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{{short description|Indian independence activist and politician}} | {{short description|Indian independence activist and politician (1908–1986)}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}} | ||
{{Infobox officeholder | {{Infobox officeholder | ||
| name = Jagjivan Ram | | name = Jagjivan Ram | ||
| image = Jagjivan Ram 1991 stamp of India.jpg | | image = Jagjivan Ram 1991 stamp of India.jpg | ||
| caption = | | caption = Ram on a 1991 stamp of India | ||
| office = 4th [[Deputy Prime Minister of India]] | | office = 4th [[Deputy Prime Minister of India]] | ||
| primeminister = [[Morarji Desai]] | | primeminister = [[Morarji Desai]] | ||
| Line 43: | Line 43: | ||
'''Jagjivan Ram''' (5 April 1908 – 6 July 1986),<ref>{{Britannica |490335|Jagjivan Ram}}</ref> known popularly as '''Babuji''', was an Indian independence activist and politician from Bihar. He was instrumental in the foundation of the ''All India Depressed Classes League'', an organisation dedicated to attaining equality for [[Untouchability|untouchables]], in 1935 and was elected to [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] in 1937, after which he organised the rural labour movement. | '''Jagjivan Ram''' (5 April 1908 – 6 July 1986),<ref>{{Britannica |490335|Jagjivan Ram}}</ref> known popularly as '''Babuji''', was an Indian independence activist and politician from Bihar. He was instrumental in the foundation of the ''All India Depressed Classes League'', an organisation dedicated to attaining equality for [[Untouchability|untouchables]], in 1935 and was elected to [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] in 1937, after which he organised the rural labour movement. | ||
In 1946, he became the youngest minister in [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]'s [[Interim government of India|interim government]], the first cabinet of India as a [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Labour Minister]] and also a member of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]], where he ensured that [[social justice]] was enshrined in the [[Constitution of India|Constitution]]. He went on to serve as a minister with various portfolios for | In 1946, he became the youngest minister in [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]'s [[Interim government of India|interim government]], the first cabinet of India as a [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Labour Minister]] and also a member of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]], where he ensured that [[social justice]] was enshrined in the [[Constitution of India|Constitution]]. He went on to serve as a minister with various portfolios for the next 30 years as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC). Most importantly, he was the [[Defence Minister of India]] during the [[Indo-Pak war of 1971]], which resulted in the creation of [[Bangladesh]]. His contribution to the [[Green Revolution in India]] and modernising Indian agriculture, during his two tenures as [[Ministry of Agriculture (India)|Union Agriculture Minister]] are still remembered, especially during the 1974 drought when he was asked to hold the additional portfolio to tide over the food crisis.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jagjivan Ram & inclusive agricultural growth |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/07/stories/2008020754831000.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080210053753/http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/07/stories/2008020754831000.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 February 2008 |date=7 February 2008 |author-link=M. S. Swaminathan|author=Swaminathan, M. S. |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref><ref name=gre>{{cite news |title=Prez, PM call for a second green revolution |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-04-06/developmental-issues/27780631_1_green-revolution-dalit-agriculture |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024142243/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-04-06/developmental-issues/27780631_1_green-revolution-dalit-agriculture |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 October 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date= 6 April 2008|access-date=27 August 2009}}</ref> | ||
Though he supported Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] during [[the Emergency (India)|the Emergency]] (1975–77), he left Congress in 1977 and joined the [[Janata Party]] alliance, along with his [[Congress for Democracy]]. He later served as the [[Deputy Prime Minister of India]] (1977–79); then in 1981, he formed [[Congress (J)]]. At his death, he was the last surviving minister of the Interim Government and the last surviving original member of the first cabinet of independent India. | Though he supported Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] during [[the Emergency (India)|the Emergency]] (1975–77), he left Congress in 1977 and joined the [[Janata Party]] alliance, along with his [[Congress for Democracy]]. He later served as the [[Deputy Prime Minister of India]] (1977–79); then in 1981, he formed [[Congress (J)]]. At his death, he was the last surviving minister of the Interim Government and the last surviving original member of the first cabinet of independent India. Including his service during the Interim Government, his total tenure of over 30 years in various ministries remains the [[List of longest-serving members of the Union Council of Ministers of India|longest of any Indian federal minister]]. | ||
==Early life and education== | ==Early life and education== | ||
