Alter: url. URLs might have been anonymized. Add: authors 1-1. Removed parameters. Some additions/deletions were parameter name changes. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by AManWithNoPlan | #UCB_webform 119/317
imported>Rdp060707 m (Reverted edits by 103.206.179.47 (talk) to last revision by PhysicsSurfer: nonconstructive edits) |
->Citation bot (Alter: url. URLs might have been anonymized. Add: authors 1-1. Removed parameters. Some additions/deletions were parameter name changes. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by AManWithNoPlan | #UCB_webform 119/317) |
||
| Line 36: | Line 36: | ||
'''Jivatram Bhagwandas Kripalani''' (11 November 1888 – 19 March 1982), popularly known as '''Acharya Kripalani''', was an [[Indian people|Indian]] politician, noted particularly for holding the presidency of the [[Indian National Congress]] during the transfer of power in 1947 and the husband of [[Sucheta Kripalani]]. | '''Jivatram Bhagwandas Kripalani''' (11 November 1888 – 19 March 1982), popularly known as '''Acharya Kripalani''', was an [[Indian people|Indian]] politician, noted particularly for holding the presidency of the [[Indian National Congress]] during the transfer of power in 1947 and the husband of [[Sucheta Kripalani]]. | ||
Kripalani was | Kripalani was an environmentalist, [[mysticism|mystic]] and [[Indian independence movement|independence activist]] who was long a [[Gandhian]] socialist, before joining the economically right wing [[Swatantra Party]] later in life | ||
He grew close to [[Gandhi]] and at one point, he was one of Gandhi's most ardent disciples. He had served as the General Secretary of the INC for almost a decade. He had experience working in the field of education and was made the president to rebuild the INC. Disputes between the party and the Government over procedural matters affected his relationship with the colleagues in the Government. Kripalani was a familiar figure to generations of dissenters, from the [[Non-Cooperation Movement]]s of the 1920s to the [[Indian Emergency|Emergency]] of the 1970s. | He grew close to [[Gandhi]] and at one point, he was one of Gandhi's most ardent disciples. He had served as the General Secretary of the INC for almost a decade. He had experience working in the field of education and was made the president to rebuild the INC. Disputes between the party and the Government over procedural matters affected his relationship with the colleagues in the Government. Kripalani was a familiar figure to generations of dissenters, from the [[Non-Cooperation Movement]]s of the 1920s to the [[Indian Emergency|Emergency]] of the 1970s. | ||
| Line 51: | Line 51: | ||
Kripalani was prominently involved over a decade in top Congress party affairs, and in the organisation of the [[Salt Satyagraha]] and the [[Quit India Movement]]. Kripalani served in the interim government of India (1946–1947) and the [[Constituent Assembly of India]]. During this time he rejected the proposal of [[United Bengal]] from [[Abul Hashim]] and [[Sarat Bose]] and called for the division of [[Bengal]] and [[Punjab (region)|the Punjab]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kabir|first1=Nurul|title=Colonialism, politics of language and partition of Bengal PART XVI|url=https://sites.google.com/site/bdguiber/home/6-english/bangladesh/colonialism-politics|access-date=14 August 2016|work=The New Age|publisher=The New Age|date=1 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://sites.google.com/site/bdguiber/home/6-english/bangladesh/colonialism-politics|title=Agrarian Bengal: Economy, Social Structure and Politics: 1919–1947|last=Bose|first=Sugata|publisher=Cambridge University Press, First Indian Edition in association with Orient Longman|year=1987|location=[[Hyderabad]]|pages=230–231}}</ref> | Kripalani was prominently involved over a decade in top Congress party affairs, and in the organisation of the [[Salt Satyagraha]] and the [[Quit India Movement]]. Kripalani served in the interim government of India (1946–1947) and the [[Constituent Assembly of India]]. During this time he rejected the proposal of [[United Bengal]] from [[Abul Hashim]] and [[Sarat Bose]] and called for the division of [[Bengal]] and [[Punjab (region)|the Punjab]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kabir|first1=Nurul|title=Colonialism, politics of language and partition of Bengal PART XVI|url=https://sites.google.com/site/bdguiber/home/6-english/bangladesh/colonialism-politics|access-date=14 August 2016|work=The New Age|publisher=The New Age|date=1 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://sites.google.com/site/bdguiber/home/6-english/bangladesh/colonialism-politics|title=Agrarian Bengal: Economy, Social Structure and Politics: 1919–1947|last=Bose|first=Sugata|publisher=Cambridge University Press, First Indian Edition in association with Orient Longman|year=1987|location=[[Hyderabad]]|pages=230–231}}</ref> | ||
He had served as the General Secretary of the INC for | He had served as the General Secretary of the INC for 12 years. He had experience working in the field of education and was made the president to rebuild the INC. Disputes between the party and the Government over procedural matters affected his relationship with the colleagues in the Government.<ref name="Kochanek">{{cite book |last1=Kochanek |first1=Stanley A. |title=The Congress Party of India: The Dynamics of a One-Party Democracy |date=2015 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-7576-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4BbWCgAAQBAJ&q=president+of+indian+national+congress&pg=PA5 |access-date=4 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last1=Möller|first1=Ulrika|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uKbAAwAAQBAJ&dq=Kripalani+president+congress&pg=PA57|title=Political Leadership, Nascent Statehood and Democracy: A comparative study|last2=Schierenbeck|first2=Isabell|publisher=Routledge|year=2014|isbn=978-1-317-67310-1|pages=57}}</ref><!--Page5--> | ||
==As Congress President and the election of 1950== | ==As Congress President and the election of 1950== | ||
