooling there, after which she graduated from [[Indraprastha College]] at [[Delhi University]], taking a bachelor's degree in English literature. She then married and devoted herself to raising a family.<ref name="babyzarin" /><ref name="Free Press (publisher)"/> His father, Syed, was an accountant who worked at the foreign office in the British Indian government and eventually became an accounting director.<ref name="DEH"/> | ||
Musharraf was the second of three children, all boys. His elder brother, Javed Musharraf, based in [[Rome]], is an economist and one of the directors of the [[International Fund for Agricultural Development]].<ref name="Family">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/1999/oct/22us1.htm|title=Rediff On The NeT: My brother, the general|website=rediff.com|access-date=17 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011182158/http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/oct/22us1.htm|archive-date=11 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> His younger brother, Naved Musharraf, is an anaesthesiologist based in [[Illinois]], US.<ref name="Family"/> | Musharraf was the second of three children, all boys. His elder brother, Javed Musharraf, based in [[Rome]], is an economist and one of the directors of the [[International Fund for Agricultural Development]].<ref name="Family">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/1999/oct/22us1.htm|title=Rediff On The NeT: My brother, the general|website=rediff.com|access-date=17 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011182158/http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/oct/22us1.htm|archive-date=11 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> His younger brother, Naved Musharraf, is an anaesthesiologist based in [[Illinois]], US.<ref name="Family"/> | ||
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===Higher commands (1991–1995)=== | ===Higher commands (1991–1995)=== | ||
Earlier in 1988–89, as Brigadier, Musharraf proposed the Kargil infiltration to Prime Minister [[Benazir Bhutto]] but she rebuffed the plan.<ref name="kapur">Kapur, S. Paul. "The Covert Nuclear Period". Dangerous Deterrent: Nuclear Weapons Proliferation and Conflict in South Asia. Singapore: NUS, 2009. [https://books.google.com/books?id=bt3WMTNX5QoC&pg=PA118 pp. 117–18] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101105835/https://books.google.com/books?id=bt3WMTNX5QoC&pg=PA118 |date=1 January 2016}} {{ISBN|9971694433}}</ref> In 1991–93, he secured a two-star promotion, elevating him to the rank of major general and held the command of [[Structure of the Pakistan Army|40th | Earlier in 1988–89, as Brigadier, Musharraf proposed the Kargil infiltration to Prime Minister [[Benazir Bhutto]] but she rebuffed the plan.<ref name="kapur">Kapur, S. Paul. "The Covert Nuclear Period". Dangerous Deterrent: Nuclear Weapons Proliferation and Conflict in South Asia. Singapore: NUS, 2009. [https://books.google.com/books?id=bt3WMTNX5QoC&pg=PA118 pp. 117–18] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101105835/https://books.google.com/books?id=bt3WMTNX5QoC&pg=PA118 |date=1 January 2016}} {{ISBN|9971694433}}</ref> In 1991–93, he secured a two-star promotion, elevating him to the rank of major general and held the command of [[Structure of the Pakistan Army|40th Division]] as its [[General Officer Commanding|GOC]], stationed in [[Okara Cantonment|Okara Military District]] in [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab Province]].<ref name="Pentagon Press"/> In 1993–95, Major-General Musharraf worked closely with the Chief of Army Staff as Director-General of Pakistan Army's Directorate General for the Military Operations (DGMO).<ref name="harmon"/> During this time, Musharraf became close to engineering officer and director-general of ''[[ISI (Pakistan)|ISI]]'' lieutenant-general [[Javed Nasir]] and had worked with him while directing operations in [[Bosnian war]].<ref name="Pentagon Press"/><ref>Wilson John, pp209</ref> His political philosophy was influenced by Benazir Bhutto<ref name="War"/> who mentored him on various occasions, and Musharraf generally was close to Benazir Bhutto on military policy issues on India.<ref name="War"/> From 1993 to 1995, Musharraf repeatedly visited the United States as part of the delegation of Benazir Bhutto.<ref name="War">Journalist and author George Crile's book, ''[[Charlie Wilson's War: The Extraordinary Story of the Largest Covert Operation in History]]'' (Grove Press, New York, 2003)</ref> It was Maulana [[Fazal-ur-Rehman (politician)|Fazal-ur-Rehman]] who lobbied for his promotion to Benazir Bhutto, and subsequently getting Musharraf's promotion papers approved by Benazir Bhutto, which eventually led to his appointment in Benazir Bhutto's key staff.<ref name="Yale University Press">{{cite book |last=Hiro |first=Dilip |title=Apocalyptic realm: jihadists in South Asia |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |location=New Haven, CT |isbn=978-0300173789 |pages=200–210 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b9QqOMnCAq0C&pg=PA200 |date=17 April 2012 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101105835/https://books.google.com/books?id=b9QqOMnCAq0C&pg=PA200 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1993, Musharraf personally assisted Benazir Bhutto to have a secret meeting at the [[Embassy of Pakistan in Washington, D.C.|Pakistani Embassy]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], with officials from the [[Mossad]] and a special envoy of Israeli premier [[Yitzhak Rabin]].<ref name="War"/> It was during this time Musharraf built an extremely cordial relationship with Shaukat Aziz who, at that time, was serving as the [[executive president]] of global financial services of the [[Citibank]].<ref name="War"/> | ||
After the collapse of the fractious Afghan government, Musharraf assisted General [[Naseerullah Babar|Babar]] and the [[Inter-Services Intelligence|Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI)]] in devising a policy of supporting the newly formed [[Taliban]] in the [[Civil war in Afghanistan (1992–1996)|Afghan civil war]] against the [[Northern Alliance]] government.<ref name="weaver"/> On policy issues, Musharraf befriended [[List of Justices of Supreme Court of Pakistan|senior justice]] of the Supreme Court of Pakistan Justice [[Muhammad Rafiq Tarar|Rafiq Tarar]] (later president) and held common beliefs with the latter.<ref name="Pentagon Press"/> | After the collapse of the fractious Afghan government, Musharraf assisted General [[Naseerullah Babar|Babar]] and the [[Inter-Services Intelligence|Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI)]] in devising a policy of supporting the newly formed [[Taliban]] in the [[Civil war in Afghanistan (1992–1996)|Afghan civil war]] against the [[Northern Alliance]] government.<ref name="weaver"/> On policy issues, Musharraf befriended [[List of Justices of Supreme Court of Pakistan|senior justice]] of the Supreme Court of Pakistan Justice [[Muhammad Rafiq Tarar|Rafiq Tarar]] (later president) and held common beliefs with the latter.<ref name="Pentagon Press"/> | ||
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==Presidency (2001-2008)== | ==Presidency (2001-2008)== | ||
[[File:MSShah.jpg|thumb|President Musharraf with his [[Military Secretary (Pakistan)|MS]] [[Shafaat Ullah Shah]] at the military parade on the 65th anniversary of [[Resolution Day]] (23 March 2005)]] | |||