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==Early career== | ==Early career== | ||
[[Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose]] took notice of him at Kolkata, when in 1928 he organised a Mazdoor Rally at Wellington Square, in which approximately 50,000 people participated. When the devastating [[1934 Nepal–Bihar earthquake]] occurred he got actively involved in the relief work and his efforts were appreciated.<ref>{{cite web |title=Valedictory Centenary Lecture by President of India on Jagjivan Ram Centenary Function |url=http://presidentofindia.nic.in/sp050408.html |date=5 April 2008 |publisher=[[President of India]] website }}</ref> When popular rule was introduced under the 1935 Act and the scheduled castes were given representation in the legislatures, both the nationalists and the British loyalists sought him because of his first-hand knowledge of the social and economic situation in Bihar. Jagjivan Ram was nominated to the Bihar Council. He chose to go with the nationalists and joined Congress, which wanted him not only because he was valued as an able spokesperson for the depressed classes, but also that he could counter [[B. R. Ambedkar]]; he was elected to the Bihar assembly in 1937. However, he resigned his membership on the issue of irrigation [[cess]].<ref name=pres>[http://www.congress.org.in/past-president-detail.php?id=52 Past Presidents] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505123715/http://www.congress.org.in/past-president-detail.php?id=52 |date=5 May 2009 }} [[Indian National Congress]] INC Official website.</ref> | [[Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose]] took notice of him at Kolkata, when in 1928 he organised a Mazdoor Rally at Wellington Square, in which approximately 50,000 people participated. When the devastating [[1934 Nepal–Bihar earthquake]] occurred he got actively involved in the relief work and his efforts were appreciated.<ref>{{cite web |title=Valedictory Centenary Lecture by President of India on Jagjivan Ram Centenary Function |url=http://presidentofindia.nic.in/sp050408.html |date=5 April 2008 |publisher=[[President of India]] website }}</ref> When popular rule was introduced under the 1935 Act and the scheduled castes were given representation in the legislatures, both the nationalists and the British loyalists sought him because of his first-hand knowledge of the social and economic situation in Bihar. Jagjivan Ram was nominated to the Bihar Council. He chose to go with the nationalists and joined Congress, which wanted him not only because he was valued as an able spokesperson for the depressed classes, but also that he could counter [[B. R. Ambedkar]]; he was elected to the Bihar assembly in 1937. However, he resigned his membership on the issue of irrigation [[cess]].<ref name=pres>[http://www.congress.org.in/past-president-detail.php?id=52 Past Presidents] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505123715/http://www.congress.org.in/past-president-detail.php?id=52 |date=5 May 2009 }} [[Indian National Congress]] INC Official website.</ref> | ||
In 1935, he contributed to the establishment of the All-India Depressed Classes League, an organisation dedicated to attaining equality for untouchables. He was also drawn into the [[Indian National Congress]]. In the same year he proposed a resolution in the 1935 session of the [[Hindu Mahasabha]] demanding that temples and drinking water wells be opened up to Dalits; <ref name=gre/> and in the early 1940s was imprisoned twice for his active participation in the [[Satyagraha]] and the [[Quit India Movement]]s. He was among the principal leaders who publicly denounced India's participation in the [[World War II]] between the European nations and for which he was imprisoned in 1940.<ref name=dev>{{cite news |title= Jagjivan Ram an example of development politics|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/06/stories/2007040624850500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105023846/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/06/stories/2007040624850500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 January 2010 |date=6 April 2007 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref> | In 1935, he contributed to the establishment of the All-India Depressed Classes League, an organisation dedicated to attaining equality for untouchables. He was also drawn into the [[Indian National Congress]]. In the same year he proposed a resolution in the 1935 session of the [[Hindu Mahasabha]] demanding that temples and drinking water wells be opened up to Dalits; <ref name=gre/> and in the early 1940s was imprisoned twice for his active participation in the [[Satyagraha]] and the [[Quit India Movement]]s. He was among the principal leaders who publicly denounced India's participation in the [[World War II]] between the European nations and for which he was imprisoned in 1940.<ref name=dev>{{cite news |title= Jagjivan Ram an example of development politics|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/06/stories/2007040624850500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105023846/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/06/stories/2007040624850500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 January 2010 |date=6 April 2007 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref> | ||
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==Personal life== | ==Personal life== | ||