In spite of being ideologically at odds with both [[Vallabhbhai Patel]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] – he was elected [[Congress President]] for the crucial years around Indian independence in 1947. After Gandhi's assassination in January 1948, Nehru rejected his demand that the party's views should be sought in all decisions. Nehru, with the support of Patel, told Kripalani that while the party was entitled to lay down the broad principles and guidelines, it could not be granted a say in the government's day-to-day affairs. This precedent became central to the relationship between government and the ruling party in subsequent decades. | In spite of being ideologically at odds with both [[Vallabhbhai Patel]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] – he was elected [[Congress President]] for the crucial years around Indian independence in 1947. After Gandhi's assassination in January 1948, Nehru rejected his demand that the party's views should be sought in all decisions. Nehru, with the support of Patel, told Kripalani that while the party was entitled to lay down the broad principles and guidelines, it could not be granted a say in the government's day-to-day affairs.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last1=Möller|first1=Ulrika|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uKbAAwAAQBAJ&dq=Kripalani+president+congress&pg=PA57|title=Political Leadership, Nascent Statehood and Democracy: A comparative study|last2=Schierenbeck|first2=Isabell|publisher=Routledge|year=2014|isbn=978-1-317-67310-1|pages=57}}</ref> This precedent became central to the relationship between government and the ruling party in subsequent decades. | ||
Nehru, however, supported Kripalani in the election of the Congress President in 1950. Kripalani, supported by Nehru, was defeated by Patel's candidate [[Purushottam Das Tandon]]. Bruised by his defeat, and disillusioned by what he viewed as the abandonment of the Gandhian ideal of a countless village republics, Kripalani left the Congress and became one of the founders of the [[Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party]]. This party subsequently merged with the [[Socialist Party of India]] to form the [[Praja Socialist Party]]. | Nehru, however, supported Kripalani in the election of the Congress President in 1950. Kripalani, supported by Nehru, was defeated by Patel's candidate [[Purushottam Das Tandon]]. Bruised by his defeat, and disillusioned by what he viewed as the abandonment of the Gandhian ideal of a countless village republics, Kripalani left the Congress and became one of the founders of the [[Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party]]. This party subsequently merged with the [[Socialist Party of India]] to form the [[Praja Socialist Party]]. | ||
| Line 84: | Line 84: | ||
In 1972-3, he agitated against the increasingly authoritarian rule of Nehru's daughter [[Indira Gandhi]], then Prime Minister of India. Kripalani and [[Jayaprakash Narayan]] felt that Gandhi's rule had become dictatorial and anti-democratic. Her conviction on charges of using government machinery for her election campaign galvanised her political opposition and public disenchantment against her policies. Along with Jayaprakash Narayan, Kripalani toured the country urging non-violent protest and civil disobedience. When the [[Indian Emergency (1975-1977)|Emergency]] was declared as a result of the vocal dissent he helped stir up, the octogenarian Kripalani was among the first of the Opposition leaders to be arrested on the night of 26 June 1975. He lived long enough to survive the Emergency and see the first non-Congress government since Independence following the [[Janata Party]] victory in the 1977 polls. He and Jayaprakash Narayan, two seniors guiding lights, were requested to choose the parliamentary leader of the new party who would be the prime minister, and they chose Morarji Desai. Jayaprakash Narayan, in wheel-chair, administered a pledge at Raj Ghat to new members of parliament that they will honour the mandate and remain united. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CBQ7BAAAQBAJ&q=1977+janata+party+oath+rajghat&pg=PA195|title = India Since Independence: Making Sense of Indian Politics|isbn = 9788131742822|author1 = Ananth|year = 2008}}</ref> | In 1972-3, he agitated against the increasingly authoritarian rule of Nehru's daughter [[Indira Gandhi]], then Prime Minister of India. Kripalani and [[Jayaprakash Narayan]] felt that Gandhi's rule had become dictatorial and anti-democratic. Her conviction on charges of using government machinery for her election campaign galvanised her political opposition and public disenchantment against her policies. Along with Jayaprakash Narayan, Kripalani toured the country urging non-violent protest and civil disobedience. When the [[Indian Emergency (1975-1977)|Emergency]] was declared as a result of the vocal dissent he helped stir up, the octogenarian Kripalani was among the first of the Opposition leaders to be arrested on the night of 26 June 1975. He lived long enough to survive the Emergency and see the first non-Congress government since Independence following the [[Janata Party]] victory in the 1977 polls. He and Jayaprakash Narayan, two seniors guiding lights, were requested to choose the parliamentary leader of the new party who would be the prime minister, and they chose Morarji Desai. Jayaprakash Narayan, in wheel-chair, administered a pledge at Raj Ghat to new members of parliament that they will honour the mandate and remain united. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CBQ7BAAAQBAJ&q=1977+janata+party+oath+rajghat&pg=PA195|title = India Since Independence: Making Sense of Indian Politics|isbn = 9788131742822|author1 = Ananth|year = 2008}}</ref> | ||
Acharya Kripalani died on 19 March 1982 at the Civil Hospital in [[Ahmedabad]],<ref>{{Cite book | editor = Bhavana Nair and Sudha Sanjeev | title = Remembering Our Leaders | volume = | Acharya Kripalani died on 19 March 1982 at the Civil Hospital in [[Ahmedabad]],<ref>{{Cite book | editor = Bhavana Nair and Sudha Sanjeev | title = Remembering Our Leaders | volume = 9 | chapter = J.B. Kripalani | publisher = Children Book Trust | year = 1999 | isbn = 81-7011-842-5 }}</ref> at the age of 93. | ||
In the 1982 film ''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]'' by [[Richard Attenborough]], J.B. Kripalani was played by Indian actor [[Anang Desai]]. | In the 1982 film ''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]'' by [[Richard Attenborough]], J.B. Kripalani was played by Indian actor [[Anang Desai]]. | ||