{{Rquote|left|The President [Musharraf] stood clapping his hands right next to [[Junoon (band)|us]] as we sang ''[[Azadi (album)|Azadi]]'' and ''[[Jazba-e-Junoon|Jazba]]'', and moved to the beat with us. It was such a relief to "have a coolest leader" in the office...|''[[Junoon (band)|Junoon]]'', 2001|<ref name="Free Press 184">{{cite book |last=Schroeder |first=Salman Ahmad with Robert |title=Rock & roll jihad: a Muslim rock star's revolution |year=2010 |publisher=Free Press |location=New York |isbn=978-1-4165-9767-4 |page=184 |edition=1st Free Press hardcover}}</ref>}} | {{Rquote|left|The President [Musharraf] stood clapping his hands right next to [[Junoon (band)|us]] as we sang ''[[Azadi (album)|Azadi]]'' and ''[[Jazba-e-Junoon|Jazba]]'', and moved to the beat with us. It was such a relief to "have a coolest leader" in the office...|''[[Junoon (band)|Junoon]]'', 2001|<ref name="Free Press 184">{{cite book |last=Schroeder |first=Salman Ahmad with Robert |title=Rock & roll jihad: a Muslim rock star's revolution |year=2010 |publisher=Free Press |location=New York |isbn=978-1-4165-9767-4 |page=184 |edition=1st Free Press hardcover}}</ref>}} | ||
The presidency of Pervez Musharraf helped bring the [[Liberalism|liberal forces]] to the national level and into prominence, for the first time in the [[history of Pakistan]].<ref name="Free Press (publisher)"/> He granted national amnesty to the political workers of the liberal parties like Muttahida Qaumi Movement and Pakistan Muslim League (Q), and supported MQM in becoming a central player in the government. Musharraf disbanded the cultural policies of the previous Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, and quickly adopted Benazir Bhutto's cultural policies after disbanding [[Indian media|Indian channels]] in the country.<ref name="Free Press (publisher)"/> | The presidency of Pervez Musharraf helped bring the [[Liberalism|liberal forces]] to the national level and into prominence, for the first time in the [[history of Pakistan]].<ref name="Free Press (publisher)"/> He granted national amnesty to the political workers of the liberal parties like Muttahida Qaumi Movement and Pakistan Muslim League (Q), and supported MQM in becoming a central player in the government. Musharraf disbanded the cultural policies of the previous Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, and quickly adopted Benazir Bhutto's cultural policies after disbanding [[Indian media|Indian channels]] in the country.<ref name="Free Press (publisher)"/> | ||
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===Relations with Saudi Arabia=== | ===Relations with Saudi Arabia=== | ||
In 2006, King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia visited Pakistan for the first time as King. Musharraf honoured King Abdullah with the ''[[Nishan-e-Pakistan]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2006/news/page855.aspx |title=King Abdullah ends Asian tour with state visit to Pakistan |publisher=Saudiembassy.net |date=1 February 2006 |access-date=30 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322232551/http://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2006/news/page855.aspx |archive-date=22 March 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Musharraf received the King Abdul-Aziz Medallion in 2007.<ref>Rasooldeen, Mohammed (22 January 2007). {{cite web |url=http://archive.arabnews.com/?page=1§ion=0&article=91233&d=22&m=1&y=2007 |title=Saudi-Pak Talks Focus on ME |access-date=11 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811002310/http://archive.arabnews.com/?page=1§ion=0&article=91233&d=22&m=1&y=2007 |archive-date=11 August 2011 }}. arabnews.com</ref> | In 2006, King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia visited Pakistan for the first time as King. Musharraf honoured King Abdullah with the ''[[Nishan-e-Pakistan]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2006/news/page855.aspx |title=King Abdullah ends Asian tour with state visit to Pakistan |publisher=Saudiembassy.net |date=1 February 2006 |access-date=30 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322232551/http://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2006/news/page855.aspx |archive-date=22 March 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Musharraf received the King Abdul-Aziz Medallion in 2007.<ref name=":2">Rasooldeen, Mohammed (22 January 2007). {{cite web |url=http://archive.arabnews.com/?page=1§ion=0&article=91233&d=22&m=1&y=2007 |title=Saudi-Pak Talks Focus on ME |access-date=11 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811002310/http://archive.arabnews.com/?page=1§ion=0&article=91233&d=22&m=1&y=2007 |archive-date=11 August 2011 }}. arabnews.com</ref> | ||
===Nuclear scandals=== | ===Nuclear scandals=== | ||
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===Domestic politics=== | ===Domestic politics=== | ||
In December 2003, Musharraf made a deal with [[Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal|MMA]], a six-member coalition of | In December 2003, Musharraf made a deal with [[Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal|MMA]], a six-member coalition of hardline [[Islamist]] parties, agreeing to leave the army by 31 December 2004.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=December 2004|title=Musharraf's rule in Pakistan: Consolidation and controversy|journal=Strategic Comments|language=en|volume=10|issue=10|pages=1–2|doi=10.1080/1356788041004|s2cid=219693530|issn=1356-7888}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cAR1QiGaLPYC&q=%22Muttahida+Majlis-e-Amal%22+%22December+31,+2004%22|title=Strategic Digest|date=2005|publisher=Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses.|volume=35|pages=130|language=en|issue=1–6}}</ref> With that party's support, pro-Musharraf legislators were able to muster the two-thirds [[supermajority]] required to pass the Seventeenth Amendment, which retroactively legalised Musharraf's 1999 coup and many of his decrees.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/pakistan-s-musharraf-wins-vote-of-confidence-1.964780|title=Pakistan's Musharraf wins vote of confidence|newspaper=The Irish Times|language=en|access-date=17 December 2019}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UhsMAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Seventeenth+Amendment%22|title=World Focus|last=Chhabra|first=Hari Sharan|date=2006|volume=27|pages=29|language=en}}</ref> Musharraf reneged on his agreement with the MMA<ref name=":0" /> and pro-Musharraf legislators in the Parliament passed a bill allowing Musharraf to keep both offices.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3971785.stm|title=Musharraf dual role bill passed|last=Abbas|first=Zaffar|date=1 November 2004|work=BBC News|access-date=17 December 2019|url-status=live|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217104324/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3971785.stm|archive-date=17 December 2019}}</ref> | ||
On 1 January 2004, Musharraf had won a [[confidence vote]] in the [[Electoral College of Pakistan]], consisting of both houses of Parliament and the four provincial assemblies. Musharraf received 658 out of 1170 votes, a 56% majority, but many opposition and Islamic members of parliament walked out to protest the vote. As a result of this vote, his term was extended to 2007.<ref name=":1" /> | On 1 January 2004, Musharraf had won a [[confidence vote]] in the [[Electoral College of Pakistan]], consisting of both houses of Parliament and the four provincial assemblies. Musharraf received 658 out of 1170 votes, a 56% majority, but many opposition and Islamic members of parliament walked out to protest the vote. As a result of this vote, his term was extended to 2007.<ref name=":1" /> | ||