In August 1933, his first wife died after a brief illness. In June 1935, he married Indrani Devi, a daughter of Dr. Birbal, a well-known social worker of Kanpur. The couple had two children, Suresh Kumar who was infamously reported in [[Menaka Gandhi]]'s Surya newspaper, having marital relationship with a 21-year-old woman<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/specials/proj_tabloid/politics.shtml |title=A tale of sex and politics!|author=Soni, Vijay |work= | In August 1933, his first wife died after a brief illness. In June 1935, he married Indrani Devi, a daughter of Dr. Birbal, a well-known social worker of Kanpur. The couple had two children, Suresh Kumar who was infamously reported in [[Menaka Gandhi]]'s Surya newspaper, having extra-marital relationship with a 21-year-old woman<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/specials/proj_tabloid/politics.shtml |title=A tale of sex and politics!|author=Soni, Vijay |work=Hindustan Times|date=December 2002|access-date=14 June 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060706153518/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/specials/proj_tabloid/politics.shtml |archive-date= 6 July 2006 }}</ref> and [[Meira Kumar]], a five-time Member of Parliament, who won from his former seat [[Sasaram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sasaram]] in both 2004 and 2009, and became the first woman [[Speaker of Lok Sabha]] in 2009. | ||
== | ==Thanmai== | ||
The place of his cremation has been turned into a memorial, ''[[Raj Ghat and other memorials|Thanmai]]'', and his birth anniversary is observed as ''Thanmai'', (Equality Day) in India. His birth centenary celebrations were held all over the nation in 2008. Demands for awarding him a posthumous [[Bharat Ratna]] have been raised from time to time in [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Confer Bharat Ratna on Jagjivan Ram: Naidu |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/06/stories/2006040613050500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071105042118/http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/06/stories/2006040613050500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 November 2007 |date=6 April 2006 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Tributes paid to Jagjivan Ram |url= http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/06/stories/2007040609940500.htm|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121105083154/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/06/stories/2007040609940500.htm|url-status= dead|archive-date= 5 November 2012|date=6 April 2007 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Andhra University]] conferred an honorary doctorate on him in 1973, and in 2009 on the occasion of his 101st birth anniversary, his statue was unveiled on the university premises.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jagjivan Ram's services recalled |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/06/stories/2009040651390200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410131204/http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/06/stories/2009040651390200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 April 2009 |date= 6 April 2009|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> | The place of his cremation has been turned into a memorial, ''[[Raj Ghat and other memorials|Thanmai]]'', and his birth anniversary is observed as ''Thanmai'', (Equality Day) in India. His birth centenary celebrations were held all over the nation in 2008. Demands for awarding him a posthumous [[Bharat Ratna]] have been raised from time to time in [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Confer Bharat Ratna on Jagjivan Ram: Naidu |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/06/stories/2006040613050500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071105042118/http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/06/stories/2006040613050500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 November 2007 |date=6 April 2006 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Tributes paid to Jagjivan Ram |url= http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/06/stories/2007040609940500.htm|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121105083154/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/06/stories/2007040609940500.htm|url-status= dead|archive-date= 5 November 2012|date=6 April 2007 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Andhra University]] conferred an honorary doctorate on him in 1973, and in 2009 on the occasion of his 101st birth anniversary, his statue was unveiled on the university premises.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jagjivan Ram's services recalled |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/06/stories/2009040651390200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410131204/http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/06/stories/2009040651390200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 April 2009 |date= 6 April 2009|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> | ||
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{{s-aft|after=[[Shankarrao Chavan]]}} | {{s-aft|after=[[Shankarrao Chavan]]}} | ||
{{s-end}} | {{s-end}} | ||
{{First Indian Cabinet}} | |||
{{Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)}} | {{Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)}} | ||
{{Ministry of Communications (India)}} | {{Ministry of Communications (India)}} | ||
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[[Category:Congress for Democracy politicians]] | [[Category:Congress for Democracy politicians]] | ||
[[Category:Indian National Congress (U) politicians]] | [[Category:Indian National Congress (U) politicians]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Members of the Council of the Governor General of India]] | ||