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Prime Minister Zafarullah Khan Jamali resigned on 26 June 2004, after losing the support of Musharraf's party, [[PML(Q)]]. His resignation was at least partially due to his public differences with the party chairman, [[Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain]]. This was rumored to have happened at Musharraf's command. Jamali had been appointed with the support of Musharraf's and the pro-Musharraf PML(Q). Most PML(Q) parliamentarians formerly belonged to the Pakistan Muslim League party led by Sharif, and most ministers of the cabinet were formerly senior members of other parties, joining the PML(Q) after the elections upon being offered positions. Musharraf nominated [[Shaukat Aziz]], the minister for finance and a former employee of [[Citibank]] and head of Citibank Private Banking as the new prime minister.<ref>{{cite news |title=Musharraf's choice elected as new PM |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/musharrafs-choice-elected-as-new-pm-558039.html |work=The Independent |date=28 August 2004 |access-date=17 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217201625/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/musharrafs-choice-elected-as-new-pm-558039.html |archive-date=17 December 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> | Prime Minister Zafarullah Khan Jamali resigned on 26 June 2004, after losing the support of Musharraf's party, [[PML(Q)]]. His resignation was at least partially due to his public differences with the party chairman, [[Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain]]. This was rumored to have happened at Musharraf's command. Jamali had been appointed with the support of Musharraf's and the pro-Musharraf PML(Q). Most PML(Q) parliamentarians formerly belonged to the Pakistan Muslim League party led by Sharif, and most ministers of the cabinet were formerly senior members of other parties, joining the PML(Q) after the elections upon being offered positions. Musharraf nominated [[Shaukat Aziz]], the minister for finance and a former employee of [[Citibank]] and head of Citibank Private Banking as the new prime minister.<ref>{{cite news |title=Musharraf's choice elected as new PM |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/musharrafs-choice-elected-as-new-pm-558039.html |work=The Independent |date=28 August 2004 |access-date=17 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217201625/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/musharrafs-choice-elected-as-new-pm-558039.html |archive-date=17 December 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
In 2005, the [[Bugti]] clan attacked a gas field in Balochistan, after Dr. Shazia was raped at that location. Musharraf responded by 4,500 soldiers, supported by tanks and helicopters, to guard the gas field.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Walsh, Declan |title=Pakistan's gas fields blaze as rape sparks threat of civil war |newspaper=The Guardian |date=20 February 2005 |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/feb/21/pakistan.declanwalsh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529184746/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2005/feb/21/pakistan.declanwalsh|archive-date=29 May 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> | In 2005, the [[Bugti]] clan attacked a gas field in Balochistan, after Dr. Shazia was raped at that location. Musharraf responded by dispatching 4,500 soldiers, supported by tanks and helicopters, to guard the gas field.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Walsh, Declan |title=Pakistan's gas fields blaze as rape sparks threat of civil war |newspaper=The Guardian |date=20 February 2005 |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/feb/21/pakistan.declanwalsh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529184746/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2005/feb/21/pakistan.declanwalsh|archive-date=29 May 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
===Women's rights=== | ===Women's rights=== | ||
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===Assassination attempts=== | ===Assassination attempts=== | ||
Musharraf has survived multiple assassination attempts and alleged plots.<ref name="escape-assassination"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Musharraf Survives Assassination Attempt in Pakistan |url=https://time.com/47841/pervez-musharraf-pakistan/ |magazine=TIME |date=3 April 2014}}</ref> In 2000 [[Kamran Atif]], an alleged member of [[Harkat-ul Mujahideen al-Alami]], tried to assassinate Musharraf. Atif was sentenced to death in 2006 by an [[Anti Terrorism Court (Pakistan)|Anti Terrorism Court]].<ref>{{cite news |title=KARACHI: Harkat man gets death sentence in murder case |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/190021/ |work=Dawn |date=30 April 2006 |access-date=17 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217201618/https://www.dawn.com/news/190021/ |archive-date=17 December 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 14 December 2003, Musharraf survived an assassination attempt when a powerful bomb went off minutes after his highly guarded [[convoy]] crossed a bridge in Rawalpindi; | Musharraf has survived multiple assassination attempts and alleged plots.<ref name="escape-assassination"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Musharraf Survives Assassination Attempt in Pakistan |url=https://time.com/47841/pervez-musharraf-pakistan/ |magazine=TIME |date=3 April 2014}}</ref> In 2000 [[Kamran Atif]], an alleged member of [[Harkat-ul Mujahideen al-Alami]], tried to assassinate Musharraf. Atif was sentenced to death in 2006 by an [[Anti Terrorism Court (Pakistan)|Anti Terrorism Court]].<ref>{{cite news |title=KARACHI: Harkat man gets death sentence in murder case |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/190021/ |work=Dawn |date=30 April 2006 |access-date=17 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217201618/https://www.dawn.com/news/190021/ |archive-date=17 December 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 14 December 2003, Musharraf survived an assassination attempt when a powerful bomb went off minutes after his highly guarded [[convoy]] crossed a bridge in Rawalpindi; it was the third such attempt during his four-year rule. On 25 December 2003, two [[Suicide bombing|suicide bombers]] tried to assassinate Musharraf, but their [[car bomb]]s failed to kill him; 16 others died instead.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/3351207.stm |title=South Asia | Arrests follow Musharraf attack |work=BBC News |date=27 December 2003 |access-date=30 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040713190304/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/3351207.stm |archive-date=13 July 2004 |url-status=live }}</ref> Musharraf escaped with only a cracked windshield on his car.<ref name="escape-assassination">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/12/26/world/pakistani-leader-escapes-attempt-at-assassination.html|title=Pakistani Leader Escapes Attempt at Assassination|last=Masood|first=Salman|date=26 December 2003|work=The New York Times|access-date=17 December 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217112847/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/12/26/world/pakistani-leader-escapes-attempt-at-assassination.html|archive-date=17 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Amjad Farooqi]] was an alleged mastermind behind these attempts, and was killed by Pakistani forces in 2004 after an extensive manhunt.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/29/world/suspect-in-reporter-s-death-is-wanted-in-attacks-on-musharraf.html|title=Suspect in Reporter's Death Is Wanted in Attacks on Musharraf|last1=Masood|first1=Salman|date=29 May 2004|work=The New York Times|access-date=17 December 2019|last2=Hussain|first2=Talat|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217112851/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/29/world/suspect-in-reporter-s-death-is-wanted-in-attacks-on-musharraf.html|archive-date=17 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3692882.stm|title=Profile: Amjad Farooqi|date=27 September 2004|access-date=17 December 2019|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217112838/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3692882.stm|archive-date=17 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
On 6 July 2007, there was another attempted assassination, when an unknown group fired a 7.62 [[submachine gun]] at Musharraf's plane as it took off from a [[runway]] in [[Rawalpindi]]. Security also recovered 2 [[Anti-aircraft warfare|anti-aircraft guns]], from which no shots had been fired.<ref>Masood, Salman and Nizza, Mike [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/06/world/asia/06cnd-pakistan.html?hp "Gunmen Fire on Musharraf's Plane"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312022635/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/06/world/asia/06cnd-pakistan.html?hp |date=12 March 2018 }} ''[[The New York Times]]'' 6 July 2007</ref> On 17 July 2007, Pakistani police detained 39 people in relation to the attempted assassination of Musharraf.<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jul/17pak1.htm Attack on Musharraf: 39 detained] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307123738/http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jul/17pak1.htm |date=7 March 2008 }} rediff.com 17 July 2007</ref> The suspects were detained at an undisclosed location by a joint team of [[Punjab Police (Pakistan)|Punjab Police]], the Federal Investigation Agency and other Pakistani intelligence agencies.<ref>{{cite news|title=39 arrested for links to attack on Musharraf|newspaper=Daily Times|date=17 July 2007|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007\07\17\story_17-7-2007_pg1_4|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915043425/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C07%5C17%5Cstory_17-7-2007_pg1_4|archive-date=15 September 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> | On 6 July 2007, there was another attempted assassination, when an unknown group fired a 7.62 [[submachine gun]] at Musharraf's plane as it took off from a [[runway]] in [[Rawalpindi]]. Security also recovered 2 [[Anti-aircraft warfare|anti-aircraft guns]], from which no shots had been fired.<ref>Masood, Salman and Nizza, Mike [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/06/world/asia/06cnd-pakistan.html?hp "Gunmen Fire on Musharraf's Plane"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312022635/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/06/world/asia/06cnd-pakistan.html?hp |date=12 March 2018 }} ''[[The New York Times]]'' 6 July 2007</ref> On 17 July 2007, Pakistani police detained 39 people in relation to the attempted assassination of Musharraf.<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jul/17pak1.htm Attack on Musharraf: 39 detained] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307123738/http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jul/17pak1.htm |date=7 March 2008 }} rediff.com 17 July 2007</ref> The suspects were detained at an undisclosed location by a joint team of [[Punjab Police (Pakistan)|Punjab Police]], the Federal Investigation Agency and other Pakistani intelligence agencies.<ref>{{cite news|title=39 arrested for links to attack on Musharraf|newspaper=Daily Times|date=17 July 2007|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007\07\17\story_17-7-2007_pg1_4|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915043425/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C07%5C17%5Cstory_17-7-2007_pg1_4|archive-date=15 September 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> | ||
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In a March 2007 interview, Musharraf said that he intended to stay in office for another five years.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Hasan, Khalid|title=Musharraf tells why he wants another five years|date=11 March 2007|newspaper=Daily Times|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C03%5C11%5Cstory_11-3-2007_pg7_1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070322033504/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C03%5C11%5Cstory_11-3-2007_pg7_1|archive-date=22 March 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> | In a March 2007 interview, Musharraf said that he intended to stay in office for another five years.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Hasan, Khalid|title=Musharraf tells why he wants another five years|date=11 March 2007|newspaper=Daily Times|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C03%5C11%5Cstory_11-3-2007_pg7_1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070322033504/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C03%5C11%5Cstory_11-3-2007_pg7_1|archive-date=22 March 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> | ||
A nine-member panel of Supreme Court judges deliberated on six petitions (including Jamaat-e-Islami's, Pakistan's largest Islamic group) for disqualification of Musharraf as a presidential candidate.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-idUSSP23319420070927|title=Pakistan's Musharraf nominated for presidential vote|newspaper=Reuters|date=27 September 2007|via=reuters.com|access-date=17 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217201624/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-idUSSP23319420070927|archive-date=17 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Bhutto stated that her party may join other opposition groups, including Sharif's.<ref>{{Cite | A nine-member panel of Supreme Court judges deliberated on six petitions (including Jamaat-e-Islami's, Pakistan's largest Islamic group) for disqualification of Musharraf as a presidential candidate.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-idUSSP23319420070927|title=Pakistan's Musharraf nominated for presidential vote|newspaper=Reuters|date=27 September 2007|via=reuters.com|access-date=17 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217201624/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-idUSSP23319420070927|archive-date=17 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Bhutto stated that her party may join other opposition groups, including Sharif's.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/bhutto-hears-the-call-to-save-pakistan-1.950077|title=Bhutto hears the call to save Pakistan|newspaper=The Irish Times}}</ref> | ||
On 28 September 2007, in a 6–3 vote, Judge [[Rana Bhagwandas]]'s court removed obstacles to Musharraf's election bid.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/asiapcf/09/28/pakistan.politics.ap/index.html |title=Musharraf wins ruling on army role |access-date=23 May 2008 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080523213628/http://edition.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/asiapcf/09/28/pakistan.politics.ap/index.html |archive-date=23 May 2008 }}, CNN, 28 September 2007</ref> | On 28 September 2007, in a 6–3 vote, Judge [[Rana Bhagwandas]]'s court removed obstacles to Musharraf's election bid.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/asiapcf/09/28/pakistan.politics.ap/index.html |title=Musharraf wins ruling on army role |access-date=23 May 2008 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080523213628/http://edition.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/asiapcf/09/28/pakistan.politics.ap/index.html |archive-date=23 May 2008 }}, CNN, 28 September 2007</ref> | ||
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===Verdict=== | ===Verdict=== | ||
On 17 December 2019, a special court declared him a traitor and sentenced him ''[[Trial in absentia|in absentia]]'' to death for abrogating and suspending the constitution in [[Pakistani state of emergency, 2007|November 2007]].<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/17/pakistan-sentences-musharraf-to-death-for-high-treason |title= Pervez Musharraf: Pakistan sentences former ruler to death for high treason |last= Ellis-Petersen |first= Hannah |date= 17 December 2019 |newspaper= The Guardian |access-date= 17 December 2019 |language= en-GB |issn= 0261-3077 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191217083837/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/17/pakistan-sentences-musharraf-to-death-for-high-treason |archive-date= 17 December 2019 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/12/17/asia/pervez-musharraf-death-sentence-pakistan-intl-hnk/index.html |title=Former Pakistan military ruler sentenced to death for high treason |website=CNN |language=en-US |access-date=17 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217110805/https://www.cnn.com/2019/12/17/asia/pervez-musharraf-death-sentence-pakistan-intl-hnk/index.html |archive-date=17 December 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-law-musharraf-idUSKBN1YL0MJ |title= Pakistan court sentences former military ruler Musharraf to death for treason |last1= Shahzad |first1= Asif |date= 17 December 2019 |work= Reuters |access-date= 17 December 2019 |url-status= live |last2= Jain |first2= Rupam |editor-last= Birsel |editor-first= Robert |language= en-GB |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191217081602/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-law-musharraf-idUSKBN1YL0MJ |archive-date= 17 December 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-50819772 |title=Pakistan ex-leader Musharraf sentenced to death |date=17 December 2019 |access-date=17 December 2019 |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217081204/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-50819772 |archive-date=17 December 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/12/pakistan-ruler-musharraf-handed-death-penalty-treason-case-191217071817884.html |title=Pakistan's Pervez Musharraf handed death penalty in treason case |website=Al-Jazeera |access-date=17 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217081559/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/12/pakistan-ruler-musharraf-handed-death-penalty-treason-case-191217071817884.html |archive-date=17 December 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The three-member panel of the special court which issued the order was spearheaded by Chief Justice of the [[Peshawar High Court]] [[Waqar Ahmed Seth]].<ref>{{Cite web |url = https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/pervez-musharraf-death-penalty-pakistan-treason-news-1628954-2019-12-17 |title = Pervez Musharraf gets death penalty for imposing emergency in Pakistan |website = India Today |access-date = 17 December 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191217095819/https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/pervez-musharraf-death-penalty-pakistan-treason-news-1628954-2019-12-17 |archive-date = 17 December 2019 |url-status = live }}</ref> He | On 17 December 2019, a special court declared him a traitor and sentenced him ''[[Trial in absentia|in absentia]]'' to death for abrogating and suspending the constitution in [[Pakistani state of emergency, 2007|November 2007]].<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/17/pakistan-sentences-musharraf-to-death-for-high-treason |title= Pervez Musharraf: Pakistan sentences former ruler to death for high treason |last= Ellis-Petersen |first= Hannah |date= 17 December 2019 |newspaper= The Guardian |access-date= 17 December 2019 |language= en-GB |issn= 0261-3077 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191217083837/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/17/pakistan-sentences-musharraf-to-death-for-high-treason |archive-date= 17 December 2019 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/12/17/asia/pervez-musharraf-death-sentence-pakistan-intl-hnk/index.html |title=Former Pakistan military ruler sentenced to death for high treason |website=CNN |date=17 December 2019 |language=en-US |access-date=17 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217110805/https://www.cnn.com/2019/12/17/asia/pervez-musharraf-death-sentence-pakistan-intl-hnk/index.html |archive-date=17 December 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-law-musharraf-idUSKBN1YL0MJ |title= Pakistan court sentences former military ruler Musharraf to death for treason |last1= Shahzad |first1= Asif |date= 17 December 2019 |work= Reuters |access-date= 17 December 2019 |url-status= live |last2= Jain |first2= Rupam |editor-last= Birsel |editor-first= Robert |language= en-GB |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191217081602/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-law-musharraf-idUSKBN1YL0MJ |archive-date= 17 December 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-50819772 |title=Pakistan ex-leader Musharraf sentenced to death |date=17 December 2019 |access-date=17 December 2019 |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217081204/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-50819772 |archive-date=17 December 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/12/pakistan-ruler-musharraf-handed-death-penalty-treason-case-191217071817884.html |title=Pakistan's Pervez Musharraf handed death penalty in treason case |website=Al-Jazeera |access-date=17 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217081559/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/12/pakistan-ruler-musharraf-handed-death-penalty-treason-case-191217071817884.html |archive-date=17 December 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The three-member panel of the special court which issued the order was spearheaded by Chief Justice of the [[Peshawar High Court]] [[Waqar Ahmed Seth]].<ref>{{Cite web |url = https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/pervez-musharraf-death-penalty-pakistan-treason-news-1628954-2019-12-17 |title = Pervez Musharraf gets death penalty for imposing emergency in Pakistan |website = India Today |access-date = 17 December 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191217095819/https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/pervez-musharraf-death-penalty-pakistan-treason-news-1628954-2019-12-17 |archive-date = 17 December 2019 |url-status = live }}</ref> He was also the first Pakistani Army General to be sentenced to death.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/12/conviction-pakistan-pervez-musharraf-191217151354480.html |title = After conviction, what next for Pakistan's Pervez Musharraf? |website = Al-Jazeera |access-date = 17 December 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191217170330/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/12/conviction-pakistan-pervez-musharraf-191217151354480.html |archive-date = 17 December 2019 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/podcast/the-implications-of-pervez-musharrafs-death-sentence-for-civil-military-relations-in-pakistan-the-hindu-analysis-podcast/article30331387.ece |title=The implications of Pervez Musharraf's death sentence for civil-military relations in Pakistan|last=Sriram |first=Jayant |date=17 December 2019 |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=17 December 2019 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217170523/https://www.thehindu.com/podcast/the-implications-of-pervez-musharrafs-death-sentence-for-civil-military-relations-in-pakistan-the-hindu-analysis-podcast/article30331387.ece |archive-date=17 December 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Analysts did not expect Musharraf to face the sentence given his illness and the fact that Dubai has no [[extradition treaty]] with Pakistan;<ref name="MW1">{{cite news |title=Pakistan sentences Musharraf to death for treason |url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/pakistan-sentences-musharraf-to-death-for-treason-2019-12-17 |access-date=17 December 2019 |work=MarketWatch |agency=Associated Press |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217102318/https://www.marketwatch.com/story/pakistan-sentences-musharraf-to-death-for-treason-2019-12-17 |archive-date=17 December 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="hussain">{{cite news |last1=Hussain |first1=Shaiq |title=Pakistan's former military ruler Pervez Musharraf is sentenced to death for treason |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/pakistans-former-military-ruler-pervez-musharraf-is-sentenced-to-death-for-treason/2019/12/17/a7bb9334-20a5-11ea-b034-de7dc2b5199b_story.html |access-date=17 December 2019 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=17 December 2019 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217160215/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/pakistans-former-military-ruler-pervez-musharraf-is-sentenced-to-death-for-treason/2019/12/17/a7bb9334-20a5-11ea-b034-de7dc2b5199b_story.html |archive-date=17 December 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> the verdict was also viewed as largely symbolic given that Musharraf retains support within the current Pakistani government and military.<ref name=NYTAnnul/> | ||
Musharraf challenged the verdict,<ref name=NYTAnnul/><ref name="Dawn LHC Jan 2020" /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/262503-musharraf-representiave |title= Musharraf lawyer in UK calls for retrial in high treason case |date=18 December 2019 |work=[[Geo TV]] |access-date=18 December 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218105012/https://www.geo.tv/latest/262503-musharraf-representiave |archive-date=18 December 2019}}</ref> and on 13 January 2020, the Lahore High Court annulled the death sentence against Musharraf, ruling that the special court that held the trial was unconstitutional.<ref name=NYTAnnul/> The unanimous verdict was delivered by a three-member bench of the Lahore High Court,<ref name=NYTAnnul/><ref name="Dawn LHC Jan 2020">{{cite news |last1=Bilal |first1=Rana |title=Special court formed for Musharraf treason trial 'unconstitutional', rules LHC |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1528058/special-court-formed-for-musharraf-treason-trial-unconstitutional-rules-lhc |access-date=13 January 2020 |work=DAWN.COM |date=13 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref> consisting of Justice [[Sayyed Muhammad Mazahar Ali Akbar Naqvi]], Justice [[Muhammad Ameer Bhatti]], and Justice Chaudhry Masood Jahangir.<ref name="Dawn LHC Jan 2020"/> The court ruled that the prosecution of Musharraf was politically motivated and that the crimes of [[high treason]] and subverting the Constitution were "a joint offense" that "cannot be undertaken by a single person."<ref name=NYTAnnul/> | Musharraf challenged the verdict,<ref name=NYTAnnul/><ref name="Dawn LHC Jan 2020" /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/262503-musharraf-representiave |title= Musharraf lawyer in UK calls for retrial in high treason case |date=18 December 2019 |work=[[Geo TV]] |access-date=18 December 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218105012/https://www.geo.tv/latest/262503-musharraf-representiave |archive-date=18 December 2019}}</ref> and on 13 January 2020, the Lahore High Court annulled the death sentence against Musharraf, ruling that the special court that held the trial was unconstitutional.<ref name=NYTAnnul/> The unanimous verdict was delivered by a three-member bench of the Lahore High Court,<ref name=NYTAnnul/><ref name="Dawn LHC Jan 2020">{{cite news |last1=Bilal |first1=Rana |title=Special court formed for Musharraf treason trial 'unconstitutional', rules LHC |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1528058/special-court-formed-for-musharraf-treason-trial-unconstitutional-rules-lhc |access-date=13 January 2020 |work=DAWN.COM |date=13 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref> consisting of Justice [[Sayyed Muhammad Mazahar Ali Akbar Naqvi]], Justice [[Muhammad Ameer Bhatti]], and Justice Chaudhry Masood Jahangir.<ref name="Dawn LHC Jan 2020"/> The court ruled that the prosecution of Musharraf was politically motivated and that the crimes of [[high treason]] and subverting the Constitution were "a joint offense" that "cannot be undertaken by a single person."<ref name=NYTAnnul/> | ||
| Line 360: | Line 373: | ||
Musharraf married Sehba, who is from Karachi, on 28 December 1968.<ref name="worth"/> They have a daughter, Ayla, an architect married to film director [[Asim Raza]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Musharraf's daughter target for terrorists: Intelligence agencies |date=18 July 2013 |newspaper=The Times of India |location=Mumbai |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/Musharrafs-daughter-target-for-terrorists-Intelligence-agencies/articleshow/21133782.cms |access-date=7 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016024712/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/Musharrafs-daughter-target-for-terrorists-Intelligence-agencies/articleshow/21133782.cms |archive-date=16 October 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> and a son, Bilal.<ref name="chitkara"/><ref name="officialbio">{{cite web |year=2006 |url=http://www.presidentofpakistan.gov.pk/Biography.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705114616/http://www.presidentofpakistan.gov.pk/Biography.aspx |archive-date=5 July 2008 |title=General Pervez Musharraf |publisher=Office of the Press Secretary to the President of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan |access-date=30 August 2006}}</ref> He also has close family ties to the prominent [[Kheshgi|Kheshgi family]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Musharraf|first=Pervez|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBws32j4zwYC|title=In the Line of Fire|date=4 September 2008|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-84739-596-2|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Asad|first=Malik|date=9 March 2018|title=Govt told to take steps for Musharraf's arrest, extradition|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1394063|access-date=1 August 2020|website=DAWN.COM|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2 March 2017|title=Mush wife, daughter move court against attaching properties|url=https://nation.com.pk/02-Mar-2017/mush-wife-daughter-move-court-against-attaching-properties|access-date=2 August 2020|website=The Nation|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Govt Ordered to Take Steps for Musharraf Extradition – Abb Takk News|url=https://abbtakk.tv/en/govt-ordered-to-take-steps-for-musharraf-extradition/|access-date=2 August 2020|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Musharraf|first=Pervez|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBws32j4zwYC&q=khaishgi+musharraf&pg=PT13|title=In the Line of Fire|date=4 September 2008|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-84739-596-2|language=en}}</ref> | Musharraf married Sehba, who is from Karachi, on 28 December 1968.<ref name="worth"/> They have a daughter, Ayla, an architect married to film director [[Asim Raza]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Musharraf's daughter target for terrorists: Intelligence agencies |date=18 July 2013 |newspaper=The Times of India |location=Mumbai |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/Musharrafs-daughter-target-for-terrorists-Intelligence-agencies/articleshow/21133782.cms |access-date=7 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016024712/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/Musharrafs-daughter-target-for-terrorists-Intelligence-agencies/articleshow/21133782.cms |archive-date=16 October 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> and a son, Bilal.<ref name="chitkara"/><ref name="officialbio">{{cite web |year=2006 |url=http://www.presidentofpakistan.gov.pk/Biography.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705114616/http://www.presidentofpakistan.gov.pk/Biography.aspx |archive-date=5 July 2008 |title=General Pervez Musharraf |publisher=Office of the Press Secretary to the President of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan |access-date=30 August 2006}}</ref> He also has close family ties to the prominent [[Kheshgi|Kheshgi family]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Musharraf|first=Pervez|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBws32j4zwYC|title=In the Line of Fire|date=4 September 2008|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-84739-596-2|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Asad|first=Malik|date=9 March 2018|title=Govt told to take steps for Musharraf's arrest, extradition|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1394063|access-date=1 August 2020|website=DAWN.COM|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2 March 2017|title=Mush wife, daughter move court against attaching properties|url=https://nation.com.pk/02-Mar-2017/mush-wife-daughter-move-court-against-attaching-properties|access-date=2 August 2020|website=The Nation|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Govt Ordered to Take Steps for Musharraf Extradition – Abb Takk News|url=https://abbtakk.tv/en/govt-ordered-to-take-steps-for-musharraf-extradition/|access-date=2 August 2020|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Musharraf|first=Pervez|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBws32j4zwYC&q=khaishgi+musharraf&pg=PT13|title=In the Line of Fire|date=4 September 2008|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-84739-596-2|language=en}}</ref> | ||
Musharraf published his autobiography—''[[In the Line of Fire: A Memoir]]''—in 2006.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5398678.stm |title=Musharraf book draws mixed response |last=Plett |first=Barbara |date=2 October 2006 |work=BBC News |access-date=17 December 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217095857/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5398678.stm |archive-date=17 December 2019}}</ref> | == Bibliography == | ||
Musharraf published his autobiography—''[[In the Line of Fire: A Memoir]]''—in 2006.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5398678.stm |title=Musharraf book draws mixed response |last=Plett |first=Barbara |date=2 October 2006 |work=BBC News |access-date=17 December 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217095857/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5398678.stm |archive-date=17 December 2019}}</ref> His book has also been translated into Urdu and Hindi versions. | |||
== Illness == | |||
As of June 2022, Musharraf is suffering from [[amyloidosis]] resulting in organ malfunction.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/world/former-pakistan-president-pervez-musharraf-is-not-dead-says-family-13781172.htm | title=Former Pakistan President Pervez Musharraf is not dead, says family |date=10 June 2022 |website=CNBCTV18 |access-date=10 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/pervez-musharrafs-family-on-his-health-amid-speculation-organs-malfunctioning-3056181|title=Pervez Musharraf's Family On His Health Amid Speculation: "Organs Malfunctioning" | |||
|date=10 June 2022|access-date=10 June 2022|website=NDTV}}</ref> | |||
== Awards and decorations == | |||
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;" | |||
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Nishan-e-Imtiaz.png|width=130}} | |||
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Hilal-e-Imtiaz.png|width=130}} | |||
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Basalat.png|width=130}} | |||
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sitara-e-Harb 1965 War Ribbon.png|width=130}} | |||
|- | |||
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sitara-e-Harb 1971 War.png|width=130}} | |||
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War.png|width=130}} | |||
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Jang 1971 War.png|width=130}} | |||
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Baqa (1998).png|width=130}} | |||
|- | |||
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Istaqlal (2002).png|width=130}} | |||
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=10 years Service Medal.png|width=130}} | |||
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=20 years Service Medal.png|width=130}} | |||
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=30 years Service Medal.png|width=130}} | |||
|- | |||
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=35 years Service Medal.png|width=130}} | |||
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=40 years Service Medal (Pakistan Armed Forces).png|width=130}} | |||
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Sad Saala Jashan-e-Wiladat-e-Quaid-e-Azam.png|width=130}} | |||
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Hijri Tamgha.png|width=130}} | |||
|- | |||
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Jamhuriat Tamgha 1988.png|width=130}} | |||
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Qarardad-e-Pakistan Tamgha Pakistan.svg|width=130}} | |||
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Independence Day Golden Jubilee Medal, 2006.svg|width=130}} | |||
|{{ribbon devices|ribbon=Command and Staff College Quetta Centenary Medal.svg|width=130}} | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;" | |||
|'''[[Nishan-e-Imtiaz]]''' | |||
'''[[Nishan-e-Imtiaz|(Military)]]''' | |||
''(Order of Excellence)'' | |||
|'''[[Hilal-i-Imtiaz|Hilal-e-Imtiaz]]''' | |||
'''[[Hilal-i-Imtiaz|(Military)]]''' | |||
''(Crescent of Excellence)'' | |||
|'''[[Tamgha-e-Basalat]]''' | |||
''(Medal of Good Conduct)'' | |||
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Sitara-e-Harb 1965 War]]''' | |||
''(War Star 1965)'' | |||
|- | |||
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Sitara-e-Harb 1971 War]]''' | |||
''(War Star 1971)'' | |||
|[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|'''Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War''']] | |||
''(War Medal 1965)'' | |||
'''With [[Mentioned in dispatches|MiD]] or [[Imtiazi Sanad]]''' | |||
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Tamgha-e-Jang 1971 War]]''' | |||
''(War Medal 1971)'' | |||
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Tamgha-e-Baqa]]''' | |||
''([[Chagai-I|Nuclear Test Medal]])'' | |||
'''1998''' | |||
|- | |||
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Tamgha-e-Istaqlal Pakistan]]''' | |||
''([[2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff|Escalation with India Medal]])'' | |||
'''2002''' | |||
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Long service medals|10 Years Service Medal]]''' | |||
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Long service medals|20 Years Service Medal]]''' | |||
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Long service medals|30 Years Service Medal]]''' | |||
|- | |||
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Long service medals|35 Years Service Medal]]''' | |||
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Long service medals|40 Years Service Medal]]''' | |||
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Tamgha-e-Sad Saala Jashan-e-]]''' | |||
'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Wiladat-e-Quaid-e-Azam]]''' | |||
''(100th Birth Anniversary of'' | |||
''[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]])'' | |||
'''1976''' | |||
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Hijri Tamgha]]''' | |||
''(Hijri Medal)'' | |||
'''1979''' | |||
|- | |||
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Jamhuriat Tamgha]]''' | |||
''(Democracy Medal)'' | |||
'''1988''' | |||
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Qarardad-e-Pakistan Tamgha]]''' | |||
''(Resolution Day'' | |||
''Golden Jubilee Medal)'' | |||
'''1990''' | |||
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Tamgha-e-Salgirah Pakistan]]''' | |||
''(Independence Day'' | |||
''Golden Jubilee Medal)'' | |||
'''1997''' | |||
|[[Pakistan Command and Staff College|'''Command & Staff College''']] | |||
'''[[Pakistan Command and Staff College|Quetta]]''' | |||
'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Instructor's Medal]]''' | |||
|} | |||
=== Foreign Decorations === | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! colspan="3" style="background:#006400; color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" |'''Foreign Awards''' | |||
|- | |||
!{{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | |||
|'''[[Order of Abdulaziz al Saud|Order of King Abdul Aziz - Class I]]<ref name=":2" />''' | |||
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Order of King Abdulaziz, 1st Class (Saudi Arabia).png|width=130}} | |||
|- | |||
!{{flag|UAE}} | |||
|'''[[Order of Zayed|The Order of Zayed]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khalifa and Musharraf meet in bid to revive peace process |url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/government/khalifa-and-musharraf-meet-in-bid-to-revive-peace-process-1.156527 |access-date=2022-07-03 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en}}</ref> | |||
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Order of Zayed Ribbon.png|width=130}} | |||
|} | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
* [[Enlightened Moderation]] | * [[Enlightened Moderation]] | ||
* [[Liberalism]] | * [[Liberalism]] | ||
* [[Politics of Pakistan]] | * [[Politics of Pakistan]] | ||
* [[Self-coup]] | * [[Self-coup]] | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
| Line 383: | Line 509: | ||
===Interviews and statements=== | ===Interviews and statements=== | ||
* {{C-SPAN| | * {{C-SPAN|81332}} | ||
* {{Charlie Rose view|275}} | * {{Charlie Rose view|275}} | ||
* {{IMDb name|1519635}} | * {{IMDb name|1519635}} | ||
| Line 390: | Line 516: | ||
===Media coverage=== | ===Media coverage=== | ||
* {{ | * {{Dawn topic|pervez-musharraf}} | ||
* {{ | * {{Guardian topic|world/pervez-musharraf}} | ||
* {{ | * {{New York Times topic|new_id=person/pervez-musharraf}} | ||
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110611004435/http://ezine.pk/?Was-Kargil-A-Conspiracy-Against-Pakistan&id=1761 "Was Kargil a Conspiracy Against Pakistan?"], e-zine.pk, 14 May 2011, conspiracy theory involving Musharraf, the U.S. and India | * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110611004435/http://ezine.pk/?Was-Kargil-A-Conspiracy-Against-Pakistan&id=1761 "Was Kargil a Conspiracy Against Pakistan?"], e-zine.pk, 14 May 2011, conspiracy theory involving Musharraf, the U.S. and India | ||
* [http://www.english.rfi.fr/asia-pacific/20130501-violence-and-musharraf-mark-pakistan-election-campaign "Terror and Musharraf's hubris mark Pakistan election campaign"], [[Radio France Internationale]] {{in lang|en}} | * [http://www.english.rfi.fr/asia-pacific/20130501-violence-and-musharraf-mark-pakistan-election-campaign "Terror and Musharraf's hubris mark Pakistan election campaign"], [[Radio France Internationale]] {{in lang|en}} | ||
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[[Category:Pakistani military personnel of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] | [[Category:Pakistani military personnel of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] | ||
[[Category:National Defence University, Pakistan alumni]] | [[Category:National Defence University, Pakistan alumni]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Graduates of the Royal College of Defence Studies]] | ||
[[Category:Pakistani expatriates in the United Kingdom]] | [[Category:Pakistani expatriates in the United Kingdom]] | ||
[[Category:National Defence University, Pakistan faculty]] | [[Category:National Defence University, Pakistan faculty]] | ||
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[[Category:Pakistani nationalists]] | [[Category:Pakistani nationalists]] | ||
[[Category:Pakistani contract bridge players]] | [[Category:Pakistani contract bridge players]] | ||
[[Category:Overturned convictions in Pakistan]] | |||
[[Category:Pakistani generals]] | |||
[[Category:Pakistan Command and Staff College alumni]] | |||